DE1291895B - Device for the production of plastic hose material - Google Patents

Device for the production of plastic hose material

Info

Publication number
DE1291895B
DE1291895B DEA49370A DEA0049370A DE1291895B DE 1291895 B DE1291895 B DE 1291895B DE A49370 A DEA49370 A DE A49370A DE A0049370 A DEA0049370 A DE A0049370A DE 1291895 B DE1291895 B DE 1291895B
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
nozzle
concentric
calibration
hoses
production
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
DEA49370A
Other languages
German (de)
Other versions
DE1291895C2 (en
Inventor
Utz Kastulus
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alkor Oerlikon Plastic GmbH
Original Assignee
Alkor Oerlikon Plastic GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alkor Oerlikon Plastic GmbH filed Critical Alkor Oerlikon Plastic GmbH
Priority to DE1965A0049370 priority Critical patent/DE1291895C2/en
Publication of DE1291895B publication Critical patent/DE1291895B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE1291895C2 publication Critical patent/DE1291895C2/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/901—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies
    • B29C48/903—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies externally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0013—Extrusion moulding in several steps, i.e. components merging outside the die
    • B29C48/0015—Extrusion moulding in several steps, i.e. components merging outside the die producing hollow articles having components brought in contact outside the extrusion die
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B29C48/10—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels flexible, e.g. blown foils
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
    • B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
    • B29C48/21—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers the layers being joined at their surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/901—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies
    • B29C48/902—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies internally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/908—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article characterised by calibrator surface, e.g. structure or holes for lubrication, cooling or venting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9115—Cooling of hollow articles
    • B29C48/912—Cooling of hollow articles of tubular films
    • B29C48/913—Cooling of hollow articles of tubular films externally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9135—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means

Description

Ein Kunststoffschlauchmaterial, bestehend aus konzentrischen, nicht aneinander haftenden Schläuchen wird für verschiedene Zwecke benötigt. Insbesondere bei der Herstellung von Flüssigkeitsgroßpackungen und Säcken hat es sich als vorteilhafter erwiesen, ein aus mehreren konzentrischen Schläuchen gleicher stofflicher Zusammensetzung bestehendes Schlauchmaterial zu verwenden als ein einschichtiges Schlauchmaterial desselben Werkstoffs mit einer der Summe der Schichtstärken des mehrschichtigen Schlauchmaterials entsprechenden größeren Wandstärke. A plastic tubing consisting of concentric, not Adhering hoses to each other is required for different purposes. In particular it has proven to be more advantageous in the production of large liquid packs and sacks proved to be one of several concentric tubes of the same material composition to use existing hose material as a single-layer hose material of the same material with one of the sum of the layer thicknesses of the multilayer Hose material corresponding greater wall thickness.

Zur Herstellung von mehrschichtigem Schlauchmaterial mit nicht zusammenhängenden, konzentrischen Schichten hat man bisher aus Ringdüsenköpfen mit konzentrischen Ringdüsen konzentrische Schläuche extrudiert und die aus den Ringdüsen austretenden Einzelschläuche durch Erzeugung eines Überdrucks zwischen den Schläuchen voneinander getrennt gehalten, bis sie genügend abgekühlt waren, um nicht zusammenzukleben. Diese Vorrichtung hat sich nicht bewährt, da sie über längere Zeit kein gleichmäßiges Produkt liefert. For the production of multi-layer hose material with non-contiguous, concentric layers have hitherto been made up of ring nozzle heads with concentric ring nozzles concentric hoses are extruded and the individual hoses emerging from the ring nozzles kept separate from each other by generating an overpressure between the hoses, until they cooled down enough not to stick together. This device has has not proven itself as it does not deliver a uniform product over a long period of time.

Um diesen Nachteil zu beseitigen, wird die bekannte Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines aus zwei konzentrischen Schläuchen bestehenden Kunststoffschlauchmaterials durch konzentrisches Extrudieren von zwei Einzelschläuchen und Aufblasen derselben, umfassend einen Düsenkopf mit konzentrischen Ringdüsen und einen Stützluftanschluß innerhalb der inneren Ringdüsen, derart ausgebildet, daß gemäß der Erfindung am Ausgang der konzentrischen Ringdüsen zwischen diesen ein über die Düsenausgänge überstehendes, flaschenförmiges Kalibrierrohr angeordnet ist, dessen Außenfläche eine Kalibrierfläche für den aus der äußeren Ringdüse austretenden Schlauch und dessen Innenfläche eine Kalibrierfläche für den aus der inneren Ringdüse austretenden Schlauch bildet. In order to eliminate this disadvantage, the known device is used for Manufacture of a plastic hose material consisting of two concentric hoses by concentrically extruding two individual tubes and inflating them, comprising a nozzle head with concentric ring nozzles and a support air connection within the inner ring nozzles, designed such that according to the invention on Exit of the concentric ring nozzles between them via the nozzle outlets protruding, bottle-shaped calibration tube is arranged, the outer surface of which a calibration surface for the hose emerging from the outer ring nozzle and the inner surface of which is a calibration surface for the one emerging from the inner ring nozzle Hose forms.

