DE1814617A1 - Process for developing an electrostatic latent image - Google Patents

Description

Söh / ϊΐΐ Gase P / 689 (D / 1797]

RäIK XEROX LIMlOiSBp London / England

.'Process for the development of eixxas l & tenten elektrosta ti small picture

The invention relates ga: az generally electrostatic printing and more particularly relates to Terbesser te Materialisn and methods siir development of electrostatic latent images.

The formation mid discharge iron images on the surfaces

909830/1196

Photoconductive materials by electrostatic measures is known. The runteerograpMevei'fahrön ₉ v / al which is the subject of US Pat. No. 2,297,691 consists in applying a uniform electrostatic charge to a photoconductive insulation layer, the layer with a light and shadow image for discharging the charge on the "/ on the" To irradiate light-irradiated stables and develop the resulting electrostatic latent image by applying a finely divided electroscopic material to the image called "! Toner." The toner is normally obtained from those parts of the layer that retain a charge ^ attracted, so that © is formed in the toner image corresponding to the latent electrostatic image. This powder image can then "be" transferred "to a carrier surface" such as paper. The transferred image can then be permanently fixed to the surface by heat Optionally, the patterned electro-tactical charge can be applied to the surface nes insulator and developed in the same way as the electrostatic latent images on the surface of photoconductive materials.

There are many methods known to the electroscope! Ieilchen see the au developing electrostatic image apply "A development method" in the US patent 2 618 describes is known as "cascade development" known In carrying out this method, a Intwicklsrmaterial ₉ that of relatively large 3C carrier milk © n _p to which finely divided l'on particles adhere electrostatically to the surface, trickled or cascaded over the surface bearing the electrostatic image, when the mixture cascades or trickles over the surface bearing the image, the !! toner particles become electrostatic deposited and held in the charged areas of the latent image, while the non-charged areas or

909830/1196

Λ-möU : # § £> ORIGINAL

the background areas of the picture remain free "The carrier * particles as well as the non-consumed! donor particles then recycled.

Another method for developing electrostatic images is described in US Pat. No. Z 874, for example. This process is referred to as "magnetic brushing process ^11. In carrying out this process, a developer material containing the doner and magnetic carrier particles" is carried by a magnet. The magnetic field of the magnet causes the magnetic carriers to align in a ribbon-like configuration This "magnetic brush" is brought into contact with a surface bearing an electrostatic image, and the coner particles are drawn from the brush to the electrostatic image by electrostatic attraction. Many other methods, such as "touch down ⁿ development" ( See US Pat. No. 2,895,847) "are also known to apply electroscopic particles to the latent electrostatic image to be developed.

The method described above for developing electrostatic latent images using a electroscopic powder as well as carrier materials adhere .but many parts. For example, the particles are sensitive to fire and temperature annoyance and therefore must be used under relatively precisely controlled conditions of temperature and humidity «In addition, the special material is renewed in order to avoid that there is no more printing as a result a lack of toner material occurs, so that relatively handled dirty unfi heavily colored powder materials Need to become*

909830/119 6

18U617

Furthermore, liquid processes are used for the development of electrostatic Pictures known. A suspension of electroscopic materials is used to carry out this process used in an insulating carrier fluid. if also through the fluid development process some of the Disadvantages of the dry process are overcome so stick Nevertheless, they also have many disadvantages. For example, the insulating liquids are usually hydrocarbon liquids, the solvents for the developer powders, these containing resins, waxes or organic pigments. Become resinous particles dispersed in a liquid hydrocarbon »then they dissolve in a certain amount so that they stick» <become rigorous and tend to agglomerate. Therefore, dispersions must be freshly prepared shortly before use. If the dispersions stand for a certain period of time, then the developer particles agglomerate or bake together. The tackiness of the developer parts can also cause them to adhere to undesired image areas. In addition, large amounts of liquid must be evaporated before the copies can be used.

