DE1433429A1 - Process for the production of cast iron - Google Patents

Description

Dr. K. R. EIKENBERG Dipl.-Chem. W. ROCKER- Patent attorneys Dr. Elkenberg & Rücker, Hanover, Am Klagesmarkt 10/11

'MiITISJi CAST IROII A ^ C

HANNOVER? 1. Au

At Klagesmarkt 10/11

Telephone 12402 and 12403 cable BIPAT HANNOVER

PATENT LAWYERS

1963

Our files:

230/78

Method of making G-uSeison

The invention also relates to a method of manufacture of cast iron, specifically on a process for improving its mechanical or physical properties the iron.

Iron generally contains the main alloying agent 2 to 4 # carbon. They can be in the form of graphite, in ./elehem ü'alle nan das ü'iaen as gray Denoted iron, octsr in the form of sis carbide, in ./elchem If the iron is called iron, it is carbon partly present as graphite and partly as carbide, so the weeping is "gemaseru". 3 in gray (Juiäeisen is relatively soft and bearish at t oar, while a ./eiiBes Iron is hard and brittle. The strength of gray iron leaves

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Poctidwckfconto Hanno ** 43100 · Cnk Hannover 10758 · Dresdner Bank Hannover 44181 · Deutsch · Bank Hannover 12840

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by changing the amount and shape of the graphite rules. In general this is brought about by graphite flakes. But there are also procedures developed by which it assumes a spherical shape, the highest skill and results in an improved ductility.

The structure and properties of jr-iuer. G-u'Heisens, especially -.renn the graphite in spherical "Fjvj-. Vori ' ^J . _; : T, can be improved by procedures, which are called" Iiap-iaiu, "Ό ο.-C ^ .n ..- ". t are. The inoculation can be carried out as a pull of a small group of a substance called "vaccine" to the liquid "metal" immediately before you go to the front! And the effect achieved thereby is 8> -very much röiBer -Λβ the one who sicii by reducing the composition due to the dissolution in the iron fiflher. Inoculation is an / esitllches feature in the production of G-uiöeisen ho! .er? eJ ^ igtreit, especially those that have a low carbon content or contain spherical 3-raphite.If the inoculation is insufficient, these contain iron K: \ rbid or chilled cast iron in thinner sections and the inoculation can provide the necessary mechanical properties One of the main features of inoculation is the suppression of the tendency to form chilled cast iron, the degree of suppression depending on the inip powder or its added amount.

Almost all alloys, except graphite, are inoculated

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ostracized v / earth, contain a greater length of the iliaium, which is advantageous for the ir. ρ catch of iron containing flake graphite ver./ .. n-Jen l ^: i ',' - t, -; about not f ".r spherical Ι3χ- ilen.

Ferrosiliniuni contains 75 Mn 30 ','·>silicon; ..nd is probably borne - it neist be · ut ^ te, much ^ silicon contained ^ .e vaccine especially for 1-rugeli.jes ΰί-ίθη. , ieines FerrosiliziuHi li ' _: t Ehr, ^ eri-U {ve ViTirkung, ./enn :: mn gs admits to cast iron. The usual aiel5erei-j ⁿ errosilir; iui.i rio ^:. After its retention of smaller! Narrow, unordered "elements, namely aluminum and calcium, the ioii stimulate the vaccination effect. -.rt nshr or .. '.; ii _t ; er proportional ^ u to the Aluijiiniura- and Kalnijn ^ eh-.ltoii,; e-: n these are small, but an increase in these small monies is not useful ./ further improvement of the vaccination effect. Auii-erüeni iot the use of Perrosiliziuiii i'jit icy Jro :: ducks an ^ lundnium a potential lTrs .--. CliP of disfigurement of fine holes, inabeoondere i :: "vujelijen." Sisen.

The Zu./j-.be of a vaccine. -Material it vir'einert the grain of cast iron, '.ne e.'. Neiu i'achmann - '"if: iie ..' e :: i areas from the appearance The surface is recognizable by a fracture i ^: 3t. Shortly before, ', ^- enomr: ene research has shown that the grain of guiieisen on a polished surface of a Gu: 3otLieke marks out as a specimen known as the eutectic cell oyster, and it is also known that the size of the inoculation

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effect affects the number of eutectic cells, which appear on their unitary surface on such a polished surface. For spherical iron is the number of balls a corresponding parameter on the unit area of a micro-section.

In the manufacture of spherical iron, there is "one there is a greater tendency for white iron to form in thin layers and the vaccination usually becomes egg-shaped after that leading encore as an important part of the process. For this purpose it is a very powerful one Vaccination necessary.

Both for gray iron with flaky graphite and There is also great flexibility for iron with spherical graphite for new vaccines which, for a certain amount, have a greater potent effect than those currently available are in use, or on the other hand also for additives that give the same effect with smaller amounts. Recently it was has shown that the presence of small amounts of aluminum and calcium is desirable when the silicon-based vaccines are constructed in order to have a perfect vaccination effect adjusts.

It has been found that the addition of up to 4 $> strontium to a silicon-based vaccine increases d-food effect considerably when added to a gray iron with flaky graphite or an iron with spheroidal graphite

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will. The strontium itself has no noticeable vaccination effect, but has the effect of increasing the effectiveness of the silicon-based vaccine, this effect is not directly proportional the amount of strontium added, but is one Maximum when between 0 and 4 # of the added strontium. A number of practical attempts have been made with ferrosilicon lugs carried out with different btrontium contents. The alloys to which strontium has been added vrarde made in a vacuum furnace in an argon atmosphere.

First of all, “special ferrosilicon logs were made from Armco iron and 99 $ pure silicon metal, either in small recrystallized crucibles that were heated by a graphite inductor, or directly in the crucible with a sour butter in a vacuum oven. The vacuum chamber was carefully evacuated during the relatively long heating period and then filled with argon to a pressure of 1 atm. The minor additions of the elements to the molten bath were made in the argon atmosphere at a temperature just above the melting point, whereupon the alloys were allowed to solidify in this atmosphere. On the other hand, strontium has been added to the commercial alloys by melting the alloys in the manner described above and adding the strontium metal to the liquid alloy .

