DE19513817A1

DE19513817A1 - Pumped storage plant for electrical power generation

Info

Publication number: DE19513817A1
Application number: DE19513817A
Authority: DE
Inventors: Ursula Siol
Original assignee: Ursula Siol
Current assignee: ETC ENERGIETECHNIK UND CHEMIE GMBH & CO. KG, 64584
Priority date: 1995-04-12
Filing date: 1995-04-12
Publication date: 1996-10-17
Anticipated expiration: 2015-04-13
Also published as: DE19513817B4

Abstract

The pumped storage plant has a lower storage basin which is arranged in an existing or an enlarged brown coal storage bed. The basin is installed completely below the level of its environs and is able to receive the total amount of the water present in the upper reservoir. The lower storage basin has no overflow. The water level in the basin varies by about 15 m depending on the state of fullness of the upper reservoir.

Description

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to pumped storage plants with increased performance and increased Availability time and a procedure for the construction of these pumped storage plants.

State of the art

Electrical energy is difficult to store directly. In general is required to store electrical energy an energy source that Stores energy in the form of potential or kinetic energy (cf. H. Schäfer, Electrical power plant technology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1979, p. 11). Especially when generating electricity from renewable energies, such as B. at the Electricity generation with wind turbines, however, fluctuate greatly due to this the energy supply the storage of the generated electrical energy from of central importance.

In addition to the electricity storage in accumulator batteries, which due to the gerin capacity only plays a role for small systems, especially those Storage via compressed air and in particular pump storage are discussed. A System for energy storage using compressed air is for example in DE-OS 24 44 958. However, pump spit take on special importance works.

A pumped storage plant consists of a pump system, an upper one and an un tere storage basin and a hydropower plant (see Encyclopedia Natural Sciences science and technology, Verlag Moderne Industrie, Munich, Vol. 5, Str- Z, 1981, P. 5007 ff). The principle of pump storage is to extract water from the lower pool with excess current to pump into the high pool and in times of high energy requirements to generate the electricity required the water through the turbines of the hydropower plant back into the lower one To drop the pool.

Pump storage is a sophisticated technology. The total efficiency mo The pumping station is located in the pumping area, taking all losses into account drive (pipeline, pump, synchronous motor, transformer) and all losses in the Generator operation (pipeline, turbine, generator, transformer) at 0.7-0.75, d. H. 70-75% of the electrical energy used can be recovered den (see Encyclopedia Science and Technology, loc.cit., p. 5009 or H.HappoIdt, D. Oeding, Electrical Power Plants and Networks, Springer, Berlin, Heidel berg, New York, 5th edition, 1978, p. 73).

An important prerequisite for the installation of pumped storage plants is favorable Ground conditions for the creation of the two basins. For example, se according to DE-OS 26 03 421 a tidal power plant with a reservoir is preferred Cliffs are installed.

With DE-OS 36 40 470 a storage power plant is described in which lies idle end cavities (shafts and lines) of disused mines in combination with an above-ground reservoir for electricity storage, especially for storing wind energy. In DE-OS 36 40 470 just if described, the pump storage with underground salt domes as lower reservoir.

Pump storage with underground storage rooms is also in the Maximum pressure hydropower plant described in DE-OS 38 41 344. In this case the storage rooms are created underground in the high mountains.

If the problem of electricity storage when introducing alternative Energy is particularly evident when it comes to storing the elec trical energy also in the generation of electricity with conventional power plants a general problem because of the general demand for electricity through the Consumers are subject to strong fluctuations during the day, week and season is. For example, the electricity requirement in the morning and evening is about twice as high like at night. However, the demand for electrical energy must always be in the moment of needs are met. An instantaneous additional consumption requires an au immediate additional generation.

The temporal fluctuation in the demand for electrical energy is, for example, in Fig. 61 Daily load curve (R. Flosdorff / G. Hilgarth, electrical energy ver division, B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1986, p. 290) or in Fig. 11 Use of Pump storage plants, power requirements and power generation on a winter day (Encyclo pädie Naturwissenschaft und Technik, loc.cit., p. 5009).

As is common practice, the load curve is divided into three load ranges divides: the base load, the medium load and the peak load.

Base load is understood to mean the performance that is achieved during the whole Annually. This power is used by power plants with low loads driving costs such as lignite-fired power plants, run-of-river power plants and nuclear power works performed.

The peak load is the share of performance that is only available for a short time cover may be used. In theory, this represents a strong time fluctuating demand for electrical energy is not a problem excess energy of run-of-water, nuclear energy and Coal-fired power plants use water from the Unterbec in pumped storage plants pump into the upper basin in order to provide energy for peak times to save.

Other peak power plants are e.g. B. the hydroelectric dams, gas turbines and some steam power plants. Compared to these top power plants pump storage plants contribute particularly strongly to the equalization of day and Night load by increasing the night load by pumping and the Cover peak loads during the day.

Pumped storage plants are primarily used as peak power plants, In addition, pumped storage plants show a whole range of technical advantages share. Pump storage plants have very fast switch-on and switch-over times (e.g. 1 minute). This enables the operational performance of a pumped storage plant to be Consider the total of the turbine and pump output. With that, pump spit cherwerke represents a very quickly deployable power reserve, e.g. B. in the event of failure of base load power plants.

In addition, pumped storage plants enable frequency control in the frame of the combined operation and the phase compensation operation. Finally pump save low maintenance costs, long depreciation and compared with other power plants, e.g. B. nuclear power plants, lower plant costs (see R. Flosdorff / G. Hilgarth, Electrical Power Distribution, loc.cit., P. 301).

Task

However, these positive effects of pumped storage plants are neglected Number of favorable locations. In principle, the requirements are a pumped storage plant well known. So pumped storage plants for ver avoid unnecessary transmission losses as close as possible to the consumer lie.

For this reason, areas that have no corresponding natural ge show conditions, artificial reservoirs have also been created. As with the game is based on the small storage basin of the Geesthacht pumped storage plant the Elbe pointed out. According to R. Flosdorff, G. Hilgarth, Electrical Energy Distribution lung, loc.cit., p. 280, there are locations in the Federal Republic of Germany for future pumped storage plants with a total output of 15 GW to 30 GW Memory contents for 20 or 10 full load hours.

This possible power reserve in the form of pumped storage plants (30,000 MW) appears at first glance in relation to the total installed in Germany Power plant capacity (total bottleneck capacity of German power plants in 1991: 124,653 MW) quite high. However, taking into account that this achievement of Pumped storage plants are only available for 10 hours, so you can see that these possible pumped storage locations are only fed 300 million kWh of electricity are chert. If you put this number in relation to the total in a year in the Federal Republic of Germany generated electricity (e.g. electricity generation per year 1990: 536 billion kWh), it can be seen that only 0.056% of the annual electricity generation can be stored at these possible storage locations.

