DE10343544B4 - Power plant to use the heat of a geothermal reservoir - Google Patents

Abstract

Geothermal power plant for the production of electricity and process heat,
characterized,
in that at least one heat exchanging device (26, 28, 29) for extracting heat from the geothermal region (9) for at least one heat-requiring process (30, 31, 32)
and
at least one heat exchanging device (26, 28, 29) for returning process heat to the geothermal region (9) of at least one energy conversion process (30, 31, 32) is provided.

Description

The The invention relates to a power plant for the use of Heat of a geothermal reservoirs associated with recovery processes and storage of other renewable forms of energy. The power plant can be operated as a single unit or as a group.

A Variety of possibilities for generating electricity from renewable energy sources is known. As predominantly land-based systems, the following systems are set up: wind turbines, Run-of-river power plants, hydroelectric power plants with reservoirs, facilities for Use of ocean and tidal currents, sea heat recovery systems, photovoltaic systems, Power plants with mirror systems as a radiation concentrator such as parabolic trough systems, solar wind turbines, combined heat and power plants with biogas or hydrogen and geothermal heating systems. Offshore are increasingly also wind turbines, marine systems and Marine current turbines built.

Ocean currents and Tidal energy are fluctuating forms of energy. They are, however, because of their Periodicity, well predictable and therefore predictable. A big consumer could be in adapted to its mode of operation become. In contrast, solar radiation, wind energy and ocean wave energy weather-dependent Energy forms only with the usual Uncertainty can be predicted. When directly connecting this Plants to the electrical network must be in the case of deviation of the generated electricity from the actual Demand fossil fuel power plants either to a shortfall compensate, booted or in the event of an oversupply of renewable energy Energy, be throttled accordingly.

However, these fossil-fueled power plants are not operated at the optimum operating point with the best efficiency in the compensation operation of fluctuating sources. Compared to optimal operation, more CO _{2 is} produced per electric energy unit and more fuel is needed. This results in higher costs compared to a continuous operation of the power plant at the optimum operating point. The operation of fossil-fueled power plants to enable the balancing of fluctuating forms of energy restricts the environmentally friendly generation of energy from renewable power plants for this reason.

In [1] and [2] become a marine power plant concept for use at sea or on a coastal area with big Water depths, which are exclusively regenerative forms of energy uses. In this power plant concept, at least two, after Possibility all available locally regenerative energy flows be used. That's how it works the failure of one regenerative form of energy by another replace at the same time.

If a direct connection to an electrical network is not possible The locally gained energy through a manufacturing process should immediately consumed and thereby saved. There are many different ones Manufacturing processes, from food production over the Production of known energy sources up to towards the processing of metals. The product of a manufacturing process is then by ship or if technically possible and economically, by Pipelines brought to a store close to the consumer. With the help of saving becomes in this way an energy consuming Network independent from the arrival of regenerative energy. The supply on land is always secured because the products produced by a suitable Storage and distribution the actual Need always optimally adapted can be.

The in [1] and [2] described power plant concept sees a use of warm surface water in front of which opposite the cold water from about 800 m depth a temperature difference having. If enough greater Temperature difference can be a heat flow labor-executing energy be withdrawn. Far from the 40th parallel in northern or southern Direction is the temperature difference between surface and Deep water too low, than that can still be used economically. Due to the required great depth of the sea for the Cold water can use this concept in warm shallow seas, their depths not reach at least 700 m to 800 m, even not used become.

The described submarine reverse osmosis requires a minimum depth of approx. 300 m to 500 m in order to be able to work particularly economically in comparison to other desalination processes. If the water depth is lower, then additional energy must be made available for the necessary pressure build-up of the reverse osmosis. The reverse osmosis is still an interesting method for seawater desalination. Drinking water treatment and desalination are very important, but also energy-intensive processes that are gaining in importance. The worldwide shortage of drinking water is becoming public in the meantime more conscious.

In Flat seas like the North Sea can in the concept as in [1] and [2] only ocean waves, Ocean and tidal currents, Wind and solar radiation are used. On the described concepts the sea heat recovery taking advantage of warm surface water and cold deep water must be omitted here become.