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Finally, a strontium ^ ilizium alloy from a Aiiogangs ^ was eiflisch 60 fS strontium and 40 ⁰ Jo ^ iliaium prepared. Details of the inoculant alloys are given below.

In all tables and analyzes that follow, are the percentages of vaccination additives before any The action has taken place. The analyzes of the resulting Alloys or genes may have some differences, but such analyzes have not been carried out, // hurry they are afflicted with numerous debris. aside from that such analyzes are usually carried out in a foundry not made.

Composition of the inoculant alloys

alloy Vaccination type Sr No. train 1 Special FeSi 3 2 fl 3 3 Il 2 4th Il 1 VJl It 4th 6th Il 2 7th Il 2 8th Il 2 9 Surrounding hmo1 ζ enes, ρ ■■ customary. FeSi * 10 Conversely, ρ commercially available SMZ ^ά 11 Timeshaped, commercially available CaSi 2 12th Special SrSi 60

Al fo Ca f Si fo ' added added added added. approx.

0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0

0 0

0 0

0 70 1 Il 0 75 Q Il 0 η 0 H 0 η 1 Il 0 70-80 0 - 70 0 40-60 0 40

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The comparator vaccine was a normal foundry available 75 $ -Ferrosilizium 75 # silicon, aluminum and 1,2 $ '0.8 i »calcium.

The cast iron melts to which the vaccines were added were made from pig iron or carburized steel scraps in high frequency furnaces with acidic feed. The casts were made in sand molds made from natural red sand, 6 # coal dust and 5 $ water, unless otherwise stated.

The following examples show the improvement in the inoculation effect that can be obtained through the use of strontium, which is added to the ferrosilicon. Improvements in the order of magnitude of 10 fo are to be regarded as considerable.

The melt no. 1 was prepared and consisted of iron with flaky graphite, the 3 f> carbon, 1.6 $ silicon, 0.5 $ manganese, 0.1? » Sulfur and 0.1 f * phosphorus. Four stabs were made and vaccinated at 1380. From each tapping, two 3 cm thick test rods and a hard casting were cast 30 seconds after the treatment. JJIe chilled castings were small plates of 1.6 mm, 3.2 mm and 4.8 mm thick, which were broken along the width and on which the degree of hardness of the cast was measured at the outer edges. The tensile strength was tested on the 3 cm thick rods. The EU-

Tectic cells were tested on samples obtained from the stretched length the broken test rods were cut off. the

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Brinell hardness was measured on the rounding of the test rods. The treatment of the tapping, the chemical analyzes and the test results of the melt Mr. 1 are in the Table 1 summarized.

TABSIIE 1 - Melt Mr. 1 (flakes).

Dist.
ITr. Si (Si)
Encore alloy no
or type of
Vaccine Cast hardness depth
in 1/32-in
in had of
1.6 3.2 4.8
mm tensile strenght
(tons / in) Eatekt.
Cells
Per
2.54cm
linear Si
(*) Si (Si)
increase 13th 1/1 no white white 10 15.2 32 164 around 21 1/2 0.25 1 2 1 0 15.4 45 1.77 O. 15th 1/3 ! I Normal
FeSi 3 2 0 16.5 43 185 0. 1/4 M. 2 white 3 0 16.4 40 1.79 0.

The reduction in hardness and the number of eutectic cells were better at the edge at tapping 1/2, the one with the alloy Ur.-1, which contained 3 $> strontium, than with normal ferrosilicon. The presence of 1 <fo calcium, along with the strontium, had an adverse effect.

The melt no. 2 consisted of a spherical iron with 3.7 Io carbon, silicon 2.1 fo, 0.5 f> manganese, 0.6 fo

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Nickel and 0.06? ' Magnesium. There were again three rackings performed. The details of the taps are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 - Melt Kr. 2 (spherical graphite)

Tapping ITr. Si (*)
Encore Alloy No. &
Type of
Vaccine 3-esamt C
(^) t
Si
W. 2/1
2/2
? / 3 0.5
0.5
0.5 number 1
normal PeSi
No. 2 3.72
3.55 2.11
2.H
2.08

Short rods 1.5 cm, 2.2 cm and 3.0 cm in diameter were cast from each tapping and their hikro structure was examined. No carbide was found in the 1.5 cm rods in tap 2/1, which was inoculated with alloy No. 1, which contained strontium as the only additive. A considerable amount of carbide was found in tapping 2/2, which was inoculated with normal ferrous silicon; the tapping 2/3 containing the alloy Nos. 2, the strontium and calcium, was vaccinated, .rar almost white. A similar variation occurred in the larger diameter rods, except that the degree of grain decreased with increasing diameter. However, in the case of the flaky graphite iron, alloy No. 1, which contained strontium only, had an inoculating effect which was stronger was than the normal perrosiiiziuuQ while the alloy No. 2, the otron-

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tiuin and calcium, showed a weaker effect.

The effect of strontium found in ferrosilicon

is resolved 1.) Bisen with flake-shaped uraph.it

The melt ETr. :> v <nr similar to melt no. 1 and six taps were made from it. For each tapping, 0.2b i » ferrosilicon (see table }) becomes ^ eaetz-c. The Ferrosilisiura entnielt 7 5 ^{c /> D} iliziuni and consisted of normal gieSereiüblichen Ferrosilisium as a comparison or alloy Hr. 3 to 6 as described above. As already described above, test hard castings and 3 cm thick rods were produced from each tapping. The results are summarized in Table 3.

TABBLIS 3 - Melt 3STr. 3 (flakes)

Si access 1 De, at all 0 Cutting = Zugfe
sturdiness
(tons / in j = O.?5 ', Si
($) Si
increase Dist
Mr. Alloy Mr.
or type of
Vaccine Greetings deep
in 1/32-in.
in plates of
1.6mm 3, 2mm 4, 0 amn 17.3 Eutect
Cells
Per
2.54cm
linear 1.61 0.27 3/1 normal
FeSi white 5 0 16.3 37 1.b1 0.27 3/2 3 (2 $ Sr) 3 0 0 15.5 43 1.55 0.21 3/3 4 (1 $ Sr) ffeiß 3 0 15.5 42 1.54 0.20 3/4 5 (4 $ Sr) white 3 2 16.9 34 1.58 0.24 3/5 6 (2 $ Sr
+ 1 $ Al) 4 0 17.8 44 1.58 0.24 3/6 normal
FeSi White. 6th 39

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The Brinell hardness (HB 10/3000) was measured in each case and it was found that 3/3 was never deepest (196) for tapping and 3/6 was highest (204) for tapping. The cut 3/4 showed a value of 198, the cut 3/1 and 3/2 denoted 190 and the cut 3/5 gave 200.

