DE19701961A1 - Bio-catalyst additive for liquid hydrocarbon fuels - Google Patents

Abstract

The biocatalyst additive for liquid hydrocarbon fuels and coal slurry fuel comprises: (a) essential trace elements either as dissolved complexes or as dissolved salts of organic acids or as dispersed and stabilised salts of (in)organic acid; (b) oxygen; (c) non-poisonous natural surface-active agents as emulsifier, solvent promoter, complex former, stabiliser, and coupler, e.g. for metal salts and organic acids; (d) natural materials, which act in small traces as reaction releaser; (e) natural component suitable for purifying engages and firing devices; (f) components which deacidify soils; and (g) natural non-poisonous components whose non-poisonous combustion products compete with ozone killers in the atmosphere and thus protect the ozone layer.

Description

The basis of my invention is the current state of the art Catalysis technology. In the literature are successful in practice applied and very proven catalysis (e.g. 1-45, λ1, λ2).

These are supposed to affect the processes in combustion chambers, e.g. B. in the cylinders of the engine. There are indications from the literature on their transferability:
(It is taken for granted that the metal complexes of the catalyst additive convert into metal oxides when they are burned)

Important preliminary remark

Even if my additive were completely ineffective catalytically, the added metals would distribute themselves into nature as trace elements and deacidify the soil as metal oxides and decompose ozone due to the emission of MnO ₂ , AND I WOULD WANT TO KEEP MY PATENT ALONE ON THIS BASIS.

Catalytic converters to be tested in the engine:

Portability criteria

When the catalyst additive is injected into the hot engine Processes that are known in the literature as spray pyrolysis are described (46, λ9, λ10, λ37). (Over heat and mass transfer, Droplet evaporation during spray combustion see (λ59).

This enables catalytically active, highly dispersed (λ6, λ7) Multicomponent (λ38) powder from non-agglomerated particles, the are smaller than 1µ when supported catalysts (λ6, λ7) are generated due to diffusion and reaction Evaporation of the solvent.

There were e.g. B. suspensions and / or emulsions of oxide precursors in flammable liquids sprayed as a spray in an oxidizing atmosphere to produce oxide powders (λ37). For example, a TiCl ₄ suspension in kerosene was sprayed into an oxidizing atmosphere, causing TiO ₂ (catalyzed in conjunction with sensitizers (e.g. metal complexes (λ27) to generate singlet oxygen (λ68, λ69, λ97) and Photo-Oxidations (λ98)) .Metal oxide catalysts with metals such as Mo, V, K, Rb, Cs, Cu, Zn, Mn, Bi (λ37) for oxidation in the vapor phase ("gas phase", See gas phase catalysts (λ10)) Mixed metal oxides of manganese and lanthanides (λ34) can in turn release oxygen during their thermal phase transformation (decomposition) and thus stimulate the combustion more {Incidentally, lanthanide transition metal compounds can have magnetic properties (λ31, λ32 ). {Light-excited lanthanide ions can transfer their energy to other molecules and thereby cause heterogeneous photocatalysis - e.g. the decomposition of N ₂ O (37).} (For gas phase catalysts see (λ72), for phase transfer catalysis see (λ63-λ66), for easier chemical transport of metal with the participation of iodine cf. (λ49).)
{Since the catalyst additive also contains isopropanol (Claim 1c), metal isopropylates can also form in the engine as intermediate compounds (45). (The effects of phase separation associated with solubilizers can be mastered (λ45)).}

Evaporation (necessary for ignition) from droplets of energy out depends on the droplet diameter, effects of thermal diffusion and radiation, kinetic effects and variable thermophysical properties from (λ42). Doing for droplets with internal heat sources (e.g. from crystallizing substances produced crystallization Warm) thermal diffusion takes precedence, for large drops the Heat radiation (from outside). {When the droplets are reduced by Evaporation crystallize out of the catalyst additives and can form internal reactive (e.g. oxidizing) heat sources which Causing droplet micro-explosions.}

