DE1622954A1 - Electrophoretic method - Google Patents

Description

PATE N TA N WÄ LT E DR.-ING. WOLFF, H-. BARTELS DR. BRAN DES, DR.-ING. HERO

78/53/74

STUTTGART ί ... .258.1.970

ROAD 51

Ni (0711) 296310 and 297295 22312

Reg No. T21 258

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester, New York State, United States of America

Electrophoresis method

009849/1545

The invention relates to an electrophoretic method hem Creation of a visible, true-to-image reproduction by exposing a recording medium, consisting of of at least one photoconductive one on one side Layer and optionally intermediate or adhesive layers having electrically conductive carrier, against an original and treatment of the exposed recording medium with a developer dispersion of toner particles. .

It is known to have a latent, electrostatic image visible with the help of electrolytic development processes to make by exposing an aqueous dispersion of the developer to a photoconductive material leaves. When carrying out such processes, relatively large amounts of charge occur, since at least per cm a charge of 0.01 coulomb must flow in order to obtain a sufficient density. The charge flow should within about 2 seconds, which means that a current flow of at least 0.01 A / cm is required. ./

However, the disadvantage of such a process is that particularly suitable organic photoconductors such as, for example, photoconductors of the triphenylamine type in aqueous developer dispersions cannot be developed because the resistance of the photoconductor per unit area is much too is high than that the required current flow at practical applicable voltages could be achieved.

It also occurs when performing the known Process at least temporarily during the flow of current to a deposition of charged particles on the unexposed Districts of the photoconductive material, whereby the contrast between the image and the image background decreases.

009849/154 5

The invention is based on the object of creating a method of the type described at the outset, which can be carried out with lower current densities and reproductions with higher contrasts are obtained than is possible using known methods . - - ■■■■; ■ '. -. ' :.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by that the developer is a dispersion of charged toner particles in an organic, electrically insulating Liquid used.

Using a dispersion of charged toner particles in an electrically insulating organic, i.e. non-aqueous, liquid as a developer in the frame an electrophoresis method of the type described above is achieved that a photoconductor higher Impedance, e.g. amorphous selenium or one of the many organic photoconductors can be used, whereby the required current density can be reduced and thus a smaller energy source is required, and that both negative-positive reproductions and Positive-positive reproductions can be made.

It is also advantageous that all of them are made by the process reproductions that can be made according to the invention are higher Have contrast than that of known electrophoresis Process produced reproductions. The increase in contrast can be achieved by the photoconductive layer of the recording medium before the development of the contrast of the developed Subjects image enhancing treatment. Such a treatment consists in particular in a prior charge the photoconductive layer of the recording medium and / or a successive loading

009849/154 5 W original

treatment of the photoconductive layer of the recording medium with toner particles of different optical density.

Another advantage of the method according to the invention is. That the exposure and development of a photoconductive recording medium carried out simultaneously can be.

When performing the method according to the invention the surface of a photoconductive applied to an electrically conductive carrier, for example a film like layer exposed against an original. Carrier and photoconductive layer and optionally intermediate or adhesive layers together form a recording medium, which is immersed in a developing bath. The developing bath consists of a dispersion of an electrically charged toner or electrically charged developer particles in an electrically insulating, organic liquid which are immersed in relation to the charged particles as well as in relation to them Electrodes is inert and stable to changes in electrical field. The photoconductive layer of the The recording material immersed in the liquid developer is also immersed in the developer Developer electrode at a certain distance opposite to. Between the recording medium and the developer electrode a voltage of an electrical energy source can be applied. Here one pole is the Energy source with the carrier of the recording medium and to connect the other pole to the electrode.