A notable feature of the results was the remarkable effectiveness of alloys Nos. 3 and 6 (tapping 3/2 and 3/5), both of which contained two consecutive additions of strontium. The eutectic cells counted are more numerous and the hardness removal effect much greater than with the corresponding additions of normal ferrosilicon. The alloys to which 10 and 4 % strontium have been added (tapping 3/3 and 3/4) are not as effective as those with 2% additions, from which it appears that an optimal strontium content is present a maximum vaccination effect occurs. The addition to the alloy of 10 aluminum with 2 $ strontium had no adverse effect, see tapping 3/5. The tensile stress of tapping 3/1 and 3/6, which are inoculated with normal perrosilicon, were slightly higher than those inoculated with the special alloy. This is due to the increase in strength that generally occurs with the addition of a small amount of aluminum, which is found in the commercially available perrosilicon.

Melt No. 4 was made from a batch identical to that of Melt ITr. 3 was similar. There were five rackings

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made and the alloys ITr. 3, 7, 8, 9 and normal Ferrosilicon added. The silicon addition was higher than in the melt no. 3, resulting in a higher cell count for similar other conditions caused »vurde and dajiit also higher tensile strength. It rurdeh the same attempts and Types of experimental material ;; en made and examined as before.

TABLE 4 - Melt Mr. 4 (flakes) Si addition for all taps = 0.35 $

Dist
Wr. Alloy Ur.
or type of
Vaccine Cast hardness depth
in 1/32-in.
in plates of
1.6mm 3> 2mm 4.8mm Zugfe
sturdiness
(tons / in ^) Eutect.
Cells
Per
2.54cm
linear Si
W. Si
increase 4/1 3 (2? 6 Sr) 4 0 0 17.9 58 1.63 0.20 4/2 7 (2 ^ Sr + 2 # A1 5 0 0 20.3 56 1.79 0.36 4/3 8 (2 $ Sr + igOa white 3 0 18.1 46 1.öO 0.37 4/4 normal PeSi v? white 1 0 17.6 52 1.77 0.34 4/5 9 (nor.PeSi
+ 2 $ Sr) 15 1 0 18.y 53 1.75 0.32

The results again show the advantages that result from the use of the alloys to which 2 # strontium was added (see tapping 4 / I and 4/2). The addition of 2 fo aluminum with 2 <fo strontium to the alloy had little additional effect on the number of eutectic cells or the reduction in hardness, but it did produce the expected improvement in tensile strength, see parting 4/2

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The presence of calcium in the alloy and strontium was a disadvantage (racking 4/3) and this is likely to result in the poor improvement that occurs when strontium is the normal perrosilium, which contains $ 0.8 calcium, is suspended (tapping 4/5).

2.) Bisen with spherical graphite

Two experiments were carried out using special alloys No. 1 and 2 to inoculate iron with spherical graphite. The ITickel-Magnesiuu alloy mrde each tapping at HOO ⁰ C and added to the vaccines / ere immediately after extinguishing of the magnesium color added.

The melt no. 5 (similar to the melt no. 2) vrarde divided into six taps and the alloys ITr. 3 to 6 were compared with the addition of normal ferrosilicon. from each tap was made up of 3.8 cm square keels and short rods 0.5 cm, 2.2 cm and 3.0 cm in diameter poured. The mechanical properties / are determined on bars, which were cut off from the keels of the keel blocks, and the rods with different diameters ./were .vie above

ρ described examined. The balls per inch were counted on samples obtained from the tensile test bars and from the rods with a diameter of 1.5 cm were cut. The results are summarized in Table 5:;

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B 5 - melt no. 5 (Kuft-Eli ^ er txraphit) Si addition in all taps = 0.5 'f>

Dist
Mr. •alloy
ITr. or
Type of
Vaccine Sugfe-
stmgteeit
(tons / in] Deh
tion Brinell
hardness
HB
10/3000 Globules
per 2.54an
in 1.5cm
St ab en Si
CO Si
increase
($) 5/1 normal
FeSi 2y.8 23 174 115000 2.10 0.42 5/2 3 (2? 'Sr) 29.5 23 169 162000 2.16 υ, 48 5/3 4 (1 $ Sr) 29.4 ^ 4 159 166000 2.14 0.46 5/4 5 (4 $ Sr) - 29.5 24 167 145000 2.13 0.45 5/5 ϊ (2 $ Sr
+ H Al) 30.2 24 167 151000 2.15 0.47 5/6 normal
. FeSi 30.5 22nd 170 114000 2.12 0.44

The co-examination of the bars showed a trace of Masonry in the rods with a diameter of 1.5 cm Parting 5/1 and 5/6, which are geinft with normal ferrosilicon but this grain did not appear on the other bars. The number of balls in the little bars shows that all of them Rackings made with special alloys containing strontium (Racking 5/2 to 5/5) are more heavily vaccinated than those containing normal Ferrosiliaium (racking 5 / Ί and 5/6). That results from the result.; e of the micro-examination.

The use of the special alloys did not show any noticeable effect on the keel blocks with a thicker cross-section on the number of balls and therefore there was also no effect on the mechanical properties.

The melt JMr. 6, not prepared in a similar '// style •. / Ie the melt 5, with the exception that only five tapping

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^ enonn.en ./urden. Additions with the alloys Ur. 5, 7 »8 and 9 • were compared with the additives of normal ferrosilicon. 'iDs mrden similar rrobegäs, e made and an additional one Casting that resulted in small slabs measuring 5 x 3.5 cm, the thickness of 1.6 mm to 19 mm ranged, ./ was produced from π 3 the AbfsticL. Oas / was therefore ied to the hardship tendency of the individual Test racking in sections that are larger than the 1.5 cia rods are.