That's why my catalyst additive also shortens the ignition delay, which also varies with the cetane number (43). The shorter the ignition delay time, the larger the time window over which the combustion processes are distributed. This leads to the prevention of diesel knocking and a reduction in emissions, e.g. B. of NO _x (λ44). So my additive works in the same way as cetane improvement additives, e.g. B. like 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate or tert-butyl peroxide (λ43), but without the toxic side effects. It was found that higher cetane numbers lead to lower NO _x emissions (λ44). On the application of stochastic ignition theory to spontaneous ignition in an n-octane spray, which was injected in air at high temperature behind reflected shock waves. (λ24, λ58). (For the induction zone with shock-generated ignition see (λ58, λ60).) Furthermore, the processes taking place in the engine are described in the literature as aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of metals (47, 48), (see claim 1e); this allows metals to be vapor-deposited on the carrier in the engine (e.g. also on the cylinder wall) with the formation of catalytically active deposits (also top atomic layers on carbon-containing catalytic effects (40)). That metals are burned in the gas phase can arrive from (49). Oxidation of the gaseous metal phases to gaseous metal-oxide phases also enables homogeneous catalysis with metal oxides (or with metal-containing species (λ5) that easily transition into the gas phase (λ10). See also phase-transfer catalysis (λ63-λ66).

In addition, a connection between the fractal geometry (from catalytic aerosols, Catalyst aerosols) and heterogeneous catalysis (50). Chemical processes take place at the edge of interfaces. So finds the oxidation of carbon monoxide CO on fractal-like Particle aggregates instead of (4).

Aerosol aggregates are also created with a fractal geometry (51); Accordingly, the additives that are formed in the engine should also be used Catalysts have this geometry (see claim 1a).

The role of the fractal dimension is also discussed in (52) as well the role of the power law of fractal agglomerates in (53).

For the soot combustion in the engine, the behavior is fractal soot aero sol aggregates important (54). The catalyst fractals and the Soot fractals are said to make the engine react easily be. They are mixed together from their origin, what encourages their mutual reaction.

The catalyst aerosols should then be arranged in a compressed manner in the shock fronts, as a result of which their effectiveness should be increased still further. Structure-building processes take place during the combustion in the shock fronts (69). (For example, titanium nitride, then oxynitride and then dioxide (69) form in the combustion front of a titanium-air system during its expansion: "Phase-forming processes in the combustion of metal-gas systems".) Furthermore constantly changing influences of gas flow lead to global order in particle suspensions (λ39). There are collective effects (59, p. 516, p. 513), which are particularly important for the admixed laser crystals (60, λ82) synthesized in the cylinder. This is because laser radiation is to be generated in the luminous gas flow when a shock wave passes, based on the principle of surface-emitting lasers (61). This laser radiation is said to convert soot particles into the gas phase ("vaporize", see pressure-temperature phase diagram of elemental carbon (λ87)) and to make heterogeneous (diffusion-controlled (λ89)) catalysis kinetically more effective homogeneous. In addition, shock waves occur in the non-equilibrium zone (cf. (81):
Dissociation of excited NO ₂ in expansion-cooled areas on MgO) in the ionized gas population reversal of excited states on (79), which can be used elsewhere for the gas laser effect. Furthermore, the acoustic fields in the cylinder cause agglomeration (λ41) of aerosol particles, ie the catalyst particles such as soot (λ40). As a result, catalyst particles, in particular cerium oxide particles, can be embedded in soot particles and oxidize (burn) them from the inside. (55) deals with the propagation of shock waves in particle suspensions, whereby the shock wave is modeled as a spreading singular surface. See also the theoretical study on burning coal particles (56), an aerothermal analysis of the burning carbon in the ram flow (57) and a publication on detonations in suspensions of coal dust in oxygen (58), which talks about the radiation behind Shock waves serve as the ignition source and the simulation of a gas boundary layer loaded with particles behind a shock (λ101). About the induction zone with shock-generated ignition s. (λ60), about the processes in the relaxation zone of shock waves s. (λ86). About shock-induced ignitions around a blunt body - e.g. B. on the cylinder wall, which is coated with a catalyzing layer - see. (λ58) (For surface reactions in coatings that are made up of a few atomic layers, see (λ99a and b.)

Quenching and catalytically effective surfaces on the fire side Internal limits that come into contact with the additive, e.g. B. on Internal engine limits (cylinders, pistons, valves) can through many variants of chemical vapor deposition (cf. Chemical Vapor deposition. CVD) form (λ1, λ2) because the types of Coating is significantly determined by the composition  the gas phase (λ4), to which the catalyst additive is added, also through the formulation of the catalyst additive. So should also ferromagnetic (by adding Sm, Ho (λ71) and Fe; by Addition of Cu and Mn magnetic films (64b)) and ferroelectric (λ1) Surfaces that have a strong activating effect on oxygen can, can be trained.