However, these considerations apply only when all possible (i.e. also of the previously planned) storage locations. The installed reality, d. H. the existing pumped storage plants have a significantly smaller one Power. According to the encyclopedia natural science and technology, loc.cit., S. 5009, the turbine and pump output installed worldwide until 1980 stated with about 110 GW, for at that time in the Federal Republic Germany operated pumped storage plants will have a total turbine output together with 2,650 MW. Assuming the above-mentioned availability times, of 20 hours, for example, a stored energy is calculated of 53 million kWh. With regard to the annual streamers mentioned above for 1990 generation of 536 billion kWh, this is only 0.01%, or in other words (at 8760 hours a year) this means that all of these pumped storage plants together at most are able to the Federal Republic of Germany 1 hour to be supplied with electricity alone. As seen from these simple estimates long-term energy storage takes the form of pumped electricity work does not take place, although the working day load curves are a trend to be required for weekly storage (see Encyclopedia Natural Knowledge shaft and technology, loc.cit., p. 5009).

Pumped storage plants are today primarily used for the rapid regulation of the Power demand / power generation balance used. An energy spoke There is no scope to justify this designation. This is for example from Fig. 11. "Use of pumped storage plants, electricity requirements and electricity generation on a winter day ", encyclopedia natural science and Technik, loc.cit., P. 5009. In this picture you can see that even during the day, in a phase of high electricity demand, the pumped storage into one considerable proportion, e.g. B. from 12 p.m. to 2 p.m., are used in pumping mode. The Pumped storage plants are primarily used for regulation and not for the spoke tion.

This finding is in agreement with the textbook by T. Bohn, Volume 4, Manual series energy, electrical energy technology, publishing house TÜV Rheinland, Cologne 1987, p. 621. According to this, pumped storage plants require geographical requirements conditions that are practically only economically feasible in Central Europe in the Alps. An essential requirement for the construction of pumped storage plants is green conditions for the creation of the reservoir, this should be the case altitudes range from 100 to over 1000m (see encyclopedia natural science und Technik, loc.cit., p. 5008). Such conditions are usually correlated with the high mountains or the low mountain ranges.

Examples of such pumped storage plants are Markersbach in the Ore Mountains with a Turbine output of 1050 MW with a head of 310m or Wehr / Hornberg in the Black Forest with a turbine output of 960 MW and a head of 660 m. Apart from that, these mountain locations in general are far from the focus of the consumer, so it follows continued that pumped storage plants with sufficiently large water masses are sufficient large drop heights required for effective energy storage would not be without massive, especially in the high mountains or in the low mountain ranges Interference with nature could be realized. It is understandable that the Electricity industry in the absence of suitable pump storage options other ways of looking at the difference between generating electricity on the one hand and to control electricity demand on the other.

Since large-scale storage obviously couldn't be realized, This task was primarily carried out by controlling electricity demand copes. First of all, the night storage heater must be mentioned here. Be The principle of night storage heating is known to be based on the fact that the elec excess electricity producers at night, d. H. from no consumer really in demand, electricity such as that found in run-of-river power plants, brown coal Electric or nuclear power plants are very inexpensive (usually too deliver less than 50% of the normal tariff). In this way, the pro due to the fluctuating demand through incentives for additional Electricity consumption in times of low demand and not by saving the solved in times of low demand electricity.

In this context it must be pointed out again that mo modern pumped storage plants operate with a total yield of 0.75, d. H. 75% of the current used to pump up the water can fall down len can be recovered via the turbines. With sufficient storage capacity Energy storage in pumped storage plants should therefore be significantly cheaper be as a supply of electricity at half the price.

The main objection to such use of excess However, night-time electricity for heating purposes comes from ecological considerations. Straight in terms of reducing carbon dioxide emissions is the one of electricity for heating is no longer responsible. That's how a moder works Nes lignite power plant with an efficiency of 0.4, whereas a mo derne heating system has an efficiency of <0.9, so that at a Heating with night storage heaters emits more than twice as much carbon dioxide like a conventional heater. Of course, this only applies if the electricity is generated by thermal power plants.

But if you want to get away from regulating electricity by controlling demand, so the question of an effective electricity storage inevitably arises large scale, according to the current state of the art after an Ener gies Storage in the form of pumped storage plants, because this form of the spoke is currently the only way to use electricity on a large scale quicker access to save (see Handbook Energy Volume 4, Electr energy technology, loc.cit., p. 623, table 4.25).

This raises the question of how to get close to the consumer focus, d. H. near metropolitan areas, very large water masses in accordingly can store large storage tanks safely, this storage tank a should have the greatest possible height difference. For example, if you only want 1% German annual electricity generation in the form of a 100m high basin store, this means the storage of about 6 billion m³ of water and 2 appropriately large storage pools. On the other hand, if easy to calculate that the provision of only 10% of the German Eng fit capacity of 124,653 MW, d. H. the provision of 12,465 MW in a sol Chen power plant with a fall height of 100m is synonymous with a what 15,000 m³ / s, this corresponds approximately to the water flow of the Rheins in extreme floods.

As stated, the base load of electricity generation is at least in German The country is mainly powered by nuclear energy, hard coal and lignite. There At whole areas of land were used for the mining of brown coal in the open pit used. For example, the Lusatian lignite mine alone has between Cottbus, Senftenberg and Zittau in its more than 100-year history ne area of 74,744 hectares, this corresponds approximately to that Area of the city-state of Hamburg. From this area in September 1994 et wa half recultivated. The remaining 36,500 hectares must go to the can be recultivated in the next few years at great expense (see here to Sächsische Zeitung, Dresden, edition 17./18. September 1994, p. 1).

If you look at the German lignite deposits as a whole, you have it to deal with an area that is larger than, for example, the Saarland. Next the Lausitzer Revier are mainly Central German and Rhenish To call territory.

All of these "electricity" areas used by lignite mining must be extensively recultivated. Whole landscapes are used in the recultivation newly designed. Recultivation of the lignite mine in the Brühler experience in the vast forest areas and around 30 lakes and Ponds have arisen (see Arno Kleinebeckel, company brown coal, Ge layer of a raw material, a territory, an industry in the Rhineland, Greven Verlag Köln GmbH, publisher Rheinische Braunkohlewerke AG, Cologne, 1986, p. 279).

solution

It has now been found that the task of storing excess Energy of an electrical supply network can be solved if one of these tasks be energy storage with the task of recultivating and remediating Lignite open-cast mine routes linked.