Für die Herstellung von Einzelschläuchen sind Spritzvorrichtungen bekannt, bei denen zur Kalibrierung des aus der Ringdüse austretenden Materials ein Kalibrierrohr vorgesehen ist, das auch von einem Kühlmittel durchflossen werden kann, damit die Abkühlung der austretenden Schläuche beschleunigt und die erforderliche Führungslänge verkürzt werden kann. Spray devices are used for the production of individual hoses known where to calibrate the material emerging from the ring nozzle a calibration tube is provided through which a coolant also flows can so that the cooling of the exiting hoses accelerated and the required Guide length can be shortened.

In die Zwischenräume zwischen den Schläuchen können das unbeabsichtigte Zusammenschweißen während der Herstellung der Schläuche unterdrükkende gasförmige, flüssige oder feste Stoffe in solcher Menge eingeführt werden, daß sie das Zusammenschweißen der Schläuche bei späterer Verarbeitung nicht behindern. This can accidentally get into the spaces between the hoses Welding together during the manufacture of the hoses suppressive gaseous, Liquid or solid substances are introduced in such an amount that they weld together Do not obstruct the hoses during subsequent processing.

In der Ausführungsform nach der Figur ist der Düsenkopf allgemein mit 210 bezeichnet. Er weist zwei konzentrische Ringdüsen 212 und 214 auf. Die äußere Ringdüse 212 ist an eine Schneckenpresse 218 angeschlossen, die innere Ringdüse 214 an eine Schneckenpresse 216. In the embodiment of the figure, the nozzle head is general labeled 210. It has two concentric ring nozzles 212 and 214. The outer Ring nozzle 212 is connected to a screw press 218, the inner ring nozzle 214 to a screw press 216.

Bei der Vorrichtung gemäß der Erfindung ist ein Kalibrierrohr 260 vorgesehen, das an der Fläche 220 des Düsenkopfes 210 zwischen den Ringdüsen 212 und 214 befestigt ist und flaschenförmige Gestalt hat mit einem Flaschenhals 262 und einem Flaschenrumpf 264. Das Kalibrierrohr 260 erweitert sich in Abzugsrichtung der Folien, so daß der Außendurchmesser im Bereich des Flaschenrumpfes 264 größer ist als der Durchmesser der Außenringdüse 212 und sein Innendurchmesser größer als der Innendurchmesser der inneren Ringdüse214. Durch das Rohr 240 wird Luft unter Überdruck eingeleitet, die eine Anpressung des inneren Schlauchs 234 an die Innenwand des Kalibrierrohrs 260 bewirkt. Gleichzeitig bewirkt die Durchmesservergrößerung des Kalibrierrohrs 260 eine Umfangsreckung des äußeren Schlauchs 232. Wenn die beiden Schläuche bei 266 am Ende des Kalibrierrohrs 260 erstmalig zusammentreten können, sind sie so weit abgekühlt, daß die Gefahr eines Zusammenschweißens nicht mehr besteht. In the device according to the invention there is a calibration tube 260 provided on the surface 220 of the nozzle head 210 between the ring nozzles 212 and 214 is attached and has a bottle shape with a bottle neck 262 and a bottle body 264. The calibration tube 260 expands in the withdrawal direction of the foils, so that the outer diameter in the region of the bottle body 264 is larger is greater than the diameter of the outer ring nozzle 212 and its inner diameter the inner diameter of the inner ring nozzle 214. Air is under through the tube 240 Overpressure initiated, which presses the inner tube 234 against the inner wall of the calibration tube 260 causes. At the same time, the diameter increases of the calibration tube 260 a circumferential extension of the outer tube 232. When the two Tubing can come together for the first time at 266 at the end of the calibration tube 260, they have cooled down to such an extent that there is no longer any risk of welding together.

Über die Leitungen 248 und 250 kann dem Kalibrierrohr 260 Kühlwasser zu- bzw. abgeführt werden.Cooling water can be supplied to the calibration tube 260 via the lines 248 and 250 are supplied or discharged.

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung läßt sich besonders vorteilhaft anwenden, wenn die Schläuche 232 und 234 aus gleichem Material, insbesondere aus Polyäthylen, bestehen. The device according to the invention can be particularly advantageous apply if the hoses 232 and 234 are made of the same material, in particular made of Polyethylene.