Through such internal coating processes, the engine cylinder should also properties of a cavity resonator (λ3) for invisible ones electromagnetic waves, e.g. B. for generated laser radiation (80) can assume in the wavelength range of the cylinder dimensions. In carbon (soot) can even by electromagnetic radiation electrical conductivity are generated (λ5), which is its chemical Vulnerability (λ8) (also oxidizability, combustibility) must influence.

The addition of a tiny amount {how tiny such amounts are can be derived from (λ98) (0.004%)} of a vapor (gas) phase catalyze to a catalytic reaction system (e.g. one at the Cylinder wall formed catalyst layer) can be the catalyzing Extend the life of the layer considerably (λ72). {This can explain why the very good exhaust gas values (see MEASUREMENTS) still long after the end of the liquid catalyst addition and at its strongest dilution still persist or even improve.

A shock that stretches along a catalytic converter Wall (e.g. a cylinder wall) spreads behind it turbulent multicomponent-catalyst boundary layer (λ99). Here in radicals are generated which continue to react in the gas phase (oxidative coupling) (λ88; λ102). So can close to the cylinder wall no soot.

Inside the cylinder correspond to the catalytic wall covering Shock fronts with the catalyst aerosols compressed in them (catalytic "shock front walls"). Shock waves allow one  almost instantaneous heating to high temperatures (59, p. 75) (1600 K-3000 K). There are measurements of soot oxidation behind reflected shock waves between 1700 K and 4000 K (59, p. 751). {see. "Heterogeneous Kinetics at Elevated Temperatures" (79).}

The coal particle combustion takes place at places where the Relative speed (between particles and gas) is very small. As a result, the heat of reaction released cannot be caused by convection be transported away. So there is a sharp rise in temperature the neighborhood of burning coal particles (soot particles conditions. This leads to increased heat transfer to the Carbon particles, causing an acceleration of the Combustion process leads.

Therefore the combustion effects are on a very narrow range localized behind the shock front (59, p. 689).

Shock waves activate catalytic reactions, produce phase changes and thus change the type of catalysis, so that heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis run side by side or compete with each other. In operation, the automobile engine itself synthesizes its catalysts from the added additive; the catalyst particles it produces are said to be associated with ferromagnets (λ31, λ34, λ70), ferroelectrets (λ35), laser crystals (60; λ36) and luminescent phosphors (λ36). Together, they should contribute to the removal of NO _x , CO, hydrocarbons and soot in the exhaust gas (see three-component NO-CO-O ₂ model for heterogeneous catalysis (44).) When catalyst particles are deposited near the wall there is a slowdown in the flow behind the shock front and turbulent fluctuations (59, p. 762 f.). A mixed catalyst coating is formed on the inner wall of the cylinder, which catalyzes wall reactions, i.e. prevents the formation of harmful emissions on the cylinder wall - in particular the formation of soot on the wall.

In addition, solid suspended particles also influence the pressure profiles in the cylinder interior (59, p. 738 f.), And the concentration of aerosol particles (catalyst, soot particles, droplets from molten catalyst particles) is correlated with the spatially and temporally changing gas pressure. Particles) (59, p. 761, Fig. 12).

It also interacts with combustion waves Shock waves intensified by the catalyst aerosols (59, p. 719 f.).

Further deepening and justification of innovation

Due to the temperature distribution after the injection, in particular by compression, the injected droplets begin to evaporate due to their internal temperature distribution (72). The heat flow, starting from a spherical evaporating droplet, is the basis for the study of strongly coupled, non-linear effects in dense sprays, especially in droplet spray combustion (73). In addition, the surface electrical conductivity has an influence on the equilibrium of a droplet in an electric field (74) or a moving droplet in a magnetic field. (see claims 4a and 4b). Heat and mass flows are the rate-determining processes for the evaporation of droplets (75) and the diffusion of oxygen for their combustion; The catalyst additives, since they are less volatile than gasoline and diesel hydrocarbons, cause the droplet core to heat up progressively, which leads to a so-called micro-explosion (75) of a multicomponent droplet, which reduces the ignition delay time is to be explained (75, p. 331, Fig. 13). The same applies to coal sludge droplets (75) and the associated burners (76, Fig. 1, p. 232). The micro-explosion causes an increase in surface area and enables faster contact with oxygen. (An increase in surface area is also achieved by foam-forming additives (λ40).)

