DE1786130A1 - Drawing board - Google Patents

Description

John H. Klock, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan / USA

Drawing board

The present invention relates to the manufacture of perspective drawings in accordance with recognized principles of perspective projection. The plastic image effect is on a two-dimensional surface reached by the method of merging the lines on selected "Flight ¹¹ dots to referring to a" horizon are "line.

The present invention provides a drawing board for construction of perspective drawings, with an adjustment device on the surface of the board for alignment a ruler to specific, separate vanishing points and a plurality of scales consisting of value marks on the surface, some of which scales the distances towards the vanishing points and other scales -at * # the height above and below one by the vanishing points separated from each other display defined horizon line, with certain marks arranged so that they latitude-depth scales on the Form intersections of a selected scale with lines, which from one point of view to values on a scale are truer Dimension run along an orientation line which is arranged at a certain angle with respect to the horizon line is, and certain marks are arranged so that they have height scales at the intersection of a certain scale with lines from one of the vanishing points to values on a true dimension scale in a perpendicular to the horizon line Running position.

The present invention also provides a drawing board for constructing perspective drawings, the board having marks on its surface that have a vanishing point

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and set reference points that are on a straight line through the flow point, and has marks on the surface that a depth scale along a selected scale line at intersections define the same with lines which are parallel to the straight line and the intersections a) of lines which drawn by marks on a width scale arranged parallel to the straight line to one of the mentioned reference points and (b) intersect a line drawn from a point on said latitude scale to said vanishing point the latter line being inclined opposite to the straight line as said lines (a).

Desirable features include the creation of groups of scales with specific vanishing points, viewing points and object positions are related so that a line leg, which is aligned with the vanishing point, on a certain scale the position of any line or point in relation to a scale beginning with a corresponding, correct foreshortened perspective. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, one of the vanishing points is located off the edge of the board by use a curved surface that forms the head of a tear strip with the line leg radially with respect to the outside Adjusts the vanishing point. A second vanishing point on the opposite side of the preferred board lies within the board surface, and the combination of this position of the two vanishing points relates to a specific object position and a particular point of view to the most crowded Board for a given application of the scales. The invention makes the on the surface of the board Construction of scales possible. That lead to the true dimensions are related in the various dimensions of the object in the chosen position. The perspective drawings, which are constructed by using these scales are perspective-

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viseh shortened, under which the lines run from the projection plane or "image plane" to the rear. The advantages of the scale arrangement are basically twofold: (a) the scope of the To reduce work that is necessary to establish the various points that make up the lines of a perspective Determine the drawing, and (b) the correct ratio of the distances along the converging lines and the heights at the various points and to reduce distortion .

The various kerkniale of the invention are detailed through a discussion of each shown in the drawings Embodiments explained.

Figure 1 is a top plan view of the preferred form of drawing board according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a schematic view illustrating the formation of a Latitude scale for an object in a specific location in relation points to a viewing point.

Figure 3 is a schematic view illustrating the formation of a Depth scale for an object in the position of Figure 2 shows.

Figure 4 is a schematic view illustrating the formation of a Height scale for an object in the same position as that of the figures 2 and 3 shows. ·

FIG. 5 shows the manner in which a perspective drawing is produced using the scales formed in FIGS. 2, 3 and k.

Figure 6 is a top plan view showing the location of width and height scales for perspective views using a single vanishing point.

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Figure 7 is a schematic illustration showing the formation shows a depth scale for the scale arrangements shown in FIG.

Figure 8 shows the manner in which the scales of Figure 6 7 and 7 can be used to produce an interior perspective drawing.

Figure 9 is a schematic illustration showing the formation of width and depth scales for perspective interior drawings using two vanishing points shows.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view illustrating the formation of a height scale in conjunction with the scales shown in FIG shows.

Figure 11 shows the manner of using the in the figures 9 and 10 formed scales in the production of a perspective interior drawing.

