DE19914681C2 - Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel cell system in microsystem technology - Google Patents
Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel cell system in microsystem technologyInfo
- Publication number
- DE19914681C2 DE19914681C2 DE19914681A DE19914681A DE19914681C2 DE 19914681 C2 DE19914681 C2 DE 19914681C2 DE 19914681 A DE19914681 A DE 19914681A DE 19914681 A DE19914681 A DE 19914681A DE 19914681 C2 DE19914681 C2 DE 19914681C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- cell system
- microsystem technology
- technology according
- silicon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1007—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1072—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes by chemical reactions, e.g. insitu polymerisation or insitu crosslinking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2418—Grouping by arranging unit cells in a plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft den Aufbau einer miniaturisierten PEM-(Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran)-Brennstoffzelle in Mikrosystemtechnik, die aus einer Dünnschicht-Membran-Elektroden Einheit und einem Silizium-Träger mit porösen Siliziumstrukturen sowie hermetisch dicht mit dem Silizium verbundenen Glasabdeckungen besteht.The invention relates to the construction of a miniaturized PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell in Microsystem technology consisting of a thin-film membrane electrode unit and a silicon carrier porous silicon structures and hermetically sealed glass covers.
Eine solche Struktur erlaubt aufgrund der Kompatibilität mit üblichen Mikrosystemen nicht nur prinzipiell eine Integration in solche Mikrosysteme. Infolge der hohen elektrischen und thermischen Leitfähigkeit des Siliziums sowie der erprobten, hermetisch dichten Verbindung von Silizium-Glas, z. B. durch anodisches Bonden, und der Möglichkeit, Silizium durch trocken- und naßchemische Verfahren kostengünstig, reproduzierbar und mit hoher Genauigkeit zu strukturieren und mit Dünnschichtverfahren zu kombinieren, eröffnet dieser Aufbau auch einfa che Möglichkeiten zur Parallel- und Reihen-Verschaltung sowie zur Brennstoff-Zu- und Abfuhr.Because of its compatibility with conventional microsystems, such a structure not only allows one in principle Integration in such microsystems. Due to the high electrical and thermal conductivity of the silicon as well as the proven, hermetically sealed connection of silicon glass, e.g. B. by anodic bonding, and the Possibility to use low-cost, reproducible and high-quality silicon by dry and wet chemical processes Structuring accuracy and combining it with thin-film processes also opens up this structure Che options for parallel and series connection as well as for fuel supply and discharge.
Gegenwärtig werden Brennstoffzellen, insbesondere PEM-Zellen, realisiert auf der Basis von Schichtstapeln aus der ionenleitenden Membran, eingebettet zwischen zwei mit Katalysatoren beschichteten porösen Graphit elektroden, die durch Bleche mit Kanälen zur Brennstoffzufuhr abgeschlossen werden. Während auf diese Weise eine Reihenschaltung von Zellen mit nicht unerheblichem Material- und Montage-Aufwand in einer Stack- Anordnung möglich ist (US 5,858,569 A), ist eine Reihenschaltung in einer Ebene zwar grundsätzlich möglich und auch inzwischen realisiert (z. B. DE 44 43 945 C1, DE 195 02 391 C1), allerdings ohne die möglichen technolo gischen Lösungen integrierter Systeme etwa aus der Mikrosystemtechnik zu nutzen.Fuel cells, in particular PEM cells, are currently being produced on the basis of layer stacks the ion-conducting membrane, embedded between two porous graphite coated with catalysts electrodes that are closed off by sheets with channels for fuel supply. While this way a series connection of cells with considerable material and assembly effort in a stack Arrangement is possible (US 5,858,569 A), a series connection in one plane is in principle possible and also realized in the meantime (e.g. DE 44 43 945 C1, DE 195 02 391 C1), but without the possible technolo to use solutions from integrated systems, for example from microsystems technology.
