DE1802430A1 - Process for making cylindrical or rod-shaped composite material - Google Patents

Description

Method for making cylindrical or rod-shaped composite Materials.

Priority: 28th Pebr. 1968 / USA registration @ r .: 708 935 and 708 936 Die The invention relates to a method of manufacturing cylindrical or rod-shaped composite material with great adhesive strength or adhesive strength. With this one Material can either be a solid bar-shaped material with a support or act tubular material provided with a support.

Composite cylindrical or rod-shaped material iet extremely desirable for commercial use, as the behavioral characteristics of the core @ and the edition in a single composite product are. In the case of a single alloy, many properties can often not be pronounced Alloy or alloy treatments can be modified.

But when you create composite materials, obvious ones can Characteristics of the edition are developed while the main characteristics of the core material are retained. This way you can often be compared greatly modified and highly desirable properties on one alloy achieve.

Composite products are intended for uses where cylindrical or rod-shaped material is used, highly desirable. For example becomes composite material for electrical wires and cables as well as for Supported poles used in civil engineering. Assembled hollow Tubes are used in the field of heat exchangers, for example where different boiled Properties on the inside and outside of the tubes are desirable. @e are many other uses for composite cylindrical or rod-shaped material, for example soft soldering, hard soldering, transition pipes, where expensive or strategic metal is saved, for example by using copper is replaced by aluminum wire covered with copper.

However, the available commercial processes are encountered Difficulties in creating supported cylindrical or rod-shaped material and have one or more serious drawbacks, Z, B, is often the strength of adhesion between the components is relatively low, so that the area of application is limited. In addition, these known methods often an uneven layer thickness is achieved. Furthermore, such procedures are often expensive and cumbersome.

According to a typical known method, the ingredients linked in a mechanical way, for example by adding something through a Pipe is pushed. This generally results in an inferior compound. In another known method, the connection is through diffusion produced, in which the components of a heat treatment are @@@ zt @@ r @@ r and an intermetallic phase is formed. @@@@ f @ hrt za possible porosity, if the diffusion speeds differ greatly from one another and give a good impression the applicability of the procedure. The procedure in which with infusion or Hot immersion is used is limited in terms of the thickness of the support. Electroplating leads to thin layers with pin holes or other irregularities. In addition, the above-mentioned @erfahren @och an @@ re enischeidende Limitations.

Accordingly, it is the primary aim of the invention to provide a Method of making cylindrical or rod-shaped material and a improved cylindrical or rod-shaped composite product as one to create such material.

Another goal of the invention is. such a product and To create processes that can be operated appropriately and economically. Another aim of the invention is to create a method above and product of great strength, which is characterized by a proportionally uniform @ioke the edition excels. Further objects and advantages of the invention emerge from the following description.

According to the invention, the above objects and advantages are achieved further achieved, and a method is provided for creating a composite tubular structure of great starike.

The method according to the invention is characterized by the following steps: A. Creation of a cylindrical or rod-shaped metal core as the first component; B. Creating a dissimilar, hollow tubular metal pad as the second component; C. Creation of a composite arrangement in which one of the components in the others are brought in, preferably loosely; and D. mitigation of the diameter of the composite assembly from 10 to 70% by drop forging in the turning experience, in which the components are in direct, surface to surface Are in contact, and wherein the reduction angle is between 1 ° and 30 °; this creates a tubular composite material of great strength.

According to the invention, composite cylindrical or rod-shaped Material of great strength is created, which has a metal core and an uneven Has metal plating. The common area or the contact area between the The core and the layer are mutually exclusive due to the non-existent one Diffusion, i.e. by the fact that there is no diffusion band of molecular mutual diffusion can be seen and is characterized by a wave-like shape, the surface contact area the common area is at least 20% coarser than that of a common area in the case of a disconnected assembly of the same dimensions, the invention is explained in more detail using a schematic representation of the method.

For the method according to the invention, the core can either be made of solid rod-shaped or made of hollow tubular material. If it is the core is rod-shaped material is the initial diameter of the core less than 10.16 Ω (4 inches) and preferably less than 6.35 cm (2.5 inches).

In the embodiment of the invention in which. massive core bar-shaped material is used, the support should preferably be less than 50% of the total composite material, most preferably less than 20% of the same turn off. It goes without saying that @ provides for one or more conditions The wall thickness of the overlay material naturally varies depending on the metals used and the desired results. In general, the However, the wall thickness of the overlay material is less than 6.35 µm (2.5 inches) and preferably be less than 2.54 om (1 inch).