Claims (2)

Patentansprüche.Claims. 1. Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines aus zwei konzentrischen Schläuchen bestehenden Kunststoffsehlauehmaterials durch konzentrisches Extrudieren von zwei Einzelschläuchen und Aufblasen derselben, umfassend einen Düsenkopf mit konzentrischen Ringdüsen und einen Stützluftanschluß innerhalb der inneren Ringdüsen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß am Ausgang der konzentrischen Ringdüsen zwischen diesen ein über die Düsenausgänge überstehendes, flaschenförmiges Kalibrierrohr angeordnet ist, dessen Außenfläche eine Kalibrierfläche für den aus der äußeren Ringdüse austretenden Schlauch und dessen Innenfläche eine Kalibrierfläche für den aus der inneren Ringdüse austretenden Schlauch bildet. 1. Device for producing one of two concentric hoses existing plastic sheath material by concentrically extruding two Individual tubes and inflation thereof, comprising a nozzle head with concentric Ring nozzles and a supporting air connection within the inner ring nozzles, characterized in that that at the exit of the concentric ring nozzles between these one via the nozzle outlets protruding, bottle-shaped calibration tube is arranged, the outer surface of which a calibration surface for the hose emerging from the outer ring nozzle and the inner surface of which is a calibration surface for the one emerging from the inner ring nozzle Hose forms. 2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Kalibrierrohr gekühlt ist. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the calibration tube is cooled.
DE1965A0049370 1965-06-01 1965-06-01 Device for the production of plastic tubing material Expired DE1291895C2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1965A0049370 DE1291895C2 (en) 1965-06-01 1965-06-01 Device for the production of plastic tubing material

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1965A0049370 DE1291895C2 (en) 1965-06-01 1965-06-01 Device for the production of plastic tubing material

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE1291895B true DE1291895B (en) 1969-04-03
DE1291895C2 DE1291895C2 (en) 1973-08-02

Family

ID=6936833

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE1965A0049370 Expired DE1291895C2 (en) 1965-06-01 1965-06-01 Device for the production of plastic tubing material

Country Status (1)

Country Link
DE (1) DE1291895C2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022106705A3 (en) * 2020-11-23 2022-07-14 Truplast Kunststofftechnik Gmbh Method and device for producing a coiled tubing from a thermoplastic material

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2753596A (en) * 1952-06-07 1956-07-10 Plax Corp Method and apparatus for making plastic tubing
DE1039224B (en) * 1954-05-11 1958-09-18 Owens Illinois Glass Co Injection nozzle for extrusion presses for the production of double-walled pipes or hoses from plastic masses
US2987765A (en) * 1960-07-07 1961-06-13 Du Pont Process and apparatus for forming tubes

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2753596A (en) * 1952-06-07 1956-07-10 Plax Corp Method and apparatus for making plastic tubing
DE1039224B (en) * 1954-05-11 1958-09-18 Owens Illinois Glass Co Injection nozzle for extrusion presses for the production of double-walled pipes or hoses from plastic masses
US2987765A (en) * 1960-07-07 1961-06-13 Du Pont Process and apparatus for forming tubes

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022106705A3 (en) * 2020-11-23 2022-07-14 Truplast Kunststofftechnik Gmbh Method and device for producing a coiled tubing from a thermoplastic material

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1291895C2 (en) 1973-08-02

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE1016009B (en) Process for the extrusion of hollow bodies made of thermoplastic material
DE1939528A1 (en) Device for the continuous production of multilayer blown films
DE1930987A1 (en) Extrusion tool for the production of multilayer blown films
DE2951449A1 (en) METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING DOUBLE-LAYERED RAILWAY MATERIAL
DE1921083A1 (en) Spray nozzle for spraying a multilayer pipe or hose made of plastic
DE1954824A1 (en) Process and blown film line for the production of multilayer plastic films
AT295127B (en) Device for the production of a seamless, thin-walled tube made of thermoplastic material
DE2340398B2 (en) Device for stabilizing the position of an inflated tubular film
DE1196850B (en) Process and device for the production of highly transparent foils from thermoplastics
DE1629396B2 (en) Device for carrying out a process for the production of preferably transparent blown films by extruding a thermoplastic
DE1291895B (en) Device for the production of plastic hose material
DE1504050C3 (en) Device for the production of biaxially oriented thermoplastic films in the blow molding process
DE2462586B2 (en) Process for making a sheet from a foamed thermoplastic
DE2309262B2 (en) Process for coextruding a three-layer composite hose and device for carrying out the process
AT304058B (en) Method and device for the production of transparent tubular films
DE1504477C3 (en) Process for producing preferably transparent blown films by extruding a thermoplastic, in particular from polypropylene
DE1629645C3 (en) Device for extrusion of foamed, thermoplastic, tubular products
DE1013865B (en) Spray head for the production of tubular films
DE1943101A1 (en) Packaging film with particles inside as - moisture preventer
DE1928736U (en) DEVICE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THERMOPLASTIC HOSES REINFORCED ON THE INSIDE.
DE1242851C2 (en) DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING EXTRUDED HOSE FROM ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
DE3109216A1 (en) METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SHEATING STEEL TUBES WITH THERMOPLASTIC PLASTIC
DE1954824C (en) Process for the production of a multilayer plastic hose on a blown film system and blown film system for carrying out the process
DE1234012B (en) Die head of an extrusion press
DE1221431B (en) Process for applying a thermoplastic coating to the inner surface of an essentially tubular structure

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C2 Grant after previous publication (2nd publication)