So it was found that the increased requirements for storage electrical energy can be excellently fulfilled by a pump cherwerk, which is characterized in that the lower storage basin in egg ner existing or cleared lignite deposit is arranged, wherein in general, this lower reservoir is entirely below of the environmental level is arranged.

A special feature of these novel pumped storage plants is also that the lower reservoir has no drain and usually the entire one can hold water masses in the pumped storage plant.

This restriction that the lower reservoir has no (natural) drain is supposed to have - as explained in more detail below - considerable technical Restrictions, e.g. B. in the selection of turbines, but is under safety issues of central importance. So goes from a mass of water that is in a large pool below the level of the environment, no danger not even if any wall or dam breaks. So that can Pump storage according to the invention - as explained in more detail below - also in the near future very close to major metropolitan areas, d. H. to large consumer centers, instal be lated.

The pumped storage plants according to the invention in lignite deposits are in all common also characterized in that the water level in the basin depending according to the degree of filling of the upper basin by at least 15m, preferably by at least 40m fluctuates. This requires certain technical features, as explained below Restrictions, but is great for the pumped storage according to the invention Capacity is usually mandatory.

The difference in height between the upper and lower pelvis depends according to the possibilities of the corresponding brown coal open-cast mine route. The heights However, the difference should generally be at least 40m, ei is preferred ne average height difference of <90m. There are special technical advantages if the height difference exceeds 150m or even 250m.

The cymbals are generally arranged in accordance with the geographical possibilities. So it can be quite advantageous, e.g. B. 1 large To supply the basin with 2 upper basins more than 5 km away. In in this case it is recommended to install a compensation system (water castle) (cf.Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences and Technology, loc.cit., p. 5003, Fig. 2). Are upper and lower basins relatively close to each other, e.g. B. in a Ab stood <1km, so it is sufficient U. a simple pressure tunnel (see Encyclopedia nature science and technology, loc.cit., p. 5009, fig. 9).

Pump storage plants in which the lower and the upper storage basin is arranged within a lignite deposit. Particular advantages arise when both the lower and the upper Storage basin within an at least partially exploited brown coal warehouse place, d. H. within an existing or a closed lignite mine are arranged.

In contrast to conventional pumped storage plants, such pools are also arrangements of interest in which the minimum level of the upper basin with the maximum fill level of the sub-basin almost overlapped. So it's sol too che pelvic arrangements preferred when the waiver is almost empty basin only a very small difference in height to the corresponding almost have a full basin.

It is also characteristic of the pumped storage plants according to the invention that depending on the level of the upper and lower pelvis, a considerable swan kung the difference in height between the water level of the upper basin and the Lower basin sets. So it may well be the case that a pump storage plant with a full upper pool and empty lower pool a height difference from Z. B. 400m results, while the same pool system with almost empty Upper pool and almost full lower pool a height difference of z. B. 20m having. I.e. it is particularly important to make optimal use of the Possibility to store the pool. The problems associated with the The design of the pumps and turbines are subordinate to this.

In principle, these pumped storage plants can be of very different sizes build. So you can in a pumped storage plant with a lower and upper Basins of 10 million m³ each with an average height difference of 100m Store energy corresponding to 2.3 million kWh (for calculation see Bei games). The inventive arrangement of at least the lower pelvis in egg However, lignite open-cast mining below the ambient level permits safe operation Construction of pumped storage plants with significantly larger capacity. This is how you are invented According to the invention, preferably build those pumped storage plants in which the lower one Basin at least 50 million m, or preferably at least 100 million m³ sums up. Pumped storage plants with storage basins are particularly preferred Have a capacity of more than 200 million m³. Particularly large Advantages of the pumped storage plants according to the invention arise when the storage basins can hold more than 500 million m³ or even more than 1 billion m³.

In general, with the pumped storage plants according to the invention, in particular large amounts of energy are stored. For example, in the Rhineland Lignite mining area easily pumped storage plants with a pool size of 500 Millions of m³ can be installed. With a height difference of z. B. 400m as they are in the Rheinische Braunkohlerevier due to the particularly deep location of the Braun coal seams can be easily realized anyway, results for such a pump storage plant with a capacity of almost 450 million kWh. So that one such a pumped storage plant according to the invention almost ten times as much energy save like all z. Z. Pump storage plants installed in Germany together men. As a rule, such large storage will be weekly, monthly or Use annual memory.

According to the invention, therefore, are in particular those pumped storage plants that have egg ne storage capacity of more than 20 million kWh or preferably more than 50 Have millions of kWh. However, pumped storage plants are particularly preferred, which have a capacity of more than 200 million kWh or - as shown above - have a capacity of 400 million kWh and more.

In general, the pumped storage plants are designed in this way (ratio of instal gated power to the stored amount of water) that this power at least 4 hours is available. However, pumped storage plants are preferred an availability of at least 50h or preferably at least 100h sen. As stated above, a particular advantage of this invention Pumped storage plants are suitable as long-term storage, so that availability times of more than 300 hours are particularly preferred. There are very special advantages if the pumped storage plants according to the invention have an availability of more than 700h.

The pump and turbine output is designed in accordance with the gefor most application of the pumped storage plant. For example, assume from that in the pumped storage plant shown above with 500 million m³ Bec volume and a height difference of 400m energy for 100 hours should be held, there is an output for this pumped storage plant of 4444 MW, i.e. H. such a pumped storage plant provides for the duration of 100h approximately the power of 4 nuclear power plants.

On the other hand, this means a water flow of 5 million m³ / h or ent speaking 1389 m³ / s. These are masses of water, as they do in many great things Earth's power plants occur and are controlled. The are preferred This mass of water is distributed over several turbines.

The design of such large hydropower plants can be assumed to be known will. It is generally true that the largest power plant units worldwide without are hydroelectric plants. Examples here are Guri / Venezuela with an achievement of 5,525 MW, Grand Coulee / USA with 5,480 MW or even Itaipu / Brazil- Pa raguay with a capacity of 12,870 MW, with an expansion to 21,500 MW is planned.

Another example is the Ataturk hydropower plant on the Euphrates grasslands. In this plant, the total output of 2400 MW by 8 units 300 MW each (see U. Ozis et al., hydropower plant Ataturk am Euphrat, 7th International Seminar on Hydropower Plants, Maintenance Tung- vulnerability analysis- diagnostics, Vienna University of Technology, 10.-12. November 1992, ver Vienna University of Technology, 1992, p. 17).

On the other hand, the pool arrangement discussed above, storage volume: 500 Million m³, height difference: 400m, with 500 MW total output as distinctive long-term storage can be used. This is how this pumped storage plant delivers equipment with 2 units, each with 300 MW, 740h of electricity. In order to For example, this system can output 4 hours on 185 working days Provide 500 MW.