In the embodiment of the invention in which the hollow. tubular Material used as the core should be the maximum outside diameter of the core 15.24 o: n (6 inches) and preferably 5, oB c: a (2 inches). With this one Exemplary embodiment can be the ratio of the thickness of the core and support depending on the desired results can be changed in almost any way. The edition can be either the inner layer or the outer layer or one layer of both Sides, or multiple layers can be used on one or both sides will.

There may be more than two depending on the intended use Metals as well in the embodiment with the hollow tubular material as well as with the solid rod-shaped material.

When hollow material is used as the core, it becomes a solid mandrel inserted into the interior of the core according to the invention prior to the drop forging process. Of course, a lubricant was poured onto the surface of the mandrel and the core so that the core does not get stuck with the mandrel.

The materials, the method according to the invention and for the method according to the invention composite material used can be will be preferred selected from the following group: aluminum, copper, iron, titanium, hickel, zinc, Magnesium, refractory metals, including tantalum. Niobium, molybdenum eto. or Alloys of the above metals.

You can start with a strip of material and all in one Step of a continuous process manufacturing welded pipes, if that in.inJustriellerJ framework is desired. The strip-shaped material can pass through Forming rollers or bending dies out, welded to tubes and according to the invention further processed.

A composite material is created from the core and the overlay, one component in the other, preferably the core within the Support is attached. If the support is the inner component of a hollow composite Pipe, then it is arranged on the inside.

Be is a particular advantage of the invention that it is not necessary Bonding aid, for example, a thin coating of a dissimilar slat.all to be used to create the start of the adhesive composite according to the invention. This creates a direct connection between the core and the support surface possible in terms of space. The cost of an auxiliary aid is avoided and a direct metallic connection between the core and the support.

The starting materials, both the core and the layer, can have any degree of hardness or be in any state, hard or soft. Surface oxides are generally a hindrance to the Method according to the invention. This is quite surprising and a significant one Advantage of the invention, because in the known methods must be all of the surface oxides before 009809/0879 the creation of the composite material removed will.

In the known methods, the compound is often used Material created in a special atmosphere so that there are no surface oxides the manufacture of the composite material. This particular one No precautionary measures are necessary with the invention.

However, it is highly desirable prior to the method according to the invention Remove dirt or adhering lubricant from the surface of the metal, so that the core and the support can touch each other well. Any known Cleaning method is readily applicable, e.g. can core and overlay material in accordance with conventional practice by a soap or detergent solution be guided. Examples of such cleaning methods are the use Commercially available alkaline or acidic cleaning agents and solvents, for example Carbon tetrachloride and trichlorethylene, or the application of mechanical, by Abrasive processes such as grinding, wire brushing, sandblowing, etc.

In addition, it is preferred, although not absolutely necessary, at least one of the later cohesive surfaces before the creation of the composite To mechanically roughen the material in order to make the connection easier.

When the composite material is formed, it is preferred one end of the pad is sealed around the core to prevent lubricant from getting on the contact surface between the core and the support can get.

It is not necessary to heat the components before joining, although one or both of the ingredients can optionally be heated That The composite material consisting of the core and the pad is then carried through Drop forging connected to one another by turning. Drop forging in the turning experience could be described as a multitude of hammerarti (en blows or blacksmith blows in the direction of the diameter of the assembly around the circumference of the workpiece. That Die forging can consist of single blows, doh. one or more hammers or forging tools go around the perimeter, or there will be a multitude of them at once hammer-like blows or blacksmith blows. To the drop forging in Drehverfehren according to the invention also includes that the arrangement rotated axially and reduced the diameter by a single point or tool while the assembly is rotating rapidly. In other words, it can Rotate the assembly or tool, but one of the two must rotate and one must be essentially stationary, and one of the above-mentioned plurality hammer-like blows.

The impact of die forging on the connection between The core and support and the strength of the forging force must be dimensioned in such a way that the diameter of the arrangement is reduced from 10 to 70%, preferably from 20 to 6o% will.

The circumference of the surface of mutual contact between the core and the circulation is also reduced.

In closed-die forging, the reduction angle is between and 300 It is the angle at which the work is carried out it is determined by the angle / between the source and input material and is measured between the center line and the working surface of the die. This is possible clearly from the attached drawing. The reduction angle should be between 10 and 3o, preferably between 20 and 15O.