Ein besonderes Interesse für einen vereinfachten Aufbau von Brennstoffzellen mit geringem Platzbedarf besteht
für deren Anwendung als Energiequelle in portablen Kleinverbrauchern, wie z. B. tragbaren Computern, Video
cameras, Telephonen und ähnlichen Geräten. Neben einer platzsparenden Anordnung von Brennstoffzellen in
einer Ebene ist für die notwendige Miniaturisierung von Brennstoffzellen der Einsatz von Dünnschicht-Membra
nen und -Elektroden vorteilhaft und auch bereits bekannt (DE 196 24 887 A1, DE 195 13 292 C1). Diese Syste
me enthalten jedoch Elemente, insbesondere deren Gehäuse, welche nicht mit den Dünnschichtverfahren kompa
tibel sind und daher einen erhöhten Montage-Aufwand benötigen. Zudem ergibt sich in den Eigenschaften der
Brennstoffzelle mit den dort beschriebenen Dünnschicht-Membranen ein weiterer Nachteil:
Die ionenleitenden Dünnschichten in DE 195 13 292 C1 werden aus verschiedenen Fluorkohlenstoffen in Ver
bindung mit Trifluormethansulfonsäure hergestellt. Bei der Verwendung von Trifluormethansulfonsäure kommt
es im Plasma aufgrund der vergleichbaren Bindungsenergien zwischen der Kohlenstoff/Schwefel-Bindung und
den Bindungen in der Sulfonsäure auch zur Fragmentierung der Sulfonsäure. Hierdurch entstehen entweder
hochvernetzte Polymere mit sehr geringer Ionenleitfähigkeit, resultierend in erhöhten Zellinnenwiderständen,
oder Polymere mit hinreichender Ionenleitfähigkeit aber geringem Vernetzungsgrad und hohem Anteil nicht
kovalent an das Polymergerüst gebundener Trifluormethansulfonsäure (siehe dazu: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.,
Bd 98 (1994), Seiten 631 bis 635). Letztere Schichten sind daher nicht langzeitstabil und besitzen aufgrund des
geringen Vernetzungsgrades insbesondere bei der Verwendung in direkt Methanol Brennstoffzellen hohe Per
meationsraten der verwendeten Brennstoffe, welche zu Verlusten der Brennstoffzelle führen.There is a particular interest in a simplified structure of fuel cells with a small footprint for their use as an energy source in portable small consumers, such as. B. portable computers, video cameras, telephones and similar devices. In addition to a space-saving arrangement of fuel cells in one level, the use of thin-film membranes and electrodes is advantageous and also known for the necessary miniaturization of fuel cells (DE 196 24 887 A1, DE 195 13 292 C1). However, these systems contain elements, in particular their housings, which are not compatible with the thin-film process and therefore require increased assembly effort. In addition, there is another disadvantage in the properties of the fuel cell with the thin-film membranes described there:
The ion-conducting thin layers in DE 195 13 292 C1 are made from various fluorocarbons in combination with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. When using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, the sulfonic acid is also fragmented in the plasma due to the comparable binding energies between the carbon / sulfur bond and the bonds in the sulfonic acid. This results in either highly cross-linked polymers with very low ion conductivity, resulting in increased cell internal resistance, or polymers with sufficient ion conductivity but a low degree of cross-linking and a high proportion of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid that is not covalently bound to the polymer structure (see: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., Vol. 98 ( 1994 ), Pages 631 to 635). The latter layers are therefore not stable over the long term and, owing to the low degree of crosslinking, in particular when used in direct methanol fuel cells, have high permeation rates of the fuels used, which lead to losses in the fuel cell.
Die Plasmapolymerisation ionenleitender Schichten aus z. B. Ethylen und Carboxylatgruppen (DE 196 24 887 A1) besitzt den Nachteil der Verwendung einer schwach sauren Carboxylatgruppe, welches zu geringer Ionenleit fähigkeit führt. Zudem enthalten diese Plasmapolymere aliphatische Wasserstoffatome, welche Angriffsstellen für einen oxidativen Abbau sind.The plasma polymerization of ion-conducting layers from z. B. ethylene and carboxylate groups (DE 196 24 887 A1) has the disadvantage of using a weakly acidic carboxylate group, which leads to insufficient ionic conductivity ability leads. In addition, these plasma polymers contain aliphatic hydrogen atoms which act as targets for are oxidative degradation.