Me chemical analysis and mechanical test results are summarized in Table 6, along with the Number of balls counted in the 1.5 cm bars, all of which are free of grain. The silicon content was at this melt of furnace metal higher than in melt no. 5 »which promoted the freedom from grain and the number the bullets increased.

TABLE 6 - Melt Mr. 6 (spherical graphite) Si addition in all taps = 0.5 i>

Racking
No. alloy
No. or
Type of
Vaccine Zugfe
sturdiness «
(tons / inl Deh
tion Kügeichen
per 2.54 cm
in 1.5 cin-
Rods Si
<*) Si
increase 6/1 3 (2 # Sr) 28.9 26th 246000 2.53 0.47 6/2 7 (2 $ Sr
+ 2 $ Al) 28.3 25th 204000 2.46 0.40 6/3 8 (2fo Sr
+ $ 1 oa 28.4 23 129000 2.42 0.56 6/4 normal
FeSi 29.0 23 139000 2.48 0.42. 6/5 9 (nor.PeSi
+ -2 ^ Sr 28.7 23 179000 2.55 0.47

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The examination of the small plates was carried out by breaking through them in the middle, starting with the thinnest hat. If the plate showed any noticeable bending before breaking, pieces of all plates of this thickness were cut off and examined microscopically. This occurred with the 4.8 ram thick plate of the tapping 6/1, which was made with the alloy ITr. 3, to which 2 $ strontium had been added, had been vaccinated. There was a grain of grain on the edge of the 4.8 mm thick plate of tapping 6/1, but otherwise it was completely free of grain. Its considerable grain was evident in all the other 4 "8 mm thick Plates and it was particularly strong in plate 6/3, which had been inoculated with alloy No. 8, which contained strontium and calcium, and also in plate 6/4, which had been inoculated with normal ferrous silicon The effective inoculation effect of the alloy Mr. 3 was again confirmed by the number of balls in the 1.5 cm diameter rod The tap 6/1 treated with this vaccine had a much larger number of balls than any other The alloy No. 7, to which 2 $ strontium and 2 % aluminum were added, proved to be the very strongest vaccine, although it was considerably weaker than the alloy Er.3 without aluminum (racking 6/2). S calcium with 2 fo strontium to alloy no. 8 reduced the vaccination power, slightly below that of normal ferrosilicon (cf.

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Äbotich 6/3 with 6/4). The addition of strontium sum normal Ferrosilicon (alloy TTr. 9) showed little improvement the inoculation power, but the results are not so good, like that of alloys No. 3 or 7. That is η'J as it turns out ruif the presence of calcium in the commercially available ferro-silicon traced back.

The effect: the addition of strontiura metal alone, a Siseneharge rait flaky graphite, the silicon content of which had been increased to compensate for the lack of the addition of ladle silicon, was used up for melt No. 7. This was redistributed into five taps and Strontiummetail in amounts of 0.01? J ^ added to 0.25. Cast iron test plates and 1.5 cm thick rods / were cast and examined as before, with the exception that only the eutectic cells were counted on the 1.5 cm thick rods. From the results in Table 7 it can be seen that only a very small amount of inoculation takes place with the strongest addition of strontium.

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TABBLLS 7 - melt 7 (flakes) No Si-S _u set

Racking
ITr. Type of
Vaccine Cast hardness deep 1 / 32-41
in plates of
1.6mm, 3j2mm 4.8nm Eutectic
Cells per
2.54 cm linear Si (55) 7/1 none white white white 29 1.89 7/2 OtD ^ Sr listen Il ti Il 28 1.91 7/3 Cl 03 $ " ti ti O --- | 2; 32 1.91 7/4 $ 1075 " ¹¹ "white 32 1.90 7/5 3.25 '# " Il Il 4 33 1.79

The effect of strontium metal with gerrosilicon The addition of calcium and aluminum together with perrosilicon increases the absorbing power of the perrosilicon in iron with flaky graphite by an amount similar to that which equates to the solution of the same amount of these elements in the excess silicon *

Whether btrontium metal is possible vase the same effect was tested in the melt Fr. 8, which consisted of iron with flaky graphite, which was divided into five tapping became. Each Abatich was given an addition of perrosilicon With low aluminum and calcium content added and increasing Additions of strontium metal were ■ * ■ «? * - the ferrous

Silicon added. Hiirt test plates and 1.5 cia thick rods were poured and tested as described above, with the

'Assume that the number of eutectic cells is only counted on samples ./urde, which had been cut off from the 3 cm thick rods. The details of the tapping are summarized in Table 8.

1'ABHLLE 8 - melt ITr. 8 (flakes) Si addition in all taps = 0.5

Dist.
ITr. Alloy no.
or type of
Vaccine Cast hardness depth
in 1/32-in.
in plates of
1, 6mm 3, 2mm 4, 8mri iiutect.
Cells
per 2.54an
linear 1.93 Si
increase 8/1 Little Al, FeSi white 8 4 29 1.98 0.49 8/2 "Al, FeSi
+ 2io Sr KetuH white 5 1 3: 5 2.03 0.54 - 8/3 little Al, FeSi
+ 5 # Sr metal white 7 2 32 1.93 0.59 8/4 little Al, FeSi
+ $ 10 Sr He tall 13 0 0 55 1.93 0.49 8/5 little Al, FeSi
+ $ 40 Sr metal white 1 0 52 0.49

The strontium metal content was expressed as a percentage of the ferrosilicon additive measured.

The addition of an appropriate amount of strontium metal with low aluminum and calcium content of ferrosilicon

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can have a very 'effect' full vaccination effect. . At best corresponded to .jtrontiummenge 10 ^ ies Jj'errosixiainmgeh.'iltes ^(Racking: '/ Ό · ^ -s is much more than the indicated alleren fr attempts as best \ fen strontium in ü'errosili-3ium dissolved .airde. -ui but Stront-iu;: u: ietal ± a very volatile and flammable substance is at temperatures at which the iron is liquid, very considerable losses occur when it is added directly to the cast iron .-? earth.