When a pliable material like aluminum is used as a support becomes, then the resulting edition is the thinner, the higher the degree of reduction is, and the flatter the reduction angle, the thicker the resulting Edition. The final thickness of the overlay can therefore be influenced by the fact that variable factors of the process and the proportions of the starting material be chosen as desired.

The arrangement is preferably continuously lowered using the turning process forged, with a feed speed of 0.3 to 18.3 m / min (1 , 60 feet per minute), preferably from 1.5 to 7.6 mjmin (5 to 25 feet per minute In general, when using a pliable material as a support, for example of aluminum, the thicker the support, the higher the feed speed and around the thinner the slower the feed speed is.

If the pad is smoother than the core, it can move faster stretch than the core, and for this reason the overlay should initially be shorter aein than the core.

In the drawing, an embodiment is shown in which solid rod-shaped core material is used. As can be seen from the drawing, the core and support are inserted into the die and the diameter of the assembly as well as the circumference at the contact surface between core and support is through Drop forging in the turning process reduced to the required level. The result is a cylindrical or rod-shaped composite material with solid Link.

After creating the composite cylindrical or rod-shaped Materials, further steps can be carried out as required. 3, for example the material can be stretched, rolled, drop-forged or deformed in various ways or generally treated in accordance with known procedures.

Another advantage of the invention is that the composite No subsequent diffusion annealing for the material after the connection has been made must be exposed, while such diffusion annealing in known methods is often necessary to really guarantee the connection between core and support. The fact that no diffusion annealing is required according to the invention is particularly significant, since such procedures easily and frequently create bubbles and the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds or the like on the basis of notwe @@ ögen long treatment times at elevated temperatures is promoted.

In addition, a simultaneous diffusion of gases on the contact surface can occur occur as well as a condensation of released substances and the formation of coarse ones intermetallic connections between the core and the support.

In fact, following the establishment of the connection there are no further steps necessary. The composite material according to the invention is described in n commercially available form and delivered in a finished state for further use, It may of course be desirable for special uses such as carry out the further aforementioned methods described above. In addition, can short heat treatments for stress relief or to achieve desired ter Properties Execute, see B. short-term annealing for tempering or hardening.

The strength of the bond between the core and the support has proven particularly good highlighted. And in general, impact tests and tensile tests have shown that fracture occurs continuously across the composite material, without any separation of core and support along the fracture surface composite products according to the invention. are characterized by outstanding physical properties, one very high adhesive strength and that Absence of molecular mutual diffusion between the base metal and the layer that could lead to the formation of brittle connections.

According to the invention, these surprising advantages ground with one simple and convenient procedures and without the use of expensive equipment such as are never often used in known processes.

The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of a few examples.

Example I This example is creating a with edition provided rod according to the invention described. The core is a steel rod of the following composition: 0.37 to 0.44% carbon; 0.60 to 0.90% manganese; 0.040% maximum phosphorus; a maximum of 0.050% sulfur; the rest in essence Iron. The steel bar was 1.43 cm (0.562 inches) in diameter. In the It was a hollow tube made of the aluminum alloy Al 99. from the following composition: maximum @% silicon + iron; 0.05 to 0.20% copper; a maximum of 0.05% manganese; a maximum of 0.10% zinc; a maximum of 0.05% each, a total of 0.15% other fabrics; the remainder essentially aluminum. The pad had an outside diameter 1.83 cm (0.720 inches) and a wall thickness of 0.16 cm (o.62 inches), The materials were cleaned as follows: The steel rod was sandblasted and wire brushed subjected lengthways, and the aluminum plating was soaked in hot etching solution dipped, rinsed with water, dipped in nitric acid, rinsed and dried.

An arrangement was formed by having the core loose inside the edition was ordered and a connection was made durah closed-die forging in the turning process as shown in the figure. For this purpose dies were used, which were arranged in a hollow spindle, which rotatably with a flywheel was connected. The spindle was driven at a speed of about 180 rpm. Centrifugal force acted on the dies and as the spindle rotated caused her to open up. The dies stayed open until they hit through on a series of hammer rollers centered in a cage around the spindle were forced to close. In this example there were twelve Hammer blows per revolution of the spindle. The reduction angle was 70 and the Feed speed 0.30 m / in (1 foot per minute), the resulting composite Material was firmly connected to one another and had a diameter of 1.27 cm (0.500 inches), which is a 4% reduction in area and diameter of the assembly of about 30% corresponded to the area reduction of the core was 82% and the of edition 29, the composite material was subjected to impact tests, in which it was found that a fracture was continuous throughout the entire composite Material took place without a separation of core and pad along the Fracture surface occurred.