Die genannten Nachteile werden in der vorliegenden Erfindung durch einen einfachen Aufbau einer miniaturi sierten Brennstoffzelle gemäß Abb. 1 gelöst, die aus einem Siliziumträger 1 besteht, der poröse Siliziumbe reiche 4 enthält und auf dem sich eine mit Katalysator dotierte, vorzugsweise Pt und Pt/Ru, Graphit-Dünnschicht 5, eine ionenleitenden Dünnschicht-Polymermembran 6, welches eine aus einer teflonartigen Matrix mit inte grierten Ionenleiterketten, z. B. Phosphor- oder Schwefelsäure-Gruppen, co-plasmapolymerisierte Membran ist und wieder eine mit Katalysator dotierte Graphit-Dünnschicht 7 befindet. Sind die untere Graphitschicht 5 sowie die Membran 6 entsprechend Abb. 1 strukturiert ausgelegt, so ist durch entsprechend strukturierte Auslegung der oberen Graphitschicht 7 eine direkte Verschaltung der Zellen in Reihe zu erreichen. Für eine galvanischer Tren nung der Einzelzellen in der Ebene ist eine p-leitende Dünnschicht 2 zwischen diesen angeordnet, so daß sich mit dem Siliziumsubstrat pn-Übergänge ergeben.The disadvantages mentioned are solved in the present invention by a simple structure of a miniaturized fuel cell according to Fig. 1, which consists of a silicon carrier 1 , the porous silicon areas 4 contains and on which there is a catalyst-doped, preferably Pt and Pt / Ru , Graphite thin film 5 , an ion-conducting thin-film polymer membrane 6 , which is made of a Teflon-like matrix with inte grated ion conductor chains, for. B. phosphorus or sulfuric acid groups, co-plasma-polymerized membrane and again a thin film 7 doped with catalyst is located. If the lower graphite layer 5 and the membrane 6 are designed in a structured manner according to FIG. 1, a direct connection of the cells in series can be achieved by appropriately structured design of the upper graphite layer 7 . For a galvanic separation of the individual cells in the plane, a p-type thin layer 2 is arranged between them, so that pn junctions result with the silicon substrate.
Zur Minimierung des Reihenwiderstandes werden die einzeln Zellen gemäß Abb. 2 vorzugsweise als schmale Steifen ausgeführt. Außerdem können die nicht notwendigerweise porösen Bereiche außerhalb der aktiven Berei che der Zelle zusätzliche Dünnschicht-Metallisierungen 8 enthalten.To minimize the series resistance, the individual cells according to Fig. 2 are preferably designed as narrow strips. In addition, the not necessarily porous areas outside the active areas of the cell can contain additional thin-layer metallizations 8 .
Der Siliziumträger mit Dünnschicht-Membran-Elektroden Einheit wird durch Glassubstrate (Abb. 1, 11) herme tisch dicht nach außen abgeschlossen. Die Glassubstrate sind hierbei vorteilhaft in ihrem thermischen Ausdeh nungskoeffizienten dem des Siliziums angepasst (z. B. Tempax oder Pyrex). Für eine gleichmäßige Zufuhr der Brennstoffe von beiden Seiten der Membran her enthalten die Glassubstrate Vertiefungen zur Gasführung und Verteilung. Die Zufuhr der Brennstoffe erfolgt über Kapillaren 9 in die Hohlräume 10 der Glassubstrate 11. The silicon substrate with the thin-film membrane-electrode unit is hermetically sealed to the outside by glass substrates ( Fig. 1, 11). The thermal expansion coefficient of the glass substrates is advantageously adapted to that of silicon (e.g. Tempax or Pyrex). For an even supply of fuel from both sides of the membrane, the glass substrates contain recesses for gas flow and distribution. The fuels are supplied via capillaries 9 into the cavities 10 of the glass substrates 11 .
Aufgrund der hohen Wärmeleitfähigkeit und geringen Wärmekapazität des Siliziums und der geringen Wärme leitung im Glas erreicht eine solche Zelle schnell ihre Betriebstemperatur, ohne daß ihre Umgebung wesentlich davon beeinflußt wird.Because of the high thermal conductivity and low heat capacity of the silicon and the low heat In the glass, such a cell quickly reaches its operating temperature without the surroundings being essential is influenced by it.