The melt ITr. 9 "'ar similar to the melt no. 8, with the exception d * α riur.iales foundry ferrosilicon instead of Ferrosilisiums low aluminum un.l Kalziumgehaxt used' / urde.

The tap details and the results listed in Table 9 show that the addition is beneficial from Strontiumine-call with Ferrosixizit this kind of lceine improved Let results be achieved.

TABLE 9 - Melt Fr. 9 (flakes) Si addition in all tapping = Ü.5 f £

Racking
XU X Alloy ITr.
or Art dec
Vaccine GuI3h ^: lrtetief e
in 1/32-in ..
in plates of
3, 2 ram 4.8 mm Eutect.
Cells
Per
2.54 em
linear Si
(£) Si
increase 9/1 normal FeSi 2 0 50 1.90 0.47 9/2 normal FeSx
+ 2 '/> Sr metal 2 0 49 1.93 0.50 9/3 normal feSi
+ 5 ^c ; ' Sr metal 1 0 51 1.93 0.50 9/4 normal FeSi
+ -10 $ Sr metal 2. 0 50 1.95 0.52 9/5 normal FoSi
+ 40 fj Sr metal 1 0 48 1.89 0.46

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The strontium metal content was determined as a percentage of the ferro-silicon content ^ appropriate.

Two experiments similar to the earlier records were carried out, whereby the Stroiitiumrnütnll was added to both sorts of Ferrosiiiziums vairae, -tenn it was used to inoculate T-iron with spherical graphite. A small improvement in the Iπρfkrη ft the iferrosiliiiium with low Aluv: iinium and calcium content occurs as the Htrontiumrju ^ n.be increased, but in no year the effect comparable to that of the Al ig era can be preserved through the addition of normal tfie'jerei perrosiiicium. There was no improvement in the vaccination power, enn ötrontiumuiexall with normal t'errosiliziura,; esexzt ^^

The 7Ir ¹ CUn / ¹ ; of stronxium metal with

Ss vvu-rden from a surface smelter iiit an iron composition r.iit flockenför'ii. ^ Eia graphite fänf taps carried out. Jedei: i racking were purchased together with separate additions to four tappings of 2, 5> 10 and 40 fi strontium metal Kalziuinsilizidkürnchen: - added uf the Kalziumsilizidzusatz. Ss again became Pr ^; iiung the casting hardness castings and rods of 1.5 cn thickness are produced. The ürgebniotje show that although calcium silicide is a good vaccine for iron with flaky graphite, the addition of Strontium metal does not provide any further improvement.

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The \. ^The effect of the addition of strontium as a test component of the KalsiuEi-Giliziui'i-Ii.ipf material was then investigated, for which Z./eck another melt of Eisannit flake-like graphite in a similar ialsj iiergerichtot de-r recording that only three samples before enon. en v / uraen. 3 in addition

An alloy Mr. 12 (reverse sciinolite Kalaiutusilizid f 2 <fo Strontium) vrarde? iit additions of a LineeiiraiJelten liulzium-öilizid-alloy compared. manufactured "he vox'her ..urden aucii liier -hnlinlie Testgußstücke UUD investigated. In this case he ^ * b through the solution of strontium in ^Kalziumsil.! -iid a small increase in the I.ipfkraft, reduced .T 'rtetieCe and an increase vjü un: -ex ^: your 10 ^ of the .ieai * es shared eutectic number of lines.

A comparison similar to that which has been carried out with reference to the previous melt, "3rde using an iDisens with spherical graphite the earlier iron schinelzen with spherical graphite. All rods with a diameter of 1.5 cm vrarsn .veii3 and the rods with a diameter of 2.2 cm contained considerable grains. A slight grain was found in all 1.5 cm rods. Due to this fact, no mechanical tests were carried out on the keel blocks. Examination of the rods confirmed that calcium silicide is only a poor vaccine for spherical iron and that the solution of strontium in calcium silicide did not improve the vaccination effect.

BATH ORIGINAL

- 23

809809/045

_ 23-143342S

The addition ν η "trontiiuruu ^ tall pit Ii- SMZ-Le.η cirung

"us" lines from the very routine SMS-Lojji run; / urden zui. * n; anen r.it tmütei ν υ Λ on adding '-'trout'. ί.-, :: etall to each of the five aerobic tapping, which is made by eirtor Seh. Olze with flakes ^": Λΐν · ά ~ -er; Giranhit"hnlie'i Λβτ Πο-! 'ielze: j -v: ^F: ior..rca leli t ^ were and he ablieben Teöt.3u Sntäcke were ύοϊι each Absticii ^ egou ^ en. The Sr ^ ebnir.; "-, lines, da.j ier addition to iJtrontiurnnetall no noticeable verbes.-erar.g -Ior Ivipflcr-ift der ^^ '" - Legioruii ;: produced.

Three Ac.Jticho .. 'i.irion from another and "breathe swath nit flonhenfür; i ^ em Grnpiiit and eix ^ eu' ΰ-λχαΧζ -AER T ₄ e _t ^ ation .iv 10 (unjocohriolzene SLIS-Jje ^. ierung f 2; -j ötroütium) nit Zr _t s; ". tzen of nornalen iJHZ-I '^ jiorun ^ and norrmle · - ¹ compared to ferrosilicon. The results: ei; -on that the solution of strontium in the GliZ-L .-. Ration 'has a purely useful effect on their inoculating power.

A similar comparison would be made using Eiaen performed with spherical graphite. The solution of strontium in the 3MZ learner, their beneficiaries burned in eggs spherical graphite is not.

The Tirkun / T of varying additions of strontium containing y

Most surprising and perhaps most valuable is the improvement in the inoculation of iron with nodular graphite,

809809/045 °

- 24 - ■ ·

The reason for the use of the "special perrosilicon alloys to which 2 $ ί strontium was added, which is evident from the previous results. The following two melts were used for comparison with normal ferrosilicon and the alloy ITr. 3 (with 2 ', * strontium) at three silicon levels.