Another method of developing electrostatic latent images is to use the pigment or toner. to distribute material in a solid wax-axed binder. This method eliminates some of the disadvantages of the aforementioned methods in that it does no longer: required for machine operators is, dirty and heavily colored powder materials or to handle liquid materials. Examples of development processes using a developer or toner, dispersed in a solid form are described in U.S. Patents 3,247,007 and 3,079,272. In the U.S. Patent 3,079,272 states that the solid binding

9 098 30/1196

18U617

to melt the material before or during contact with the electrostatic latent image to release the pigment particles so that they can migrate through the liquid to the surface of the photoconductive element. However, the use of such known thermoplastic toner materials has the disadvantage that heat acts on xerographic surfaces, for example made of selenium or zinc oxide, so that a loss of the electrostatic surface charge occurs, with the result that the density of the developed image is reduced. In addition, the action of heat on selenium surfaces can cause crystallization of the selenium, so that the suitability of the selenium as a photoconductor is lost. US Pat. No. 3,247 states that the solid matrix can be dissolved in a liquid, after which the binder layer has dissolved ₉ the toner particles migrate depending on the electrostatic charge distribution. This method has disadvantages in that a large amount of liquid must be evaporated before the copies can be handled. It is also necessary to dissolve a sufficient amount of the binder layer so that sufficient particles are released to be able to migrate to form a satisfactorily dense image.

The aim of the invention is to create a system for development of electrostatic latent images »which overcomes the disadvantages noted above. The invention provides a system for developing electrostatic latent images created that do not allow the handling of dirty and highly colored powders or liquids requires. In addition, the system according to the invention relatively sensitive to moisture and temperature. Further only small amounts of solvent have to be evaporated. Even no particle migration is required. By means of the inventive Systems can be positive and at the same time

909830/1196

create negative images.

According to the invention, these advantages are achieved by a system in compliance with this, electrostatic latent images, which are on the surfaces of insulating or photoconductive insulating elements have been formed are brought into contact with a cohesively weak developer layer, this layer being applied to the surface of a substrate, hereinafter referred to as a developer substrate will »The cohesively weak developer layer exists from a coloring agent dispersed in a cohesively weak binder. When contacting the The developer breaks up in electrostatic latent image Image configuration.

When separating the developer substrate from the insulating member or the photoconductive insulating element, the developer layer adheres to the charged sites of the electrostatic latent image so that a positive copy is produced. Areas of the cohesively weak developer layer, which contact uncharged areas of the electrostatic latent image will be on the surface of the developer substrate held back so that a negative image is created there. Since the whole developer layer is transferred to the insulating or photoconductive insulating material or is retained on the developer substrate, the color and density of the final image will depend only on the color of the colorant and the amount of colorant which is dispersed in the cohesively weak binder.

The image formed on the surface of the photoconductor can be transferred to a transfer sheet so that the Photoconductor can be used again.

909830/1196

In general, it is necessary to activate the developing layer by treatment with a swelling agent or a partial solvent for the binder material. The activation step serves to make the upper surface of the development layer slightly tacky and at the same time structurally soften the layer so that it can be more easily broken along a sharp line which defines the image to be reproduced. Optionally, an activating material that is solid at room temperature and that melts just before or during development can be used.

The binding material in the development layer can be any consist of suitable cohesively weak insulation material, Typical © cohesive weak® materials are polyethylene and low molecular weight polypropylenes, vinyl acetate / ethylene oopolymers, Styrene / vinyl toluene copolymers, microcrystalline Wax, paraffin wax, other polymers with low Molecular weight or copolymers or mixtures of these polymers.

A mixture of microcrystalline waxes and paraffin waxes is preferred because such a mixture is cohesive is weak and makes a good insulator.

As the colorant, a dye, a pigment or other coloring material can be used ,, Typical highly colored materials can be distributed in a binder, the ^ are the following: carbon black, nigrosine, powdered metals, Algol-GEIB GG ₅ 1 _P 2j, 5, 6- = di- (CJO ^c -Dlphenyl) -thia2Jolanthraquinone ₍₁ G ₈ I ₀ Hr ₀ 67500, available from General Dyestuffs, Calcium Iiitho "Red, the calcium liquor from IC ^ '- Azonaphthalln-I' -sulphonic acid} -2- naph ^ hol, C ₀ I ₀ No. 15650 »available from Collway Colors, Cyan Blue CrTNJ ¹ , the β-SOrm of copper phthalocyanine, Colo ITr, 74160- available from Collway Colors, Diane Blue,

909830/119 6

BATH ORIGINAL.