The at "the implementation of the method according to the invention supports used for the photoconductive layer

009849/1545

or the 'EieJtfcrode fcönneö in an sicii bekanater / manner be transparent * around the exposure cEer BcbiöÄt zui enable * '

At an AusfuiMrangsforiödes f ^ faiireös öscii Sea? finding wiri the goal position by the developer and TRANSPARENT CONVEYOR OF THE AIR CONDITIONING LIBRARY terials bindurcli on its pbotoleitfäMge Sctoictot jets. If an <3 ^ ereÄ Jtefu & rungsforni is dggegeai the fbrlage ätirefc elie EleWroie and ient BflwleMer? on the pfeötöÖLeitfälfige Mi # M ies

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A cartridge W is filled with a developer ti. About developer 1t confess from an elefctrisca isolate: organiscMenp Fltssdg & eit tZ ₉ eat welciieir teei, $ er

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15 aiis ^ aoE eleMrlscic leitenieni 21 tmi a iaafstif aiif ^ etragemea Sö & ieiit from a f &# tcÄei- || äMgeffi material 22, based on the records «ttf # @ m Boäea ier cassette t0 a ^ zdf, is against.! Read iscx questioner »2t ä & m

tS is one with the help of; Iteiteirsi a soiage tT ati-t an ivy ^ ieqiiell © tg ver

With the? Eneijgleipielle i & IaSt sicÄ between * cEem Ättf2f © i (Sln <i £ iägsri £ St © rial t5 ®nä an * iii dem _f parallel i * n <I in the JÄstanä vom liesiea intwicKlerelefetroile 19 eini © liötärke ΛΤεκο i about a few Me Etttttrefie is in miclt änretÄifociiieni _r fcötiate afeer an un e & t & eldetu furthermore she is trsnsfarent · ein

OCE gtiletat genantrtea type, for example, m the firaa Mttslmrgii Blate Glass Co "Tertrieleiiie ^ lesa ^'one glass electric ^ e ^ which consists of a glass plate tini a @ i a r? ^v äarattf atifwornB _t electrical conductors

Layer ρ for example one on the surface of the The glass plate is made of tin (II) oxide. The energy source 18 is still via a conductor connected to the electrode ϊ9, which with the help of suitable insulating brackets 20 on the upper edge of the KaBsett © 10 and is isolated from it

In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, the recording material rests on the insulating brackets 20, the pbotoconductive layer 22 of the photoconductive -gen material facing the electrode 19. This is " arranged at the bottom of the cassette TO and against this isolated. In this embodiment of the invention 4er carrier 21 of the photoconductive material both transparent as well as conductive. The carrier may, for example, be made of cellulose acetate or A corresponding starting material exists, which is used for production the required electrical conductivity properties with a; certain; Fabric is coated or contains such a substance.

In the two embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, light is thrown from a light source i 24 with the aid of a lens system 25 through a slide 26 serving as a template. The light pattern corresponding to the picture pattern is projected by means of a lens 25 'through the electrode 19 (Fig. 1) or through the carrier 21 (Pig. 2) onto the photoconductive layer 22, whereby this is exposed in accordance with the picture pattern. Simultaneously with the beginning of the exposure or at a later point in time, but as long as the "conductivity generated in the photoconductive Sefticlit 22 ^ by the exposure" still exists, e! "Peeled off" 17 closed. the ectable carrier 21 and: the electrode 19 eugte ^ ^; electrical ■; ■ /; V; \; 000849/1545

The negatively charged toner particles are seen in the field 14 (Fig. 2) moved in the direction of the carrier 21 and collect at the exposed areas of the photoconductive Layer 22 on.

This happens in particular when the photoconductor used has particularly good insulation properties in the dark. In this case, any accumulation of charged particles in the unexposed, ie dark, areas leads to a sufficiently high potential to interrupt the partial transport into these areas. However, a disadvantage that such a 1st accumulation of particles in the unexposed areas the contrast between the exposed and unexposed areas is reduced _o The conductivity of the exposed areas of the photoconductor prevents development of any such potential. As a result, the toner particles continue to accumulate on the exposed areas as long as the circuit is closed, there is a supply of charged particles in the developer and / or there is photoconductivity.

The loss of contrast in picture-perfect reproductions due to accumulation of toner particles in the unexposed Background districts can be prevented by compromising the photoconductive properties of the photoconductive layer changes and / or gives it a potential before development by making it invisible Charge carriers, the optical density of which corresponds to the optical density of the for the production of the image-fair reproduction used charged toner particles contrasts, applies. This procedure also gives with photoconductors, which are not very good insulators, reproductions with satisfactory contrast.