It has been found that scales showing some values along the lines converging to the vanishing points are very useful, but the formation of these scales is not used to create a set of related scales for a selected object position that can be read directly and the construction of essentially distortion-free was sufficient Allow drawings. The use of scales that can be read along the leg of a tear strip are practical because of the change in the angle ratios used unusable. In FIG. 1, the board, generally designated 20, has a surface 21 which is interrupted by a recess 22 which is a curved surface 23 with a center of curvature at the point indicated by 24 forms a "left vanishing point" in connection with certain scales to be set on the surface 21. At 25 there is a "right escape

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punlct '' indicated, which is within the area of the surface 21 and has the shape of a hole for receiving a removable pen. The pin provides a means of alignment a ruler on the vanishing point. The length of the leg 26 of the ruler 27 is such that the vanishing point 25 just outside of the area swept over by the leg 26 is when the head 28 of the tear bar rests against the curved surface 25. It should be noted that the The upper edge 29 of the leg 26 is referred to as the "ruled" edge and extends radially with respect to the vanishing point 24. This necessarily results in something 'eccentric' The relationship of the head 28 to the leg 26, but this is a known arrangement. The board should preferably also a recess 30 for receiving pencils, erasers and other objects that can slide when the board is tilted to the normal position. These The recess is preferably arranged outside the pivoting range of the tear rail 27 in order to avoid impairment.

The scales on the surface 21 are expediently provided with arrows, as can be seen at 3I and 32, as an indication of the affiliation of a certain scale to the vanishing points 24 or 25. A central vanishing point 33 is provided for use when producing perspective drawings with a vanishing point, and a second central vanishing point 34 is associated with scales for making large format perspective drawings with a vanishing point * The line 35 * drawn through the vanishing points 24 and 25 can be viewed as the "horizon" line. The vanishing point 36 can be considered to have a function similar to that of the vanishing point 25. The point 36 is assigned to the scales "A", ⁿ B "," C "and" D ", while the vanishing point 25 is assigned to the scales" E "," F "," g "and" H " primarily in the size of the

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produced drawing with regard to the dimensions used and whether they are primarily for external or internal views are useful. A compilation of these scales and theirs main usability is given below:

A outer height scale, 1 inch to 1 inch A-I outer width scale, 1 inch to 1 inch • Ä-2 outer depth scale, 1 inch to 1 inch, B outer height scale, 1 1/2 inches to 1 foot B-I outer width scale, 1 1/2 inches to 1 foot B-2 outer depth scale, 1 1/2 incbt to 1 foot C inner height and width depth dials, 1 1/2 inches to 1 foot D outer height dials, j5 / 8 inches to 1 foot D-I outer latitude scale, 3/8 inch to 1 foot D-2 outer depth scale, 3/8 inch to 1 foot E outer height scale, 3/4 inch to 1 foot E-I outer width scale, 3/4 inch to 1 foot E-2 outer depth scale, 3/4 inch to 1 foot F inner height and width depth scales 1 1/2 "to 1 foot. G outer height scales" 3/16 "inch and 3/8" to 1 foot G-I outer latitude scale, 3/16 inch and 3/8 inch to 1 foot G-2 outer depth scale, 3/16 inch and 3/8 inch to 1 foot H outer height scale, 1/2 inch and 1/4 inch to 1 foot H-I outer latitude scale, 1/8 inch and 1/4 inch to 1 foot H-2 outer depth scale, 1/8 inch and 1/4 inch to 1 foot I Height and width-depth scales for perspectives with one Vanishing point

The formation of these scales to create direct readability without distortion is explained in the individual views of the drawings. Figures 2 and 3 are "in connection with 'the width and depth scales of perspective drawings with two vanishing points from a certain viewing point ' ', from and with a certain orientation of the object. These two views can be viewed in this way , That you have the

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Explain the formation of all width and depth scales in FIG. 1, these differing from one another primarily with regard to the size ratio of the views in relation to the dimension marks. Figure 2, while simple in appearance, is rather a complex superposition of plan and elevation diagrams. The scale line 37 can be viewed as a plan view of a true dimensional scale plotted along the edge of a three dimensional object oriented at angle 38 with respect to a vertical plane that the track 39 possesses on a horizontal plane. The corner of the object is at point 40, which can be viewed as the beginning of the true dimension scale along line 37. The plane shown by trace 39 is generally referred to as the "image" plane and is the plane onto which the object represented by scale line 37 is projected from viewpoint 41. Up to this point the description has dealt with what is essentially a plan view. The line 35 is, however, both a horizon line (with respect to the viewing point), which is meant in terms of height, and the trace of a vertical plane parallel to the image plane. This plane lies in front of the image plane by the distance between the lines 39 and 35. The arbitrary vanishing points of the perspective system appear in the image plane (the trace of which is 39) at points 42 and 43 as projections from viewpoint 41, and these points are projected perpendicularly onto the horizon line at 44 and 45, respectively. The projections of the vanishing points onto the horizon line are what are commonly referred to as the "vanishing points". The vertical plane through the line 35 becomes a reference plane in the depth which is formed by the object and from which all lines run back to the vanishing points in space.