-a »ft ~

3,3 "-Methoxy-4,4" -diphenylbis- (1 ^fl -azohydroxy-3 "-naphthanilid, OI Nr. 21180", available from Harmon Golors, Euol Carmine _s the Caleiumlake of 1- (4 ⁹ -Methylazobenzol) ~ 2 ⁹ -sulfonic acid) -2-hydroxy ~ 3-xiaphthoic acid, available from EI du Pont de Nemours & Co., Indofast Brilliant Scarlet loner, 3,4,9,10-bis- [N, N ⁱ - ( p-Methoxyphenyl) -imido] -perylene _J CI Hr. 71140, available from Harmon Colors, Indofast Yellow Ioner, Flavanthron, OI Ur. 70600, available from Harmon Colors »Methyl Violet ₉ a phosphotungsten molybdenum lacquer of 4- (N, N% N "-Trimethylanilino) -methylene-N ⁿ , N ⁿ -dimethylanilinlumchlo · = · rid, CI No. 42535» available from Collway Colors, Monolite Fast Blue GS, a mixture of the α- and ß-forms of metal · = free phthalocyanine, available from Arnold Hoffman Company, Naphthol Red B, 1- (2i * ethoxy-5 ^(! -nitrophenylazo) -2- "hydroxy-3" -nitro-3-naphthanilide, CI No. 12355, available from Collway Colors, Quindo Magenta RV-6803, a substituted quinaonoridone available from Harmon Colors, Vulcan Fast Red BBE Toner 35-2201, 3,3 ⁱ -Dimethoxy-4,4 ^fr -Mphenyl ~ bie ~ (i "-phenyl-3" -meihyl-4 "-azo-2 ' ⁱ -pyrazoline- 5 "-On) _S! CJ. No. ₀ 2120Oj available from Collway Colors, Waichung Red B, 1- (4'-methyl-5-2 · ^s -chlorazobenzol -sulfonsäurel -2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, CI No. ₀ 15865, available from E I. ₀ du Pont de Nemours & Company, as well as pigments which, according to the French patents 1,467,288 and 1,467,280

as well as in the German patents. _r . ...

and (patent applications P 15 22 687.6,? AS ¹ ^ A MX

T ^ InH fflO according to patent applications 445 179 9 445 235 and 444 240 of April 2, 1965) described methods. Soot becomes due to its high coloring power preferred.

Optionally, the dispersed particles can be incorporated into a resin to form a two component particle. This type of particle may desirably be a _f

909830/1196

'i'ii' _f \. · ^ ■■ _ '"

to facilitate the distribution of participation au and undesirable Avoid reactions between the binder and the pigment or between the pigment and the activator and similar phenomena. Typical resins are for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamides, polymethacrylates, Polyacrylates, polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, polysiloxanes, chlorinated rubbers, Polyacrylonitrile epoxy compounds phenolic compounds, Hydrocarbon resins as well as other natural resins such as for example rosin derivatives. “There are also mixtures and copolymers of these. Connections in question. Polyethylene is preferred because of its low melting point.

Bas developer substrate as well as the transfer sheet can consist of any suitable insulation material, typical insulation materials are polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate Cellulose acetate, paper, plastic-coated paper such as polyethylene coated paper, or mixtures of such materials. Mylar, a polyester that is produced by the condensation reaction between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid and by Eel »du Pont de Lemours & Co., Inc., in the. Trade brought is »is preferred, and awar dare his physika« » strength as well as good insulation properties « tsn.

If the developer does not have a sufficiently low cohesive fastness for. Time of use ^ which will be discussed in more detail below _fl are materials which solve the Entwicklerschioht or swell while their Eohäsivfestig "reduce ness or cohesive strength. It must be in the manner described above are activated ,, Typiaohe activation fluid, The activating ITluid is usually applied to the layer immediately in front of it

909830 / 119b

^ $ fl $ ORIßlNM.

applied to the execution of the development operation. Any suitable volatile or non-volatile activating fluid can be used. Typical materials are kerosene, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, silicone oils, such as ■ example Dirnethylpolysiloxane, long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon oils, such as the commonly transformer oils used, trichlorethylene, chlorobenzene, benzene, Toluolp xylene ₅ hexane, acetone, vegetable oils or mixtures of these materials.