The interface between the core and the pad became microscopic examined and there was no visible band of mutual molecular diffusion. The contact area showed itself through an undulating shape and had one at least 20;, larger contact area than the contact area of an arrangement without connection to each other, but with the same dimensions.

Example II This example shows the formation of a with overlay provided hollow tube according to the invention described. With the core it was is a hollow steel tube with the following composition: 0.13 to 0.18% carbon; 0.30 to 0.60% manganese; 0.040 or less, phosphorus; a maximum of 0.050% sulfur; the The remainder is essentially iron. The core had an outside diameter of 2.54 cm (1 Inches) and a wall thickness of 0.12 cm (0.049 inches). With the edition it acted a hollow tube made of a copper alloy with the following composition: 2.1 up to 2.6% iron, up to 0.040 @, phosphorus, the remainder essentially copper. the Pad had an outside diameter of 2.22 cm (7 / a inches) and a wall thickness of 0.12 cm (0.043 inch), an assembled hollow tube was made in a similar manner as in example 1 using a solid rod as a mandrel as described above created. In this example, the change angle was 70 and the feed speed 0.30 m / min (1 foot per minute).

The resulting additional material was firmly connected to each other and had an outside diameter of 1.91 cm (3/4 inch) and an inside diameter 1.71 cm (0.670 inches) being the reduction in diameter of the entire assembly 25%, the composite material was subjected to impact tests which showed that fracture occurred continuously throughout the composite material, there was no separation between core and support along the fracture surface.

The contact area between core and support was microscopic examined and there was no visible band of mutual molecular diffusion. The contact surface was characterized by a wave-like shape and had a Contact area at least 20% larger than the contact area of an arrangement without interconnection, but with the same dimensions.

Example III As a comparable example, Example I was repeated, but without the swaging process in the turning process. Instead, the Materials through a series of drawing tools with progressively smaller diameters drawn, with the last tool of the Rethe measuring 1.27 cm (0.500 in Inches). The result was a more mechanical fit, but could the material @ can be separated from one another again without further ado, and the core and support showed independent fractures in impact tests, Example IV in the cold spray process @in tube made of aluminum alloy Al 99 with a wall thickness of approx 0.13 mm, 0.005 inches) and an outside diameter of approximately 6.35 mm, 0.250 inches) manufactured. A similar pipe was made from copper using the cold spray process and had a corresponding wall thickness of 0.13 mm (0.005 inches) and an outside diameter of 6.35 mm, 0.250 inches). These tubes were at one end annealed and then grasped laterally around the annealed end in an end area with an enlarged Diameter and a generally conical area between the enlarged Expand the end and the main body of the pipe.

The outside diameter of the end portion of each tube was about 9.53 mm 0.375 inch) and its length between about 6.35 mm (1/4 inch) and 12.70 mm (1/2 inch). Both the copper pipe and the aluminum pipe were made expanded to be the final inside dimension of the expanded end of the copper tube 9.53 mm (0.375 inches) and the outside dimension of the expanded portion of the aluminum tube Was 0.375 inches (9.53 mm). The two tubes were so before the manufacture of the Connection united by the fact that the extended area of the aluminum tube in the extended area of the copper pipe was used.

Thereupon the two pipes were known in @accordance with Process cleaned and etched. The copper pipe was thinned by immersion in it Nitric acid and the aluminum tube cleaned by immersion in caustic solution, whereupon both rinsed thoroughly with tap water and dried. The advanced The outer surface of the aluminum pipe was roughened without deforming the pipe by it was edited with a hand-held arrowhead.

The eauberell, dried pipes were then combined in such a way that that in the corresponding expanded areas the rough outer surface of the aluminum came into contact with the inner surface of the copper pipe. A steel bar with a 6.35 mm (1/4 inch) outside diameter was inserted into the combined tubes and served as a thorn; the arrangement was like this in the chuck at a high speed working lathe attaches that the copper pipe between the chuck and the Mandrel clamped and the distal end of the mandrel trimmed in a tailstock became. Before the Eohanischen processing the arrangement was on the outer surfaces machine oil applied to the united pipes.