A line I, 46 runs in one direction from the starting point 4θ perpendicular to the image plane track 39 and the horizon line 35 and contains the viewing point J 41. The position of the point

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41 on line 46 is such that angle 47 is straight 90 Degree is. With this arrangement, the vertical lines pass through point 40 (which is the vertical edge of an object represents) all exactly at vanishing points 42 and 43 in composed of the image plane 39; and when a true dimension scale is established vertically at point 40, the convergence has a perfect relationship between the latitude-depth scales, represented by the scale line 37, and the height scale, to create freedom from distortion. As long as this relationship between points 41, 42 and 43 is maintained, can the orientation angle 38 of the three-dimensional object be the same or different from the angle 48, according to the choice of the draftsman. In other words, it is not necessary that the scale line is parallel to line 41-42.

Once the relationship of these different lines of the schematic As illustrated in FIG. 2, the process of forming the width-depth scales for the board 20 is clearly understood very easy. Lines 49 are from different brands on the scale line 37. the viewing point 41 is drawn. Always where these lines have a reference line parallel to the horizon line 35 (as they appear on the board occurs) intersect, the intersection points are noted and according to the marks of the scale true dimension on the line 37 designated. As a result of the triangular relationships used, the line 39 (which is also the trace of the vertical image plane is) can be replaced by any line parallel to line 35. Such a change in position affects the reading not as long as the readings are the sections with lines 49 describe. It is very important to point out that this arrangement for the formation of the latitude-depth scales makes it possible to take measurements on both sides of the image plane 39, since the scale line 37 can be viewed as a section of this plane. Measurements on both sides can go through the use of marks at the intersections of lines 50

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be made from the viewpoint 41 to the Marks on the true dimension scale 37 are drawn to the right of line 46 in the same manner as above for the left side. It is especially important that edge 5I of the board is parallel to line 39 so that a tear bar can be applied to the edge 51 so that they a desired mark on the formed along the line 39-. deten scale cuts to points on the scale to the middle one Transfer board surface.

Essentially the same process is used in forming the Depth scale applied in accordance with the view shown in FIG. Line 52 of a true dimension scale is below applied to the angle 53 in relation to the scale line 37. Of the Angle 53 is 90 degrees. The starting point 40 on the scale is determined in the same way as in connection with Figure 2 described, and the other essential points in the diagram are the same in both figures. The lines 54 running from viewpoint 41 to the marks on the True dimension scale drawn along line 52; intersect the reference line 39 in points representing the depth scale for the three-dimensional object oriented in the selected way. As allowed in the context of the latitude scale this scheme for the scaling that measurements are based on Each side of the starting point 40 can be made.

The formation of the height scale shown in FIG. 4 is also based on the same orientation of the object as by the line 55 is indicated. This line corresponds to the scale line 37 and would normally be the lower edge of the three-dimensional object. Because it is desirable to have the scale dimensions To relate width, depth and height to one another, it becomes necessary to establish the true dimension of the reference scale for the height in the correct place where the true dimension appears in the projection drawing.

