DE1937590C - Lighting system for a totographic copier or enlarger - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a lighting system for the window or the negative. Such a photographic copier or enlarger problem occurs with a lighting system: with a light source, a light collector with a copier of the type described above and a non-elliptical, rotationally symmetrical surface, and since the light source used here has essentially a specularly reflective inner surface , 5 borrowed is punctiform and also spatially so white a light integral in the form of a hollow body with a distance from the negative to be illuminated, so that a diffusely shimmering, white inner surface does not differ in the light intensity of the edge and center surface and the relatively small light entry window and central rays are more important
The present invention also had the task of a light exit window arranged holder for io reasons, a lighting system for a photographic !: a negative or a transparent image, the copier or enlarger being the light source in the first focal point of the outside to create written type, in which the geschilder- and arranged in the vicinity of the light integrator th disadvantages are avoided and which is located in its light collector, währci.d the second focal production is less expensive.
point of the light collector in the plane of the light. solves that inside the Lichlintcgrators before the

From US Pat. No. 3,316,804, a light entry window is a pyramid with a poly lighting system for a photographic copier and gonal base and specular reflective top-enlarger known that a light integrating surface of existing light distributors with its pyramitor is arranged with two with respect to the holder of the negative 20 denspitze to the Liehtkollektor and having laterally arranged light sources. In one that the light source, the two focal points of the light such an arrangement is the existence of two light collectors, the tip and the center of the poly-sources necessary if the light distribution pyriamide and the direction of the negative is to be achieved. To cover the center of the negative or the transparent image that of the light collectors of the light sources 35 of lie on a common optical axis, Light rays occurring directly on the negative In the case of the lighting system according to the invention there are one at each of the two light entry windows, so instead of the mirror one is from a pyramid with reflective mirror provided. Each of these mirror polygonal base and mirror reflective top gel reflects a very specific light distributor provided by the surface. This Ordered light source outgoing light bundle on the arrangement according to the invention also has the advantage of a very specific point of the inner surface of the that it is due to the saving of the second light source Light integrator. Although this inner surface of the can be manufactured much cheaper. Through Light integrators, the light hitting them diffuses the axial and rotationally symmetrical arrangement reflected, it is easy to see that the negative is in spite of being contrary to that by the USA high technical effort, the arrangement known here with regard to 35 script 3 316 804 already a the light distribution is hit, unevenly completely uniform illumination of the inner upper illuminated will. The inner surface of the light surface of the light integrator reaches, so that also a integrators shows in its upper middle uniformity that can no longer be surpassed Part extremely bright and is achieved in its lower lateral part of the negative to be illuminated. It is extremely dark areas, with the latter still 40 neither to fear that on the surface of the negative be covered by the mirrors. The negative points of light are still imaged so that the lighting becomes that is, in its central part, the exposure is stronger from the center of the negative to the edge than in its fringes. zones decrease or increase.

The device previously known from this patent specification, however, has a particularly advantageous embodiment of the lighting system that has a further disadvantage. Due to the diametrical arrangement formation of the invention achieved by reducing two light sources, the light bundle entering the integrator from each light source piece for the light entry window in the form of a light bundle that enters the integrator directly, ie without reflection on the light collector in a rotated truncated pyramid, becomes a material with a greater refractive index as I is and a significant part of the opposite light 50 which has a relatively large polygonal light entry area exit window and thus has almost the entire area for the and a relatively small polygonal light exit light output of the lighting system, with the light collector being lost in this way. the reducer is arranged that its second 'by the USA.-Patent 2 327 818 is also known focal point F ₂ approximately in the plane of the light entrance, a lighting system in which immediately falls area, the reducer in such a way on the light bulb serving as a light source a cone outside and in the immediate Niilic of the light integral screen is attached. This screen is arranged in such a way that the light exit surface and the sole purpose of shielding the light entry area essentially cover those light rays that emanate from the part of the lightbulb, on the other hand, and finally with the center points lying closest to the negative to be illuminated polygonal light entry and exit lines. Since the light intensity with the square area of the reducer decreases on the common opder distance, the central part of the table axis would be.

The negative that goes to the lower end of the lightbulb at the reducer becomes a very substantial

next is overexposed. In the previously borrowed reduction of the plane of the light entry

In contrast, the familiar arrangement should not include the windows and the light distributor. This will make the

performance properties of the He- according to the invention emanating from the edge parts of the incandescent lamp

Rays are covered by the screen; this lighting system continues to improve.

Rather, marginal rays should be directed directly to the matt.

_hl " _B ci of the invention, which in particular the _iUl | _UI " _{B of} the light collector, the reducer, l, s 1 .iditviteller and an iicuurtige and improved construction of the Lichlnustritislcilus of the Lichiintcgra-" are concerned, will be described and explained in the following by hand of examples shown in the drawing. B ZCi ₈ I.

F i g. 1 shows a cross section through a first AusfUhruiißsbcispicl of an annihilating light

point F ₁ des ^ J ¹ ^^^^
by e.ne el ipt.sehe Rotauo "'•" J ^"0 _{n h} ™ formed gelnd reflective nncrtn" ^l ^; ™ _üb ° _r is _dcm. The Lichlko icjcior »* · _{Ue Brenn} .

Liclitinlegrator 15 bolust fet. . ^U | "J. J _lrlUsfe nstcrs 13 Punkt / ■, in die Lbene üts. ^" «· _W.