The melt Ir. 10'.rar a typical mixture of iron with icy graphite, with the exception that the silicon content is less than normal. For example, three tapping were carried out and a Mckel-Hagnesium coating was added to each tapping. These -.mrden dr.nn with 1 '/>, 0.5 'ß> or ' $ 0.25 Siliaium inoculated, the iils alloy Ir. 3 (with 2 fi strontium) wetted v / urde. Final silicon additives were added to the oven before tapping Fr. Z and 3, so that the final silicon content of each tap after inoculation was similar. Keel blocks, rods of various thicknesses and small battens of various "strengths -./ were measured with" each tapping and as described above. "_; ^r enrMft. The fencing of the graphite spheres was not carried out only on specimens which had been cut from the 1, ij cra rods and which were all free of grain.

The details and results are summarized in Table 10. Ss it should be noted that the number of Spheres is almost directly proportional to the amount of silicon added.

- 25th BADORfGfNAL

80 980 9/045

TABLE 10 - Melt Mr. 10 (gg.-eli ^ g graphite) nfstoff: Alloy Mr. 5 (IeSi contains 2 fS 3r)

Racking
Mr. Si ^c .j
Encore .0 Tensile strength
ability ο
(tons / in) 2 strain Spheres- ^ en
per in in Si Ji
increase
(Ό
I. .69 10/1 1 , 3 28. Λ 16 η 0 . 57 10/2 0 , 25 28. 9 23 2. 0 .12 10/3 0 28. 25th 2. 0 275,000 .36 186,000 .47 14? 000 .54

Fractures in the small plates showed that the 5.2 mm thick plate of the tapping 10/1, the ax 1; Silisiun was inoculated as an alloy ITr. 3, very little ductile, due to the other 3, 2 mm-Pl -?. Tte brittle and completely / icy, / ar. The 4.8 mm-Pl:; tte of the tapping 10/1 v / ar very ductile and that of the tapping 10/2 quite ductile corresponding plate of tapping 10/3 was brittle. the 4, β strong ram plate, it yiit tapping the 1 ^ strength Siliziumzusats was free from occurrence of streaking .v / ogejen the plates with 0.5 '/> silicon and 0.25 The 6.4 mm thick plates of the tapping 10/1 and 10/2 could be bent considerably before the first Rii3 appeared, whereas the plate of the tapping 10/3 "completely brittle .Yar.

A similar series of tests was carried out with the melt Er. 10 done in exactly the same part, with the exception that normal perrosilicon instead of alloy no. 3 turned on

BATH ORIGINAL

- 26 -

- 2b -

, air.'le. The Yersuchsergebnisse showed dai3 time an increase in 3ilisi.urazu3-.T3 of 0.5 to 1 ^ S only an increase von.ungefähr 6 $ .in the number ier '.I _n;? Revealed Pedal. All dän.-ies plates had to 6.4 msi Strong brittle fracture of the "tear" Sisens r "it except there: 3, the 6.4 _nm-plate; It treats 1 $ silicon ./orden v / ar, a low ductility ^: "^; t showed.

The results of these two test series again show the superior inoculation properties of the better, strontium-containing ferrosilicon alloy ITr. 3.-Hen this sum Inpfen of iron; iit kugeligeia G-raphit is used. In particular, an increase in the addition of normal ferrous silicon above 0.5% silicon gave only a small increase in the inoculation when measuring three numbers of spheres, whereas an almost linear increase occurs when increasing additions of the alloy ITr. 3, which contains strontium, can be used. The two series of searches are shown graphically in the accompanying drawing. Curve A relates to the series using alloy No. 3 and curve B to the series using normal ferrous silicon.

The effect of strontium silicide that works with ferrosilicon added -, / ird

The vaccination alloy Wr. 12 is produced by making a small melt in a crucible of pure silicon to which 60 % of strontium hetali are added. The reaction resulting from the addition of Stronti is very stormy,

809809 / 0A53

BATH

- 27 -.

abex * nan e ^ hc.lt a trontiunreichi; uilin alloy,; iie contains about 65 / '"tr ο at ium, and i.I: re Tirektiven' ils Hi ttel zum Zu ^ 'itz von ^ tr.-ntiuiu Tunn.LLlaen .it Perrosilisium v / urde ^ e rMft.

VJij ..iirdon of lter ^ clrielze "Tr. 11, the 3Uisen mit floclreni'Jr .i.Tc;.: 'Ir a Uit represents, four Abbaren vortenora-πen, and dio alloy ITr. 12 both alone alii also in conjunction ?. -lit Forrosilisiun, low aluminum and Kalaiu »J _n: ^r .eist elialt ^ Uf, zagenetat GuioötücTce to test the hardness and 3t ^r ibe of 1.5 cm Dur crimes.j he vnirden cast and tested. The .irgeb ^ isse are summarized in Table 11. Also from the table - it emerges, ά ^ ° - the Henge of the alloy Mr. 12, which the Abutich No. 11/2 sugesetat v.'urde, the weight of Ferrosili ^ ium GiitnprrO ¹ · !, d''s the racking 11/1 pulls - ^; "; tst was before. The vaccine in racking 11/2 was the same as in racking 11/3 with the addition of an amount of Sr Si to which Gev / icat corresponded to 2/3 of the weight of FeSi.

TAH ¹ ULLB 11 - Melt IJr. 11 (flakes)

Racking
Mr.

Zu3r.bc

Alloy 3 ¹ Ir
0 _t he type of
Vaccine

^Gußh:; .rte depth

in 1/32-in. in plat .en of 3, 2 mm 4, Bim

Eutect.
Cells

Per
2.54 cm

lin.

Si
(55)

Si

increase

0.25

0.25

ITorm. F "Si
Ho.12 (Sr / Si)
■. ^r eni. ' ^r Al

in FeSi

like 11/3 + 2/3 des
Weight of Sr / Si

42
36

31
52

1.80
1.61

1.80
1.81

0.22 0 _# .03

0.23 υ.23

809809/0453

BATH ORIGINAL

- 28

The strontium silicide alone (tapping 11/2) possesses a --- rather small vaccination effect, but if it is together with you Ferrosilicon with a low aluminum and aluminum content (racking 11/4) is added, it has a very strong vaccination effect.

