DE19904561C1 - Maximum power point control method for solar generator uses current characteristic for sensor of similar type and charge for calculation of power characteristic used for providing setting parameter for solar generator - Google Patents
Maximum power point control method for solar generator uses current characteristic for sensor of similar type and charge for calculation of power characteristic used for providing setting parameter for solar generatorInfo
- Publication number
- DE19904561C1 DE19904561C1 DE19904561A DE19904561A DE19904561C1 DE 19904561 C1 DE19904561 C1 DE 19904561C1 DE 19904561 A DE19904561 A DE 19904561A DE 19904561 A DE19904561 A DE 19904561A DE 19904561 C1 DE19904561 C1 DE 19904561C1
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- solar
- solar generator
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- generator
- converter
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
- G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
- H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
- H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
- H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Schaltungsanordnung zur Maximum-Power-Point- Steuerung von photovoltaischen Solargeneratoren.The invention relates to a method and a circuit arrangement for maximum power point Control of photovoltaic solar generators.
Es ist allgemein bekannt, daß aus photovoltaischen Solargeneratoren die maximale Leistung nur entnommen werden kann, wenn der Generator in einem bestimmten Arbeitspunkt, dem Maxi mum Power Point - nachfolgend als MPP bezeichnet - betrieben wird. Der MPP hängt bei jedem Generator von den jeweiligen äußeren Betriebsbedingungen, insbesondere der aktuellen Bestrahlungsstärke und der Temperatur der Solarzellen ab. Da sich diese Parameter im prakti schen Betrieb ständig ändern können, ist zur maximalen Energiegewinnung eine kontinuierliche Nachführung des aktuellen Arbeitspunktes zum jeweiligen MPP erforderlich.It is generally known that the maximum output from photovoltaic solar generators only can be taken if the generator at a certain operating point, the Maxi mum Power Point - hereinafter referred to as MPP - is operated. The MPP depends on everyone Generator from the respective external operating conditions, especially the current one Irradiance and the temperature of the solar cells. Since these parameters are in practice constantly changing operation is a continuous one for maximum energy production It is necessary to update the current working point for the respective MPP.
Ein weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Gewährleistung des Betriebes eines Solargenerators im MPP ist das sogenannte MPP-Tracking (B. Günther, G. Wirtz, Endbericht: Meßtechnische Untersu chungen an Systemkomponenten photovoltaischer Stromerzeugersysteme, Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft, München 1994, S. 112-114; Sakulin, M.: Die Problematik bei der photo- Voltaischen Stromeinspeisung ins öffentliche Netz, e 1992, H. 7/8, S. 373-379; Aeberland, M.: Solargeneratoren unter Kontrolle, TR Transfer Nr. 14, 1996, S. 38-39). Dabei wird durch den dem Solargenerator nachgeschalteten DC-DC-Steller bzw. DC-AC-Wandler nach einem vorgegebenen Zeitregime der aktuelle Arbeitspunkt des Generators (bestimmt durch Strom und Spannung) verlassen und geprüft, ob an einem anderen Arbeitspunkt dem Generator eine höhere Leistung entnommen werden kann. Ist dies nicht der Fall, so wird der Generator weiterhin im bisherigen Arbeitspunkt betrieben. Andernfalls erfolgt eine Änderung des Arbeitspunktes durch Anfahren des neuen MPP. Als Nachteil dieses Verfahrens gilt, daß während der Regelung sowie bei Betrieb im festen Arbeitspunkt bei sich ggf. gleichzeitig ändernden äußeren Bedingungen dem Generator nicht die maximal mögliche Leistung entnommen werden kann.A widely used procedure to ensure the operation of a solar generator in the MPP is the so-called MPP tracking (B. Günther, G. Wirtz, final report: Meßtechnische Untersu System components of photovoltaic power generation systems, research center for Energiewirtschaft, Munich 1994, pp. 112-114; Sakulin, M .: The problem with photo Voltaic electricity feed into the public network, e 1992, H. 7/8, S. 373-379; Aeberland, M .: Solar generators under control, TR Transfer No. 14, 1996, pp. 38-39). This is done by the DC-DC converter or DC-AC converter downstream of the solar generator after a predefined time regime the current operating point of the generator (determined by current and Voltage) and checked whether the generator has a higher one at another operating point Power can be taken. If this is not the case, the generator will continue to run previous operating point operated. Otherwise the operating point is changed by Starting up the new MPP. The disadvantage of this method is that during the regulation as well when operating at a fixed operating point with possibly changing external conditions at the same time the maximum possible power cannot be taken from the generator.
