DE1521171A1 - Material made of thin layers - Google Patents
Material made of thin layersInfo
- Publication number
- DE1521171A1 DE1521171A1 DE19661521171 DE1521171A DE1521171A1 DE 1521171 A1 DE1521171 A1 DE 1521171A1 DE 19661521171 DE19661521171 DE 19661521171 DE 1521171 A DE1521171 A DE 1521171A DE 1521171 A1 DE1521171 A1 DE 1521171A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- layers
- material according
- deposited
- matrix
- production
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/40—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition
- C23C28/42—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition characterized by the composition of the alternating layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/40—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition
- C23C28/44—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition characterized by a measurable physical property of the alternating layer or system, e.g. thickness, density, hardness
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Werkstoff aus dünnen@Schichten Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf hochfeste und warmfeste Werkstoffe auf Metall- und/oder Nicht=etallbasis. Material from thin layers The invention relates to high-strength and heat-resistant materials based on metal and / or non-metal.
Die aus der Theorie für den ungestörten Kristall ab- geleitete Festigkeit für einen Ideal-Kristall liegt um mehrere Größenordnungen über der Festigkeit vIelkristalliner Aggregate. Auch hängen in der Praxis die mechanischen Eigenschaften solcher fester Körper stark von der Grüs- se der beanspruchten Bereiche ab. Zeigen z.B. metalli- sche Einkristalle bei geringer Festigkeit einen plasti- schen Charakter, so erweisen sie sich als sehr dünne Padenkristalle ("whiskers") als äußerst widerstandsfähig. Hei wenigen /u Fadendurchmessern wurden oft die aus der Theorie geforderten Festigkeitswerte erreicht (Brenner, Journal of Applied Physics, 2'7, S. 1484, 1956). The off from the theory for the undisturbed crystal led resistance for an ideal crystal is several orders of magnitude above the resistance much crystalline aggregates. In practice, the mechanical properties of such solid bodies also depend heavily on the size of the stressed areas. Show, for example metallic-specific single crystals at low strength a plastified rule character, they prove to be very thin Padenkristalle ( "whiskers") to be extremely robust. Hei few / u thread diameters were often required from the theory strength values achieved (Brenner, Journal of Applied Physics, 2'7, pp 1484, 1956).
Es hat bislang nicht an Versuchen gefehlt, diene hohen Festigkeiten technisch nutzbringend zu verwerten. So wurde gefunden, daß nicht nur Fädenkristalle unterhalb von ca. 20 /u Durchmesser in ihrer spezifischen Festigkeit mit kleiner werdendem Durchmesser stark zunehmen, sondern daß dies auch für sehr dünne, polykristalline Drähte gilt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, daß bei Drähten dieser Dimension - insbesondere metallischen - die Festigkeit in relativ weiten Bereichen mit zunehmender Temperatur in wesentlich geringerem Maße abfüllt, als bei Halb- zeugen üblicher Dimensionen. Außerdem ist bei derart dünnen Fadenkristallen - im Gegensatz zu metallischen Halbzeugen üblicher Dimension - die Verformung bis zu einigen Prozent Dehnung elastisch. There has so far been no lack of attempts to utilize the high strengths in a technically beneficial manner. It was found that not only filamentary crystals below about 20 / u in diameter increase in their specific strength with decreasing diameter, but that this also applies to very thin, polycrystalline wires . It has also been found that in wires of this dimension - in particular metallic ones - the strength in relatively wide ranges with increasing temperature decreases to a much lesser extent than in the case of semi-finished products of conventional dimensions. In addition, with such thin whiskers - in contrast to metallic semi-finished products of the usual dimensions - the deformation is elastic up to a few percent elongation.
Aber auch mit einzelnen dünnen Schichten, z.H. Auf- dampfschichten wurden beachtliche Festigkeiten erreicht. (L.S. Palatnik und A.L. Illinskii, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 2813-2819, Sept. 1961). But considerable strengths were also vapor layers with individual thin layers, Attn up reached. (LS Palatnik and AL trainee, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 2813-2819, Sept. 1961).
Es wurde nun gefunden, daß eine weitere wesentliche Erhöhung der Festigkeit erreichbar ist, wenn ein solcher Werkstoff aus mehreren Schichten von etwa 0,1 bis etwa 50/u Dicke gebildet wird, die bei Betriebstemperatur eine gegenseitige Löslichkeit von weniger als etwa 2 Atom-% haben. wählt man als Zwischen - oder Trennschichten Metalle, intermetallische Verbindungen, Oxide, Karbide, Silizide, Nitride oder Boride, die in den Matrixschichten nur wenig oder praktisch nicht löslich sind, so lassen sich auf diese Weise Strukturen ähnlich denen von gerichtet erstarrten Eutektika erzielen, die die letzteren aber in ihrer Festigkeit weit übertreffen. Außerdem können die erfin- dungsgemäßen dünnen Schichten vergleichsweise kosten- sparend hergestellt werden. It has now been found that a further significant increase in strength can be achieved if such a material composed of several layers of about 0.1 to about 50 / u in thickness is formed, which at the operating temperature a mutual solubility of less than about 2 atomic% to have. is chosen as interim - or separating layers metals, intermetallic compounds, oxides, carbides, silicides, nitrides or borides which are not soluble in the matrix layers with little or virtually so can be in this way structures similar to those of directionally solidified eutectics achieve the but far surpass the latter in strength. In addition , the thin layers according to the invention can be produced in a comparatively cost -saving manner.
