DE1907097A1 - Materials with a specific light transmission made from synthetic thermoplastic polymers and their use in agriculture - Google Patents

Description

Cm BEIT AM

^19Q7097

# 15

ϊιι

ttf; tfft

i'i -.:; kf % t _f

if 1 *

fttiWtlit

influencing light absorption in the near ultraviolet ^ n λ '.

Substances can exert a significant positive influence in the sense that materials with ^; ^ ähnllciien absorption spectra elatiif exert sowohl'qualitativ as quantitatively significantly different effect on the plants ^/. \

The aim of the present invention is therefore the ^ synthetic thermoplastic materials made from therniopla-. Table polymers in the form of transparent or acidic sheeting foils or plates, the certain optisehe ■ "■■". ■ lig@nsehef.ten own, which the ^ a ifeterlalien'sur ifer « Protection of: Flowers and fruit plants © nb © s © nBe; r®: '

According to the present invention, translucent or thick-layered synthetic thermoplastic materials, which essentially contain:

1) a thermoplastic polymer material, which can be made of foils, sheets or the like, such as Z ₀ B " polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyiDroöylen ^ polymethyl" methacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyamides and these thermoplastics Materials can be used alone or in combination with one another,

2) A stabilizer against heat and light that Barium, cadmium ", lead", ZinK, tin uijd / o & er stabilizer consists »

3 ^ Vsp7ua, swe \ i3e, but not ^ winrendi ajQ Cß

tor «Qp-gn heat and light, consisting of an odej? several organic compounds, which have an epi ^ ygruBpg in molecule Tnirsdagen, such as the high, pen] 3pO3f ^ gPt @ r fflit ZZ feiis 150 carbon atoms *

k) Before ^ p ^^ w ^ isöj, jedneh nioht? witii? end _# an an mv ^ orption from Ultra many ttstr / ihiwig b®fm% mte, luv binding, im allgarinsing «© in Bßn ^ oph ^ non qu & t * a pdf ρ sufegtituiarteg "Sris ^ ol, possibly ± n

r ei tih Afhl3

S) Vpspaygiwftgfi, Jidpqh, ^ iaht m% ft «et>& _t fixi®

consisting of β im into it
90Ö837 / 15SÖ

- ;; .. :: ^; 190709?

- "- 3 * · '■■ ■"' "'■" "■"'

from the phthalic acid ester series with 4 to 13 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, if necessary together with an antioxidant agent such as Substituted phenols, alone or in a mixture, with polyalcohols, and also in a mixture with various plasticizers from the phthalic acid esters, such as, for example, AdipinsMurealky esters with k to 13 carbon atoms

in the alkyl chain j ^ "· ·.} b) sebacic acid alkyl esters with k- to 13 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain)"-.'...-. :. "" _ ■ · - ■ _:.-..--.

c) Azelaic acid alkyl esters with H to 13 carbon atoms. in the alkyl chain j

d) alkyl "or aryl phosphates and -phosphitenj ^un §? _, β ^! Γί

e) olky! aromatic hydrocarbons-such. B. Dodecyl benzene and the like »| . . · <-

f) chlorinated and sulfonated paraffins. , '* ..,

6) Vorzugsweisej but not necessarily _f a lubricant composition containing one or more of the following compounds:>. . . "" ■ ", ... ..;" .. "_...>% ^r f: Higher aliphatic carboxylic acids (with 12" bi: - .. 2 ^ atoms) As z> B. Stearic acid, lauric acid or myristic acid. their barium «. , Cadmium, zinc or lead salts,. _. -..., ■. . ^:: . "" ■ · · .. - .- ".. ■. ■ ..... ^^^ _fV ^ _{; i 4} paraffin waxes, '-" _,. - ■ -.

Polyamide waxes, ".-'... '.'; ^ .- c ^ low molecular weight polyethylenes, _ .... Silikpnöle, ..." ... ■ lubricating mineral oils, ".""." - ""

higher aliphatic alcohols with 12 to 'zk carbon,, atoms,: "' ■ ''.:% .."";-.". -

and, according to the invention, one or more known per se Paroffees, of such kind and in such quantity, that the ... thermoplastic materials in the form .y-on:, Pp, lieri ,. plates or the like., e.in · absorption spectrum through at least .an abs ptions maximum (transparency minimum), .between 3800 and 5900 Ä. In particular he, -wiesen .. as expedient ^ aterialien with a, Du ^ p -lehligkeitsminimun :. .in one of the following .spectral ranges: -, - ■ - ·

from 4100 to 4500 8. ; _; ^¥

from 4900 to 5400 8

from 5250 to 5750 8 '. \

and preferably, but not necessary, a permeable * »

maximum of more than 50% in the "spectral range between.