009849/1545

* 9 w-

Invisible charge carriers, i.e. charge carriers that have practically no optical density, are, for example, gas ions that are produced by a corona discharge · If such charge carriers are used the photoconductor by means of a corona discharge, for example with the corona discharge device 32 shown schematically in FIG. 3 is charged evenly before it is brought into contact with the developer 11. To the immersion of the previously charged photoconductor in the developer due to the subsequent exposure of the photoconductive material against a gate layer, the exposed areas are conductive. The charge in the exposed areas therefore flows off * into the unexposed areas Districts, however, the potential remains high enough and has such a polarity that all charged Particles of the developer are repelled * Thus, the charged particles 13 (in Pig * t) and 14 collect (in Pig. 2) only in those districts in which an exposure has taken place »

Another way to get the same result get, is to treat the photoconductor with a developer, which is less optical Contains density, for example colorless or white! Particles. - -

After a sufficient amount of such particles has accumulated on the unexposed areas to the potential in these areas will increase allowing the latent image visualization particles to repel; becomes the recording medium in contact with a second developer brought, which charged particles are highly optical Contains dense, for example black or similarly high-contrast particles. However, it is also possible to use the

009849/1545 _BAD

charged particles of high optical density to the one To add a developer bath which has contained the particles of low optical density in order to continue the development of the image-correct reproduction in the manner already described. ! The reproduction processes described so far are for the production of Suitable for negative-positive reproductions. Positive-positive reproductions can then be obtained by looking at the development process described, the order of addition of or treatment with toner particles is lower and high optical density swapped. Furthermore you can Positive-positive reproductions can be obtained even when using a dark photoconductor «if you click on these low optical density particles such as white, charged toner particles are deposited.

As in the xerographic field, the charged Partly apart from their light absorption properties also according to various other aspects, for example due to their wettability, Reactivity, luminescence, solubility and / or their ferromagnetism lake can be selected

In the device shown schematically in Pig · 3 for contact copying with a reusable photoconductive belt, the photoconductor drawn off by unrolling it from a supply roll 31 is charged when it moves over a source of corona discharge 32. D & z * charged photoconductor is then under a slide 33 passed through and with the help of a Light source 34 originating light exposed. The light from the light source 34 passes through an adjustable Slit in a mask 35, penetrates the slide 33 and then hits the photoconductor

009 849/15 4 5

162235 ^

Sine in the developer bath in the cartridge eohwarse or blackened electrode 36 causes the toner particles to migrate in the direction of the photoconductor in contact with the surface of the developer bath when the circuit is closed by closing the switch in the line between an iati ^ ieauelle 57 and Contact rollers, which are in contact with the conductive frame of the Pbotoieitere, are closed «

A paper band suitable for transferring the image is unwound from a gate roll 58 and brought into contact with the photoconductor by means of transfer rollers 59. After the image reproduction has been transferred to the paper tape, it is separated again from the photoconductor * «The photoconductor? then runs over a cleaning roller 40 and is then wound up on a take-up roll® 41. In the case of a projection copying machine, you get a © Ücbtquelle 54 and the © mask ^ S-dufeä eim optiugt® § | rBt £ a * _ similar to the one in. Fig. 1 shown optisofagm S ^ gtea would be ersetst, wherein the photoconductor ^{r is} arranged in the focal plane of the optical system. ·

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention in more detail. ^: ·
Example T

One made of aluminum foil and laminated to it Paper existing sheet-shaped recording media> which ends on the side formed by the aluminum foil with an organic triphenylamine Phutoconductor "was coated in a metal cassette placed uaö at a distance of about 3.2 mm arranged by an electrode made of "Uesa glass". The "cell" obtained in this way was then with

0498497! 5 4 5 /. "" Bad - ORIGINAL

an organic liquid developer, consisting of a dispersion of positively charged toner particles in an odorless paint thinner. The paint thinner used consisted of deodorized, higher molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbon solvents with small amounts of naphthalene derivatives and aromatic hydrocarbons and had a boiling range of about 178 to 197 ⁰ O.