It is also possible, with the appropriate turbine and pump equipment this pumped storage plant as an extremely powerful short-term storage. Such an expansion is interesting, for example, when it comes to Spit to provide zenstrom in a supra-regional network. This enables illuminates the economic use of inferior goods - because they are not regulated in time barem - electricity from run-of-river power plants, wind, solar or block heating power work as peak current.

Special power plant combinations are therefore of particular importance.

In a preferred embodiment, this is in a (former) brown Open pit coal-fired pumped storage plant in combination with a brown coal power plant operated. This results in a combination of power plants, the peaks supplies electricity. In this arrangement, the one used at night or in general electricity generated by lignite-fired power plants in times of low demand Pumping up water in the neighboring pump storage. During the day, with increased Electricity demand, lignite-fired power plant and storage together produce a significant increased performance. So the profitable use is one in general only a base load moving lignite power plant as a peak power plant possible. This conversion according to the invention of base load driving lignite power plants It is particularly easy to do in peak power plants. So you need for one pure peak power plant that, for example, only has to deliver 5 hours of electricity during the day, only - for the conditions of opencast lignite mining - small storage tanks, whereby only small drops are absolutely necessary. To avoid large Transmission losses with this power plant combination should be the distance between pumped storage and thermal power plants less than 50 km gene.

For example, with a pump installed in a lignite mine storage with 2 pools (dimensions: 1000m × 1000m, depth: 50m) with one medium ren height difference of 70m 6h provided a capacity of 1296 MW will. In combination with the lignite-fired power plant, for example 600 MW This combination of power plants provides performance in times of high demand almost 1900 MW available.

In such a lignite-storage power plant combination is natural the pump output is less than the turbine output (pump output, for example less than half of the turbine power), because in this application constellation the lignite-fired power plant is relatively long, e.g. B. 12 or 18h water from the bottom in the upper basin pumps while using the high pumped water to drive the turbines z. B. takes place in 6h.

However, if you want this power plant combination as a pure day / night storage use, e.g. B. Pump operation from 23h to 5h, the ratio of turbine to select the inverse of the pump output accordingly. Advantageously, in such Pumped storage systems also use pump turbines.

In addition to this use of the pumped storage plants in lignite deposits for the um Conversion of a base load power plant into a peak power plant is the invention large pumped storage plants particularly well suited, electrical energy, in a variety of small power plants such as wind turbines, solar systems, Cogeneration plants u. a. irregularly occurs for pumping up water in to use the upper storage tank and in this way to save energy chern. Especially in this case, the use of many small, very irregular It is quite within the meaning of the invention for power supply systems if the pump pen for pumping up the water with a different voltage or frequency work as the generators that must be adapted to the interconnected network. The feed-in of electricity from industrial power plants is also of interest Pumping up water. As with cogeneration plants, this enables Extraction of electrical energy as a by-product.

Construction of the pumped storage plants

The extent and extent of open-cast lignite mining today show forms that he make it necessary to redesign entire areas. So is the Sophienhöhe (281m) at Hambach in the Rhineland ultimately only a mine dump of the open pit Hambach.

Elsewhere, entire lake areas are being used for the reclamation of open pit routes newly created. In general, lignite mining itself or tremendous masses of earth moved during recultivation. So alone in the open pit Hambach 15.4 billion m³ of overburden can be moved. Thereof 1.7 billion m³ on a 14km long conveyor belt to fill up the Fortuna mine be transported. For the movement of these earth masses stand alone in the day Hambach build 5 bucket wheel excavators with a capacity of 240,000 each m³ / day. There are also in the Hambach opencast mine and Fortuna Abset opencast mine zer with a comparable great performance.

If you have an artificial mountain on one side with the Sophienhöhe create, so the open-cast mine on the other side eats the course of the Koh le following at a depth of 295m below sea level. Around this Koh stored at -295m To promote le, 400m of overburden must be removed.

As shown in this example, lignite is generated when using lignite deposits may have height differences of a few hundred meters (e.g. in the here discussed opencast mine Hambach almost 600m). According to the invention, the overburden is now layered in such a way that the largest possible, the highest possible pool is erected and at another point in the Open-cast mining is left with the deepest and largest possible storage basin or is created. To do this, these pools are powered by a hydro power plant connected to each other. In principle it is possible, the upper and the lower Generally, to separate basins directly from each other by a large dam NEN, however, the lignite deposits are so extensive that it is structurally it is easier to separate the upper and lower basins so far that one can manages without large dam walls. As a rule, the system must be designed so that the lower basin holds the entire water mass and these masses are full are constantly below the ambient level. This is a mandatory requirement for the installation of large storage tanks. In general, this is a requirement synonymous with the requirement that the lower reservoir no natural Chen drain.

According to the invention, the system of the upper and lower pelvis is run through leads to the creation of a landscape with a distinctive elevation, whereby part of this arrangement is below ambient level.

Below the ambient level, the altitude above sea level (NN) is too understand the terrain within a radius of at least 5km around the pump has storage unit. Usually this is also the height above sea level at which the surrounding rivers and towns are located. Provided by the Rekul tiv a change in height has been made, is used as a reference Elevation above sea level prior to the exploitation of the lignite deposit. As stated, it is of particular importance for the pumped storage plants according to the invention whose importance that at least the lower reservoir below the order level is arranged. As a rule of thumb, the bottom of the bottom Storage basin at least 40m, preferably at least 80m below surrounding level veau is created. In general, the bottom of the lower pelvis is at most 20m above sea level, preferably below sea level and very particularly preferably at least 50m below sea level. Especially large storage capacities arise when the bottom of the lower pelvis is at least 100m below sea level.

It is conducive to this system of large pumped tanks in exploited brown coal mines is the fact that the combustion of such large Coal masses (electricity generation) creates a residual hole anyway. These are remaining holes in some cases so large that they do not mix with rainwater and Fill ground water. For this reason, for example, in the Garzweiler opencast mine II planned to use water from the Rhine to fill the remaining hole. An essential aspect in the creation of the pool is the insulation against that Groundwater, e.g. B. in the form of a sealing screen. Here you can see the experience in dam construction or the recultivation of lignite deposits be resorted to. If possible, one is used to seal the pool down to take advantage of natural conditions, such. B. existing sound Leave layers or bring these into the basin. If possible, you will be in a given lignite mining area use particularly deep seams to build the sub-basin. This is particularly interesting when the lignite seams are in relation to the surface move at very different depths. This is e.g. B. the case of transfers or quite simply when the seam sinks deep. Generally is in the In this case, the installation of the upper basin directly with the overburden d. H. the deck mountains of the lower seam, possible. Such conditions are such. B. in the Hambach opencast mine. In this opencast mine, the brown coal can sink seams from 100m below sea level to 300m below sea level so to install a large one Pumped storage plant used that powerful on the side of the low mountain range speed an upper basin with z. B. 500 million m³ at an altitude of 50-250m is aimed, while the roughly the same size basin in the area of the deep lying seams is built (e.g. at a height of 50m below sea level to 250m below sea level).