63OO and 66OO 8 and from more than $ 70 in the spectral range 2wi «

see 66OO and 7500 8 «

For illustration and further explanation are some Types of dyes listed, the use of which proved to be particularly expedient «'-

For the production of materials with minimal By --- "'' lässi °; ness in the range 4100-4500. _8: azo dyes is from Acetylacetoaryliden and pyrazolone proven particularly suitable for the production of materials with minimal transmittance in the spectral region intermediate, 4900. and j & 00.8 high molecular weight pyrazolone-derived ...: "'Azo dyes have proven to be particularly suitable.

For the production of materials with minimal transmission in the spectral range between 5250 and 5750 8 are vat dyes derived from thioindigo are particularly suitable » '. ;

The amount of dye to be used varies greatly. Depending on , the optical properties that the polymer material in ^ orm ^ should receive from foils or plates, -:. "

Especially in the production of materials a minimum permeability of 20-40-60 ^ in the spectral ranges;
4100-45008 - ^ w. - ■ -. , · « U'L- ----- - ^

4900 - 54008 ';■■' ■ · ^: - - " ^Λ '

5250 - 5750 8 ^l - "~ T \ ^.: '\" ?:

the amounts of dyes of the above kind were as follows: J.

U L K t: .fc -

O ₁ oil to 0.2 (4100 - 4500 Å) parts by weight per

(100 parts

0.01 to 0.5 (4900 *. 5400 Å)) polymer

0.01 to 1 (5250 - 5750 Ä )

The quantitative composition of the polymer material according to the invention depends on the type of additives mentioned under 2) to 6). _: '*

Satisfactory results have been obtained with "transparent, colored." Polymer materials in the form of films based on 100 parts of the thermoplastic polymer 0.5 - 10 parts of a stabilizing against heat and light Composition,

0 - 30 parts of a co-stabilizer for this,
0-2 parts of a UV absorber, '
0 -1Ö0 parts of a plasticizer composition,
0-5 parts of a lubricant composition,
and 0.00001-5 parts dye.

For illustration, an example of the composition is given below of a transparent colored material according to given the present invention?

"Sicron 548", (registered trademark of Montecatini Edison S.p «Ae, vinyl chloride homopolymer produced by suspension polymerization) 100 parts by weight

Barium-gadmium heat stabilizer

(Ba / Cd = 1/2) 3 »

5 "Epoxidized Soybean Oil 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone 0.25 "diootyl phthalate (with 0.2 ^ bisphenol A) 50" Trioresyl phosphate 10 "

Stearic acid. 0.5 "

Dye 0.1 .- ■ "

That contains the additives mentioned under points 2 to 6 thermoplastic polymer can be used according to the

19P7Ö97

■ - ■ 6 - ■■■ '-. - ■■■ .: ■.; ■:: ■.; - ■ "■. ~

Stöfftechnik known processes into foils and plates will. For example, colored foils are made from the inventive polymer material by extruding a Granulate or powder (fD] »ooteQäge» t # ei ») ^ that from the polymer exists in a mixture with the additives mentioned.

Such mixtures, both in the form of powders as well as granules, are prepared by first mixing the polymer and the additives · cold and then at a temperature of up to 120 ⁰ C. The mixe ^ i / Wira t) EJL annealing doors (between 120 and 18O ⁰ G gelation) so obtained into a homogeneous mass and then placed in a granulator ₉ of example * of a sleeve provided with at the appropriate point with a rotating cutting blade extruder consists .

The granules obtained in this way are then placed in a corresponding * processed by the extruder into foils or sheets.

The polymer material according to the invention shows both in Form of plasticized films as well as plasticized ones or rigid plates better impact resistance compared to glass, lower specific weight, and causes lower construction costs because cheaper support structures are used can be, .