The photoconductive triphenylamine film on the laminated recording medium consisted of three parts triphenylamine and seven parts of a polyester resin of the type sold by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. ^{under the trade name "Yitel / 101 X M. The tripheoylamine film also contained small amounts} Crystal violet and 7,12 - di oxo - 13 ozodibenzo (a, h) fluorene as sensitizers and maleic acid as stabilizer. The positively charged toner used in the liquid developer was made by fusing together 0.3 parts of a product sold under the trade name "ITigrosin ^11" from der General Aniline & Film Corp. displaced, alcohol-soluble black

Ψ Hydroxyketone dye (acidic black dye No. ₉ Color Index 50420), 30 parts of a polystyrene sold under the trade name "Styron PS-2" by Dow Chemical Co. and * 0.5 part of a polystyrene sold under the trade name "Rexobase PW ^tt by by the company Emkay Chemical Co., followed by cooling and coarse grinding.

0 0 9 8 4 9/1545

Record carrier and electrode were then connected as shown in fig «1 manner to a power source and a switch, followed by the" consisting of ¹¹ Nesa glass and connected to the positive pole of the power source of aluminum foil, a voltage fön 300 volts (corresponding eiüer-electric Field strength iron 945 volts / cm). At the same time, the photoconductive layer was exposed imagewise. The exposure was carried out against a silver negative serving as a template through the dispersion of the toner particles in the paint thinner. Without the negative inserted into the projector, the illuminance was about 2420 lux After 20 seconds of exposure and simultaneous treatment, a reproduction was obtained with "a visible high-density image" but with a relatively unsatisfactory background.

Example 2

The following example was made using a lesser one Copy voltage carried out

By reducing the distance between the electrodes a deposit on Backgrounds could practically completely avoided and the sharpness of the image-oriented reproduction increased * Will In this case reduces required to treat tension could _r were less charged Leuchen required to the potential in the unexposed areas to change. -

One with an organic consisting of triphenylamine Photoconductor coated, made of an aluminum foil and 4 £ ö? On laminated paper, consisting of leaf-shaped

QQ9S49 / JS4S

BAD ORlQiNAi

-H- 1622SB4

Aufseiohnungeträger of Siyps described in Example 1 was charged with a low voltage "nämliah about +30 toit precharged UBD thereto in dt" set Metallkassett® ■ described in Example 1. "The distance between the two electrodes was set to 0.25 raif * corresponding to a field strength of Z 240 Yolt / cm Terringert · Using the same liquid developer bispersiot as in Example 1, the preloaded, imagewise exposed recording medium was then developed with an impressed voltage of 56 ToIt. A far sharper image was obtained with a negligibly small deposit on the image background.

The possibility of reusing the photoconductive Layer could be shown that the developed image covered with a sheet of paper and the image was transferred onto the paper by using the the reproduction covered by the paper was exposed to a corona discharge »*

By charging the photoconductive material beforehand one gets the option of higher. Tensions in the Development using, as shown in the following example, images with no debris on the Image background.

Example 5 *

In the present example, one used in Example 1 was used Corresponding recording media with an organic photoconductor consisting of triphenylamine coated recording medium used. The only difference was that in the present Example recording medium used two triphenylamine-containing layers, namely one sensitized

009849/154

Bohicht and a niöbt ssnaibiiieiisrte sohieben, This also applies to the following

made in the written manner *

On a cellulose acetate made of cellulose acetate, to improve the adhesion, a piping that was applied properly was provided with an electrically conductive splint, which consisted of an inner lactone of a mixed polymer formed from maleic anhydride and vinyl alcohol and was made suitable by treatment with sodium hydroxide This was followed by a seneiOilized BßMoht ₃ consisting of one part! Friphenylsjün In three parts of a ^{polyester harees sold under the trade name e} ¥ it®l 101 J ^M and 2Jl des fhiapyryXiuffisßisses 2 »6 * Sis. (p-ethylphenyl) -4- (p "pentjl © 2yphenyi) tiiiapyryliimperohlorat als Sensibilizer" - On the third Scfeielit was added a © 'cwette frifhenylamineBchicht,.'. ■ '. which the same-. Bestaöit © £ 2, @ w ± mä ± t_ first layer of Sriplsenylaniin, but fine-.Benibllieet.or contained ₉ must be carried.

produced in the manner described - two photoconductive, triphenylamia-containing 3chiohtes having sheet-shaped recording medium was created under a corona discharge charged to +400 ToIt in the photoconductor during development to repel the toner particles to be afflicted by the image background districts. Following the previous charging, the photoconductive recording medium became world-treated in the manner described in Example T, but with the exception that the e. Voltage was increased to 700 volts. That on this image obtained had a high image density, however no unwanted background density »

BAD ORIGINAL 009849/15 45: ■ "■. ■■

With previous charging, higher treatment tensions can be achieved can be applied without causing undesired deposits on the image background will· .'-;"".

