DE19541296A1 - Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head - Google Patents

Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head

Info

Publication number
DE19541296A1
DE19541296A1 DE19541296A DE19541296A DE19541296A1 DE 19541296 A1 DE19541296 A1 DE 19541296A1 DE 19541296 A DE19541296 A DE 19541296A DE 19541296 A DE19541296 A DE 19541296A DE 19541296 A1 DE19541296 A1 DE 19541296A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
film
sectors
heating
heating elements
elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
DE19541296A
Other languages
German (de)
Other versions
DE19541296C2 (en
Inventor
Werner Dr Feistkorn
Klemens Sensen
Ansgar Avermeyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
Original Assignee
Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG filed Critical Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
Priority to DE19541296A priority Critical patent/DE19541296C2/en
Priority to AT0156396A priority patent/AT407854B/en
Priority to IT96BZ000043A priority patent/IT1288267B1/it
Priority to GB9621672A priority patent/GB2307881B/en
Priority to FR9613461A priority patent/FR2740722B1/en
Publication of DE19541296A1 publication Critical patent/DE19541296A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE19541296C2 publication Critical patent/DE19541296C2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B13/00Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped
    • B29B13/08Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped by using wave energy or particle radiation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/07Flat, e.g. panels
    • B29C48/08Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
    • B29C48/86Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the nozzle zone
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
    • B29C48/86Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the nozzle zone
    • B29C48/865Heating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/91Heating, e.g. for cross linking
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/91Heating, e.g. for cross linking
    • B29C48/9105Heating, e.g. for cross linking of hollow articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/92Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92504Controlled parameter
    • B29C2948/92704Temperature
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92819Location or phase of control
    • B29C2948/92923Calibration, after-treatment or cooling zone
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B29C48/10Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels flexible, e.g. blown foils

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus for heating the film sectors of a tubular film web of a thermoplastic synthetic material extruded from a film blowing head of a blown film extruder installation, is provided with nozzle rings delimiting the exit gap of the film blowing head at least the outer ring whereof is divided into temperature-regulating sectors, which apparatus is provided with temperature-regulating elements and devices controlling their temperature. To allow the film sectors to be rapidly heated in the way required according to the control inputs of the regulating procedures, the temperature-regulating elements consist of ultrasonic and/or microwave heating elements.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Folien­ sektoren eines aus einem Folienblaskopf einer Folienextruderanla­ ge extrudierten und anschließend aufgeblasenen Folienschlauches aus thermoplastischem Kunststoff.The invention relates to a device for heating the films sectors one from a film die head of a film extruder system extruded and then inflated film tube made of thermoplastic.

Aus den deutschen Patentschriften 29 47 293, 29 50 003 und 30 02 903 sind Verfahren zur Regelung der Foliendicke von in Blasfo­ lienextruderanlagen hergestellten Folienschläuchen aus thermopla­ stischem Kunststoff bekannt. Diese Regelungsverfahren setzen vo­ raus, daß der innere und/oder der äußere, den Austrittsspalt des Folienblaskopfes begrenzende Düsenring in Temperiersektoren auf­ geteilt ist, die mit Temperierelementen und deren temperatur­ steuernden Einrichtungen versehen sind, wobei sich durch entspre­ chende Beaufschlagung der Temperierelemente schnell ein geänder­ tes Temperaturprofil über den Umfang des extrudierten Folien­ schlauches erreichen läßt, das den extrudierten Dick- und Dünn­ stellen in der Weise angepaßt ist, daß nach dem Aufblasen des extrudierten Folienschlauches zu einer Schlauchblase der Durch­ messer der extrudierten Schlauchfolie über deren Umfang im we­ sentlichen konstant ist.From German patents 29 47 293, 29 50 003 and 30 02 903 are methods for regulating the film thickness of in Blasfo lienextruderanlagen manufactured film tubes from thermopla known plastic. These regulatory procedures presuppose out that the inner and / or the outer, the outlet gap of the Foil die head limiting nozzle ring in temperature control sectors Is divided, with temperature control elements and their temperature controlling devices are provided, which correspond by Appropriate loading of the temperature control elements quickly changed temperature profile over the circumference of the extruded film hose can reach that the extruded thick and thin adjust in such a way that after inflating the extruded film tube to a bubble of the through knife of the extruded tubular film over its circumference in the white is substantially constant.