Plasticized films made of polyvinyl chloride according to the above * present invention show the following mechanical properties: Modulus of elasticity (ASTM D 882) of more than 0.3 and preferably between 0,? and 1.5 kg / sqmm lying down} Breaking strength (ASTM) of more than 0.7 and preferably 2 to 3 kg / qmrnj

Elongation at break (in the longitudinal direction, ASTM D 882) of more than. $ 100 and preferably from $ 250 to $ 100

Tensile strength (ASTM D 689) in the longitudinal direction of more than 2000, preferably between * K) 00 and 8000 g / mm, in the transverse direction of more than 2000 and preferably 3500 b, is 8000 g / mm} constant thermal resistance, unchanged after 200 minutes at 1? 0 ° G}

83 771 If Ö "W" - ■■ -; ■.

"i Lightfastness, measured with a Waether-Ometer E ^ 2/66, unchanged after 1,000 hours _β

Plates made of the material according to the invention are through the following mechanical properties marked? Breaking strength (ASTM D 638) greater than 2, preferably between 3 and 7 kg / sqmmj

Izod resistance at 23 ⁰ C (ÄSTM D 256) of more than 2.5 kg.cm / cm.
Heat and light resistance see above.

j Example 1

j foils with a thickness of 0.15 mm were made from a poly-

A mixture of the following is produced:

Polyvinyl chloride, "Sicron 5 ^ 8" (registered trademark

from Monteoatini Edison S.p.A.) 100 parts by weight

Plasticizer (mixture of phthalic acid

ester and epoxidized soybean oil) 52 " Stabilizer (complex system from

Barium and cadmium soaps) 3 "

Dye (1) 0.2 - 0 ^ 9 "

UV absorber (TJV 9) 0.2 "

The films were also characterized by the mechanical properties summarized in Table I.

(1) 0.2 part by weight of a purple vat dye was used (Color-index 73385) resp. 0.09 parts by weight of a blue one non-chlorinated phthalocyanine dye (color index 7 ^ 160) used.

ORlGlNALrINSPEGTEO

Table I.

■ r t the B e s t i m m μ η. G Test procedure

Who ~ t

Density at 23 ⁰ C g / ecm *
Temperature for cold bending _fl

"Shore" hardnessο ₀ a ₀ «, ο ο». <*, "Ο ο

Modulus
Breaking stress
Elongation % 2
kg / mm Modulus
Breaking stress,
Elongation % Q
kg / ram
Il Bers twiders tand ρ
kg / cm

With foil

longitudinal

with foil ^Λ
■ '■ in the transverse direction

ELMENDORF tear strength, ■ film _s longitudinal g / mm

«■ ts

'transversal g / srai

ELKENDORF tear _{resistance g FoUe 5} longitidinal g / mm

¹ .Λ '. ·' ^H. ', ^ra transversal'g / mm ^ _ ELMEHDOEF-Tensile strength _s film longitudinal g / mm. "

"■. ■. ■" ■■ ^a "transverse g / mm

23 ⁰ G

at 10 ⁰ C

■ at O ⁰ C

■. ■ '■', 'ASTM ₁ ,
Dl 043 - 61T

D882 - 61 ¹ T

D882 - 61 T

Dl922 .w. 613?

PI922

Di922 '

1.235

- 21

82

1.30

2.55 3 ¹ OK

1.20

CX)

- / ^ ^v Y 2 J 4
. < J ■ ^ = A
■ '^; ■ <& 2 _s 90
4300 , 1 y • *% ii iff *
■■ '■ f <a
. (Io ¹ 5000 2800 • 3500 ₍ 2300 2600

Apart from the optical properties, the 3 tested materials all properties are completely identical.

The following Table II summarizes the optical properties of the 3 tested materials. With A is the purple one. Labeled film (according to the invention), with B "the blue film, (comparison) and with: C a colorless film without dye (comparison) · '- _ V