Die Fertigung von Aufdampfschichten mit einer Dicke von wenigen ju oder darunter ist heutq beispielsweise unter Vakuum, in großtechnischem Maße möglich. Unter Berücksichtigung der versetzungstheoretischen Gegebenheiten läßt sich ein technisch brauchbarer Verbundwerkstoff durch Verbinden vieler dünner Schichten wesentlich besser herstellen als durch Paketieren von dünnen Drähten. Ge- mäß der Erfindung kann man die Zwischenschichten derart wählen, daß eine Fortsetzung von wandernden Versetzungen in die für den Zusammenhang des Schiohtenpaktes erfor- derlichen Zwischenschichten unterbunden wird. Weiterhin lassen sich durch Ausnutzung den epitaktischen Aufwachsens, z.8. beim Aufdampfen im Vakuum, sowohl diese Zwischen- schichten als auch die Hauptschichten günstig beeinflus- sen. The production of vapor-deposition layers with a thickness of a few μm or less is nowadays possible, for example under vacuum, on an industrial scale. Taking into account the dislocation theoretical conditions, a technically usable composite by joining leaves of many thin layers produce significantly better than baling of thin wires. ACCORDING the invention, one can choose the intermediate layers in such a manner that a continuation of migratory dislocations in the require for the connection of the Schiohtenpaktes sary intermediate layers is suppressed. Furthermore , by utilizing the epitaxial growth, e.g. in the case of vapor deposition in a vacuum, both these intermediate layers and the main layers have a favorable effect .
Durch geeignete Wahl und Dicke der Aufdampfschichten ge- lingt es damit, auch in großtechnischem Maßstab blechförmige Produkte mit extremer Zugfestigkeit zu erzeugen. Eine Kombination von ca. 0,7 /u starken Kupfer und ca. Overall by appropriate choice and thickness of the vapor deposition layers it lingt order to produce sheet-shaped also on an industrial scale products with extreme tensile strength. A combination of approx. 0.7 / u thick copper and approx.
0,2 p starken Wolfram erreicht eine Zugfestigkeit von ca. 200 kp/mm2 bei einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von ca. 0.2 p thick tungsten achieves a tensile strength of approx. 200 kp / mm2 with an electrical conductivity of approx.
80 '%r von Elektrolytkupfer. Wählt man z.B. die Haupt- schichten aus Fe oder Ni, die Zwischenschichten aus einem oxydationsbeständigen Material wie A1 3 , so lassen sich 2 3 im Bereich von 800 - 1200°C Zugfestigkeiten bei guter Oxydationsbeständigkeit verwirklichen, die weit über denen der bekannten Superlegierungen liegen. 80 % r of electrolytic copper. For example, if the main layers are made of Fe or Ni and the intermediate layers are made of an oxidation-resistant material such as A1 3, tensile strengths in the range of 800 - 1200 ° C with good oxidation resistance can be achieved, which are far above those of the known superalloys.
Als Werkstoffe, z.B. für Raumfahrzeuge, Raketen, Über- schallflugzeuge, Staustrahlantriebe, Gasturbinen, Hoch- temperaturreaktoren, ;Cannings etc. sind derartige Kombi- nationen besonders geeignet. Such combinations are particularly suitable as materials, for example for spacecraft, rockets, supersonic aircraft, ramjet drives, gas turbines, high- temperature reactors, cannings, etc.
Ein anderes Anwendungsgebiet ist im Reaktorbau gegeben. Das spaltbare Material ändert im Laufe der Zeit aufgrund der in ihm vor sich gehenden Umwandlungen seine Dimensionen. Abwechselnde dünne Schichten aus spaltbarem Material und diffusionshemmende Zwischenschichten, die in Bezug auf den Neutronenfluß nicht stören, führen zu einem mechanisch sehr festen Tierband. Eventuelle Durchbrüche werden in darauf- folgenden Schichten abgeriegelt. Bei geeigneter Konstruk- tion kann man Brennstoffelemente mit hoher thermischer Belastbarkeit herstellen, und die Form dieser Elemente, z.B. Platten oder Hohlrohre so Wählen, daß eine wesentlich günst4.gere... Wärmeabfuhr als in den heute üblichen Reaktor- typen gewährleistet ist. Zum Schluß soll erwähnt werden, daß durch abwechseln- des Aufdampfen äußerst dünner Schichten, deren Konti- nuität nicht unbedingt gewährt sein muß, die Herstellung dispersionagehärteter Werkstoffe möglich ist. Another area of application is in reactor construction. The fissile material changes its dimensions over time due to the transformations taking place in it. Alternating thin layers of fissile material and diffusion-inhibiting intermediate layers, which do not interfere with the neutron flow, lead to a mechanically very strong animal band. Any breakthroughs are sealed off in subsequent layers. Tion can, with suitable constructive one fuel elements having a high thermal capacity to produce, and the form of these elements, for example plates or hollow tubes so select that a substantially günst4.gere ... heat dissipation is ensured as types in today's conventional reactor. Finally, it should be mentioned that by the evaporation ternating extremely thin layers whose continuity is not necessarily granted to the production dispersionagehärteter materials is possible.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEB0089131 | 1966-09-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE1521171A1 true DE1521171A1 (en) | 1969-07-31 |
Family
ID=6984633
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19661521171 Pending DE1521171A1 (en) | 1966-09-29 | 1966-09-29 | Material made of thin layers |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE1521171A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2096585A1 (en) * | 1970-06-30 | 1972-02-18 | Ibm | |
FR2125181A2 (en) * | 1971-02-17 | 1972-09-29 | Paris Ecole Nale Mines | Silicon carbide coated strips/flakes - for reinforcing titanium/aluminium |
-
1966
- 1966-09-29 DE DE19661521171 patent/DE1521171A1/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2096585A1 (en) * | 1970-06-30 | 1972-02-18 | Ibm | |
FR2125181A2 (en) * | 1971-02-17 | 1972-09-29 | Paris Ecole Nale Mines | Silicon carbide coated strips/flakes - for reinforcing titanium/aluminium |
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