The mandrel and the combined tubes were then in a rotating motion of high speed, displaced from about 1,200 to 1,500 rpm. This speed of rotation was chosen so that it is in a pipe which had the given dimensions, a linear speed of movement of the contact surface between the copper and aluminum of about 45.72 m / min (150 feet per minute). The joined flared ends of the tubes were then through Use of a non-cutting tool that engages at one point, which was blunt at the point of its working contact, machined. The tool consisted of a desk ruler made of hardwood, which was on the lathe support was pivoted and was removed by downward hand pressure on the remote Range of the ruler at its working end up against the bottom of the yourself rapidly rotating pipe assembly was pressed. The angle of contact between the center line of the rotating workpiece and the working end of the ruler formed the reduction angle and was about 15 ° when machining the expanded area of the pipe assembly the ruler served as a ducking tool and was swiveled around its articulation point, around the metalworking edge of the ruler sum and length of the extended area move the pipe arrangement see below and end the pushing process in less than to seconds below. Around the working edge in contact with the entire extended surface of the pipes the tool was first placed on the extended area of the copper pipe, then along the length of this expanded area and finally onto the expanded area The area of the aluminum tube moves to keep the tubes in contact with the surface of the steel mandrel. The final diameter of the pressed areas of the composite material corresponded roughly to that of the initial dimensions of the aluminum and copper pipe.

Claims (18)

A N S P R Ü C H E 1. Process for producing cylindrical or rod-shaped, close-knit material of great strength, since through g e does not indicate that a cylindrical or rod-shaped metal core the first component is created that a dissimilar hollow tubular metal support as a second component is created that a @@ mmengesetste arrangement is formed is arranged in de @ one of the components in the other wide component and that the diameter of the assembled assembly is drop forged is reduced in the Drehverfahrem, where sioh the components in direct, surface are in contact with the surface, and where the reduction is from 10 to 70 % and the reduction angle is between 1 ° and 30 °, so that sin cylindrical or rod-shaped composite material of great strength is provided. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that g Ic r n n r e i c hn e t, that the core and the support are dissimilar metals from the group aluminum, Iron, copper, titanium and alloys thereof are selected. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that g n e n n s a i c hn e t the pad has an inside diameter that is larger than the outside diameter of the core, and in that the composite arrangement is formed in that the Core is arranged in the support. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e n n s e i c hn e t, that the core is a solid rod with a diameter of less than four inches (4 inches) and that the Support a wall thickness of less than 6.35 oa (2.5 inches). 5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c h n e t that the diameter of the assembly by 20 to 60% by die forging in the turning process is reduced. 6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e n n -g e 1 c h n e t that the reduction angle is between 20 and 15 °. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e 1 c h n e t that di. Arrangement with a feed speed of 0.3 to 18.3 m / min (1st - 60 feet per minute) is continuously drop forged using the turning process. 8. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e @ n n -s e i o h n e t, dais the surface on which the connection is made, at least one of the components is mechanically roughened prior to creating the arrangement. 9, method according to claim 3, characterized in that g e k e n n -F e 1 e h n 5 t that the core consists of a hollow tubular material, the outer diameter of which is less than 6 inches and that a solid mandrel prior to forging is retracted into the core. 10. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that g k e fl fl e g e i c h n e t that it is carried out continuously and that it applies to the hollow material are welded tubes that are made from strip-shaped Material were made, 11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that g e k e n n indicates that more than one unequal edition is used. 12. Composite cylindrical or rod-shaped material of coarse strength, thereby G @ c e n n 1 C i a h -n e t, that it has a metallic core and one unequal metal layer in direct contact with it metallurgically Comprises surface-to-surface contact with the same, and that the contact surface between the core and the support due to the absence of a counterpart molecular dilfusion and has a wave-like shape as well has a surface contact area that is at least 20% larger than an arrangement without connection between them, but with the same dimensions. 13. Material according to claim 12, characterized in that g 5 Ic e n n n J e i c h n e t that the core and the support are made of dissimilar metals from the aluminum group, lists, copper, titanium and alloys of the same exist. 14. Material according to Ansoruch 12, thereby g «k e n n n -z e t o h n e t that the core consists of a solid rod. 15. Material according to claim 12, characterized in that it is e k e n n -z e i c h n e Since the core is made of a hollow tubular material. 16. Material according to claim 12, characterized in 6 e k e n n -g e i c h n e t that @@ is used more than one unequal edition. 17. Material according to claim 15, characterized in 6 5 k @ n n n z e i c h n e t that the overlay forms the outermost layer. 18. Material according to claim 12, characterized by @ e k e n n -z e i c h n e t that the core consists of a solid rod with a diameter of less than 6.35 cm (2.5 in) exists, and that the support has a wall thickness less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) ago. 19, material according to claim 15, characterized in t t k a n -z e i c h n e t that the core has a maximum outside diameter of less than 5.08 cm (2 inches) Has.