OBIGlNAL INSPECTED

Day 1 1 e II

Permeability

3000 3250 3500 3750 ij-000 4250 4500 4750 5000 5250 5500

6250 6500 6750 7000 7250 7500 7750

A. total B. total G - 91 direct 0 direct 0 total 0 " 0 Ό 0 13th 91 0 4th S. 0 4th 5 4.5 45.5 1 -. 40 91 31 66 , 5 35- 75 . 56 47 74 66 83 82 58 73 73 87 * 5 84 ₉ 5 60.5 70 76 88.5 87- ₈ 5 59 58 - 87 48 42.5 73 79 88.5 31 38 86 57 30.5 41 45 Ji-I ₉ 5 89 30th 60.5 29 38 46.5 B2.5 28 * i2 89.5 63 87.5 38 69 _S 5 70.5 89 52: .69 90.5 74 89.5 49; 58 _S 5. 76 90 50 65 91 77 90 61 77s 5 77.5 90.5 73 86.5 78 90.5 79 90 78 90.5 82 91 78.5 91 83 91.5 78.5 Q It
QUr. -

ORIGINAL INSPECTED

- 11 The total permeability was measured with

Hitachi Perkin Elmer Spectrophotometer, the one with a an integrator suitable for such determinations was «

There have been no measurements of wavelengths below ;. 3_Oöö R carried out because the sun's rays of such worlds : -! arrive almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere ■ turn-ttnd. äaher-no role for the life of the plants

J play. ■ "■ -.". ".

The amount of dye was sufficient in both pads ^! to ensure a direct permeability of about $ 30 for the mile length characteristic of the dye.

The violet film has a minimum permeability of 30 $ kel 5750 J? _p ^ Shrend the transmittance minimum of • 20 $ liegte in the bluing film at 6000 E As the table © reichtIich ,, are the absorption spectra of the two Mater! "ali © n% m spectral" b © ranging from 3000 to 6000 S in both Qualitative (maximum and minimum permeability values) as well as quantitative (permeability values) are very similar. The only noticeable difference is the shift in the minimum absorption (5750 for the violet film, 6000 S for the blue film) after the Infrared range o

In the spectral range between 6000 and 85OO 8, the violet film behaves similarly to the colorless film _s while the blue film has a second absorption minimum between 6750 and 7000 Η (50 & direct permeability) _{or the like}

The experiments © to determine the agronomic properties of the above films were carried out in the following manner? We worked with 9 small wooden greenhouses, which were built identically and had a covered area of 4.25 nT *, with a unit volume of 2 ₉ 5% / mo. The greenhouses had a door which also served for ventilation “You were in the Piaggia _s experimental farm near by

eat ö ' ^:

- ¹² ■ "" - « 307097

of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Pisa. All greenhouses were north-south orientedj were located in an area free of trees and away from buildings,

The nine greenhouses were divided into 3 groups of 3 greenhouses each} as cover material for each group was the purple, the blue respectively. the colorless foil of the type described above

The arrangement of the greenhouses with the various Covering materials were alternating, and the spacing was like this., that mutual shading would be avoided. Furthermore were Measures taken to avoid disruptions to the experiments through possible Avoid differences in soil quality.

12 tomato plants (Art Marmande) planted.

The attempts were made in 196? between January 12th and June 20th. The results are in the table below summarized:

. . "- ■ - .. · Type of slide

A (.violet) B (blue) C (colorless)

Total Production (g) 3241 ^; 200? 2553

Average fruit weight

(E) 131

Maturation index (days) I38 Maximum number of flowers 43

Setting index: 0.58

The above data are the mean values obtained for each Ge = wMchshaus were determined «.

009837/1160

BATH ORIGINAL

82 93 140 135 " 40 48 0.62 0.54

- 1.3- ~ ^ν '.-- ■

From the data it can be seen that surprisingly / through Use of the films according to the invention results in a significant increase in yield is achieved. -, - ■ -._

In particular, it can be seen that by using the

films according to the invention, the total production increases noticeably, both in comparison with the use of a colorless film and in comparison with the use of a colored film which has only a few different optical properties. '■ ■

In comparison to the blue-colored film, with the film according to the invention Film an increase in productivity of $ 62, im An increase in production compared to colorless film 27 ^ scored.

Example 2

^{Foils of Q, 15 mip} thickness with the "same" mechanical properties, but yellow and red in color, were produced according to the instructions in the "previous example", foils with three different shades of each color produced. The 'foils showed a very small diameter

ness of 20, 40 and 60 ^ in yellowing in the $ wave 4250th, lnrn wave in red color in the ^ e 5250 S. As a yellow dye was Pigmenterelb 83 in amounts of from 0., 0O, 0.05, and 0.025 wt .-parts υΓσ 1OO parts by weight vinyl chloride polymer used. As a red dye was a high molecular weight azo dye, namely jlsazoic AD, parts by used in amounts of 0.1 ?, 0.09 and 0.048 Gw..