Eine vorteilhafte Ausführung der erfindungsgemäßen Anordnung ist die Verwendung einer aus Fluorethen und Vinylphosphonsäure co-plasmapolymerisierten Dünnschicht-Membran. Die in der Vinylphosphonsäure vorhan dene C/C-Doppelbindung ermöglicht einen kovalenten Einbau der Phosphonsäure in das Polymergerüst ohne Fragmentierung der Phosphonsäuregruppen. Hierdurch ist diese co-plasmapolymerisierte Dünnschicht-Membran chemisch und temperatur-stabil mit hoher Ionenleitfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig hohem Vernetzungsgrad. Der hohe Vernetzungsgrad bewirkt zudem eine Sperrwirkung für Brennstoffe, wie z. B. Methanol, so daß zusätzliche Brennstoff-Sperrschichten aus Pd oder Pd/Ag-Legierungen nicht notwendig sind (siehe z. B. DE 196 46 487 C2 und DE 197 34 634 C1). Diese Eigenschaften der Dünnschicht-Membran führen zu einer deutlichen Verbesse rung der Verluste in Brennstoffzellen.An advantageous embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention is the use of a made of fluoroethene and Vinylphosphonic acid co-plasma polymerized thin film membrane. The existing in the vinylphosphonic acid The C / C double bond enables covalent incorporation of the phosphonic acid into the polymer structure without Fragmentation of the phosphonic acid groups. As a result, this co-plasma-polymerized thin-film membrane chemically and temperature-stable with high ion conductivity and at the same time high degree of cross-linking. The height Degree of crosslinking also causes a barrier effect for fuels, such as. B. methanol, so that additional Fuel barrier layers made of Pd or Pd / Ag alloys are not necessary (see e.g. DE 196 46 487 C2 and DE 197 34 634 C1). These properties of the thin-film membrane lead to a significant improvement loss of fuel cells.
Claims (8)
- a) in einem Glas-Silizium-Glas-Schichtverbund der Aufbau eines vollständigen Sys tems aus PEM-Brennstoffzellen realisiert ist, wozu auf im Siliziumsubstrat erzeug ten porösen Trägermembranen jeweils eine vollständige Brennstoffzelle angeordnet ist, die aus zwei mit Katalysatormetallen, insbesondere mit Pt und/oder Pt-Ru- dotierten, porösen Graphit-Dünnschichten und einer dazwischen liegenden ionenlei tenden Dünnschicht-Polymerelektrolytmembran besteht, wobei zur seriellen oder parallelen Verschaltung der einzelnen Brennstoffzellen untereinander zwischen den einzelnen Brennstoffzellen Elemente aus leitfähigem Silizium sowie Leiterbahn strukturen mit galvanischer Trennung der Einzelzellen in der Ebene über pn- Übergänge im Silizium angeordnet sind, dass
- b) die Glassubstrate Vertiefungen zur Gasführung und Gasverteilung für die räumlich getrennte Zufuhr der Brennstoffe auf beiden Seiten der Dünnschicht- Polymerelektrolytmembran enthalten, dass
- c) die Glassubstrate mit der dazwischen angeordneten Siliziumschicht hermetisch dicht verbunden sind, dass
- d) in die Dünnschicht-Polymermembran ionenleitende Gruppen, insbesondere Phos phor- oder Schwefelsäuregruppen, über die Co-Polymerisation von auf Fluorkoh lenwasserstoffen basierenden Vorläuferverbindungen und Monomeren unter Bil dung einer ionenleitenden Elektrolytmembran eingebunden sind.
- a) in a glass-silicon-glass composite, the construction of a complete system of PEM fuel cells is realized, for which purpose a complete fuel cell is arranged on porous carrier membranes produced in the silicon substrate, which consists of two with catalyst metals, in particular with Pt and / or Pt-Ru-doped, porous graphite thin layers and an intervening ion-conducting thin-film polymer electrolyte membrane, elements for conductive or parallel interconnection of the individual fuel cells between the individual fuel cells made of conductive silicon and conductor structures with electrical isolation of the individual cells in the That are arranged above pn junctions in silicon
- b) the glass substrates contain recesses for gas routing and gas distribution for the spatially separate supply of the fuels on both sides of the thin-film polymer electrolyte membrane that
- c) the glass substrates are hermetically sealed to the silicon layer arranged between them
- d) ion-conducting groups, in particular phosphorus or sulfuric acid groups, are incorporated into the thin-film polymer membrane via the copolymerization of precursor compounds and monomers based on fluorocarbons to form an ion-conducting electrolyte membrane.