! The melt No. ¹ 2 had a low one. Siiiaium. ^ Elinlt, in order to make the complete elimination of the greetings harder. Additions of ferrous silicide with a low aluminum and calcium content are rare in every abctich sus amides with increasing amounts of trontium silicide (alloy No. 12). -./Urden the same tests .- ^r ie already described above in similar castings, and the results are summarized in Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 - Melt Wr. 12 (flocces) Si addition in all taps = 0.25 / *>

Racking
Kr. Alloy Hr »
or type of
Vaccine G-ussjvirte deep
in 1/32-in.
in plates of
3.2mm 4.8mm Eatekt.
Cells
Per
2.54 cm
Hn. Si
(ffi) Si
increase
('.S) 12/1 " ^r enig Al
in FeSi White 14 31 I.
1.61 0.20 12/2 Mfenig Al
in FeSi +
4 ¹ P Sr / Si »12 34 1.55 0.14 1 2/3 Little Al
in FeSi +
10 io Sr / Si «11 39 i .63 0.22 1? / 4 Little Al
in FeSi +
20 # Sr / Si " 8th 44. 1.59 0.18 12/5 Little Al
in Fe Si +
40 io Sr / Si » 4 48 y 1.65 0.24

809809/0453

BAD ORiGiMAL - 29

The Sr / Si-O content .vui'de as a percentage of the FeSi additive enjoyed.

3ine progressive increase in Ira »fv / ^irl:. Un _(j resulted from the increasing addition of Struntiumsilizid that zusn.:a.:ien, i lit errosiiiziur, drirj had eiücn low aluminum and calcium content, were made.

The aisle TIr. 13 corresponded to the melt ITr. 12, with the exception that norm.les ferrosiliziuin shares us with that: with low aluminum and calcium content, S3 .nirlen again the '-deichen veriches a ^ x'clx ^ eiMhrt and the .ür, _; These are listed in Table 13, illr, l'ier-kLicher Aui. ti-j ^ the exposure occurred in the sharks, ./ie the addition of strontium siliside increased. i) aa is in view of --ul 'the lack of any improvement in the addition of strontium, which is dissolved in normal perrosilicon, see Table 4, tapping 4/5 »surprising c L end.

13 - melt U r. 13 (flakes)

Racking
Mr. Alloy ITr.
or type of
Vaccine FeSi Gu.ßhMrtetiefe
in 1/32-in.
in plates of
3.2mm 4 »8mm Sparkling wine.
Ropes
Per
2.54 cn
lin. Si Si
increase
('S) 13/1 normal '> Sr / fei 4 2 44 1.63 0.20 13/2 FeSi + prev 'Sr / Si 4 1 48 1.61 0.18 13/3 FeSi + 1Of iSr / Öi 2 0 52 1.67 0.24 13/4 FeSi +20: JSr ^ i 1 0 56 1.68 0.25 13/5 FeSi + 4-®? 1 0 58 1.65 0.22

The 3r / Si content was calculated as a percentage of the FeSi addition enjoyed.

_BATH

809809/0453

2u3 ^: * .tse of Strontiunüslliaid alone and together with both kinds of Perrosiliaium .mrden sum inoculation of bison • :: it flames out spherical graphite. Inoculation through the addition of strontium silicide alone did not result, also no improvement, if it was given with one of the ferrosilicide. Similarly, barium and other ilicides wear out in the same way, "ie strontium silicide tested and;"'? Funu oil, there were no improved vaccination effects.

The results of all of the above experiments tend, that it is possible to use a silicon-containing vaccine in the case of iron, both flaky and iron, which, in the presence of excess blood, will considerably affect a goose s tärlET3ai vaccination effect shows ils vaccinations with! Iblichein S'errosilisium. In addition, this vaccine can actually be free of aluminum, which avoids the possible risk of damage caused by small additions of this element and which takes place automatically with normal ferrosilium.

The vaccine can be prepared by dissolving a small amount of trcmtiummetall in pure Ferrosilisiuia or in in some cases simply by adding ^ trontium metal or a strontium-rich silicon alloy susanmen with perrosilicon obtain.

In this respect the effect of strontium is analogous, but stronger than the well-known effect of aluminum in perrosilicon. Strontium v / eic. ^! ; t however of aluminum thereby

''''"■" ■■ '■ - ■ BAD ORIGINAL

. - 31 -

809809 / 0A53

ab, Ίίϊϊ the simultaneous presence of kai si im and strontium eliminates its effect, v / 0 ~ e _o : en Kalaian increases the effect of, aluminum, / pus. Alu ::. Iri.iu.contents up to su 1 i> seem to impair the effect of the 3trontiuiasugr.be light ζ α, r.uer Alui.iiniumjre te te above 1 \ Ί vcrr ^; ._ _o ern the effect that Kerrien 'carin achieved through the strontium.

The amount of strontium required to dissolve it in ferrosilicon is usefully small. 2u "i". Sentences from 1 to 4 '' have been found to be -. 'Ir ^ un ^ sfull here is ^ desl t, - with a mnxinal Iiupeffekt rat ei η or addition of 2 ⁽ ; S occurs when eie . is carried out under the conditions indicated above strontium it, but t: -ehr volatile and Selir renktionafreudig when added to liquid Perrosilizium v / ith Therefore i: Ann the beizte amount added üiden circumstances-under the Zugo.. .! .be change et.ras in dEiu alloy ^ rocess, the v / he eil described above s'orden i .. t, - / ill about 50 ^c ß> retained the added strontium in the alloy.

For iron: -iit flake-free; The effect of strontium can be achieved by adding strontium metal or strontium acid simultaneously with the ferrosilicon. In some cases, the amount of strontium required to achieve the bursting effect is high greater ^ Is when it is dissolved in the vaccine ./orden ./are. That is n.; Ineffectual on the volatility of the strontium addition:. Ψβηη Strontium nil; the In. fstoff in this

BADORlGINAi.