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This requires the scale course 56 (true dimension) to be established at point 57, which is the intersection of line 55 with horizon line 35. As previously mentioned, the line 35 is also on a horizontal plane the trace of the vertical plane from which all lines converge to the light points. This plane is therefore the only place to which true, non-converged height measurements can be referenced. Scale line 56 is perpendicular to horizon line 35, and lines 58 drawn through the marks on true dimension scale 56 to point 44, which is the projection of the vanishing point onto the horizon line, intersect a desired scale line 59 in points , which can be designated according to the cut marks on the scale for dimensions 56. Line 59 can be either straight or curved as desired. Figure 5 shows the manner in which the scales formed in Figures 2, 3 and 4 'are used. The vanishing points formed in the course of the explanation of the schematic diagrams are expediently numbered separately from those in FIGS. 1 and 5. The term "vanishing point" is used to designate those points that are projected onto the horizon line. The vanishing point 24 in Figure 5 is the same as the vanishing point. 44 of the schematic representations of FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 and the vanishing point 25 corresponds to the point 45 of these representations. Dimensions in height along the scale 59 correspond to heights on the ^{line marked 11} EX "on the board, which corresponds to the line 46.

If the building represented by the original object happens to have a certain height at the top, and presumably the corner 60 is at the point 40 of the schematic representations, then the tear rail 26 with the line leg 29 placed on the mark on the scale line 59 that corresponds to the height of the building at the top. The intersection of the Ruling edge with line 46 is marked and it is known that the top of the roof lies on a line which

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runs from this point to the vanishing point 25. The half the width of the building is then on the depth scale 61 of Figure 5 set, and the tear bar is then attached to the lower edge 51 held that the ruled edge the scale 61 in crosses the desired point. The intersection of this line with line 62 defines the top of the roof. This process is used throughout the making of the perspective Drawing continued. A sidewalk that surrounds the building - .. becomes easy with lines 6> and 64 drawn by making use of the fact that the scales for The width and depth on both sides of the starting point 40 extend. The dimensions of the building to the left of line 60 make use of scale 65. Scale 61 is typical of all depth scales on the whole board in Figure 1 and the scale 65. serves as an example for the latitude scales. Height scales associated with vanishing points 24 and 25 are similar to. the scale 59 made, although the curved shape the course of the scale is free.

FIG. 6 shows the formation of the scales 66, 6j and 68 from FIG. 1, which relate to a single vanishing point. These scales are arranged in a rectangular scheme using the lines connecting the floor and the opposing walls of a room as reference lines (usually for interior drawings). These connecting lines are the start of the height scales 66 and 68, which are perpendicular to the width scale 67. Markings on these scales are all related to lines drawn to the vanishing point 33. The depth scale assigned to the scales 66-68 is formed, as can be seen in FIG. An arbitrary point 69 is selected on the horizon line 35 and a line is drawn to it from the beginning of the right-hand elevation scale. Similar lines 70 are drawn from the marks on the latitude scale 67 to point 69, and their intersection points with a line from the starting point of the left elevation scale to the vanishing point

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33 are recorded. Horizontal lines 71 * leading to a Selected scale line 72 are drawn, form a scale that can be numbered to indicate the depth dimension to display. Figure 8 shows the manner in which these scales shown in Figures 6 and 7 are used, to draw the interior of a room. The depth dimensions are taken from the baseline (from the beginning of the height scale to the point 33) is projected to the desired height.

FIG. 9 explains the formation of width-depth scales for perspective interior views using two vanishing points. As in FIGS. 2 and 3, points 42 and 43 represent the projections of the vanishing points in space onto the so-called "image plane", and these are projected at points 44 and 45 onto the horizon line. The observation point 41 is placed so that the angle 43-41-43 is 90 degrees, with the result that the angles 73 and 74 together are 90 degrees. The scale lines 75 and J6 are plotted at 90 degrees to one another and represent the intersection of a floor and a wall which meet at the corner 77 (of the object). The angles 78 and 79 are therefore also 90 degrees together. Lines 80 are drawn from the viewing point 41 to the markings on the true-dimension scales plotted along lines 75 and 76, and their intersection points with track 39 of the image plane (or with a line parallel to track 39) define the latitude-depth scales, with the numbered intersection points corresponding to the markings from which they are drawn. The line drawn to the corner 77 determines the position of the height reference line 81, as indicated by the point where the corner 77 is projected from the viewing point onto the image plane and the plane of the track 35. The scale points for the height are transferred to this line and then along the lines to the vanishing points opposite one another.