An energy drop is burned by radicals attacked (77). The catalyst additive contains radical formers (see claims 4 and 6). The energetic performances of the radicals at chemical reactions (31, p. 191) are caused by them deactivating magnetic fields (see claim 4a) additionally reinforced. With my additive, mechanical, electrical (including electronic) and chemical stabilities of the injected droplets can be minimized (78).

At the beginning of droplet burning, sit next to photocatalytic processes (generation of active singlet Oxygen through energy transfer from triplet states (λ28) organic non-toxic natural product molecules, whispering Gallery modes (λ73, λ74), RAMAN scattering and thus excitation organic chemical structures - also through collective effects - in the energy carrier droplets) as a result of the added Natural product photosensitizers Synthesis of catalysts (1-45) in the cylinder and with their help heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions and catalysis - also photocatalysis (e.g. on the resulting Titanium dioxide (λ94)) - a. Thereby are temperature and concentration (Prints and densities) intimately linked in shock fronts (65). The flow of a gas suspension consisting of drops and fine particles, in the relaxation zone behind shock waves, where the Particles interacting with the drops (colliding) is in (λ 86) have been examined.

During the progressive combustion run in the Shock fronts all processes that prevent the formation of aerosol Particles and catalyst aerosol particles (1-45) cause or influence: condensation (growth of aerosol particles and Catalyst layers (48)), agglomeration, resuspension, Deposition, deposition, chemical reactions, diffusion aphoresis The study (58) reports the growth of a detonation in a suspension of coal dust in oxygen (heterogeneous Reaction).

A similar but numerical investigation is described in (59) reported. With my additive carbon and oxygen are still additionally activated (see claims 4 and 6). This encourages  especially the efficiency of coal dust and coal sludge Burners.

The studies (56, 57 and 66) on burning coal particles and Soot formation is made without catalysts, so my additive appears as an innovation.

Because a novelty of the invention is that now in the passage of shock waves from the soot suspensions already in statu nascendi Catalyst particles are present or catalyst deposits on the Cylinder wall, so that no soot can form from here. The Catalyst additive also contains chemical synthesis elements of surface-emitting (61) high-temperature laser crystallites (60) (participation of cerium in crystalline compounds which Solid state laser transitions show (λ82)); Laser radiation can cause soot convert into the gas phase (phase diagram of elementary Carbon. (λ87)) where the carbon burned more easily becomes.

The shock fronts in the cylinder can now be used as catalytic Surfaces (singular surfaces (55)) can be viewed. {At there are standing shock waves, generated by reflection as many catalyst areas as there are wave nodes.

On making the interaction of small particles visible Shock and detonation waves see. (59).

The same applies to NO _x and CO; NH ₃ and catalysts are additionally present for this purpose, which allow the NO _{x to} be reduced by CO and NH ₃ (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 20, 37, 39, (41) λ16). {In the presence of ammonia and traces of water, due to the rapid cooling behind shock fronts, population inversions can occur, causing maser to be pumped (80), ie coherent microwaves for particularly efficient excitation}.

It also has water in the gas phase on the removal of coal par particles (soot particles) in the high temperature or diffusion limit about the same effect oxygen (λ67).

Another innovation is that the metals of the additive z. T. transition into the gas phase (49), where they have a catalytic effect (67, 68) and in particular phase-forming processes are initiated due to combustion quenching at the cooler engine limits, which A to condense solid metal mixed phases on the cylinder wall {via the SEED- doped catalyst deposits s. (92) and for the electronic properties of the admixtures of Tb ₂ O ₃ -sta bilized Zr ₂ O ₃ in the catalyst coating on the cylinder wall see (λ93)}, the piston rings and especially the engine valves, which lead on the one hand Represent catalyst deposits and on the other hand bring about a constant improvement in compression and engine refinement. {How ultrafine copper particles were made by mechano-chemical processes (λ29)}; Incidentally, particles of metallic copper, copper (I) and copper (II) oxide on carbon have catalytic effects on CO (14), with regard to the effect of Cu (II) on nitrogen oxide cf. (15).}, Nanocrystalline alloys (WC-Co alloy) by vapor deposition (λ)}.

But not only the metals, but also those in the synthesis in the Shock front emerging metal oxides (catalysts) go z. t. in the gas phase over (70), so that they too homogeneous catalysis can effect.