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809809 / 0A63

^r else added .. ^r ill, comes back to the suppressive effect · of calcium, but still a considerable improvement is achieved when the big Zuü / .tze to Strontiumsilizid nit done the normal ferrosilicon containing a small amount of calcium. *

Pure iron nit spherical graphite possesses strontium or Strontium silicide, which is added to one of the perrosilicon types will, no improving effect. This is not overran because it iot already known dai3 additions of aluminum or calcium, mixed with perrosilicon, have no effect on ironnite spherical graphite, but a considerable one Effect in a güriotiger sense with iron with flake-form G-rapiiit.

The potential inoculating power of perrosilicon, which contains strontium, shows itself in bed through its use in iron with spherical graphite. The purpose of dividing iron with spherical graphite is to create castings which are free of grain and which therefore do not need to be annealed. are ^x '! hen thin castings produced by the conventional method, a high degree of immunization is necessary to achieve this condition and even then must castings of 1.5 cm diameter or w, still niger annealed / ground. In general, attempts are being made to improve the vaccine by adding a-iii to very large amounts of ferrosilicon, but is this '' / else obtained advantage

809809/045

only slightly. This is evident from the Ytranche with the melt TTr. ! 10 in which by increasing the Uu ^ - '"tzes normal Ferroi5ili: -: IUMS door 0.5 - /> only" ine flume VJir.::ung · ηιί the number of Kü ^ri, has moose, and the elimination In addition, very large amounts of sunlight on normal forrosilicon greatly increase the risk of pore formation.

Strontium enth-ilteude? Errosili :: iurag'ibon of 0.5 '' · Silisium hrben a r ^ r ^^ ere I: .ipf. •; ir! "Un _o · r.uf l-Jisen" .it lcigeli -: ^ eja graphite as normal Ferroüili ^ iuin and an.,; earth.; ii ^ t an increase in the addition up to veui.jo · tons 1; ' direlit proportional to the increase in vaccination effect. In practice u-ideut ^ t d'.n, ά · \ ίί it is possible, ■. ■ / e ^ ontlich thinner greetings. Lche puo "Sisen -.lit spherical graphite, which is free of Ii- ^ j -rung i ..- t, 'lerr / uotellen, renn m -'. n In addition, this sr type ends.

The same should be at üüc-eri: be it floc ^ onfjri.-ii.'ieiü -jr ^ .phit possible to prepare thin .very GuiSstücice, v / obei the danger, since j form Gußh ^r irtek'inten. is considerably reduced if a strontium-containing I.ipf:; toff is used , which means that the increasing demand for internal and light castings can be met.

.Me conclusions drawn from the results of the postings described above, can, ./ie summarized below, 'earth:

BATH ORIGINAL

- 34 809809 / OA53

The Impfkraft by some, much silicon-containing Irnfptoffen, by adding strontium improved ground v ^r. Thus, a normal 3s 7erroaiiiziura with 75% silicon has an improved I = ir.f. ^r ir .ung, v / hen him 1 to 4 'S strontium added w; gestures. The V / irx .; ng iat the greatest, -if the addition 2 ύ "concerns ^ t.

jperrosiliziun, which sets your strontium su ^ e './ird, must have the g-; cln -st possible Ko.lzium-Teh-It ^ en α ± Λ lauiJ ^:. ^ i ^ ür contained as 1 f 'Aluniii "' am, if the full effect of strontium nv. t:; b-" r jeuacht .. 'is to be grounded.

? ur ¹ SiUeIi mit f loclceni ^v lr -.igem Gr ^ pliit runs aicii through the stimulating effect of strontium. Addition of strontium metals or girontium silicide to soften it de :: i Fcrrosilirium. The amount of strontium that is required is, however, in the case much greater, in order to interfere with the calcium containing erosilicon.

On the other hand, par "sisen with ¹ T..gelige;! Graphite is obtained by adding 3trontium: metals or strontiura silicide together with the inoculating? Errosiiicon iceine beyond the improvement achieved by the termination of perrosilicon.

^'R f you nu ¹ "Strontiumiaetall or Strontiunsilizid inflicts receives nan neither iron flockenför nit, washed yet ^ mi ^ spherical G-raphit ei ^ s In; -feffekt, but although a iürhöliung adding normal Perrosilizium to iron cu. ^ eligein Ü-raphit

BADORiGINAL

- 35 -

809809/0453

from 0.5 to 1 ^c f-> only a small improvement in Inpfwir processing results, an increase in yields eggs addition of strontium-containing Perrosiliziums to ^r .. e: äjstens to 1) 1> a proportional increase in the Iapfeffekt.

The use of ferrosilicon containing strontium in iron with flaky graphite results in a higher number of eutectic cells and a lower tendency to form, hardening v / ie ^: similar gifts -iorr; 'v.len Ferrosilizians.

In theoretical experiments, ie those in Tables 11 to 13 with the addition of suicides of tungsten, cerium, titanium, zirconium, olybdenum ^{or borium, cnt.} 'Either alone or in conjunction; with perrosilicon nirie Icein remarkable inoculation effect observed in iron with flaky graphite.

BATH ORIGINAL

- patent claims -

809809/0453

Claims (10)

Claims 1. Process for the production of cast iron, after which the molten Iron before casting with a silicon-containing vaccine is added at the inoculation stage. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the Strontium initially alloyed with the vaccine wirrl. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the silicon-containing vaccine is ferrosilicon and d'i..j strontium is added in an amount up to 40 wt .- $. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the Amount of added strontium between 1 and 4 wt .- $ decogen to the weight of the ferrosilicon and the strontium is alloyed with the ferrosilicon before the inoculation of the iron. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that approx 2 wt .- ^ 'Ttr ^ ntiuia: i is alloyed with a ferro-silicon, whose aluminum and calcium levels are low. 809809/0453 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the Jerrosilicon and din strontium are added separately to the melt v / earth, / obei the amount of strontium up to 40% by weight of the Ferrosilicon. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that strontium is added as a Strjiitiui'-sicicide. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the Kalsiunsilisid and Btroitiun tetrennt added to the melt .verden and the amount of strontium added "up to 40% by weight of calcium silicide is. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the strontium is added as a strontium silicide. 10. "The method according to claim 9» characterized in that the Strontiura silicide together with the perrosium in amounts up to 2/3 of the weight of the ferrosilicon is added, I BATH ORIGINAL 809809/0453