In this example, the films did not contain any UV absorber.

In the following table, the direct and the total transmittance, as a function of the wavelength, are again p-e ^. With G ₁ -, G ₂ . and G ^ are denoted areffpof fen, the passages ^ .s ^ ifk ^ iteTpinim ·) vnv 20, 40 and 60 ⁶ ^ with a length of 4? 50 S lines. R ₁ , R ₃ and R "denote 3 red foils that

6ÖÖ837 / 1S

BATH ORIGINAL

J-J j

10Q7O97

lowest (Tesamb permeability of 2Ö _S kO and & 0% toei wavelength 5250 S have « _Λ C ^; -.""" ■ '

• Ρ • Η CU

■ Η W (Q

CA CiJ

CiJ

CiJ

0) br-

: cö

H H φ

- ί.5 -

1307097

ON 00 tO> Α O "4 τ-ΓΟ

«Λ is ιν« Ν- es-, νο νο _; AO

ΛΟι VO, VOi VO \

CS 0OO O O © O

ts οο σ- σ · on cjv on

try

«Λ vr \

νο »ιτ \

vr, vr \

· * O CM. On · Os-. Cs- O CM ^ t O- νο CM -3 " ¹ A λθ VJ νθ νο rl OFl VG VO VO VO VQ U ^. Ir, \ Pv C ^. CJO OO OO OC OD OO 00

vrv

ΛΓ>

ί OS »A O O Jd" νο> 4- O C * CM CS O O O O "τΗ τ-ι -Γ VY Cs- IS IS VO VfN, ^ J ^ - J ^ - CS- 00 ON ON i © N OS ON Ο "

VTy VfN vr> VT ^

IPv

VO, VO, VOv

^ J- .OO -CM ^ CM &quot; -CS- VO VO CTv CN. t-H τΗ CvI C ^ N. V \ VO VO VO

η W -Φ νο νρ »η -ä γλ σ> ^ j- is co co co οο co co οο

VfN ■

ON CM CM ¹ A CM VO VO ντ \

JT VO \ CA CJN

CvJ \ Α Wn, ^

r ^ \ CM CM CM

νο, ντ ι ■ νο,

- ^ OO Ov O O O τ-Ι OO OO OO Ov On ON On

ir,

irv-.ΐΛ

CM

OO

H CM

On

CM ντγ C-OO OO OO GO OO CO

"νό \ vA νο, νο, νο,

CO Ά IS OO CM VO Ο- · »OO O τΗ -τ-Ι. τ-Ι ν-Ι r-ΙτΗ τ-Ι CM CM tS IS VO VO VO IS OO CO On σ. On ON Ο \ ON CN O ^ 0 ^s CT- Ολ On

τΗ! S <Α νο, Ov O CM -4 'CM CM - ^ - »Α« Ν ντ \ νο, VO VO VQ VC ^ VO VCi VO MD, CM VO ₁ VO VO VA VOi ΛΓ \ VO IS 00 OO OO 00 OD CO 00 00 CO OCj 00 CO CO CO

ντ,

νχν, vA vr,

0 Cs- JS r-l Ά CS £> ^

Ό CM On ν © Γ * Λ CvI, _ (VA »A» A ^ tm

GO ON IN OOO τ-Ι ν-Ιτ-) - "τΗ j-Γ" τΗ τΗ CM CM CV «Λ is CQ Ο \ On O. CT O" ON Ο <Q'- Ο- * ON Ο \ Ο ' « Ο \

xi ^ i- ν-ι CM «A Jd - ^ vr, VfN VC / νθ vc> VO νο νο 'VA VO CO .00 OO OO OO. OO -CO OO OD OO GO OO OO

¹ A vr \

VT-, ir ·,

VO ₁ VO SO VT, OO CT- ΧΑ M ^ OOO r-4 τ-i τ-1 τΗ τ-Ι rl rl CM CM CM CM VO VO, CA CM CVj CN. VO OO OV O> -CJn 'O> ON-O- 0 ^s ON 0 ^s O ^ ON ON ON