Zur Ausführung der bekannten Regelungsverfahren sind die Tempe­ riersektoren des Düsenringes mit Heizpatronen oder mit Rohrlei­ tungen versehen, die von einem wärmeabgebenden Medium durch­ strömt werden.Tempe are used to carry out the known control processes sectors of the nozzle ring with heating cartridges or with Rohrlei  provided by a heat-emitting medium be flocked.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, für eine Vorrichtung der eingangs angegebenen Art Heizelemente vorzuschlagen, mit der sich die Fo­ liensektoren entsprechend der Steuerungen der Regelungsverfahren schnell in der erforderlichen Weise bei Bedarf erwärmen lassen.The object of the invention is for a device of the beginning Propose specified type of heating elements with which the Fo line sectors according to the controls of the regulatory procedures let it warm up quickly as required.

Diese Aufgabe wird nach einem ersten Vorschlag bei einer Vorrich­ tung der eingangs angegebenen Art, bei der der innere und/oder der äußere den Austrittsspalt des Folienglaskopfes begrenzende Düsenring in Temperiersektoren aufgeteilt ist, die mit Temperier­ elementen und ihren temperatursteuernden Einrichtungen versehen sind, dadurch gelöst, daß die Temperierelemente aus Ultraschall­ und/oder Mikrowellenheizelementen bestehen.This task is done after a first suggestion to a Vorrich tion of the type specified at the beginning, in which the inner and / or the outer delimiting the exit gap of the film glass head Nozzle ring is divided into tempering sectors, with tempering elements and their temperature control devices are solved in that the temperature control elements made of ultrasound and / or microwave heating elements.

Die Ultraschall- und/oder Mikrowellenheizelemente sind in einer dem Fachmann geläufigen Weise derart auszubilden, daß sie in den Temperiersektoren des Düsenrings, beispielsweise in zu der Schlauchachse des extrudierten Folienschlauches parallelen Boh­ rungen, untergebracht werden können.The ultrasonic and / or microwave heating elements are in one the skilled person trained in such a way that they in the Temperature control sectors of the nozzle ring, for example in the Tube axis of the extruded film tube parallel Boh can be accommodated.

Nach einem weiteren Vorschlag wird die Aufgabe bei einer Vorrich­ tung der eingangs angegebenen Art dadurch gelöst, daß zur ge­ trennten Erwärmung der Foliensektoren oberhalb des Austritts­ spalts des Folienblaskopfes jeweils auf die einzelnen Foliensek­ toren gerichtete Heizelemente angeordnet sind, die die Foliensek­ toren berührungslos mit Wärme beaufschlagen.After another suggestion, the task at a Vorrich tion of the type specified solved in that ge separated warming of the film sectors above the exit gap of the film die head each on the individual film sec gates directed heating elements are arranged, the foil sec Apply heat to the doors without contact.

Die berührungslose bedarfsweise Zuführung von Wärme entsprechend den jeweiligen Regelungsverfahren zu den einzelnen Foliensekto­ ren ist besonders vorteilhaft, da die Wärmeübertragung schnell erfolgen kann. Bei der berührungslosen Wärmeübertragung entfällt die Trägheit bei der Wärmeübertragung über den Düsenring, die sich daraus ergibt, daß die Wärme über das Material des Düsenrin­ ges geleitet werden muß und sich darüberhinaus auch ein gewisser Ausgleich der unterschiedlichen Wärmemengen ergibt, die den ein­ zelnen Sektoren zugeführt werden.The non-contact supply of heat as required the respective regulatory procedures for the individual film sectors Ren is particularly advantageous because the heat transfer is fast can be done. There is no contact heat transfer  the inertia in the heat transfer via the nozzle ring, the it follows that the heat over the material of the nozzle ring must be directed and also a certain Balancing the different amounts of heat results in the one individual sectors.