Sohio Odorless Solvent 3440, a mixture of kerosene fractions, commercialized by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio is known for its excellent Insulation®- properties and their high evaporation rate are preferred.

The activator in Jona can be present in a fixed oversug of catfish of choice. Br can also be incorporated into the developer layer. Typical activator sterals are low schiaelsands waxes and thermal solvents, either alone or in distribution in binding materials, such as, for example, in the binding materials given above for the developer sheet. Other low-melting waxes also come in. Typical low-melting waxes are octadecane, eicosan, heneieosan, docosan, tricosan, $ ®tracosan _s pentacosan, hexacosan, heptacosan ,, octacosan, iTonocosan, triacontan. or mixtures of these substances, if necessary, these nisdrigschmalζenden waxes can be mixed with other materials, "for example ipfeerschmelaenden waxes. Typical thermal solvents 9 that can be distributed in a binder or used alone are for example ja-terphenyl _p diphenyl phthalate, stearic acid, acetoacatanilide * biphenyl , Santicizer Ί-Η (an organic sulfonamide, ϊ ^1. 86-87 ⁰ G, marketed by Monsanto Chemical Co.), Triphenylpfcos-

909830/1196

cia% ao original

phat, IT-ith.yl-p ~ -toluenesulphonamide, N- ~ CyclQh.exyl ~ p-toluenesulphonamide, m «-liitrobiphenyl, p-Mtrobiph.enyl or hybrids from these substances. Long-chain crude oil with about 18 to about 30 carbon atoms in the chain are preferred because of their low melting point as well as their excellent health.

The benefits of this improved method of driving to development of an electrostatic latent image, go out of the attached drawings:

Figure 1 shows a side cross-section of one for implementation of the developing element used in the method of the present invention.

Figure 2 gives a side cross-section of a simple system to carry out the method according to the invention again.

1 shows a EntwicM.ersch.icht 2, which in this case consists of pigment particles 3 "the Ln a binder distributed sindj 4. This layer is applied to an insulating developer substrate film 1. Optionally, the structure 2 can also consist of a colored layer, as long as this layer is cohesively weak and represents an "insulator. The developer substrate film 1 is preferably insulating, so that high-strength polymer materials such as Mylar, for example, can be used n "gativöE image is" made with. high quality on a Entwieklereubstratfolie ι _r can dieae also be used directly. If the II.e example, _r on the Subs cratfolie 'S image formed can be used as a transparency, the film 1 should be transparent, ündurchsicht.ige materials ₉ \ paper. can be used if necessary.

909830 / 119t

ORIGINAL

Pie Plgur 2 shows in a schematic manner the ones according to the invention Procedural stages. The developer layer 6, which is shown in in this case from figment particles, which are in an insulating Binders are distributed on a developer substrate Foil β 7 is applied, is made by spraying with an insulating solvent liquid; 8 from the bottle 10 activated «The activator liquid be applied by any other suitable method, for example by brushing, by means of a smooth or rough roller, by floating, by steam condensation or similar. The activated developer layer 6 is subsequently provided with an electrostatic latent image brought into contact, which by positive charges 12 on the 'surface of an insulator or a photoconductive insulator 14 is played. The roller 16 is used to bring the element H into contact with the activated de-filtering layer 6 to press. After the element 14 has been separated from the developer substrate film 7, the developer layer breaks 6 in image configuration, thereby forming a positive image 18 adhered to element 14, while a negative Image 20 sticks to substrate 7.

If the element 14 is transparent, then this can be used directly as a projection slide. Slide 7 or that Element 14 can also be used directly as a high pressure plate. If the element 14 is a reusable xerographisohee element is, for example selenium on a conductive surface, the image 18 can be printed or electrostatically transferred to a transfer sheet (not shown).

The following examples illustrate the invention without restricting it. Unless otherwise stated, the parts and percentages relate to the weight,

909830/1196

.. -.-_ 13 - ■. * ■■■■

Example. 1,

About 5! Hasten Sunoco 1290, a microcrystalline wax with sinem melting point · of about 81 ⁰ C (178 ^p]? 5t is from the Sun Oil Go. Available in approximately rush petroleum ether (reagent grade) 100! This solution is solved. About 5 parts of a finely divided carbon black are added. This paste is then placed in a ball mill, in which there are clean porcelain balls. The formulation is then milled for about 3 1/2 hours at about 70 rpm. After milling, about 20 ropes are added Sohlo Odorless Solvent 3440, "a kerosene fraction marketed by the Standard Oil of Ohio, added" ■ The paste is then applied to a 50 n-Mylar film (polyethylene terephthalate _{y available} from EI du Pont de Nemours & Co.) ) applied by means of a rod wrapped with wire (No. 36). After drying, a coating thickness of approximately 7 1/2 µ is achieved.