“A VO ON VfN, O OO N Π J * CA τ-! CM

O TT -ir ¹ A vo, VT \ vn vn VA »N. vo, VTi vp, vrv IS CO OO OO OO OO OO OO CO OO OO CO OO OO

O OO O O OO O C O OO C C O O O O O O O O O

O vr \ O VOv O voi O Vf-- O "~ * O» A- O vr, p vos ο »A O vo, O» A O

O CM V> CS O CM VO, IS Ο CM VO, (SO CM ¹ A P-- O CM ¹ A "CS O CM ¹ A

ca (Λ r> η 4 -sf -4- JTt AP). tr \ vn va vo vo vo vo es- c * - d- es co co co

TSSO

BATH ORIGINAL

1807097

The tests to determine the agronomic properties of the films were carried out as follows!
18 semicircular tunnels were worked, each of which covered an area of 5.8 m and had the following dimensions:

Width a. foundation 1 M- m length m Height of Firsts 0 , 98 m

The tunnels were in the experimental station
"Vaccheria" of the University's Agricultural Institute

Piss, you were orientated northeast-southwest, and in parallel

arranged rows of 1.30 m distance Seiteiiabstand each other was 1 m from the _e 18 Tunreis 3 groups were formed, each 6 tunnels, / ■. .

Within each G-rt; .ppe a tunnel was covered with one of the 6 foils described above. 12 tomato plants (Narmande type) were then grown in each tunnel. In order to ensure constant ventilation, holes 5 cm in diameter were made in 2 rows in the covering film. The towers could be moved upwards _{9 in} order to ventilate the plants better during the hot days without, however, exposing them directly to the outside light

The experiments took place in 1967 in the period from March to July 22nd, "'

The results are shown in Table IV below. together with the results when using a colorless: Slide, reproduced.

Qoeeai.7i6.fo .-. ··: _{BÄDOfflG1NAt}

Table IV

Q >

I s

Type of slide

■ Ο 'CO

op

(G) G ₁ 6th G ₂ G3 ^R l ^B 2 8th ^R 3. colorless Overall product i on (?) 1522- 3 1 ^ 23 1728 1588 I609 3 1566 Mitilereρ ■ weight
of the fruits (Days) 110 113 II5 121 115 119 105 Heating index 107 108.7 107.1 111.2 107 108.1 106.9 Maximum number of flowers 21, 19.5 19.3 19, V. 20, 19.2 20th Setting index ■ 0.664 . O, .7O9 0.786 0.701 0.704 0.690 0.680

m m ο

, ■ ^ i ■ ·.:. '■■

From the above data it can be seen with regard to the overall production that the best values are achieved with foils of type G- (foils with a permeability minimum of 60 % at 4,250 A) ₉ with the yellow polisn, while with the red foils the best values are achieved with foils of type Rg (Films with a minimum permeability of 40 % at 5.25 © Ä.) Can be achieved

With regard to the average weight of the individual fruits, the best results are achieved with foils G- and R ₁

With regard to the maturation index it can be seen that the yellow foils have practically the same effect.,. while with the red foils the foil R, different from the two noticeably differentiates others »

With regard to the number of flowers, practically the same results are achieved with the red foils, while the yellow foils G. have a different effect than the two other foils «. In the case of the setting index, it was found that the red foils practically all di © exert the same effect, while in the case of the yellow foils of the type G exert a markedly higher effect than the foils of the type G ₁ and G ₂ Plant life are particularly accelerated "

For example, if you want to achieve a high total production with the yellow foils, then foils of type G are recommended, while foils of type G ₁ are expediently used for browning numerous flowers »

With red foils one achieves a high overall production with foils of type R ₂ , while fruits with a high individual weight are obtained with foils of type R ₁ «

If an increase in the Hoechst Setting Index is always sought, the use of films of the G - type always proven to be particularly advantageous "

Example 3

About the influence of foils with different optical properties Foils were used to confirm the agronomic properties in the spectral range between 6000 and 8000 X made with different permeability in this area.

Bs was treated with a yellow dye (Pigment Yellow 83) in amounts of O _? O25 parts by weight and a blue dye (non-chlorinated phthalocyanine) worked in amounts of Ο, ΟΑ-8 parts by weight.

■ CS

Absorber. The optical properties of the films labeled $ and D are shown in the following table. V reproduced. . ,

INSPECTED * ^ft * * ^{3 7} ' ^{1 S δ}

: - 20 ■ -.