In the high-temperature combustion area of the shock fronts, heterogeneous and homogeneous metal and metal-oxide mixed catalysts run side by side with heterogeneous and homogeneous kinetics - activated by admixed dopants and seeds ((λ93). Claim), which also have an interlocking catalytic variety to mean an innovation. Because all catalyses are brought forward into the cylinder chamber, which, in addition to the healthier emissions, results in better utilization of the energy substances and thus fuel savings, while additionally the emissions of the oxides of the vital trace elements - since the metal oxides are basic - deacidifying those in contact with them coming floors work {- so neutralize z. B. Fe ₃ O ₄ , Al ₂ O ₃ and ZnO chromic acid (λ14) -}, which is particularly important for larger environmental areas with emissions from chimneys - if my invention is used as a heating oil additive; Because strategies are sought worldwide for heating oil burners with low NO _x emissions (λ41); my additives can also be used in solution and / or suspension for the combustion of a coal powder (50%) - oil-water-water (5%) - mixture (λ47) as well as for the coal-oil-sludge combustion (λ47), but in a dryer state , finely powdered mixture with dry coal dust can also be used for plasma ignition-assisted (λ46, λ13) coal burners (see also alkali-catalyzed coal gasification (18).). (About burning coal particles in the presence of water vapor. (Λ67); water acts as an additional source of oxygen.)

THESE ARE WELL-BEING AND ESSENTIAL INNOVATIONS FOR THE WHOLE LIVED NATURE.  

RECIPE General composition the catalyst mixture with recipe example and justification

A.) Ratios of trace elements as they occur in naturally grown fruits and vegetables:
Iron 1; Manganese 0.244; Copper 0.00003; Vanadium 0.027; Nickel 0.007; Chromium 0.0004; Aluminum 0.032; Titanium 0.0003; Cobalt 0.010; Zinc 0.381.
The trace elements listed in Group A can easily be dissolved in gasoline, diesel and heating oil as well as in coal-oil sludges as acetylacetonate complexes, in coal-water sludges as ionic water-soluble compounds (see recipe example).

B.) 1.) The remaining vital elements as trace elements (and minerals) {, which simultaneously develop catalytic effects in the engine.} (See Claim 2):
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, strontium, lithium, rubidium, tellurium, bismuth, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, furthermore silicon, selenium, iodine (in tiny traces).

2.) Non-toxic metals that are also used in the engine (see claim 3):
Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, terbium, holmium, erbium, ytterbium, zircon, niobium.
The elements of group B are used in their compounds as carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, oxides, in minute traces as chlorides (- only if no acetylacetonates are available -) and iodides (also in minute traces) and as hydrocarbon-soluble oxygen anion clusters (λ12) or - if possible - in bulk with the help of solubilizers 2-propanol and / or acetone dissolved in the smallest traces. (Some of them act as "dopants" and "seeds" (λ92, λ93) in the engine.)
C.) Group C is selected from compounds that can appear and act due to unpaired electrons and / or special electronic excitabilities, alignments or transmissions (cf. photo-induced electron transfer (λ27):
Inorganic, but also in particular organic (ie readily soluble in hydrocarbons) radicals, ferromagnetics, paramagnetics, ferroelectrics, electrolytes (also polymer electrets (71b)), ferronematics (64), charge transfer complexes, photosensitizers (see claim 4), structures that easily dissociate and associate electronically, substances of claims 3 and 4 (for example, element combinations acting as surface-emitting lasers, chemical compound combinations with which grain effects can be achieved.
These are said to T. act especially during the injection before or at the beginning of combustion. With their help, the oxygen in particular is supposed to be electronically excited at the droplet surface during injection, but on the other hand the chemical structures of the droplets themselves and the substances dissolved in them are to be excited by generating electromagnetic resonances and scattering processes within the droplets, which are then caused by radiation influence each other collectively (Raman scattering, "Morphplogy-Dependant Resonances, MDR").

D.) group of substances in which no metals occur at all, which, however, is considerably catalytic to eliminate emissions contributes.

E.) Selection from surface-active compounds which the Increase the surface of the injected liquids as well the foam structures favoring catalysis (analogous to Honeycomb structures of conventional catalysts) {also through education inorganic foams} in the cylinder.

F.) Selection from such non-toxic compounds, the non-toxic combustion products of which compete chemically with the ozone killers (e.g. MnO ₂ ), but can also reach the ozone layer at great heights.