The Entwiekl@rBch. Will be closed with a brush pen a wide camel hair breast saturated with Sohio 3440 activated. The activated developer layer is then in contact with its electrostatic latent image placed on the surface of a photoconductive Zinc oxide paper has been produced by conventional methods, the photoconductive layer is then made of sucked off the substrate, leaving a positive image is achieved with high quality, which consists of a pigment which is in the insulating binder on the surface © the photoconductive layer is distributed. The hoohq.ualitative negative image adheres to the surface of the developer substrate. The image attached to the photoconductive sheet adheres, can be used as a letterpress plate or viewed directly. The one adhering to the developer substrate The picture can be viewed directly or as a projection slide can be used, projecting a dense and black image.

909830/1196

BATH ORIGINAL

-H-

BeisTJlele 2 7 5

The procedure described in Example 1 is repeated for carrying out each of these examples, with the exception that a photoconductive selenium surface is used instead of the zinc oxide paper, and the following pigment materials are used instead of the 5 parts of RuS: In Example 2, approximately 6 parts of Algol Yellow GC, CI Mr. 67300, 1,2,5-di (C, C ^! -Diphenyl) -thiazolanthraquinone, available from General Dyestuffs, in Example 3 about 6 parts of Watchung Red B, CI No. 158651 1- (4'-methyl-5 ⁹ -chloraisobenzol-2 ^t-sulfone Bäure) -2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, available from EI du Pont de Nemours Co. *, in example 5 is about 5 parts N-2 "-pyrldyl-8,13-dioxodinaphtho- ( 1.2-2 °, 3 °) -furan-6 ~ carboxamide is prepared by the the method described in French Patent 1,467,288 manner _s in example 5 and about 6 parts Monolite Fast Blue GS _9, the a-SOrrn of metal "Free phthalocyanine, which is sold by Arnold Hoffman Go _{0 o} In any case, an excellent image, which corresponds to the original, is formed on the surface of the photoconductive layer, while a negative image is formed on the surface of the developer substrate." Image generated in Example 5 has a cyan color, while Examples 2 and 4 generate yellow © images and according to Example 3 magenta images e will be maintained.

Examples 6., - ,, 8

The procedure described in Example 1 is repeated to carry out each of these examples, with the exception that the following materials are used in place of the Sunoco 1290 used in Example 1? In Example 6 Sunoco 985, a microcrystalline Waohs with an ASTM-B-127 melting temperature of 90 ⁰ O (193 ° P), in Example 7 Sunoco 3? 12, a paraffin wax with a melting temperature of 68 ⁰ C (i53 ° F) (ASTM «3-87) and, in Example 8, Epolene C-12, a low molecular weight polyethylene (approximately 3700) and

909830/1196

a ring and lugelerweicnungs tempera door of 92 ° 0 and an acid number of 0.05 and a density at 25 ^{0 0} of 0.893 (available from Eastman Chemical Products Co.). Each of these binders produces good quality images on the surface of the photoconductive element and good quality negative images on the surface of the developer substrate sheet.

Example g

About 5 parts Sunoco 1290, a microcrystalline wax having a melting point of about 81 ° C (178 ⁰ E), which is available from the Sun Oil Company, are dissolved in about 100 Fetroläther ropes (reagent grade). This solution will be about 5 ropes of a finely divided. Exposed to soot. This paste is then placed in a ball mill with clean porcelain balls. The formulation is then milled for 3 1/2 hours at 70 rpm. After milling approximately 20 parts of Sohio Odorless Solvent 3440 are added. This paste is then applied to a 75 ^ i-Mylar film by means of a rod wrapped with a wire (No. 36), a coating with a thickness of approximately 7 1/2 microns being obtained after drying. A mixture of approximately 2.5 parts eicosan (technical, a mixture of predominantly straight chain hydrocarbons having an average of 20 carbon atoms, per molecule) and approximately 7.5 parts Sunoco 5825, a petroleum wax marketed by the Sun Oil Company , is melted and applied to the surface of the developer without using a _{rod wrapped with a wire (No. 0} 12) to form a 2.5 micron thick overcoat layer on the developing layer. The developing layer is then heated to a temperature of about 66 ⁰ C (150 "F). At this temperature, a thin layer of the melt in Eicosana Sunoco 5825» The activated in this way, developer layer is then to development