If 1 1 β V

wavelength

Permeability

ο
A.

colorless

3000 50 3250 60 3500 70 3750 75 4000 80 4250 85 4500 90 4750 90 5000 90 5250 90 5300 90 5750 90 6000 90 6250r < 91 6500 91 6750 91 7000 91 7250 91 7500 91 7750 91 8000 91 8250 91 8500 91

21 57 63 65 5? 50 52 64 72 82 84 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 21

53 ■

78.5

75

67

60

60

72

86-

89.5
90

90

90V5

91

91V

91.5

91.5

91, 5: ■

91.5

92
92
92 :: -

27 29 35

73 77 80

79 73 60 47 47 55

-65 62

65 71 78 81

83

84

85

- ί 5 5 27 5 29 48 5 - i 70 5 '[ 79 5 'ϊ 84 5 ■ \ 88 j 89 83, 70 60, 61 74 73 72, 75 83 88 90 90, 91

1SSO

ORIGINAL INSPECTED,

From the above data it can be seen that / the two films have different properties in the spectral range between 6000 and 8500% such that film G shows a value of the direct transmittance which remains practically constant with varying wavelength, and in the vicinity of $ 86 while film D shows an increasing permeability between 6000 and 6500 pounds and then a minimum value (6Z $) at wavelengths of 6750 to 7000 pounds, and that for the wavelengths between 7500 and 8500 % the properties of film D are similar those of slide G. - "-..." ■ "_" ■

Tomato (Marmande type) were grown in Functioning tunnel after Ar- '■ of Example 2, using as covering material films of the type C and D, as well as a colorless film (for comparison purposes).

The agronomic results are shown in Table VI below. summarized:

Table VI

Type of slide

G -D colorless Total production (g) 1728 1380 1 ^ 1-19 Middle .. O-ex-.dcht
of fruits (>■;) 115 106 105 Rq ifungsi nc! ex (days) 107.5 108.1 106.9 FaximaIe number of flowers 19.3 19.7 20th Setting index ■ 0.786 0.669 • 0.680

From above. Data it can be seen that the different permeability iv> spectral range between 6OOO and 85ΟΌ R fcateächlich a significant effect on the agronomic characteristics in general ^ insbesnririere IMD aus'iben to the total production.

3 11 \% SQ BAD ORIGINAL

Example 4

In this example the flow of kinetics is different translucent materials according to the present invention examined on PFeffer plants.

_{Foils of type Q 2} - (cf. Example 2) and, for comparison, colorless foils and foils designated with F and having the optical properties shown in Table VII below were used as the cover material for the tunnel-shaped ones.

The films F contained a blue-yes dye from ia the above examples in a »Msnga of o.17 Qew. «Divide.

The trials were carried out in 1967 between March 15th and July 22nd.

The agronomic data obtained are from the following See table «

T a b G 1 I s

G ₂ 821 ■
Type of slide 249 colorless F. 715 Total production (g) 55 58 Mean weight of the 130.19 13? ₉ 35 55 Fruits (g) 'S!. * ϊ 5 96 135.96 Maturation index (days) ο κι
-, id _i 0.93 7 _? 08 Maximum number of flowers 1.95 Setting index

example 5

In this example a 0.2 mm thick polyvinyl chloride film is used of the same type as those in the previous B @ i-

909837/1550

play described foils used for the forced cultivation of tomatoes (Supermannande type)

The optical properties of this film are given in the following table!

Tabel

wavelength Direct Permeability 20th total 3000 54 20th 3250 60 52 3500 62 75 3750 57 72 4000 48 64 4250 50 57 4500 62 57 4750 70 70 $ 000 79 83 5250 81 86 5500 82 87 5750 82 87 6000 82 88 6250 82 88 6500 83 88 ι 6750 83 88.5 7000 83 88.5 7250 83 88.5 7500 83 88.5 7750 83 88.5 eooo 83 89 B25O 83 89 8500 89

The tests required to determine the agronomic properties of this film were carried out as follows

Bs became 30 greenhouses of identical for the purpose

Ö0Ö837 / 1550

Construction used, each of which has an area of k9 _t k m covered and a specific volume of 1.85 m / m. had · Every single greenhouse was provided with a door that was also used for ventilation.