ΠΜΙ. The ^ "W ^ ** ™ ^^ body a liohlcr una uDiwhcrwti-t ^ ^ür ^ _klicrclldun

with ^ei " ^cr " ^! S ^ ⁿ ' _D s ι ici.taustrittsfensler 16 is

a cross section through a second exit, "Exemplary embodiment of the invention with an inventive

Sfa - reducer

plastic

^ L cross section through a preferred embodiment of a light collector,

F i g. 5 the graphic representation of the exact

“Tuning of the optical position of the light entry surface

of the reducer in relation to the light collector,

F i g. 6 and 7 the side views each of one of the

"In accordance with the shape of the reducer,

8a is a partial view to illustrate the supply

interaction of reducer and light distributor,

Fig. 8 b and 8 c partial views of preferred

Embodiments of the arrangement according to FIG. 8 a,

F i g. 9 a to 17 a side views of the invention

bespoke light integrators,

F i e. 9 b to 17 b the respective views of the embodiments according to Fig. 9a to 17a from the Side of the light exit window seen from and

Fig. 18 is a partially cut-away side view of a complete lighting system according to the invention. . _{t,. Pr}

The embodiment of FIG. 1 shows the invention in its simplest form. Al e known elements of the system, naml.ch a light C ₁ UClIe 11, a light collector 12 and a light integrator 15 lie on a common axis 10, which U through the center points of a light entry window 13

and a light exit window 16 belonging to the lighting system contains a light distributor 14 as a new element. This light guide 14 is a nolvonal pyramid or preferably a cone S tSer specular reflective outer surface. It is located in the interior of the light integrator 15 directly in front of the light integrator 13.

^ r ι «\ nn? dcr the invention is based-Fur che ^ Lo mg dt ^ ^hr » ⁿ tightness, that the task is ts from _{outside that}

»Air distributor 14 and dam. κοη l ^ ^

16

out.tt
, 5 bills and Λ

the dim ^essu ny.

clt shadow he _{on the}

^^ ",, ^" αβ "for small ^. _{suitable for} small negatives s.nd, g ^ ^de ^ _n ^ _imendcs ^fe _Prob ie _m dar

τ aiinT therefore also an essential part of the Solution üLsnaiD »au ^

^^ 'that the simple arrangement of _{items is useful}

" ^un 8 g ^ _S J ^" _olks , with which negatives are enlarged to '^ rößc * οΓΐ3 18 cm or 20.5 x 25.5 cm. The reason for this is explained below

^e * J? "JJ ^ - _a, i _ge my Assume that ^ Although the" _rays of SCI

em eH P ^ ^cher ^ _{1 F} , _in its two, - " ^β ™"" ^β _η ^η _ηΙ , _η ^! έ registered, this only applies to a 4« ^^ K ^ * " physical

JJ, ⁿ _{bst with smal} ^l inen dimensions is the ^ j «1 bt ^ _{m Descriptio} Iben So

Process ^ ^ "^ _{eflector in the Un} , _he sch.ed zu

forms a "ΐμ _{only peo" eS) gen} au-defined image, 45 ^ r mse e π "n" g ^^ ^ _ ^

der L.cntqu g ^ _{unendUch An} .

^ * ™ "" ', of various sizes, the

SLichWeiler 14 fulfills two functions. It distributes the light emitted by the filament U and reflected by the elliptical reflector 12 and prevents direct light rays from the light entrance window 13 from impinging on the plane of the Lieh ausnttsfeniters 16. To that extent that is wish »- sver; As direct light rays undesired stripes Ir can cause patterns in the plane of the light removal window 16, which then naturally also appear on the negative 17 and consequently on the 1 th sensitive sheet 19. Since the licl ^ y part.n _R with this arrangement inevitably symtne-

S in relation to the optical axis H Bt wd in the Bdcuc Ui ngwystt-η with a single LiChIc ₁ UeIe a _B lcit-limaßi ^ ro Be lei -'- i'tunR of the negative 17 achieved than she did in the bt kain arrangement with two light sources ore, - 5 »^« ^^ Jg, _which are bektiert by an infinite dun-J « ^S ^ ^ah _f J _r ⁿ _m f _zo ' _{ne re} , the kon-Jen π.igte ™ 8 _{ht to the optical} axis

zentnscn ι, for example, from one

Nlan can «icn _{zones Mf fc t st} e

₅ 5 ^{and 1} ^ f " _each one has different sizes ltn of ^ tn _pictures , _{not the green}

^ ^l ghtq, el c multiplied by a factor, the

dtr LdU _Ell ^! _Distance “this part of

that represents vt _kten . _{) as the} greatest B.Id

6o de η zw ι ^ _{? Mk {cs A} , “F. G. 1,

J7 «j £ _r „ Jj _crst ^ focal point F _t l.egtDcr

ücr _{) n factor is in dl} escm F / » ^Il ^^ 'V'

\ ^^ _{Attention can be paid to} the "!"

'Circle of light and the necessary size of the.