Due to the spaciousness of the lignite open-cast mining areas, the Arrange the basin so that, for example, the slope of the terrain to the edge of the Oberbeckens on average is a maximum of 20%. The slope of the Ge Countryside from the upper basin to the lower basin can generally be designed in this way the fact that it is e.g. B. is 30% or less.

Due to the high level difference in the basin, the power house is located in the generally in a cavern at about the level of the lower level of the Basin installed. The connection from the upper pool to the power house can be established neither directly with a pressure tunnel or especially at a great distance from Upper pool and power house via a pressure gallery with compensation system (water closed).

Such a pump storage with, for example, 500 million m³ of water and one Fall height of a few hundred meters allows the storage of Energy in the amount of a few hundred million kWh. This is such a facility also of interest as weekly, monthly or yearly storage.

The performance of the large pumped storage plants according to the invention naturally depends from the time of disposal. In general, the pump chips according to the invention a capacity of <200 MW (see examples 1-4). Pumps are preferred storage plants with a capacity of at least 2500 MW. Pumped storage plants, which only have a disposal time of e.g. B. 50h, preferably have a lei power of <4000 MW.

In addition to the arrangement of only one upper pool and one lower pool, verbun the one with a power house with a certain number of pumps and turbos sets or with the corresponding number of pump turbines, it is also possible to design the pumped storage plant as a multi-stage system. So you can For example, design the entire system so that an upper pool, for example at a height of 250-100m above sea level is connected to a first power house at an intermediate pool. A pressure gallery leads from this intermediate basin to lower power house at the lower reservoir, z. B. at a height of 200m ter NN. In this case, only the lower power house has to be used as a cavern power house be placed.

An entire chain of pools can also be created, each connected via a power plant like this B. is realized in a river power plant chain. With egg ner such power plant chain with continuous storage, it is quite invented In accordance with if the top or the bottom pool alone does not cover the whole te can absorb water masses (cf. encyclopedia natural knowledge shaft and technology, loc.cit. S 5006, Fig. 8).

In general, however, it applies to the pool arrangements that the selection of the turbines, the pumps and the pool arrangements, especially seen from the aspect must be the largest possible amount of energy and that means for this pump Storage plants in lignite mining areas as a rule: the largest possible To store water mass. In contrast, z. B. slight differences in Efficiency of various turbine types at the rear. It is in this together again the extraordinarily large capacity of this pumped storage exposed.

In addition to the facility shown above, both the upper and lower storage tank over a cleared lignite seam, e.g. B. within egg open-cast lignite mine, it is also possible to 30km from a distant brown coal mining area the. The upper basin is located in one (former) mining area arranges the lower pelvis in another. In this case it is usually a Moated castle or a large surge tank required. It is also towards make sure that the upper storage basin does not pose a risk of flooding the surrounding area exercise. In this case it is an advantage if the upper pelvis is closed too at least 50% or preferably entirely below ambient level. Be Special advantages result from this combination of 2 different days building areas if the location of the lignite seams in these mining areas is very is different, z. B. by 50m, better 100m or particularly preferred differs by more than 200m. With 2 so spatially separated Storage pools can handle particularly large amounts of water, especially then when both pools are created below the ambient level.

On the other hand, it is also of interest, for example lignite only in loading degrade the lower pelvis and the upper pelvis grown Arrange the floor without mining the brown coal underneath. In this case, too it may be of interest that the upper and lower pelvis more than 3km, preferably more than 5 km apart. Such a ge solution offers z. B. then when for a consistent, unstructured Whole towns would have to be relocated.

Another possibility of arranging the upper basin and lower basin is in the separation of directly adjacent pools, e.g. B. in a Ab stood less than 500m by a wall or a dam. This is in usually easy to implement if the height difference between the Pelvis is not very large. This is the case with conventional traffic jams, for example dam technology possible, an upper basin for example by a z. B. 1 km long Separate the dam from the basin next to it. In this case, you can the power plants are created like conventional dams. To this Way z. B. a 2 km × 4 km large, 50m deep pool of one Separate 100m lower basins of the same size. Such pool arrangements with There is a height difference of 40-120m in most brown coal mines offer easy installation. You have to keep in mind that in one pumping station with 2 pools measuring 2000m × 4000m × 50m and an average water drop of just 70m after all 62 million kWh electrical energy can be stored. So this stores one, in egg Pump storage in lignite opencast mining has more energy than all German ones Pump storage taken together.

In addition to the pool arrangements described above, in which the upper pool and the lower basin has comparable dimensions in terms of length, width and depth have, such pool arrangements are applicable in which a high located deep pool with an extensive, relatively flat lower pool is binated. Such a pump storage consists of, for example a 100m-200m high, 1000m wide, 1000m long and 100m deep fen upper pool with a capacity of 100 million m³ and a fla chen, for example only 10m deep basin with an extension of for example 5km × 5km. In this pumped storage plant, in which the lower, fla che pools z. B. at a height of 0m above sea level entirely in a lignite construction area, the upper basin next to the lower basin is inside or arranged outside the open-cast lignite mine.

As you can easily understand, this pool arrangement varies Water level in the lower basin is only around depending on the degree of filling of the upper basin 4m (5000m × 5000m × 4m = 100 million m³). With such a small one Fluctuation in the water level in the lower basin is relatively free to choose of the turbines. So with this pool arrangement even partially loaded door bine are used. In addition, this pool arrangement allows one beyond the pure pump storage use of the sub-basin, e.g. B. as a leisure facility.

This pump storage also allows the storage of about 30 mil lions kWh, d. H. with 10 turbines each 100 MW = 1000 MW This memory delivers power for at least 30 hours. The ge in this case chose particularly flat arrangement of the lower basin, however, requires a significant increase space requirements.

However, particularly large storage capacities result, as stated, when also the lower basin, depending on the level, by at least 15m, preferably little at least 40m, particularly preferably by at least 90m or very particularly preferably fluctuates by at least 130m. As already stated, set such large fluctuations in the water level in the basin are generally fully open turbines ahead, which are equally at a pressure on the lower side from a little over 1 bar to pressures of 1.5, 4, 9 or <13 bar work safely at pressures up to 60 bar.