The north-south oriented greenhouses were on the experimental station "Vaccheria" near the Agricultural Institute of the University of Pisa, in a tree-free area away from buildings.

These 30 greenhouses were divided into 5 groups of 6 greenhouses each. Each group of 6 greenhouses included 'greenhouse one which had walls of a yellow film of the type described above, as well as a greenhouse, the nt for comparison purposes walls of a colorless film & m had the manner described in Example 1. ·

Within each group of 6 greenhouses, made with material of different selective optical transmittance were overdrawn, their mutual arrangement had been structured in such a way that they corresponded to the law of chance. At the same time, the individual greenhouses were arranged at equal distances from one another, in such a way that one mutual shading was excluded

Other additional measures have been applied to avoid the disturbing effect of possible differences in the properties of the soil

In each greenhouse 138 tomato plants of the species Supermannande were planted in such a way that there were k plants for every square meter of covered soil. The KuIturversuohe extended over the period from May 21 to June 10, 1967.

The results of these tests are summarized in the table below, the first data referring to the yellow foil and the second dates refer to the colorless foil!

909837/1550

Tabel

21 Max 1967 Yellow foil 50
6,120
122 Colorless film Fruit number 9
Total production (g) 900
Average weight d. Fruit§ '100 36
4,640
128.5 May 24, 1967 234
32,340
138 Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 120
15,100
125 May 27, 1967 325
58,100
179 Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 459
53,050
115 May 29, 1967 417
67,500
162 Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 473
55,900
118 May 31, 1967 783
102,700
131 Fruit number
Total «stinking production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 525
57,560
110 3rd June 1967 669
91,230
136 Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 822
85.810
104 5th June 1967 1,130
157.960
UO Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 680
73,990
109 June 7, 1967 Fruit number
Total production (g)
Mean Weight d. Fruits (g) 1,211
116,580
96

909837/1550

June 10, 1967 Total fruit production (g) Mlttl. Weight d. Fruits (g)

Yellow Foil colorless «Foil · 1,945 1,843 273,520 163,300 140 89

The values given above result in the extraordinary, unexpected improvements which are achieved through the use of the films according to the invention, clearly. In particular, it can be clearly seen how the use of the films according to the invention enables an overall production that is significantly higher (especially in the last part of the breeding) than the one that can be reached with colorless foils.

Instead of polyvinyl chlorides as the base material, it goes without saying that other thermoplastic polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, xthylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate, polyamides and the like. can be used.

Claims (5)

. i. Materials with certain light permeability made of synthetic thermoplastic polymers, 44e in particular for use in the construction of greenhouses and greenhouses, in the form of foils, plates and the like, essentially consisting of at least one easily deformable synthetic thermoplastic polymer to plates, foils or the like such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyamides and the like, a composition that stabilizes and / or co-stabilizes against heat and light, optionally one or more UV absorbers, a plasticizer and a lubricant, characterized in that they also contain one or more per se known dyes of this type and in such an amount that the polymer material in the form of films, plates or the like. An absorption spectrum with at least one permeability minimum in the spectral range between 3800 and .5900 Å, and preferably , but not It is imperative to have a maximum permeability of more than $ 0% in the spectral range. rich between 63ΟΟ and 66ΟΟ 8 and greater than 70% in the spectral range between 66ΟΟ and 7500 8. 2. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the minimum permeability in the spectral range between 4100 and 45OO 8 lies. 3. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the permeability minimum in the spectral range is between 4900 and 5000 % . ty ,,. Material according to claim i, characterized in that the minimum permeability in the spectral range is between 5250 and 5750 Å. 5. Method sum Schjjfc ^ wnd for driving flowers and Fruit crops, daaurcjBfp ^ denotes that plant breeding 609837/1550 ORIGINAL INSPECTED DK. JUR. DfPL-CHEM. WAtTER HAT ALFRED HOEPPENER DR. JUR. DIPL-CHEM. HJ. WOLFF Miui.HANsan.BEiL «II FIANKFURT AM MAIN-HOCHST ABELONFTLASSE St. Re: patent application P 19 07 097.4 Montecatini Edison SpA - our Mr. 15 324 - claim: 5. Use of the materials of claims 1 to 4 for the production of panels and Films for covering greenhouses and greenhouses. For Hontecatini Edison S.p.A. • Law 909837/1550 ^