Es ist auch ein Verfahren bekannt, nach dem der MPP eines Solargenerators durch eine schnelle Messung seines Kurzschlußstromes und der Leerlaufspannung sowie Vergleich dieser Werte mit gespeicherten Kennlinien ermittelt wird (DE-OS 43 25 436). Abgesehen von der durch die galvanische Netztrennung technisch aufwendigen Messung von großen DC-Strömen setzt dieses Verfahren die genaue Kenntnis der Generatorkennlinien voraus. Zudem wird für die Zeitdauer der Messung von Kurzschlußstrom und Leerlaufspannung die Energieabgabe vom Solargenera tor unterbrochen.A method is also known according to which the MPP of a solar generator is replaced by a fast one Measurement of its short-circuit current and the open circuit voltage and comparison of these values with stored characteristics is determined (DE-OS 43 25 436). Apart from that by the Galvanic isolation separates technically complex measurement of large DC currents Precise knowledge of the generator characteristic curve. In addition, for the duration the measurement of short-circuit current and open circuit voltage, the energy output from the solar genera gate interrupted.
Ferner ist ein Verfahren bekannt, bei dem durch eine spezielle Schaltung des Solargenerators in zwei identische Teilgeneratoren sowie durch Vergleich der von den Teilgeneratoren gelieferten Ströme eine MPP-Regelung vorgenommen wird (DE-PS 195 15 786). Nachteilig an diesem Verfahren ist die Notwendigkeit, zwei elektrisch identische Teilgeneratoren zu montieren. Auch die Steuerung des MPP eines Solargenerators mittels eines unabhängigen Sensors, der der gleichen Strahlung wie der Solargenerator ausgesetzt ist, ist bekannt (DE 195 02 762 A1; Pfeiffer, H. und Fett, F. N.: Solarzellen-Versuchs-Anlage, Messen prüfen automatisieren, Juli/August 1985, S. 384-390). Eine andere bekannte Möglichkeit besteht in der Steuerung nach der gemessenen Modultemperatur (B. Günther, G. Wirtz, a. a. o.). Nachteil der beiden letztgenannten Verfahren ist, daß nur jeweils ein den MPP bestimmender Parameter zur Steuerung benutzt wird. Zudem erfordern beide Möglichkeiten Kenntnisse bzw. Berechnungen des Kennlinienfeldes des Solargenerators.Furthermore, a method is known in which a special circuit of the solar generator in two identical sub-generators and by comparing the ones supplied by the sub-generators Currents an MPP regulation is made (DE-PS 195 15 786). Disadvantage of this Process is the need to assemble two electrically identical sub-generators. The control of the MPP of a solar generator by means of an independent sensor, which the is exposed to the same radiation as the solar generator is known (DE 195 02 762 A1; Pfeiffer, H. and Fett, F. N .: Solar cell test facility, automated measurement testing, July / August 1985, pp. 384-390). Another known possibility is control after the measured module temperature (B. Günther, G. Wirtz, op. cit.). Disadvantage of the two the latter method is that only one parameter determining the MPP for each Control is used. In addition, both options require knowledge or calculations the characteristic field of the solar generator.