1 Q X Π i; Gi Γ:

* ν / - * SI V- * W 1. "

WaU number is between 6 and 12 mm and more. For na'hez.;. paicUc-ii for optical; Axis run, customary reflectors are located by multiplying the Rccl.-rlers ^ .: '· ;; IA onr.c any re ^ exion. factor F _n AIF _x A in the order of magnitude of near- lashing: Example unicvlie ^ -: .- ..r _: 'S i g. ', g' ::: e'g: s LkJu-rly four to six. From this it follows that the ray is only trine reflection. iC-ie use of the ReLichtkreis and thus the light entry window 13 causes before lic ·: · ::. .κ. de Eccuzii: - usually not smaller than 5 cm. in diameter be tion of the large,: des .- VM ^ -Ari ^ sf-. r.stsr :: Ϊ3 de. ;; may, in some cases even larger. The base of the light integrator 15 and -:. :: ..;. Cglic, (cumit the Vr.r light distributors 14 then becomes even larger, as one can find the expression for the smaller light distributors that for you from Fig. 1 can already see. For large negatives lighting smaller negatives ocer transparent ·: light integrators with a diameter of io images are more suitable.

25 to 40 cm used; a light entry window with the necessity, the shape of the light collector

5 cm in diameter is undesirable. For small improvements, does not come from the IVk-ngelhaftigkcit

ncre negatives with correspondingly smaller light intensities of the elliptical reflector per se, but them

The wedges are still growing. Rather, this is achieved through certain properties of the

The negative format currently most frequently used is 55 duzierstückes 20. As shown in FIG. 3 sees -

24 x 36 mm. A light integrator is borrowed for this, the angle that is initially within the increases

required, which is no larger than 12 cm in diameter. Reducer 20 between the light sirah «and the

It goes without saying that a sphere with a 12 cm optical axis turns around after each reflection

Diameter does not correspond to an amount of light entering an amount which is twice that angle

window with a diameter of 5 cm and one that is still larger than the conical wall with the optical

external light distributor. Axis forms. As a result, the light beam strikes

In a further development of the invention, therefore, the some reflections either the wall under the lighting system contains another element with an angle so acute that no total reflection helps reduce the size of the light entry window and the beam exits laterally, or can be. In the following it is referred to as a reducing light beam hits at such an acute angle! called aui piece. This reducer is essentially the plane of the light exit surface 22 so that it cannot leave the relief of an inverted truncated cone or a reducer 20 and a polygonal pyramid rotated inside, which is reflected back from colorless light. Both FiI ₁ Ie hsbcu an impermeable material with a refractive index result in significant loss of light; the number cc greater than 1, for example glass, acrylic glass or the like, permissible reflections must therefore be limited. 6th! Vi. It is in Fig. 2 denoted by 20. 'making it impossible' to pass through

In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, the size of the light-emitting area 22 is below a certain level

advising part to reduce the size of the lamp 11 and the Lic'ntkollek.

gate 12 is withdrawn from the light integrator, i.e. it becomes desirable to increase the number of dei

further away from the light entry window 13. This reduces 35 possible reflections. This can ir

the reducer 20 can take place between the mentioned easily visible ways in that ic

Device part and the Lichtciniriitsfens'.er 13 mounted largest starting angle, under which, a light sirah : ■■

will. The second focal point F _{2 of} the light collector- the reducer '/ Si & η.Ιή * Λ, se k- (..: Like,: rögüicl ·

Tor 12 now falls into the level of the great light houses, since uar-ri r-.ch ^ Viiexic-ner er'olger

step surface 21 of the reducer 20, while 40 can before a critical »; VAr..be reached * is. The:

However, the small light exit surface 22 of the reducer must be reached without tire size de:

with the light entry window S3 of the light integrator Lichlkieises, which measures the size of the IJchteiniriitsiiächc

covers. 21 determined, grows, everyone knows, As-grows dei

The function of the reducer 20 can vary with the size of the light inlet area; ϊλοργ. vtionai.es An-Hilie of Fig. 3 explains! will. An incident 45 grow the size of the Lichtausirillsfläclip Ti nacl light beam 30 penetrates the plane of the light entry. This is precisely where the difficulty lies. The surface 21 at a point 31 and here experiences the above-mentioned largest entry angle, due to the fact that refraction is caused by the entry angle and the increase in the eccentricity of the elliptical refractive index of the material from which the reducer is made smaller, this means that the ornament 20 is made. is dependent. The ray 50 multiplication factor F “A / F _t A automatically grow! The conical wall then meets at a point, whereby the diameter of the circle of light and the 32. If the angle between the ray 30 and the front surface 21 also increases. If the conical wall is sufficiently spaced, there is every advantage or there is an initial total reflection through which the beam 30 can be reached at an angle.

Point 33 on the opposite wall 55 This problem is according to the invention by a

is steered. The beam 30 is released again at the point 33 light collector, as it is shown in Fig. ^ - cargestcllt

The embodiment according to the invention is ingenious

flat 22 finally at a point 34. If the Fig. 4 can best be explained by mai

Angle between the ray 30 and the plane of the first ds operation of a hypothetical con

If the light exit area 22 is not too small, the 60 vcntionciic -lliptischcn Ueiicktor leaves the 71

Ray 30, after a linear refraction, reduces this limit. ys two parts of Stilcker consisting of dnree

piece 20. This / wide refraction happens however in the slclu ist. A ti ..> s section 4 © ends lunte

reverse sense, since the light beam 30 is now the Rirrmpunkl. ·, and is in solid I.miei

drawn from an optically denser medium into an optically; an iwiius ~ ⁿ piece of cake <W '■ »efindei' siel

dümii ics medium enters. 65 both from Brnnpm, .- .; md isi in dashed lines!