Recipe example

This recipe example contains a selection of substances from the Groups A to E with very good exhaust gas values (see Appendix "Measurements") were achieved.

There have been selected
from group A
the acetylacetonates of the trace elements given in Group A, p. 1, in their weight ratios, starting from 500 mg of Eisenacact. (for 40 tank fillings for passenger cars or for 20 tank fillings for trucks);
from group B
Carbonates and / or bicarbonates of potassium and sodium, chlorides of molybdenum and cerium (as suspensions, production see below)
from group C
1 spatula tip each of riboflavin, ascorbic acid 6-palmitate and carnauba wax, 10 ml of acetone (as photosensitizer);
from group D
50 ml of petrol or diesel oil saturated with ammonia, 1 small spatula tip of potassium iodide and iodine, 1 spatula tip N, N'-bis (trimethylsilyl) urea (as silicon supplier);
from group E
3 spatula tips of polyoxymethylene tristearate (Tween 65).

Manufacturing

All solid components were fine in a mortar pulverized and then with 1 liter of a 2-propanol and / or Acetone-petrol or diesel oil mixture (mixing ratio 1: 3) and - after adding the remaining ingredients - in a 5L canister shaken. After weaning - the excess liquid must be completely clear - 250 ml of each for each two tank fillings for people - and one tank fill each taken from trucks.

Justification of the recipe

The recipe is based on medical, ecological and pharmaceutical reasons biological and from the catalytic effect in combustion systems men ago. Here the main reason is the latter To be received. Because of the other comprehensive reasons see. the corresponding specialist literature.

Justification for A

See patent description.

Justification for B

Alkali and alkali earths (claim 6) are in the literature described as the best catalysts for the implementation of Carbon (e.g. soot in the engine), i.e. for soot removal (18).

Ceria aggregates (see claim 3) {the geometric, mechanical, thermodynamic and electronic properties of the CeO ₂ system are reported in (λ48)), which are formed in soot, reduce the self-ignition temperature of the soot (the flame temperature exerts a considerable influence on soot formation (66) - especially with diesel fuel (22, 23, 26-30) - as well as the amount of soot (also cerium-ammonium nitrate is an oxidizing agent (13)); in addition, the catalytic CeO ₂ / Ce ₂ O ₃ promotes the NO-CO reaction (NO + CO → CO ₂ + 1 / 2N ₂ ) considerably (22, 23, 26-30).

Ce has been shown to suppress N ₂ O formation (loc. Cit.) In addition to the photocatalysts Eu and Pr (37) (see justification for group C).

The compounds of cerium with tellurium, CeTe (λ81), and with Selenium, CeSe (λ80), show magnetic field-induced transition (λ81) or magnetic order (λ80) (see claim 4a and justification to C).  

Justification for C

Electret additives such as carnauba wax are said to come from the make an electric spray (λ19) to be injected, so that the surface charge of the injected droplets is their Surface tension can surpass what can break apart of the droplets (λ19) and to enlarge their Surface / volume ratio leads; this does one better contact with the oxygen and at the same time - through Charge transfer like in storm clouds - its excitation. In addition, the ferroelectricity of liquid crystalline additives are used; see. also Pyroelectricity of ammonium tartrate (λ85).

O ₂ can also be sensitized competitively (λ69) by energy transfer from organic triplets (λ69); this is the reason for the addition of natural organic dyes (as well as other organic systems that can easily form triplet states (λ28)) such as riboflavin and diacetyl (see (λ68) for the electronic states of triplet diacetyl). Tiplet states are reported in (λ28), fluorescence and laser effects of color-doped microdroplets in (λ18, λ73), and whispering gallery mode resonators see. (λ74), about color laser s. (75), about micro-burl see. (λ76), on the photosensitizing effect of Ce ³⁺ s. (λ83) and of Eu and Pr as photo-catalysts to suppress N ₂ O formation (37) and about metal complexes as light absorption and light emission sensitizers see. (λ27). Such phytosensitizing effects also come from the natural product of locust oil. (For an example of a photosensitized reaction carried out with eosin Y as an absorptive and emissive redox reaction, see (λ61).) Photosensitizers on TiO ₂ surfaces exert particularly strong photocatalytic effects (λ94, λ98) via a photocatalytic air cleaner on TiO ₂ basis see (λ17); Manganese pophyrinates are also photocatalysts (λ95). For more sensitizers see Römpp (λ96). Group C also includes compounds that react in the motor to form laser crystals (60th λ82). Diacetyl and ascorbic acid can also easily form radical paramagnetic species that absorb energy from magnetic fields and can therefore be further excited. For the magnetic properties of oxygen see (λ91). In addition, other non-toxic organic ferromagnets (λ70) should be dissolved in the energy source (- surface-active admixtures can also determine the magnetic relaxation (62) -) and / or the acetylacetonates of samarium, holmium and iron (λ71) as well as compounds of cerium, tellurium and Selenium (λ80), from which magnetic or even ferromagnetic compounds can be synthesized in the motor (see also (λ29-λ36 D), which interact with the electrical systems to stimulate catalytic pollutant removal.