In DE 40 17 860 A1 werden die beiden vorstehend angeführten Verfahren kombiniert durch einen Mikrorechner ergänzt. Die Ermittlung des MPP erfolgt zunächst auf konventionelle Weise. Die Daten des so gefundenen MPP werden zusammen mit den Werten der Einstrahlung und der Temperatur im Mikrorechner abgespeichert. Nach einer gewissen Lernzeit besitzt der Mikrorechner genügend Wertepaare, so daß danach die Bestimmung des MPP allein auf der Basis der gespeicherten Werte der Einstrahlung und der Temperatur erfolgen kann. Der Nachteil dieses Verfahrens besteht darin, daß Änderungen der Kennlinie des Solargenerators, z. B. durch Alterung oder Verschmutzung, nicht erkannt werden und somit bei Eintreten dieser Umstände der auf Basis von Einstrahlung und Temperatur gespeicherte MPP-Wert vom tatsächlich vorhandenen MPP-Wert abweicht. In DE 40 17 860 A1, the two methods listed above are combined by added a microcomputer. The MPP is initially determined using conventional methods Wise. The data of the MPP found in this way are combined with the values of the irradiation and the temperature stored in the microcomputer. After a certain period of study, the Microcomputer enough pairs of values so that afterwards the determination of the MPP alone on the Basis of the stored radiation and temperature values can be done. The disadvantage this method is that changes in the characteristic of the solar generator, for. B. by Aging or pollution, can not be detected and thus when these circumstances occur the MPP value of the actual stored on the basis of irradiation and temperature existing MPP value deviates.
In JP-181907 A wird der von der Referenzzelle über einem Widerstand erzeugte Spannungs abfall genutzt, um durch Vergleich mit zuvor ermittelten Werten einen Sollwert für das MPP- Tracking zu erhalten. Dabei ist nachteilig, daß lediglich durch Messung des Spannungsabfalls über einem festen Widerstand weder der MPP der Referenzzelle noch der MPP des Solargenera tors eindeutig bestimmbar sind.JP-181907 A describes the voltage generated by the reference cell across a resistor waste is used to determine a setpoint for the MPP- by comparison with previously determined values Get tracking. The disadvantage here is that only by measuring the voltage drop over a fixed resistance neither the MPP of the reference cell nor the MPP of the Solargenera tors are clearly determinable.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die MPP-Steuerung eines Solargenerators mittels eines Sensors zeitnah, mit geringem technischen Aufwand und ohne Unterbrechung der Energieabgabe vorzunehmen.The object of the invention is to control the MPP of a solar generator by means of a sensor promptly, with little technical effort and without interrupting the energy supply to make.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe durch die in den Patentansprüchen aufgeführten Merkmale gelöst.According to the invention the object is achieved by the features listed in the claims solved.
Der Vorteil der Erfindung liegt gegenüber den bisher üblichen Verfahren darin, daß der MPP des Solargenerators quasikontinuierlich und unabhängig vom aktuellen Arbeitspunkt des Solargene rators ermittelt werden kann. Dies geschieht im Wesentlichen dadurch, daß durch den gewähl ten, vom Solargenerator elektrisch getrennten Sensor sowohl die aktuelle, auf den Solargenera tor wirkende Bestrahlungsstärke, als auch die Temperatur des Solargenerators bzw. der Solar zellen korrekt berücksichtigt wird. Auch bei schnellen Änderungen der Bestrahlungsstärke, z. B. infolge Durchzug von Wolkenfeldern, kann der Solargenerator faktisch ständig im MPP betrieben werden und damit energetische Verluste durch Betrieb des Solargenerators in vom MPP abweichenden Arbeitspunkten ausgeschlossen werden. Die Kennlinienmessung des Sensors kann nach bewährten Verfahren (elektronisch oder kapazitiv veränderliche Belastung) einfach durchgeführt werden. Kenntnisse über die Kennlinienfelder der den Solargenerator bildenden Module sind nicht erforderlich, d. h. auch bei produktionsbedingten Abweichungen der Modulparameter der eingesetzten Charge ist ein optimaler MPP-Betrieb des Solargenerators nach der Erfindung möglich.The advantage of the invention over the conventional methods is that the MPP of Solar generator quasi-continuously and regardless of the current operating point of the solar gene rators can be determined. This is done essentially by the fact that the The sensor, which is electrically isolated from the solar generator, is the current sensor on the solar generator Tor acting irradiance, as well as the temperature of the solar generator or the solar cells is taken into account correctly. Even with rapid changes in the irradiance, e.g. B. due to the passage of cloud fields, the solar generator can actually be in the MPP all the time be operated and thus energy losses from operating the solar generator in the MPP deviating working points can be excluded. The characteristic curve measurement of the Sensors can be used according to proven methods (electronically or capacitively variable load) just be done. Knowledge of the characteristic fields of the solar generator educational modules are not required, d. H. even with production-related deviations the module parameter of the batch used is optimal MPP operation of the solar generator possible according to the invention.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an je einem Ausführungsbeispiel für das Verfahren und die Schaltungsanordnung näher erläutert.The invention is based on an exemplary embodiment of the method and the Circuit arrangement explained in more detail.