90983 07119b

- »16 -

development of an electrostatic latent image according to the in Example 1 used method described «

Example 10

The procedure described in Example 9 is repeated, with the exception that the Iico8an-Sunoco »5825-Sohicht _! > which can be activated by heat, is replaced by a layer consisting of approx. 5 parts of Docosan mixed with approx. 5 ropes of Sunoco 5825 ». In Examples 9 and 10, black images of good quality are formed on the surface of the photoconductive insulating layer and on the developer substrate sheet.

In addition to the components and proportions indicated above, other materials can also be used in other amounts _s as indicated above. Similar results are obtained. In addition, other materials can be added to the developer layer or the activator solution in order to achieve a synergistic effect or otherwise increase or modify their properties and after the activator liquid has evaporated, the image obtained on the photoconductive surface is coated

909830/1 1 9b SAD ORIGINAL

Claims (1)

■. - 17 - Claims ■ 1, - Yerf ahren ssur development of a latent el ectr ο static. Image »that has been formed on the surface of a surface bearing an electrostatic latent image is characterized in that - &) © ine developer layer is coated on an Intwicklersehiohtsubstrat, the developer free of a colorant, which is distributed in a cohesively weak insulating binder, b) the latent image -bearing. Surface is contacted with the development »! Appears and The surface bearing the latent image is separated from the developer, causing the developer layer to break into a bilious configuration and a positive image that adheres to the surface bearing the electrostatic latent image on the substrate a negative image ₉ that adheres either to the ßM & Bxrfewicklareubstrat or to the surface bearing the electrostatic® latent image, but not b: ii®in®m. ®in a positive image-bearing element, formed 2 _β ferfshren according Asispruöh 1 ₉ gekannseichnet in that dia "bilcltr-agaiicls Öberfläohs stsht from a Isoliarungsmatex'ial. 3, Procedure. according to claim I _5, characterized in that the image-bearing surface consists of a photoconductive insulating material « 4 «Terfahren according to claim 1, 2 or 3» characterized _f that the Etatwielilerschicht with an activator for the olit before contacting the developer layer 909830 / 119b 'it'C-,. i.'fe ' 6AO ORIQJNAL with egg developing the electrostatic.® latent «image Surface is coated. 5. "The method according to claim 5» characterized in that the activator used consists of an insulating liquid. β. Method according to Claim 4, characterized in that the activator used consists of a solid , the solid activator being melted prior to the separation of the developer substrate from the surface bearing an electrostatic latent image. 7 * Modification of the method according to claim 1 for the simultaneous formation of a positive and a negative .BIlOeS ₉ characterized »that a) the surface © ines photoconductive! isolating® * ?. Materials is charged evenly, b) the photoconductive® insulating surface is irradiated with a pattern of actinic electromagnetic radiation ₉ c) its developer layer is formed on a substrate, wherein the layer consists of a ^ colorant, which in a cohesively weak insulating binder 1st, d) the photoconductive insulating surface with the treatment layer is contacted and e) the photoconductive insulation surface is separated from the lersubstrate, whereby the developer chi chi, i & image-wise configuration gserbrioht wxä a positive ras 31X-1 is formed, which is created either on the photoconductive surface or on the developer substrate and © in a negative image , either to> äa.r. · photoconductive insulating surface © or to the Kntw: ^5. ^ * ·,. ·· - 909830/1196
., _m 8AOORI0iNAt Lersch substrate layer is adhered, but with the negative image is not located on a member carrying a positive image. 8.? S2? £ ahre: a naoh claim 7 ₅ characterized in that the at the photoconductive. insulating surface adhering image is transferred to a transfer halogen. 909830 / 119b _0R1GJNAU Lee rs ^ eTi te