Die die Wärme berührungslos zuführenden Heizelemente können aus Ultraschallelementen bestehen.The heating elements that supply the heat without contact can run out Ultrasound elements exist.

Zweckmäßigerweise bestehen die Heizelemente aus einer der Anzahl der Foliensektoren entsprechenden Anzahl von Aktoren, die im Mil­ lisekundenbereich gepulst werden. Über dieses Pulsen läßt sich die jeweils zuzuführende Wärmemenge genau einstellen und steu­ ern.The heating elements expediently consist of one of the number number of actuators corresponding to the film sectors pulse range can be pulsed. This pulsing can be used precisely adjust and control the amount of heat to be supplied ern.

Die berührungslosen Heizelemente können in vorteilhafter Weise auch aus Mikrowellenheizelementen bestehen. Diese Heizelemente können aus einer ringförmig um den extrudierten Folienschlauch herum angeordneten Energiequelle bestehen, wobei die einzelnen Foliensektoren beaufschlagende Blenden vorgesehen sind, deren Öffnungsquerschnitt in Abhängigkeit von der jeweils benötigten Wärmemenge eingestellt wird.The non-contact heating elements can advantageously also consist of microwave heating elements. These heating elements can from a ring around the extruded film tube arranged around energy source exist, the individual Apertures acting on the foil sectors are provided, the Opening cross section depending on the required Amount of heat is set.

Schließlich können die berührungslosen Heizelemente auch aus Lasern bestehen, wobei die Laserstrahlen oder Teilstrahlen durch entsprechende Spiegel auf die Foliensektoren gerichtet werden. Dabei sollten die Laser im Absorptionsspektrum der Folie wirksam sein.Finally, the non-contact heating elements can also be turned off Lasers exist, whereby the laser beams or partial beams pass through appropriate mirrors are aimed at the film sectors. The lasers should be effective in the absorption spectrum of the film be.

Claims (6)

1. Vorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Foliensektoren eines aus einem Folienblaskopf einer Blasfolienextruderanlage extrudierten und anschließend aufgeblasenen Folienschlauches aus thermo­ plastischem Kunststoff, bei der der innere und/oder der äuße­ re, den Austrittsspalt des Folienblaskopfes begrenzende Dü­ senring in Temperiersektoren aufgeteilt ist, die mit Tempe­ rierelementen und deren temperatursteuernden Einrichtungen versehen sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Temperierelemente aus Ultraschall- und/oder Mikro­ wellenheizelementen bestehen.1. Device for heating the film sectors of a film extrusion system extruded and then inflated film tube made of thermoplastic plastic, in which the inner and / or the outer, the outlet gap of the film die nozzle nozzle ring is divided into tempering sectors that are tempered with tempering elements and their temperature-controlling devices are provided, characterized in that the temperature control elements consist of ultrasonic and / or micro wave heating elements. 2. Vorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Foliensektoren eines aus einem Folienblaskopf einer Blasfolienextruderanlage extrudierten und anschließend aufgeblasenen Folienschlauches aus thermo­ plastischem Kunststoff, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur getrennten Erwärmung der Foliensektoren oberhalb des Austrittsspalts des Folienblaskopfes jeweils auf die einzel­ nen Foliensektoren gerichtete Heizelemente angeordnet sind, die die Foliensektoren berührungslos mit Wärme beaufschla­ gen.2. Device for heating the film sectors one out of one Extruded film die head of a blown film extruder system and then inflated film tube made of thermo plastic plastic, characterized, that for separate heating of the film sectors above the  Exit gap of the film die head each on the individual directional heating elements are arranged, which applies heat to the film sectors without contact gene. 3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizelemente aus Ultraschallelementen bestehen.3. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the Heating elements consist of ultrasonic elements. 4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizelemente aus einer der Anzahl der Foliensektoren entsprechenden Anzahl von Aktoren bestehen, die im Millise­ kundenbereich gepulst werden.4. Apparatus according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the heating elements from one of the number of foil sectors corresponding number of actuators exist in the millise customer area are pulsed. 5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizelemente aus Mikrowellenheizelementen bestehen.5. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the Heating elements consist of microwave heating elements. 6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizelemente aus Power-Lasern bestehen.6. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the Heating elements consist of power lasers.
DE19541296A 1995-11-06 1995-11-06 Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head Expired - Fee Related DE19541296C2 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19541296A DE19541296C2 (en) 1995-11-06 1995-11-06 Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head
AT0156396A AT407854B (en) 1995-11-06 1996-09-02 DEVICE FOR HEATING THE FILM SECTORS OF A TUBE FILM EXTRUDED FROM A FILM BLOW HEAD
IT96BZ000043A IT1288267B1 (it) 1995-11-06 1996-10-03 Dispositivo per il riscaldamento dei settori di un tubolare in foglia estruso da una testa di soffiatura.
GB9621672A GB2307881B (en) 1995-11-06 1996-10-17 An apparatus for heating the film sectors of a tubular film web extruded from a film blowing head
FR9613461A FR2740722B1 (en) 1995-11-06 1996-11-05 DEVICE FOR HEATING THE SHEET SECTORS OF A SHEATH EXTRUDED FROM A SHEET BLOWING HEAD

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19541296A DE19541296C2 (en) 1995-11-06 1995-11-06 Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE19541296A1 true DE19541296A1 (en) 1997-05-07
DE19541296C2 DE19541296C2 (en) 1999-07-01

Family

ID=7776736

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19541296A Expired - Fee Related DE19541296C2 (en) 1995-11-06 1995-11-06 Device for heating the film sectors of a film tube extruded from a film blowing head

Country Status (5)

Country Link
AT (1) AT407854B (en)
DE (1) DE19541296C2 (en)
FR (1) FR2740722B1 (en)
GB (1) GB2307881B (en)
IT (1) IT1288267B1 (en)

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EP2353394A1 (en) * 2010-02-10 2011-08-10 CaseTech GmbH Method for drying tubular casings with microwaves

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DE19725810B4 (en) * 1997-06-18 2005-07-07 Helmut Knorr Nozzle for dispensing liquefied plastic under pressure

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DE3002903A1 (en) * 1980-01-28 1981-08-06 Windmöller & Hölscher, 4540 Lengerich METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE FILM THICKNESS IN A BLOW FILM EXTRUDER SYSTEM
CH672092A5 (en) * 1987-03-31 1989-10-31 Oco Ag Extending flow of injection mould shot - by energising ultrasonic sonotrode at right angles to flow path at area where flow of shot normally ceases
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DE-Z.: "Plastverarbeiter" 38.Jg., 1987, Nr.9, S.182 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2353394A1 (en) * 2010-02-10 2011-08-10 CaseTech GmbH Method for drying tubular casings with microwaves
WO2011098198A1 (en) * 2010-02-10 2011-08-18 Casetech Gmbh Method for drying flexible tubular casings by microwaves

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FR2740722A1 (en) 1997-05-09
IT1288267B1 (it) 1998-09-11
ITBZ960043A1 (en) 1998-04-03
DE19541296C2 (en) 1999-07-01
AT407854B (en) 2001-07-25
ATA156396A (en) 2000-11-15
FR2740722B1 (en) 2000-05-19
GB2307881A (en) 1997-06-11
GB9621672D0 (en) 1996-12-11
GB2307881B (en) 1999-04-28

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