In some cases it can also be advantageous to use the upper pool and the lower pool basin through a series of pressure tunnels with a series of turbines tie, which are arranged at different heights of the pelvis. In the In this case, depending on the level, the various turbines will be switched off or switch on.

As already stated, the pumped storage devices according to the invention are generally used equipped with a range of pumps and turbines, the specialist current rules of hydropower plant construction can be used. In general ver a given drop / water flow combination reaches a very specific one Turbine type (see H. Happoldt, Electrical Power Plants and Networks, loc.cit., P. 59). In general, as already stated, in the inventive Pumped storage turbines fully loaded, such as Francis or Kaplan turbines or pump turbines are used.

In conventional pumped storage systems, the lower basin is usually a (on ge edged) river course, e.g. B. in Vianden (Luxembourg) the Our or at Edersee the Edertalsperre or at the small pumped storage power station Geesthacht the Elbe. In these cases, there is usually only a low level in the lower basin differed with the corresponding free choice of turbines. In contrast, un is the lower basin in the large pumped storage tanks according to the invention fluctuations in the water level as a function of the degree of filling of the Oberbec kens with the corresponding technical requirements (see above).

In a special embodiment, the pumped storage plant according to the invention now constructed so that a relatively large one, for example 2000m × 2000m large and 200m deep lower basin in a lignite mine a relatively small upper pool is combined, the upper pool by ei flowed through a river or represents a side arm of a river. Given if the small upper pool is also through a few km long canal with egg connected to a river. In contrast to the pump storage with 2 of the same size Basins, depending on the turbine configuration, as a very powerful short-term game or be designed as somewhat less powerful long-term storage can, you will this pump storage combination of flowing river and associated deep pools below ambient level generally as lay out pronounced long-term storage, since only this use without a large input intervened in the water balance of the river is possible. On the other hand, it results in this form of the pump storage a certain additional benefit of the pump storage as flood protection.

This special embodiment of the pumped storage plant according to the invention a lower storage basin in an open-cast lignite mine makes very clear Lich that this new type of pumped storage plant is to some extent an inversion nes conventional pumped storage plant.

In many conventional pumped storage plants, for example, the upper storage basin has no natural inlet, the lower basin has a drain if it is not - as shown - is directly connected to a river. In contrast, the upper storage basin of this pumped storage plant according to the invention run and a drain (the river that forms part of the upper reservoir the lower basin, on the other hand, has no drain. As shown, this is un security aspects of particular importance.

However, the preferred form of the pumped storage plant is the installation of upper and sub-basin within a (used) lignite mine.

Special technical advantages exist when the basin installation in particular the upper basin directly with the removal of the overburden (overburden) follows. It will be advantageous to clear the overburden operate the excavator, conveyor belts and the stacker.

This is particularly easy when it comes to a pumped storage plant in an egg existing or in the immediate vicinity of someone still working To install lignite open-cast mining, for example by a pump storage / Lignite power plant combination a lignite power plant into a peak power convert plant.

In addition, the techniques commonly used in dam construction can Come into play. See, for example, the information on establishing the Ata türkstaudammes (cf. 7th international seminar on hydropower plants, loc.cit., P. 17).

Particular advantages of the pump storage according to the invention

Lignite opencast mining areas are often found near metropolitan areas worldwide centers, so z. B. the brown coal area in the south and west of Moscow. Large There are also brown coalfields in the United States and Canada. In Germany the proximity of the lignite mining areas to the consumer centers in particular clearly visible. For example, Leipzig is in the middle of central Germany Lignite mining area.

The large Lausitz district is conveniently located between the Dresden metropolitan areas and Berlin. The Hessian district near Kassel and that are also worth mentioning Helmstedter Revier in the Braunschweig area, Magdeburg.

The Rhenish area is of particular interest. This lignite mining area is particularly interesting in two respects. On the one hand there is this Re four in the immediate vicinity of the populous Ruhr area and not far away from the industrial location Rhein / Main and the Belgian and Dutch consumer centers. The Rhenish brown coal is of particular interest lerevier for the construction of large pumped storage tanks, but mainly because here the coal in the meantime from great depth, e.g. T. 400m below ambient level is promoted. The resulting large differences in height are naturally for the construction of high-performance, large pumped storage systems interesting. The pumped storage according to the invention in lignite opencast mining This means that energy can be stored in close proximity to the consumers center. The currently still practiced, uneconomical, daily electricity transportation to the mountain regions of the Alps and back again. The arrangement according to the invention at least below the lower storage tank half of the surrounding level, preferably even below sea level, allows for the first time Safe construction of large pumped storage plants in the immediate vicinity to the major consumer centers. It should be pointed out again that the construction of high-energy storage facilities, as they ent the current state of the art speaking could never be realized due to the high level of this outgoing danger potential.

A particular advantage of the pumped storage according to the invention in brown coal storage is also that these stores are not just near the consumer ores tren lie, in general there are also large power plants, such. B. Braun coal-fired power plants or nuclear power plants in a small one for electricity transport Distance.

Special advantages when installing the pump storage in open-cast lignite mining stretches result from the fact that in the brown coal mining areas all tech African facilities for moving large masses of earth are available. Doing so Depending on the respective requirements, the overburden is quite kilometers from egg one mine is transported to the other. Thereby have the techniques of the Erdbe movement in these open-cast mine routes reached a very high level. Could In the mid-19th century, lignite was only down to a depth of 20m claim that the ratio of overburden to coal was 0.3: 1 (m³: t) at the time, see above ever deeper deposits were developed in the course of development. In the meantime, the overburden cover above the brown coal is up to 300m. The Ver The ratio of overburden to lignite is 3m³ overburden / 1 t coal gone up. In the meantime, even deeper seam areas have been developed. So will the opencast mine will in future go down to 500m below the ambient level, d. H. to advanced to depths of 400m below sea level. The overburden / coal ratio be then bears 6: 1. alone in the Rhenish area at a fjord 110-120 million t of lignite, almost half a billion m³ Overburden moves.

It is therefore of particular advantage if the movement of the Overburden to extract lignite from at least one of the two reservoirs ken is created at the same time. With this system the pump storage basin is there while also solving the problem of recultivation. Is part of the invention thus also a method for the construction of a pumped storage, characterized thereby records that already when clearing the overburden at least 1 upper basin and / or at least 1 sub-basin for operating a pumped storage plant is judged.

A very special advantage of the large pumped storage device according to the invention results from the fact that in these brown coal open-cast mining areas not only the There are specialists who carry out such landscaping measures can, but also in that in the case of the lignite mine Population also imagined changes of this magnitude is available. In contrast to the previous one-time use of lignite Reviers result from the construction of the large Dau pumped storage plants jobs and permanent sources of income for the affected communities.