The path of ili-s ray 30 is of course only a line drawn. If ir.ui, ;; ·; Vchstück 41 be

Example. I inipe rays can have more than two- tier fertilization from the pathi "3 \ ■ .- are dicicniin-r

sometimes be reflected, amine, dii · paiiilkl or rays of light, which the wi-kci mi! animal in

937

table axis, reflected in eir: m point P. Such a beam is designated by 42.

If you now remove the side part 40 of the Reiiektor and e, new spherical mirror reflector 4! replaced, which isl arranged in this way. that its center is in the focal point / ■ ', heninlel. so now all rays that occurred past on d ;; s section 40 'are reflected to the focal point / ·'! and then through, the rear relector part 40 in the plane of the focal point / · '.,. This is possible because the filament 11 is not a solid body, but consists of turns with gaps through which most of the light can pass. It can be clearly seen that the ray 42 ', which sets the ray 42, forms a much smaller angle with the optical axis than the last ray mentioned. The Sliahl. which forms the greatest angle with the optical axis is now that which is reflected at point C. This allows at least one further reflection within the reduction gap 20 before a critical angle is reached, and the license exit surface 22 or, what is equivalent. the light-emitting window 13 of the light integrator IS can be designed to be smaller.

The diameter! the 1 non-exit surface 22 of the Backwards 20 can be the product of the diameter dei liciteiutnitstläehe 21 multiplied by a certain feedback factor that has a function the shape of the reducer is expressed, In further development of the life, not only the size of the light input can be used, but also the size of the light dit -size of this reduklitmsiactor be reduced, as described below.

As can be seen in Fig. 2, the Liehtcintiittsdächer 2! in the same i-ibene as the second focal piiiiki ! ■ '., the elliptical rellectois. It is not necessarily the best place. Line noticeable loss: Rather, the relocation of the non-entry area 2i in a somewhat higher position can be achieved, for the exact determination of this iptinuile position wildly on Li. 5 referred to. As has already been clarified above, educate! Each corner of an elliptical reflector emits a point of light in the plane of the second focal point in a size equal to the size of the light source multiplied by the ratio of the linear tier per wavy element on the wide bending point and on the first hicnnptmkl isl. The bundles of rays reflected by the various elliptical reflections vary, however, in terms of size of the point of light, but rather inches in relation to the angle at which they intersect the plane of the bees

\ 'Λ · two I Mieinlallc wild dutch those StialiL iibimdel odei Sliahlcn which are reflected by llemenie in the vicinity of the center and in the area of the elliptical reflector. The bundle of rays that passes through the element 1 or the ile point A lelKkluil forms a point at the level of the biennial point, which has a diichiness 102-103. and this butch knife is same as /. I., A / ,,), in which / the (JmBc dei l.ichli | ueUe. Lii deivelben way forms the steel bond- I. The clinch becomes the element or the l'unkl C lefleklieit, a point of light with a diameter 105 I often iib, dei equal /. ■ / "('// ■', (' isi Diesei I nhtinmki is of course smaller than the 59Ü

L. Ψ

The former light point, since L ■ 1 - '., ClF _x C is smaller than L ■ 1 \, / I' / · ", A. The two light bundles or rays intersect at a point liiV, and the one perpendicular to the The optical axis standing and running through this unclear plane represents the preferred agc of the light-in-line surface 21 of the reducer 20. In other words, a reducer 20 arranged in this position :; Reducer 20 will have the smallest light entry surface that still has the the entire i.iclitfiuß emanating from the elliptical reflector.

De; simple cones according to FIG. 3 allows a reduction in the size of the; The diameter of the light outlet 22 by nälierungsweise 60 °, · «the diameter of the Lichteiniriitsilähehe 21. To explain a further improvement of this relationship according to the invention, it is appropriate to explain the way. to track two light rays which form the greatest angle with the optical axis, one of which comes from the center and one from the edge zone of the elliptical reflector. These are the rays Λ-ίϋ} ¹ and Γ-Ϊ09. The Strah! / 1-108 should be the center ray and the ray C-109 should be called the edge ray The center ray trilts the plane of the light entry surface 21 at or near the periphery of the curses, while the edge ray into the reducer 20 more or less in the vicinity of the oplic axis entry. As in Fig. 6 the marginal ray consequently travels a considerable distance in an oblique direction after its refraction at the end face until it is reflected for the first time on the side wall, while the central ray trifl'l the side wall immediately after its refraction.

This situation makes it possible to reflect the two radiators in different ways that the angle that is formed by the wall of the rope around the optical axis is for the Zcntrunisstrah! relatively small and fin Jen Kandstrah! is relatively large This leads to a new type of reducer Piece 20, which now essentially contains two coaxial and axially adjacent cones, of which de) upper cone is located on the light entry surface 21 extends below and forms a relatively small angle with the optical axis, while the lower The cone extends downwards to the I .ichla exit surface 22 and with the optical axis an iclativgio Ben Winkel.;. forms the form do look so surrendered the RcdiizieiMuckis can .inch, 'is a rotation shallow pavement pastures, from one out of a lot gei.uien pieces ordering l.inien / ug is formed The first piece is equal to the radius of the light tnllsH.uhe 21 and steinenkeniechl .nil the optical Axis: the / while piece cuts with the first slick its length and forms a relatively small one Angle with the optical axis, the diitic piece cuts the while piece with its lengthening !!): and forms a relatively large angle with the opti see axis, and that many pieces are equal to the R.i dius der Lichtaiistiiltsllaclie 22. cuts the third Piece and is perpendicular to the optical axis Fin type of such a rcdimeisliickcs is in Fi R. ft ilnipcslclll.