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FIG. 10 illustrates the manner in which the height scales in conjunction with the width-depth scales of FIG. 9 are formed. The scale line J6 is extended downwards to the point of intersection with the horizon line 35 at point 82. The true dimension scale 83 is established at this point perpendicular to the horizon line 35, and lines through the markings on this scale are extended from the vanishing point 44 to an appropriate scale line 84. Lines are then made on that scale line according to the marks cut on the true dimension scale. The tear bar can then be moved to various positions in which the head 28 contacts the curved surface 23, and the point of intersection of the line edge 29 with the scale 84 becomes a height measure which can be related to the line 81. Figure 11 shows the way in which the scales formed in Figures 9 and 10 are used. The scale resulting on the line 39 of FIG. 9 is transferred (with parallel vertical lines) down to the lower part of the board to form the width-depth scale 85. The various corners and edges of the walls, doors and barriers can be determined by using the scales and 85 in the manner indicated. As with the other height scales, the height values are related to the chosen vanishing point. Heights in the other direction are simply transmitted from intersections with lines running from those points to the opposite vanishing point.

The individual exemplary embodiments of the present invention that have been illustrated and explained here are only for that purpose Purposes of illustration and are not intended as a limitation on the The scope of the claims.

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Claims (9)

17861: "; -" Claims 1.) Drawing board for constructing perspective drawings, with adjustment devices (22, 23, 25) on the surface (21) of the board (20) for aligning a ruler (27) to certain separate vanishing points (24, 25, 44, 45) as well as a multiplicity of scales consisting of value markings (A, ..., I) on the surface, of which certain scales "(A-I, A-2, ...) the distances to the vanishing points and others Scales (A, ...) the height above and below one through the one another separate vanishing points indicate certain horizon line (35), with general markings are arranged so that they form latitude-depth scales at the intersections of a selected scale with lines (49, 5 * 0, which extend from a viewing point (41) to values on a true dimension scale longitudinally an orientation line (37 * 52) run under a predetermined angle (38, 53) with respect to the horizon line is arranged, and certain markings are arranged so that they are height scales at the intersections of a selected scale line Form (59) with lines (58), which from one of the vanishing points (44) to values of a scale of true dimensions (56) run in a position perpendicular to the horizon line. 2.) drawing board according to claim 1, characterized in that the adjustment device has a curved surface (23) which intersects the surface (21) on one side of the board that the ruler (27) is provided with a right angle which has a head (28) which can be placed against the surface (23), about a leg (26) of the angle in a radial position with respect to the center of curvature (24) of the curved surface align. 3.) drawing board according to claim 2, characterized in that the adjuster also has a pin with a hole at a point (25) outside of that area is in engagement, which by the leg (26) of the angle over- 109848/0604 BAD OKiGlNAL ■ - / - ■ 178613 4 « stroked-is when the head (28) of the same at the curved Surface (23) rests. 4.) drawing board according to one of claims 1 to 3 * characterized in that that the angle (47) between the lines that the viewing point (41) and the projections (42nd, 43) of the Vanishing points on a line parallel to the horizon line (39) and the beginning (40) of the orientation line (37) intersect the true dimension scale, essentially 90 degrees is" 5.) drawing board according to claim 4, characterized in that a line (46) the viewing point (4l) with the starting point (4o) essentially perpendicular to the horizon line (35) connects. 6.) drawing board according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the scale line for the width-depth scale is parallel to the normal lower and upper edge of the Board lies. 7.) drawing board according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the scale true dimension (56) for the height scales at the intersection (57) of the orientation line (55) is arranged with the horizon line (35). 8.) Drawing board for constructing perspective drawings, with marks on the surface of the same showing a Define the vanishing point (33) and reference points that lie on a straight line through the vanishing point, whereby the reference points located on opposite sides of the viewing point, and with markings on the surface of the Boards that define a depth scale (72) along a selected scale line at points of intersection thereof with lines (71) which run parallel to the straight line and which 108848/0604 ORIGiNAL IMSPEGTS) Points of intersection a) of lines (70) which are marked by marks on a pa parallel to the straight line arranged latitude scale (67) are drawn to one of the reference points (69) and tb) a line intersect that from one point on the latitude scale to that Vanishing point (33) is drawn, the latter line to the straight line is inclined in the opposite direction to lines a). 9.) drawing board according to claim 8, characterized in that the beginning of the latitude scale on a perpendicular to the straight line Line is arranged in the vanishing point. 10984 8/060 Blank page