Example 4

A corresponding photoconductive recording medium as in Example 3 was applied under a corona discharge +300 volts and used in example 1

^ dete, but modified according to Example 2, electrophoretic Cell placed with the photoconductive surface at a distance of about 3.2 mm from one blackened metal electrode was placed. The photo ·; -le, it capable Record carrier was now through his transparent, conductive support made of cellulose acetate is exposed imagewise therethrough, while between the carrier and the electrode a voltage of 700 volts was applied. The image-fair received Reproduction was noticeably sharper than in the previous examples. This was due to that the light corresponding to the original before it impinges on the photoconductive layer is not how

"Shown in Pig, 1, the longer way through the liquid Had to take dispersion, but »as in Pig. 2 shown, practically directly on the photoconductive Layer hit · The radiation could be scattered on can also be turned off this way.

Example 5

The following example was using a bad insulator and used without causing corona discharge. By coating a paper support with a suspension of four parts of finely divided zinc oxide in part of a 50/50 n-butyl / isobutyl - methylmetliacrylate copolymer (from the company Ε.Ϊ. DuPont de

0G9849 / 1545 ____

Uemours & Co, sold) and without the use of a sensitizer8 or other additive, a photoconductive recording medium was produced. The paper coated with zinc oxide was treated in the manner indicated in Example 1. Since a zinc oxide layer without charging under a corona discharge is a relatively weak insulator, after the treatment of the photoconductive recording medium described there was on the entire photoconductive zinc oxide layer wetted by the liquid detect a build-up of toner particles from the liquid developer.

To take advantage of a previous top-up under a .Show corona discharge, a corresponding, with a layer of zinc oxide jsre-seen paper under one Corona discharge is charged to about -300 volts, removing the photoconductive zinc oxide layer during development has been enabled to repel the toner particles from the image background areas · The previously charged one The recording medium was then placed in a metal cassette, which was then filled with a liquid dispersion negatively charged toner particles was filled. The dispersion used was prepared as follows.

0.6 grams of an organic dye pigment sold under the trade name "Orasol Black ¹¹ by Oiba Chemical & Dye Go. 2.0 grams of a polystyrene sold under the trade name" Styron PS-2 "by Dow Chemical Co, and 0.4 grams of a 6 # cobalt naphthenate solution were added

"in a compatible organic solvent mixture mixed «The obtained mixture was put into a large Volume of the odorless dye used in Example 1

009849/1545 _BAD

Thinner sprayed in which di® in sprayed particles were insoluble. The mixture thus prepared was filtered to remove the mixed solvent practically completely separated from the solid particles. The latter were then resuspended in an even larger volume of the above-mentioned Parbthinnerβ in order to Use as a toner to obtain desired dispersion.

The photoconductive recording medium coated with negatively charged zinc oxide was then treated in the same way as the photoconductor used in Example 3 with the dispersion of negatively charged toner particles prepared in the manner described. The _e i be the development of image obtained had a relatively high density, while no unwanted background density was observed. The results obtained corresponded to: Ergebnissen- of Example 3, except that in this example, a lower maximum density was obtained (max), since the negative toner used had a slightly lower density than that used in Example 3, be made of ⁿ nigrosine ^M and polystyrene - * standing positive toners.

Example 3 was repeated, ^{except that the developer dispersion of w} Nigrosin ^H black and polystyrene toner particles in the odorless, liquid paint thinner was replaced by a corresponding developer dispersion of 0.5 grams of zinc sulfide phosphor particles activated by copper (the phosphor particles were a luminous color pigment, which is marketed by Luminous Products, Inc.) was replaced in 100 milliliters of the parb thinner

00984.9 / 1545

treated in the manner described therein in contact with the developer containing the zinc sulfide-phosphorus activated by copper. The copy obtained was distinguished by a high density, showed no undesired background density and luminescent in an image-correct manner when excited with UV radiation.