I-.a certain (Jefalir still insists that Lichtveihislc ilnich disfigure some sliahlcn with regard to their external position and their angular position /. between the / white Ixlienilagen, namely the Z
tiuinssliahl and the Kandslriihl liccvn. This Si

C Ci Γ \

<yes W

Len are reflected by a fine zone of the side wall, which is close to the plane in which the two cones border each other. This danger can be avoided by the fact that the transition between the two cones is gradual! In the description of the reducer as a body of revolution formed from a line with four sections, this looks like that the second and third piece do not intersect directly, but are connected by a curve piece, on which both flat sections bear tangentially. F ⁷ Jn such a reducer is shown in FIG. 7 shown.

Nothing has yet been mentioned about the relative length of the second and third sections of the body of revolution and about the curve piece, because the proportions of these pieces can largely be chosen freely. In other words, the sum of the length of the second straight section of the line multiplied by the cosine of the angle / J ₁ and the length of the third section multiplied by the angle / U can have a value between 0 and HK) ¹ Vo of the measured in the axial direction Own reducer. These two extreme values thus designate a reducer that is either the rotation of a continuously curved line, the lengths of the straight sections being 0, or the rotation of a line consisting exclusively of the combination of the second and third sections, the sum of the lengths of these sections c measured parallel to the optical axis is equal to K) O ⁰ Zo of the axial lung of the reducer is formed. The latter case is of course identical to the embodiment according to FIG. 6, which consists of two adjacent truncated cones.

In the drawing it has been assumed that both the central ray and the peripheral ray only a reflection on the wall of the reducer 20 experiences. While this is the simplest, but not the only conceivable case; for two and even several reflections one can find largely similar ones Get configurations.

It is expressly stated that all considerations made since then are only for such Rays that lie in planes containing the optical axis are strictly correct. For all other rays such as B. the inclined rays, the Slrahlcnveilaul is infinitely more complex. Therefore everything mentioned here must only be regarded as an approximation graze. For practical purposes, however, this approximation is sufficient, since it is structured accordingly LcisUingscigensehaften that fit the reducer which come close to the theoretical predictions in a reasonable manner. That way it is possible, the diameter of the I.ichtaustrittsllähe 22 to 40% of the diameter of the surface 21 to reduce. Compared to the value of 60%. the one with a smooth roll, from a single one Kegel existing Rüdii / iersttick is possible! Is this a very cheap far.

The / usainmcnwiiken ties Rcdu / insttickes 20 with the I ichtverteiler 14 Luiii cause an anda.'ii I iclilvei lust that ιι.ιΙκί Erkhiit should graze i-rl, iiil> t, in da rt-ilu / ierstück under ι / ιικηι μΐιΉΚιι angle ι / in / nii lll, IlitMI.U III ΙΪ Ulll <'.ΊΙΚΊΙΙ SV Ιμ'μ'Ι, Ulli ill dei! »tni.ilii ·., ihi ι nit hi.'. in '■ ·.> spit · ι ·' ΛιΙ ' · Ι

Beam cine total reflection. After this beam when transitioning from an optically denser one is broken into an optically inner medium, wire! he rcduziei piece in an almost horizontal direction leaving. The other extreme is represented by rays going into the reducer in a lrielir or less parallel direction to the optical Enter axis. These rays, which are not reflected on their entire way, become the light exit surface 22 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane thereof. All in between Angles fall between these two extreme cases, so that every point of the light outlet surface 22 rays emitted in all directions.

With reference to the above considerations, the path of a ray 61 is shown in FIG followed, the perpendicular to the specularly reflecting surface of the light distributor 14 auftrilrt. This Ray becomes point 60 at point 62

ao backwards. All the rays that distribute the light 14 meet below the point 62, are reflected into the interior of the light integrator 15, like that is wanted. However, all rays that meet the light distributor 14 above the point 62 are lost, since they are reflected back against the light exit surface 22 and enter the reducer 20. This loss can be substantial.

Even if it is not the best solution, it is still possible to simply make the light distributor 14 larger To be arranged at a distance from the light entry window J3, so that its tip comes to the point where the light beam 61 intersects the optical axis, how. which is shown in Fig. Sc. However, this has the disadvantage that the base of the light distributor 14 must be made larger and moved closer to the light output window 16 of the light integrator 115 must be, whereby the risk of an undesirable shadow in the plane of the light exit window 16 can be formed, grows.

Another possibility, namely the. To make the angle at the top of the light distributor 14 smaller, leads to the same difficulty. It is easy to see that ice will enlarge the base of the cone would and the Lichtverteiier itself therefore also move closer to the light exit window 16 would.

For these reasons, an arrangement such as that shown in Figure 8b is preferred 14 according to FIG. 8b ordered from two parts,

such an upper part 65 with a small opening angle \ and a lower part 66 with a relatively large opening angle /. '. It is evident that no rays are reflected against the exit surface 22 if the angles λ and ji are chosen appropriately

will.

The transition from the upper part /. To the lower part can gradually \ .11.mien in which one the broken I inieii / iii ',, through which the rclleklieiemk · Rotational surface of the I iclilverleilcrs 14 is formed

fio (luiih a continuous rune / f * like this in I · i μ Ni il.iiivMdlt is

D.is I Mil, 111, IMiMYMSkT | (, i | _k . _S 1 ichiinlegiators u ι rml,., Lisicii hum die Schnidll.idu- "'">' Niu kneel, ie in Ku'is D, is, v nil,!,. ,,,.; .- κ |, i ,,,, ",,..,:, .., _lh _., · | ,,. _Πι .