Priority Applications (1)
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DE19914681A DE19914681C2 (en) | 1999-03-31 | 1999-03-31 | Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel cell system in microsystem technology |
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DE19914681A DE19914681C2 (en) | 1999-03-31 | 1999-03-31 | Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel cell system in microsystem technology |
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DE19914681C2 true DE19914681C2 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
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US6312846B1 (en) | 1999-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Integrated Fuel Cell Technologies, Inc. | Fuel cell and power chip technology |
US8980492B2 (en) | 1999-11-24 | 2015-03-17 | Encite Llc | Method and apparatus for controlling an array of power generators |
US8834700B2 (en) | 1999-11-24 | 2014-09-16 | Encite, Llc | Method and apparatus for electro-chemical reaction |
US8518594B2 (en) | 1999-11-24 | 2013-08-27 | Encite, Llc | Power cell and power chip architecture |
JP4196374B2 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2008-12-17 | パナソニック株式会社 | POLYMER ELECTROLYTE TYPE THIN FILM FUEL CELL AND METHOD OF OPERATING THE SAME |
WO2002086994A1 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2002-10-31 | Neah Power Systems, Inc. | Porous silicon and sol-gel derived electrode structures and assemblies adapted for use with fuel cell systems |
EP1258937A1 (en) | 2001-05-17 | 2002-11-20 | STMicroelectronics S.r.l. | Micro silicon fuel cell, method of fabrication and self-powered semiconductor device integrating a micro fuel cell |
FR2826781B1 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2003-09-05 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | BILOUS DIFFUSER FUEL CELL ASSEMBLY AND CREATION METHOD |
US7018734B2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2006-03-28 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Multi-element thin-film fuel cell |
US6821666B2 (en) * | 2001-09-28 | 2004-11-23 | The Regents Of The Univerosity Of California | Method of forming a package for mems-based fuel cell |
US20030134172A1 (en) * | 2002-01-11 | 2003-07-17 | Grande Wendy C. | Integrated fuel cell and electrochemical power system employing the same |
DE60309017T2 (en) * | 2002-05-09 | 2007-05-16 | Honda Giken Kogyo K.K. | FUEL CELL ARRANGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED SEPARATOR |
FR2840108B1 (en) * | 2002-05-24 | 2004-06-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | MINIATURE FUEL CELL BASE MODULE WITH MICRO-VOLUMES CROSSED BY ONE OF THE TWO REACTANTS |
US7208246B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2007-04-24 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Fuel cell with integrated heater and robust construction |
ITVA20050034A1 (en) | 2005-05-13 | 2006-11-14 | St Microelectronics Srl | FUEL CELLS MADE IN A SINGLE MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON LAYER AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS |
DE602005009965D1 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2008-11-06 | St Microelectronics Srl | Fuel cell integrally integrated on a monocrystalline silicon circuit and method of manufacture |
US9819037B2 (en) | 2006-03-02 | 2017-11-14 | Encite Llc | Method and apparatus for cleaning catalyst of a power cell |
FR2972301A1 (en) * | 2011-03-04 | 2012-09-07 | St Microelectronics Sa | Method for manufacturing membrane device that is used as electrode of biofuel cell, involves treating porous silicon area to produce electrically conducting porous area that forms electrically conducting porous membrane |
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DE3907485A1 (en) * | 1989-03-08 | 1990-09-20 | Asea Brown Boveri | FUEL CELL ARRANGEMENT |
DE4104841A1 (en) * | 1991-02-16 | 1992-08-20 | Abb Patent Gmbh | FUEL CELL ARRANGEMENT |
DE4329819A1 (en) * | 1993-07-28 | 1995-02-02 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Strip membrane |
DE19624887A1 (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1997-01-02 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Electrochemical cell including solid electrolyte system formed by thin film technologies |
US5750013A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1998-05-12 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Electrode membrane assembly and method for manufacturing the same |
DE19644628A1 (en) * | 1996-10-17 | 1998-04-23 | Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin Gmbh | Inert cathode for selective oxygen reduction and process for its production |
DE19718687A1 (en) * | 1997-05-02 | 1998-11-05 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Fuel cell stack |
DE19833064A1 (en) * | 1998-07-22 | 2000-02-03 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Fuel cell for high output voltages |
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DE19914681A1 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
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