In all of the design examples you can! Phot slider and / or charged toner particles are replaced by all other compatible photoconductors and / or toner particles. If the photoconductor in question is replaced by another photoconductor ₉ whose photoconductor properties are not so good in the dark that the contrast of the reproduction obtained is satisfactory, then all of the gate treatment steps described above, such as prior charging under a corona discharge or prior contact ringing of the photoconductor with charged, colored, white or colorless toner particles will angewaisdt © \ m limited potential and thereby caused to produce the desired contrast · on the other hand, can also be a compatible, dark tinted photoconductor together with sufficiently weak toned to white or colorless, charged toner ^particles; to be used in the developer. Furthermore, the transparent "JSesai" glass electrode from Example 1 can also be replaced by any other similarly suitable transparent electrodes.

Claims (1)

P a t en t a η β ρ r Ü ο h β = a = ssssss = a = sssssssB = aa = assss 1. Electrophoretic method for making a visible, image-fair reproduction through exposure a recording medium, consisting of • one on one side at least one photoconductive Layer and, if necessary, electrically conductive carrier having intermediate or adhesive layers, against a goal position and treating the exposed recording medium with a developer dispersion of! toner particles, characterized in that as Developer a dispersion of charged toner particles in an organic, electrically insulating liquid is used. 2. Electrophoretic method according to claim 1, characterized in that the photoconductive layer of the recording medium prior to the development of a the contrast of the developed image is subjected. - 5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the photoconductive layer of the recording medium charges evenly against an original before exposure. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the photoconductive layer of the recording medium treated after exposure against an original by removing at least the photoconductive Layer with a dispersion of charged particles, whose 009849/154 optical visibility lower than the optical density the toner particles dispersed in the developer to produce an image-perfect reproduction are sufficient long in'contact to the state of charge of the to change the photoconductive layer only in the unexposed areas, 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized characterized in that the photoconductive layer of the The recording medium contains triphenylamia, 6 · Method according to claim T to 3 »characterized a) that the recording medium is in the liquid immersed and at a distance from an electrode that is also immersed in the liquid arranges, with at least either the Carrier or the electrode is transparent, b) that the immersed in the liquid, photoconductive layer either through the transparent carrier or through the transparent electrode against a template exposed and the electrical conductivity in the unexposed areas changed to the extent that that the -charged particles in these places be repelled and c) that between the carrier of the in the liquid immersed recording medium and the electrode simultaneously with the beginning of the exposure or at a point in time when the exposure in the photoconductive layer generated conductivity still exists as long as a voltage is applied that the charged Particles only. the illuminated districts deposit. 009849/1545 ' 7 »Method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that . - ■ ..-.- · - a) that mail the recording medium into the liquid, in which a given amount of charged lights of certain optical density diaper-- * yaws, is, immersed, at a certain distance from one also in the liquid submerged electrode arranges, with at least either the carrier or the electrode is transparent, and then exposed, b) that one first between the carrier of the recording medium and the electrode simultaneously with the start of exposure or at one , Point in time at which the bioconductive layer is still conductive as long as a voltage is applied, to practically all charged particles on the surface of the unexposed areas the photoconductive layer are deposited and newly added charged particles be repelled by this, c) that thereupon, when a voltage is applied, particles charged in the liquid become more contrasting optical density dispersed and d) that the applied voltage is maintained as long as until the particles of high optical density are imagewise only on the exposed Deposited areas of the photoconductive layer. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that a dark-colored recording medium in a first immersed liquid containing charged particles of high optical density and that after deposition these particles in deraelbea or a second 00 9 849/154 5 SAD original Liquid-charged particles are less optical Density dispersed * 9. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that that you have a dark-colored recording medium immersed in a liquid containing initially charged particles of low optical density and that after deposition of these particles in the same or a second liquid charged particles of high optical density "dispersed. 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized * that a dark-colored recording medium in initially containing black, charged particles Immersed liquid and that after deposition of the black particles in the same or a second Liquid charged white particles dispersed 11. The device according to .Anssxiioh %, characterized in that a dark-colored recording medium is thawed in a liquid initially containing white-charged particles and that, after the white particles have been deposited in the same or a second liquid, charged black particles are dispersed. ORIGINAL 0098497 15A5 • ι ■■ .. ■ Lee rse ι te