Justification for group D

Ammonia plays an important role in the catalytic Reduction of nitrogen oxides (2-6, λ16). With water it can Generate grain radiation (when burning Hydrocarbons form water; via the water-maser pump pen by (behind) shock waves and the generated waves 22 GHz photons cf. (λ15)).

Iodine can chemically transport (λ72b) metal oxides (e.g. Cr ₂ O ₃ with CrJ ₃ / J ₂ with the participation of CrOJ ₂ , g (λ49), see also Mn ₂ J ₂ (CO) ₈ (λ56 ) and Mn (CO) ₅ J (λ57) and CeO halogen (λ84)); this distributes the catalysts more quickly in the cylinder. Iodine can suck off electrons (λ50), also from organic compounds (λ51) and thus trigger chain reactions and oxidations (λ52, λ53); it affects electron mobility in π-conjugated organic systems (λ54, λ55) (see also electrically conductive polymers (λ62): these can even be given metallic electrical conductivity by suitable doping); Iodine itself also forms strongly oxidizing oxides (see Gmelin) and strongly reactive with NH ₃ azide.

Justification for E

The connections falling under this should be selected from organic nonionic polymethoxy and / or polyethoxy surface-active compounds with rapid desorption kinetics (λ22), but also inorganic foaming agents, which especially with the combustion processes in the cylinder should have a catalytic support.

The interfaces of the foam bubbles can cause surface charges wear (λ23); such polymer foams (λ40) can develop a similar catalytic effect to honeycomb structures (λ 40). Behind shock waves, the foam is destroyed and in Droplet shape converted (λ77, λ79), resulting in a gas droplet suspension with a droplet diameter of 2 µm downstream droplet volume concentrations (λ 20) leads, because of a speed relaxation the Droplets assume a constant and the same speed like the gas in which they are suspended, what theirs Heating and evaporation leads (λ79). (About the See temperature distribution within an evaporating drop (72), on the influence of variable fluid properties on the For droplet evaporation see (73)) droplet diameter, Evaporation rate, combustion rate, Combustion temperature and soot formation are related linked (41a; 66). Therefore favor reduction of Autoignition temperature of the soot and reduction of the Droplet diameter to reduce soot formation. Of the Pressure drop in a foam flow is in (λ25) described. The evolution of foam over time molecular level can be determined by RAMAN spectroscopic methods be studied (λ26); about the growth of foam bubbles (after the injection) and its dynamics is in (λ21) reported. In the presence of ferromagnetic colloids, the Foam bubbles ferromagnetic phases from (63b), which are have an activating effect and shorten the ignition delay time. This is equivalent to an increase in the cetane number.  

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λ NUMBERS

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2 CA 118 158548z 1993
3 CA 118 114210d 1993
4 PA vol. 93: a) 75247; b) 75248 1990
!!! 5 CA VOL. 121: 304181 1994 !!!
6 CA Vol. 123, 1122GS-1123GS 1995: 209779p
7 CA Vol. 123: 153687n
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9 CA Vol. 123.209749d
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11 CA Vol 123 a) 41737x; b) 41742v
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17 CA 123: 121776z
18 PA 1994, No. 5, 34063
19 PA 1994 No. 6, 41567
20 PA 1994 No. 6 41571
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22 -
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25 CA Vol. 116: 109222p 1992
26 PA 1996 No. 22: 157887
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28 Topics in Current Chemistry 66, Triplet States III, Springer
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30 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 245 1996 L30-L32
31 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 226 1995 55-58
32 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 227 1995 154-156
33 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 228 1995 155-158
34 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 234 1996 1-5
35 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 240 1996 70-75
36 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 242 1996 1-5
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38 CA Vol. 123: 60603s
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55 CA Vol. 122: 240569y
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57 PA 1991 129283
58 PA 1994 23710
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Claims (9)