In der zugehörigen Zeichnung zeigen Show in the accompanying drawing
Fig. 1 die Kennlinien des Sensors, Fig. 1 shows the characteristics of the sensor,
Fig. 2 die Schaltungsanordnung zur MPP-Steuerung in ihrer Grundform. Fig. 2 shows the circuit arrangement for MPP control in its basic form.
Nach dem Verfahren werden die Werte zur Bestimmung des MPP des Photovoltaik-Generators, nachstehend als PV-Generator bezeichnet, aus einem speziellen Sensor gewonnen. Dieser besteht aus Zellmaterial derselben Charge wie der energieliefernde PV-Generator und ist bezüglich seiner optischen und thermischen Eigenschaften in gleicher Weise wie die Module des PV-Generators verarbeitet und montiert. Er ist im einfachsten Fall ein PV-Modul aus der Lieferung des PV-Generators. Dieses Sensormodul wird innerhalb des Solargenerators, jedoch elektrisch isoliert, angebracht. Damit wirken alle den MPP des PV-Generators beeinflussenden Größen (Bestrahlung, Temperatur, Staub, usw.) in gleicher Weise auf die Kennlinie des Sensors. Kern des Verfahrens ist die vom aktuellen Arbeitspunkt des PV-Generators unabhängige und quasikontinuierliche Messung der Kennlinie des Sensors. Diese wird innerhalb von ca. 1 ms aufgenommen. Sie ist in Fig. 1 als Kurve A dargestellt. Daraus wird die Leistungskennlinie (Kurve B) berechnet. Im nächsten Schritt wird durch Bestimmung des Leistungsmaximums die MPP-Spannung des Sensors (Punkt MPP) ermittelt. Dieses Verfahren wird im Abstand von beispielsweise 1 Sekunde wiederholt.According to the method, the values for determining the MPP of the photovoltaic generator, hereinafter referred to as the PV generator, are obtained from a special sensor. This consists of cell material from the same batch as the energy-generating PV generator and is processed and assembled in terms of its optical and thermal properties in the same way as the modules of the PV generator. In the simplest case, it is a PV module from the delivery of the PV generator. This sensor module is installed inside the solar generator, but is electrically insulated. This means that all variables influencing the MPP of the PV generator (radiation, temperature, dust, etc.) act in the same way on the characteristic curve of the sensor. The core of the process is the quasi-continuous measurement of the sensor's characteristic curve, which is independent of the current operating point of the PV generator. This is recorded within approx. 1 ms. It is shown as curve A in FIG. 1. The performance curve (curve B) is calculated from this. In the next step, the MPP voltage of the sensor (point MPP) is determined by determining the maximum power. This process is repeated every 1 second, for example.
Die Anpassung der Sensormeßgröße MPP-Spannung an die Regelgröße für den PV-Generator erfolgt durch Vergleich der in Reihe geschalteten Solarzellenanzahlen von Sensor und PV- Generator. Die so ermittelte Regelgröße wird dem Wandler in geeigneter Form übergeben, der den Solargenerator seinerseits auf den MPP einstellt. Die Regelgröße wird gegebenenfalls entsprechend der Meßfrequenz auf einen neuen Wert eingestellt.The adaptation of the sensor measured variable MPP voltage to the controlled variable for the PV generator is done by comparing the number of solar cells in series from the sensor and the PV Generator. The control variable determined in this way is transferred to the converter in a suitable form, which in turn sets the solar generator to the MPP. The controlled variable is, if necessary set to a new value according to the measuring frequency.