Of particular note is the fact that the construction of the pumped storage in the lignite open-cast mine routes is also facilitated by the fact that this Ge offer can be used directly by large power companies, be it that they directly own or own these areas or be it that they are the Have rights to use these areas. Especially in terms of how quickly the like memory can be realized, this is important.

A particular advantage of installing the pumped storage device according to the invention in Lignite open-cast routes also result from the fact that the previous Genetic or still used lignite for electricity generation a large part of the electrical systems required to install the pump cherwerkes already exists. At least that is the necessary free-will from the lignite deposits to the consumer centers. The connection with many power plant units is generally given. Even if the overhead lines meet the increased requirements of integrating a Large storage should not suffice, at least the power lines are Laying of stronger lines available.

The low construction costs of these pumped storage units should also be emphasized ke as well as the long depreciation periods. Even if with the invention large pumps, naturally no electricity is generated, the construction can This storage will replace the new construction of power plants, because with these large storage an equalization of electricity generation in existing power plants is possible. Depending on the size and requirements, these pumped storage units can be used as daily, Weekly, monthly or yearly storage can be designed. In combination with the existing, small pumped storage tanks that are used for fine adjustment thus a very effective, even electricity production is possible. The fiction Large pumped storage facilities in lignite deposits also contribute to the currently required sale of electricity for night storage heaters or for a to reduce electricity-intensive industrial use partially below production costs. This means that these pumped storage units make a major contribution to saving electricity and thus to reduce CO₂ emissions.

In addition, the pumped storage devices according to the invention permit the use of renewed ones energies such as electricity from wind turbines, solar systems and others fluctuating energy sources as with the possibility of storing in large Style the disadvantage of this type of power generation is eliminated. Be special on that noted that the use of combined heat and power plants by the inventions inventive memory is cheaper because of the good storage an acceptable price can be paid to providers. This is a special made a major contribution to reducing CO₂ emissions. Another, macroeconomic aspect of this inventions should be emphasized Pump storage plants according to the invention. Due to the large capacity of this Pump storage plants no longer have to be searched for incentives, the industry to lure z. B. consume a lot of electricity at night, which is then cheap is delivered. Rather, it can be industrial power generators, e.g. B. large Steam producers are offered an incentive to generate electricity as a waste product and sell it to electricity providers. The possibility for the Indus The industrial pro makes selling the waste product electricity at any time production near the large storage according to the invention cheaper and offers Location advantages. The be from industry or from renewable energy sources Finally, electricity provided can be sold on as a high-cost electricity the.

Ultimately, this leads to an inversion of the existing power supply structure. Today you have a number of large power plants for power generation and associated small pumped storage, so you have to install large ones Pump storage in lignite open-cast mine routes the possibility of a completely different one Supply structure. The pumped storage device according to the invention thus enables System made up of many small, decentralized power generators and connected to it large pumped storage plants. Because of this large number of producers, the Versor safe. The large power companies use these pumped storage plants and its extensive distribution network ultimately ensures demand-driven distribution for sure.

In the long term, this enables the development towards the management of elektri energy. For a highly industrialized country, this provision of Electricity just in time is a clear step forward and a drastic reduction of pollution and CO₂ emissions.

Examples

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but do not constitute any Limitation.

The performance of the pumped storage plants was estimated according to H. Happoldt, D.Oeding, electrical power plants and networks, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 5th edition, 1978, p. 67.

After that, the effective output of a hydropower plant is

P _eff WKW ≈ 8 _* Q _* H.

The effective power, P _eff WKW, in kW, the volume flow of the water, Q, in m³ / s and the head, H, in m are given.

In this estimate, the efficiency of the pipelines is 0.93-0.99, for the turbines an efficiency of 0.85-0.94 and for the generators Efficiency from 0.95-0.99 included.

For information regarding hydropower generators, water turbines, see Chapter 4, "Hydroelectric power plants", in H. Happoldt, D.Oeding, electrical power plants and networks, loc.cit., p. 58ff.

As already shown, the preferred turbines for the invention Pumped storage plants fully loaded turbines, e.g. B. Francis or Kaplan turbo nen.

For the pumped storage plants according to the invention - especially with low head heights - z. B. Kaplan turbines. These can be changing be adapt driving conditions well.

The technical knowledge for implementing the pumped storage according to the invention works can be assumed from the experts involved.

For example, the pumped storage plants are usually connected to the network via High voltage of e.g. B. 380kV or 220kV. For the rest, be on the manual Energy series, edited by Prof. Thomas Bohn, Volume 1-Volume 15, TÜV Rheinland GmbH, Cologne, 1987.

The information on the annual electricity generation was the corresponding year chern removed, so z. B. The Fischer Weltalmanach 1993, Fischer paperback Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 1992, columns 942-946.

The information on lignite deposits and lignite extraction comes from u. a. the Harenberg Lexicon of the Present 1994, Harenberg Lexikon-Verlag, Dortmund 1993, pp. 122-123.

Further information on opencast lignite mining can be found in the brochures "Das rheinische Revier "and" Garzweiler II opencast mine ", published by Rheinbraun Aktiengesellschaft, Cologne, as well as the brochure "RWE Energie, Kraftwerk Neurath", publisher RWE Energy, Neurath power plant, Cologne, and Arno Kleinebeckel, Braun company coal, history of a raw material, an industry in the Rhineland, Greven Verlag Köln GmbH, published by Rheinische Braunkohlewerke AG, Cologne, 1986.

example 1

Pumped storage plant, in which the lower and the upper storage basin under Um level.

In a flat area (average height: 100m above sea level, extensive lignite seam at a depth of 80m below the ambient level, corresponding to 20m above sea level), the overburden is removed and the lignite is mined. The overburden is initially stored outside of the mining area, afterwards this overburden is heaped up again over a cleared lignite seam in such a way that at a distance of 2000m they are created side by side: 1.) a rectangular 2km _* 4km large storage basin with a pool floor at a height of 50m above NN and a pool edge at a height of 100m above sea level and 2.) parallel to the long side of the upper pool a 4km _* 4km large lower pool, with the pool floor of the lower storage pool at a height of 0m (based on NN). The pool edge is at a height of 100m above sea level. The embankment on the edge of the lower as well as the upper reservoir has an incline of 20%. The bottom and side walls of the basin are sealed against the groundwater.

A power house is built on the edge of the lower basin. This is with Pressure pipes connected to the upper storage basin. The power house is with Pumps, turbines and generators with an output of approx. 300 MW equips. E.g. Kaplan turbines are used. After filling the pump spit cherwerkes with about 300 million m³ of water can with an average Use of 240 million m³ of water and an average use height of the water of 50m by pumping up the water electrical energy be saved.