1. Biocatalyst additive for liquid hydrocarbon fuels and coal sludge fuel, characterized in that it contains the following components:

• a) Essential trace elements in a natural biological ratio, either as dissolved complexes or as dissolved salts of organic acids or as dispersed and stabilized salts of inorganic but also organic acids [see recipe example and claim 1c)], especially with regard to this and with the goal that these ingredients during their oxidation and combustion in the cylinder of the engine known and proven catalysts and catalyst mixtures and special types of crystals such. B. ferromagnetic crystals [with the participation of holmium, samarium and iron] - suitable for the excitation of oxygen - and laser crystals [more details see under patent description and recipe] for the elimination of harmful emissions - especially the soot - [especially with the participation of cerium] as in engine explosion shock fronts and in the flame fronts of oil burners and other burners [e.g. B. coal dust and coal sludge burners] compressed catalyst aerosols;
• b) the oxygen activating ingredients during fuel injection so that only activated oxygen is used;
• c) Non-toxic and natural surfactants as emulsifiers, solubilizers, complexing agents, stabilizers and couplers, for. B. for metal salts and organic acids [see claim 1a)], as well as ingredients which have a surface-enlarging effect during the injection;
• d) Natural substances which act in the slightest trace as reaction triggers (initiators, reaction nuclei, seeds) or reaction mediators - in particular for redox reactions in the gas phase ["dopants"):
• e) Natural components, suitable for refining engines and combustion plants, in particular through surface refinement of surfaces on the fire side as phase-forming processes as a result of combustion front quenching at cooler limits, i.e. as a result of chemical vapor deposition [CVD: Chemical Vapor Deposition] of stainless steel alloys from the gas phase of the admixed trace elements [in particular Cr, Mn, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo].
• f) constituents, the combustion products of which, in particular through emission from chimneys of basic essential trace elements and thereby their widespread use for deacidifying the soil - in particular for healing forest extinction - and generally for regenerative regeneration of nature with trace elements and by eliminating other acidification - e.g. B. also of water - lead.
• g) Natural non-toxic components, the non-toxic combustion products of which compete with ozone killers in the atmosphere and thereby protect the ozone layer.

2. Additive according to claim 1a), characterized in that the natural, vital trace elements are selected from:
Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, (Zn), Mo, Ti, V, Al, Cu, Se, W, Cr, Te, Li, Rb
and the biological mineral components [ie non-trace elements] are selected from:
Na, K, Ca, Mg (Ref. 81), Sr, Si. 3. Additive according to claim 1a), characterized in that, in addition to the vital trace elements and minerals, further non-toxic and ubiquitous elements are selected from the point of view of their catalytic, photocatalytic and ferromagnetic activity from:
Ce, Zr, La, Y, F, Nd, Eu (Lit. 37), Er, Pr (Lit. 37), Nb, Yb, Ho (Lit.), Sm (Lit.) 4. Additive according to claim 1b), characterized in that the oxygen through

• a) magnetic substances - selected from Fe ₃ O ₄ - [magnetite] nanocrystalline particle suspensions and other non-toxic ferromagnetic suspensions and ferromanetic solutions combined with surface-active substances that cover crystal particles (Ref. 62) in solvents with liquid crystalline carriers (Ref. 3, Ref . 64) as well as the superparamagnetic susceptibility relaxations (Ref. 2, Ref. 63) to be caused electromagnetically (in the invisible spectral range) during the injection:
• b) optical sensitizers selected from Bengali pink, Turkish red, fluorescent dyes, riboflavin, locust oil, diacetyl, xanthine dyes, flavine dyes

5. Additive according to claim 1c), characterized in that the surface enlarging effect by adding Polyoxymethylene tristearate (tween) 65) is caused. 6. Additive according to claim 1d, characterized in that the "SEEDS" and "DOPANTS" are selected from non-toxic alkalis and alkaline earths as well as iodides and iodine. 7. Additive according to claim 1e, characterized in that that there are nontoxic hydrocarbon soluble complexes in Claim 1e contains metals. 8. Additive according to claim 1f, characterized in that that in addition to the trace elements it is all vital Contains minerals 9. Additive according to claim 1g that with the ozone killers competing volatile non-toxic substances from the selected from the literature.