"" eil · ..P ₁ ! ,1 ·. ,, ^., mii- I uhillnll

15 is in si-i

^OIUI ' ^{| l <M <} - · Π. In im κι »

ι mhrii

I, I '|

H πι!

I, 'It. It, Il

... 11,

11 12

Light, ύιι is actually used, is however only it is now possible to simulate a whole family

the F.odsiK. the light intensity multiplied by the! icher Lichlintcgratoren of which the

Area of a much smaller rectangle or qua- structure of the one just described is merely a

drates, which only needs to be a little larger than the area is the representative example. Although this execution

of the transparent image that is supposed to graze when illuminated. 5 rungsfoini based on a polygon with eight sides,

A considerable part of the light, approximately any other polygons can be used,

up to a third is therefore lost. One gets as long as the number of its sides can only be divided by four

inventive improvement of the light integrator is. Expressed algebraically, this means that with one

with the help of which a considerable part of this Vcr polygon with 4 π sides n neighboring vertices

lust can be prevented, should in the following be ίο by η straight lines with the closest to the

be written. four corners of the rectangular or square-shaped

An embodiment of a light exit window according to the invention are connected so that type: of the light integrator is formed in Fig. 9a and 9b four trapezoids, which are shown one below the other. The light integrator according to this embodiment is separated by groups of η - 1 triangles, the exemplary embodiment consists of two parts, an upper part 151 in which the polygon is still spherical and has 12 ropes in which So π is equal to 3, a relatively small light entry Fig. K) a and IOb is shown in the optical axis, contains window! 3I, and a lower part 152, which Da n is an integer between I and cv> be by straight lines that the corner points can be limited, one also obtains that of a polygon with these two values, in this case an octagon, with both extreme cases, and this requires a brief explanation of the corners of a rectangle or a square. With η equal to I, a four-sided join is obtained. The polygon indicated in dashed lines, ie a square. Here, too, octagons are formed in a four trapezoids perpendicular to the optical, but the number of the plane in between and intersecting triangles is now O, and the trapezoids are relatively close to the center of the sphere. The corner points are only connected to one another by straight lines of the octagon lie on the inner upper surface, as is shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b. surface of this sphere, and the intersection of its slide- Under certain circumstances, even this gonal coincides with the optical axis. straight lines disappear. The rectangle or square has already been executed above, the light outlet, that the distance between the two windows and is therefore just as large or 30 levels that the upper polygon and the lower right little larger than the negative or the transparent corner or square included, usually approximately picture. It also lies in a plane perpendicular to the two-thirds of the spherical radius, but that this is not the optical axis, but which is necessarily so and that the distance may, in typical cases, but not be necessary. The distance can even be 0, and more agile, about two thirds of the spherical radius 35 in this case have the four-sided polygon and lies below the first-mentioned plane. The intersection, the rectangular or square light entry point, the diagonals of the rectangle or square window are the same size and coincide. It also falls on the optical axis. Side walls of the lower part of the light

The octagon 153 can be reduced to segments of a circle around the optical axis, like grators and therefore every possible angle 40 shown in FIGS. 12a and 12b. assume position in relation to the rectangle. Only two with / 1 equal to 00 the polygon becomes a circle, and However, angular positions are of practical importance. the length of each polygon and therefore the length These two angular positions are one - the upper horizontal side of each trapezoid is! scits for the one in which the sides of the octagon become O. In other words, the four trapezoids parallel to the corresponding sides of the rectangle 45 triangles whose base sides are below and whose and on the other hand, the one in which two peaks are directed upwards. These four relative iuciiidiider vertical diagonals of the octagon's large triangles alternate with four groups of unparallel 711 are two sides of the rectangle. A finite number of and infinitely narrow triangles Embodiment that on the first-mentioned angle whose tips down / own. The result are location is to be discussed in the following. 50 four flat triangles followed by four curved ones

In this embodiment, two conical surfaces are separated, like the ir

adjacent corner points of the octagon is represented by straight Fig. 13a and 13b. Of course

I.inicn with the nearest corner of the rectangle, these two extreme cases belong to the fiction

or squares connected so that vie; Trapc / e according to embodiments of the light integrator.

that alternate with four triangles 55 Let us now consider similar forms of Liehtintu

(Fig. 9 a and ob). The levels of these trapezoids and grators are described in which not vie

Triangles extend / wipe the respective sides of the polygon, but four of its diagonals

Corner points of the octagon up to the intersection of the parallel with the corresponding sides of the rectangle

Levels with the upper spherical volume part 151 or squares run. A typical Vertiete

These cutting lines represent arcs of a circle. The Go of this type, which in turn is based on an octagon!

trapezoidal and triangular side wall parts are shown in FIGS. 14a and 14b. At this end

know easily from sheet metal or a similar material management example are now neighbors

getting produced. The octagon itself is only the corner points of the polygon through lines 111

A geometric auxiliary figure, that of the curvature of the adjacent corner point of the row-corner-shaped

K. Instruction of the unieieii I file of the l.ielitiniegralnrs 6-, odei i | uadral-shaped I ielMauMrittsfcnMei. vetbur

k-iit 1) u · iii liieikfoiuiige '»of the i | ti.idi.itfiiimige side, whereby twelve triangles are formed. Vit

.lu-si ". nnli'iiii Ίι-iles remains of course ollen, these triangles have a base that starts with | e

si. 1.1, I H !!! represents exit window lh. Side of the rectangle or Ouadr.iles Mis.uiuuenfh'l

se
B.
I,
ki
Si
K Ί

and the points of the other eight triangles are each formed by a rope of the octagon, and the points of these eight triangles / downwards, (groups of two triangles alternate with one of the former Triangles, and the planes of the iichl triangles are extended to the line of intersection with the upper spherical part of the Liehliiitcgnilors.