If you send the usable water mass of 240 million m³ of water through the power plant within 1300h, for example, this means a volume flow of 667 m³ / s. With an average usable height of 50m, this results in a power P of P ≈ 8 _* 667 _* 50 kW ≈ 266 MW.

I.e. this pumped storage plant, which is installed in almost every lignite mine provides an output of 266 MW for 100 hours. With that is in this pumped storage plant electrical energy corresponding to 26.6 million kWh saved.

Both storage tanks are completely below the ambient level. As shown above represents, the pool edge is approximately at ambient level. Depending on the filling level of the upper basin, the water level in the lower basin fluctuates by up to about 15m and in the upper reservoir by about 30m. Even if the ge All usable water mass is stored in the upper pool the water level of the water in the upper pool is at least 15m below Ambient level, so that this pumped storage plant poses no danger. The lower reservoir of this pumped storage plant has no drain.

Example 2 Pumped storage plant with increased performance

You choose the pool arrangement as in Example 1, but increase the number and Diameter of the pressure gallery, the performance of the pumps of the turbines and the Generators, so that the usable water mass of 240 million m³ within 10h can be pumped from the lower pelvis into the upper pelvis and vice versa returns within 10 hours from the upper to the lower basin.

The result is a pumped storage with an output of

P ≈ 8 _* 6667 _* 8 kW ≈ 2666 MW.

With this pumped storage plant, one system is available, one has comparable performance as all German pumped storage plants together.

The stored electrical energy of this pumped storage plant, i. H. the capaci act of this pumped storage plant, is naturally like in the pumped storage plant according to example 126.6 million kWh.

Example 3 Pumped storage plant with increased capacity, both storage pools in one brown coal mining, the lower storage tank below ambient level

In a brown coal open-cast mine according to Example 1, a square, upper storage basin is built, the dimensions of the basin on the pool floor: 4 km _* 4 km, pool floor at a height of 150 m above sea level, corresponding to 50 m above the surrounding level, pool edge 250 m above sea level.

For safety reasons, the pool edge is surrounded on 3 sides with a 2 km wide, 40 m high wall (= 290 m above sea level). On the 4th side of the pool (next to the lower storage pool) the wall is only 20m high. In addition to this square upper pool, the lower storage tank is at a distance of 2 km (dimensions on the pool floor: 4 km _* 4 km), pool floor at a height of 10 m below sea level, pool edge on 3 sides 150 m above sea level, corresponding to 50 m above sea level original environmental level, on the 4th side rise to the upper pool. Upper and lower storage tanks are connected to each other via several powerhouses, each with several pressure pipes.

After completion, the lower pool will be filled with 1.7 billion m³ of water. A water volume of approx. 1.5 billion m³ is available for storage purposes. The average useful height is 150m. This amount of water is pumped into the upper storage basin for the purpose of storing electrical energy. If you let this amount of water flow through the power plants from the upper to the lower basin within 1000 hours, the result is an average volume flow of 444.4 m³ / s. With an average usable height of 150m, this means an output of P ≈ 8 _* 444.4 _* 150 kW ≈ 533 MW.

I.e. this pumped storage plant has a storage capacity of 533 million kWh. The storage capacity of this pumped storage device according to the invention is thus approximately 10 times the size of all German pumped storage plants combined.

Example 4 Pump storage with high performance and high availability

The storage basins are set up as in Example 3, but the machines are increased performance up to 10 times. The result is a pumped storage plant that lasts for the duration provides a capacity of 5333 MW of 100h.

Claims

1. Pumped storage plant, characterized in that the lower storage basin is arranged in an existing or cleared lignite deposit.

2. Pumped storage plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower storage basin completely below the ambient level and take up all of the water mass in the pumped storage can.

3. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that that the lower reservoir has no drain.

4. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-3, characterized in that the water level in the lower reservoir depending on the level of the upper storage tank varied by at least 15m.

5. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-4, characterized in that the power house is designed as a cavern power house.

6. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-5, characterized in that the lower and the upper storage basin within a brown coal deposit are arranged.

7. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-6, characterized in that the lower reservoir is at least 50m below the ambient level is arranged.

8. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-7, characterized in that the bottom of the lower pelvis is below sea level.

9. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-8, characterized in that the entire lower reservoir is below sea level and the can absorb all of the water mass in the pumped storage plant.

10. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-9, characterized in that the difference in height between the lower and upper reservoir is at least 40m.

11. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-10, characterized in that the difference in height between the lower and upper reservoir is at least 90m.

12. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-11, characterized in that the lower storage basin holds at least 50 million m³.

13. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-12, characterized in that the lower reservoir has at least 200 million.

14. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-13, characterized in that that the lower storage basin holds at least 1 billion m³.

15. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-14, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has a storage capacity <20 million kWh.

16. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-15, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has a storage capacity <50 million kWh.

17. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-16, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has a storage capacity <400 million kWh.

18. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-17, characterized in that that the pumped storage plant has an output <200 MW.

19. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-18, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an output <2500 MW.

20. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-19, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an output of <4000 MW.

21. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-20, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an availability time <50h.

22. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-21, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an availability time <100h.

23. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-18, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an availability time <300h.

24. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-18, characterized in that the pumped storage plant has an availability time <700h.

25. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-14, characterized in that the pumped storage plant is at a distance of <50 km from one thermal power plant in operation is arranged.

26. Pumped storage plant according to claim 25, characterized in that the Pumped storage plant and the thermal power plant to a peak power are connected that at least three times the performance of the thermal power plant.

27. Pumped storage plant according to claim 26, characterized in that the Pumped storage plant with pump turbines or with pumps and turbines is equipped, the turbine power is at least twice as large like the performance of the pumps.

28. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-27, characterized in that the removal of the upper and lower storage tanks at least Is 2km and up to 20km.

29. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-28, characterized in that the pumped storage plant via an equalization system (water castle) disposes.

30. Pumped storage plant according to claims 1-27, characterized in that the upper and lower storage basin directly through a dam are connected.

31. Pumped storage plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper reservoir is connected to a river or a given if congested river represents.

32. A method for the construction of pumped storage plants according to claim 1, because characterized in that the one in the exploitation of the lignite deposits the resulting overburden for the construction of the pump storage basin used.

33. Use of the pumped storage plants according to claims 1-31 for Structure of an electrical supply network, characterized in that a number of 1-20 pumped storage plants in this supply network according to claim 1 with at least 1000 small energy generators with one Power of <10 MW are connected.