Die Schaltungsanordnung ist in Fig. 2 dargestellt. Der PV-Solargenerator 1 ist in üblicher Weise mit dem DC-DC-Wandler 2 verbunden. Über eine Steuerung im Innern des Wandlers 2 wird der Arbeitspunkt des PV-Solargenerators eingestellt, was z. B. durch eine Impulsbreitens teuerung realisiert wird.The circuit arrangement is shown in Fig. 2. The PV solar generator 1 is connected to the DC-DC converter 2 in the usual way. The operating point of the PV solar generator is set via a control inside the converter 2 . B. is realized by a pulse width expensive.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Regelgröße für diese Steuerung aus den verarbeiteten Meßsignalen des Sensors 3 gewonnen. Dazu wird der Sensorausgang über eine Kennlinienmessschaltung 4 mit einem Mikrorechner 5 verbunden. Die Kennlinienmessschaltung 4 enthält als zeitgesteuertes Belastungselement einen Feldeffekttransistor sowie Multiplexer, ADC und DAC. Durch den Mikrorechner 5 werden der Drain-Source-Widerstand des Feldeffekttransistors innerhalb von 1 ms von Unendlich bis Null durchfahren und gleichzeitig Strom und Spannung des Sensors alle 50 µs gemessen. Der Mikrorechner 5 steuert über die genannten Baugruppen sowohl die Kenn linienmessung als auch die Berechnung des MPP und nimmt die Taktung der Schaltung vor. Dazu ist eine Firmware-Programm-Steuerung über einen PROM am Mikrorechner 5 installiert. Aus der ermittelten MPP-Spannung des Sensors 3 wird die aktuelle MPP-Spannung des PV- Generators bestimmt. Dieses Ergebnis ist definiert durch das Verhältnis der in Reihe ge schalteten Solarzellenzahl im Sensor 3 und im PV-Generator. Unter Berücksichtigung des Übertragungsfakors des Wandlers 2 berechnet der Mikrorechner 5 die Regelgröße und überträgt diese über einen DAC an den Wandler 2, der die Einstellung des MPP des PV-Solargenerators vornimmt.According to the invention, the controlled variable for this control is obtained from the processed measurement signals from sensor 3 . For this purpose, the sensor output is connected to a microcomputer 5 via a characteristic curve measuring circuit 4 . The characteristic curve measuring circuit 4 contains a field effect transistor as well as multiplexer, ADC and DAC as a time-controlled load element. The microcomputer 5 traverses the drain-source resistance of the field effect transistor from infinity to zero within 1 ms and simultaneously measures the current and voltage of the sensor every 50 μs. The microcomputer 5 controls both the characteristic line measurement and the calculation of the MPP via the modules mentioned and carries out the clocking of the circuit. For this purpose, a firmware program control is installed on the microcomputer 5 via a PROM. The current MPP voltage of the PV generator is determined from the determined MPP voltage of sensor 3 . This result is defined by the ratio of the number of solar cells connected in series in sensor 3 and in the PV generator. Taking into account the transmission factor of the converter 2 , the microcomputer 5 calculates the controlled variable and transmits it via a DAC to the converter 2 , which carries out the setting of the MPP of the PV solar generator.
Claims (6)
quasikontinuierlich die Stromkennlinie eines vom Solargenerator elektrisch isolierten Sensors gleichen Typs und gleicher Charge wie die im Solargenerator verwendeten Solarmodule bestimmt wird,
aus der Stromkennlinie die Leistungskennlinie berechnet wird und
aus deren Maximum quasikontinuierlich die Regelgröße für den Wandler abgeleitet wird.1. Method for maximum power point control of solar generators, the operating point of the solar generator being determined by a converter,
the current characteristic of a sensor electrically insulated from the solar generator of the same type and the same batch as the solar modules used in the solar generator is determined virtually continuously,
the power characteristic is calculated from the current characteristic and
the control variable for the converter is derived quasi-continuously from its maximum.
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