The embodiment according to FIGS. 14 a and 14 b can be viewed as a representative example of a family of possible non-linear elements that are based on polygons of any number of ropes, as long as the number of sides is a multiple of four ! In algebraic Ausdiuck ie. That the polygon must have at sides or corners, one of which (11 -I 1) key points are connected by straight lines with the niichstgelegenen vertex of the computing leaks or square formed so that 4 (/ <I 1) Dieiecke will. Four of these three «« corner have bases that are formed by the respective sides of the rectangle or square! ·, And four (iruppen \ on η triangles each have bases that are formed by one of the ropes of the polygon, each group between two as adjacent triangles of the first-mentioned type. The apex of each of the four first-mentioned triangles points upwards, while conversely the apex of each of the other 4/1 triangles points downwards. The planes of the An triangles are between the corner points of the polygon up to the intersection line 15a to 17a show exemplary embodiments which correspond to the cases η equals 3, η equals 2 and n equals o> _ as examples.

The most favorable embodiment is all probability wedge according to those on / 1 equals 2, that is based on the octagon, like. ig. 16a and 16b is because it combines sufficient performance with relative simplicity. The form with / i equals 1, the square shows a slightly less uniform distribution of light over the plane of the light exit window, and those embodiments that are based on polygons with more than eight sides (// = 2), make the embodiment only more complicated, without making any noticeable improvement in performance. Measurements have shown that a light integrator of this type reduces the light tail bulge by 20 to 30 "0 above that of a simple one Sphere grows with a circular Lichia exit window.

F i g. Figure 18 shows a complete lighting system according to the invention that includes all preferred embodiments of the various elements of the invention as described above.

All elements are in the interests of safety and combinations of elements in the drawing are only shown in a schematic manner, and all components, by means of which these elements are retained in their positions have been omitted as they not necessary for understanding the invention are.

The terms "polygonal pyramid" or "pyramid with a polygonal base" are always closed pretend that they also have the special failure of a "cone" or include "cones with a circular base", as a circle as a polygon with an infinite Number of ropes can be viewed.

Claims (16)

Patent claims: 1. Lighting system for a photographic copier or enlarger with a light source, a Lichlkollekloi with an elliptical rolationssynunettisiheii surface and a specular reflective inner surface, a Lichlintcgnitoi 111 loi in a hollow body with a diffusely reflective, white inner surface and relatively small. window and a relatively large light outlet and with a disordered holder for a negative or a transparent picture in front of the Lichlaustiiltsieusler, the light source being in the first focal point of the disordered light collector outside and in the vicinity of the light integrator, while the second focal point point of the light collector falls in the plane of the LichleintntlsfiMister, characterized in that inside the l.ichtintcgiators (! 5) in front of the light entrance window (13 or IM) consisting of a pyramid with a polygonal base and a reflective surface with light his I'yramklenspitze / around light collector {12 or 40, 41) is arranged and that the light source (11), the two focal points (/ ■ ', and F ₁ ,) of the Liehlkolleklors, the tip and the center point Δνί polygonal base the Lichlvericilcrpyramidc and the center of the negative or the transparent image lie on a common optical axis (10). 2. Lighting system according to claim I ₁ characterized by a reducer (20) for the light entry window (13 b / .w. 131) in the form of an inverted Pyramidcnslumples of the transparent material, whose BiCChUiIgSiIuL-X is larger than 1 and which is a relatively large '. . 'poivi'oiialo LicliKirnriusfiuche (21 j and a relatively small polygonal Lichiau'.trii.isilädic (.? ..'. , besit / l, where Her Lichtkollektot (i /. i> / y ,. 4ίϊ. 4;;; ujiait is arranged in front of the reducer, d.ii.i its second focal point (/ · '.,) falls approximately in the plane of the light entrance surface ", furthermore the reducer is so outside and in the immediate vicinity of the light integrator (15), that the light entry surface and the light entry window are essentially one above the other, and finally the centers of the polygonal light entry and exit points of the reducer lie on the common optical axis (10). 3. Lighting system according to claim! or 2, 'characterized in that the light collector (40, 41) has an additional spherical reflector (is) with a specular ivfli-kuerondcH ί η i:' -: ■. ■■ surface, the seventh son tie: i.ep'UiV '.- lii. ■' iif the optical axis (10) standing, iiuir ^{! i:} - first focus (/ ■ ') continuous level i; c - in.!' -.onzentrisch to the optical axis vrstiei '·. ·. wiihn: · ^.-: .iic reflective elliptical V -i.tiio :: area (■; ■ - '; to nac from this level; · extending lines, ■ ::.: ■■ the spi'iärische!. Reflector a \ o: dere opening '.lufweisl, through which the \ on d; ^ elliptical Roi; i'.! '.' :: r, i '; iche reikktierten Stiaiik .1 nindurchtrcten ki> i: ri'' ^: and that the science between the sphan.-xhcn i? .efleklor and the plane is at least as large as is /[O | chen of the elliptical rotation curse and the Level. 4. Lighting system nach'AnsprucI ^ oderS, characterized in that the light inlet flue (21) of the reducer (20) between the two focal points (F ₁ and F ₈ ) of the elliptical surface of revolution (40) is arranged in a plane which is perpendicular to the The optical axis passes through the points of intersection (107, 108) which is reflected approximately from the center (/ 1) of the elliptical rotational surface and goes with the light rays reflected from the edge (C) of the elliptical rotational surface. 5. Lighting system according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the Reducer (20) is a body of revolution consisting of one of four straight pieces Line is formed: a) the first piece is perpendicular to the optical axis and has the length of the radius the light incident surface (21); b) the second piece intersects the first piece and forms a first angle (/ J ₁ ) with the optical axis; c) the third piece intersects the second piece and forms a second angle (β ₂ ) with the optical axis which is greater than the first angle; d) the fourth piece is perpendicular to the optical axis and has the length of the radius the light exit surface (22) and is therefore shorter than the first piece. 6. Lighting system according to claim 5, characterized in that the line is a contains an arcuate piece that is a tangential continuation of the second straight piece, while the third straight piece forms the tangential continuation of the arc-shaped piece. 7. Lighting system according to claim 6, characterized in that the sum of the length of the second straight piece multiplied by the cosine of the first angle (^ ₁ ) and the length of the third piece multiplied by the cosine of the second angle (/ <") a Has a value between zero and the entire length of the reducer (20) measured in the axial direction. 8. Lighting system according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the light exit surface (22) lies in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis, the respective distance from the two focal points (F ₁ and F ₂ ) greater than the corresponding distance is the plane from the focal points which passes through the points of intersection (107, 108) of the center and marginal rays. 9. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the light distributor (14) consists of two parts, a conical first part (65) with a tip and a base and a frustoconical second part (66) with a relatively small one Vertex surface and a relatively large base, the base of the first part and the vertex surface of the second part have the same size and sit one on top of the other and the lateral surface of the first part has a smaller angle (λ / 2) with the optical axis than that of the second part ψ2 ) forms. 10. Lighting system according to claim 9, characterized in that the lateral surface of the first part (65) an angle (a / 2) of less than 45 ° and that of the second part (66) forms an angle (/ i / 2) of more than 45 ° with the optical axis. 11. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the Lichtverleiler (14) is a body of revolution which is formed from a curve that the optical axis intersects, and its center of curvature lies above the plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis and through the intersection of the curve with the Axis goes, and the radius of curvature is greater than the distance between the center of curvature and the optical axis. 12. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the light distributor (14) is a body of revolution which is formed from a curve which the optical axis and represents a body with a tip and a base, in which the Angle between the tangent applied to the tip and the optical axis is smaller than 'The angle between the tangent applied to the corner piece close to the base and the optical one Axis. 13. Lighting system according to claim 12, characterized in that the angle between the tangent applied to the tip and the optical axis is less than 45 ° and the angle between the tangent applied to the curve piece close to the base and the optical axis is greater than 45 °. 14. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the light distributor (14) is a body of revolution which is formed from a curve which the optical axis intersects and represents a concave body with a tip and a base, whose diameter of all Krcis cross sections is smaller than the diameter of the corresponding one Circular cross-sections of a straight cone with the same base and height as the concave solid of revolution are. 15. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by the Combination of the following features: a) the light integrator (15) contains an upper spherical section (151) with a centrally arranged on the optical axis light entry window (13 or 131) and a lower portion (152), the outline of which by the straight connections of the Corner points of a polygon (153) with the corners of a rectangle that forms the light exit window (16) represents is formed; b) the polygon has 4 η sides, where / 1 is an integer between 1 and 00, and lies in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis; c) the 4/1 corner points of the polygon lie on the inner surface of the spherical one Section, and the intersection of its diagonal lies on the optical axis; d) the rectangle is at least as big as that negative to be illuminated; e) the rectangle lies in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis, and the point of intersection its diagonal lies on the optical axis; f) the distance between the plane of the rectangle and the light entry window is at least as great like the distance of the plane of the polygon from the light entrance window; g) four sides of the polygon are parallel to each side of the rectangle; h) η neighboring corner points of the polygon are connected to the nearest corner of the rectangle by η straight lines, so that four flat trapezoids are formed alternating with four groups of n-1 flat triangles; i) the planes of the trapezoids and triangles are continued between the corner points of the polygon up to the intersection with the spherical surface of the light integrator.
16. Lighting system according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by the combination following features: a) the light integrator (15) contains an upper spherical section with a light entry window (13 or 131) arranged centrally on the optical axis and a lower section, the outline of which is formed by the straight connections of the corner points of a polygon with the corners of a rectangle, which the Represents light exit window (16), is formed; b) the polygon has 4 η sides, where η is an integer between 1 and 00, and lies in an E, plane perpendicular to the optical axis; the 4 » * te inner
^k «A slide Negative; _e) the SE? * "Poiyg- ™" lid intrittsfenster; , _t diagonal of the Rectangle; _Corner points of the polygon Ä Shipping area corner of it der nui. *. . connected, points upwards; _switch with four _k) this, "he flat D <^ ^ec _{iecken from where} Groups of _last π each ^the · ^Β Γ Z " Vmer set of the polygon triangles with one b _{the zen} gon be an octagon. For this purpose 2 sheets of drawings