There but sites for Renewable energy plants in densely populated land continue decrease, e.g. by exploiting the already available aptitude surfaces for wind energy, or due to political resistance to wind power and biogas plants, have to the ones near the coast Shallow seas are increasingly being used.

After this Flat seas like the North Sea are zoned by the coastal states oil and gas resources and other possibly existing mineral resources used only by the states to which the corresponding zone belonged. Since about 1970 will be Flat seas such as the North Sea are used intensively industrially and the fossil energy supplies since then in the big one Scope exploited. The exploration and distribution of Petroleum occurring accidents to lead but to significant pollution of seawater and entire coastal regions (see current daily press). The coastal states that are not on the Extraction of crude oil and natural gas are involved so forced endure the disadvantages and for the high follow-up costs arise.

At the direct connection of Power plants that use various forms of renewable energy As wind or solar radiation use, it comes to significant deviations between production and consumption. Should not be fossil fueled Power plants for have to worry about the balance so storage devices connected to the network are required.

to Storage are concepts that use electricity from renewable energy sources produce hydrogen by electrolysis and this in fuel cells or in gas combustion turbines turn into electricity again obvious and long known [3].

Out the description in [4, p.26 ff] is the combination of a compressed air storage with a natural gas turbine power plant in conjunction with wind turbines known. At a big one Supply of electricity wind energy turns into power shortage due to the grid the oversupply for the Operation of an air compressor unit used. The compressed Air gets into an underground cavity like a salt cavern saved. The compressed air storage is thus the counterpart to a Pumped storage power plant. Is the demand for electricity greater than the offer from the wind energy, so the compressed air is together with Natural gas burned in a turbine. The stored in the compressed air Energy potential can thus, after deduction of reversion losses, again used and made available again in a short time. Such Plant is capable of electrical balancing and control energy to provide in less than 15 minutes. The memory content enough for a withdrawal of a few hours to a few days, depending on Design of the store.

In this concept for air compression, there is currently no solution for the use of the resulting heat loss, which arises during the compression. In order to still allow a meaningful use of compressed air, therefore, the combination with the gas turbine is considered advantageous. The combination of a compressed air reservoir with a gas combustion turbine in conjunction with wind turbines allows a significant reduction in CO ₂ emissions. However, a fossil fuel is still used, which is available only in limited quantities and combustion pollutants, such as NO _x and CO _{2 are released} into the environment.

to very fast storage of electrical energy (in the millisecond range up to a few hundred seconds) are electrical coil and capacitor banks, such as they have been used for reactive power compensation for a long time known. The magnetic memory with superconducting coils [4, P. 162 ff.], Research continues to push ahead with new ones High-performance capacitors [4, p. 150 ff] are today used in small applications like flashlights with solar cells to use in automobiles for energy recovery tested. Rechargeable electric battery systems (electrochemical Secondary elements) also used for a long time.

The well-known flywheel storage principle [4, p. 178 ff] in combination with an electric machine has also been further developed. It is both in vehicles and in stationary energy facilities in use. It can deliver the entire energy content in a few seconds.

It New concepts have been developed that include metals such as silicon [5] or Use aluminum [6] as a universal energy source. For example can after the production of pure silicon in various process steps with the help of nitrogen and water through the intermediates ammonia and hydrogen reflects the energy stored by the manufacturing process be withdrawn [5, p. 7 ff].

Next Aufwindkraftwerken with approximately Constant power output is the only regenerative form of energy geothermal continuously on call for the corresponding needs of the consumer.

Chimney power plants need extensive installation areas and are expected to be located only in desert regions far from the Conurbations are being built up. In [12] will be a combination an updraft power station in conjunction with a solar thermal Power plant described. Here, the updraft power plant is for discharge from waste heat used from the solar thermal system, now with a one off water filling of the cooling circuit can be operated continuously. The energy gained can through the use of extra high voltage power lines over land transferred to conurbations at economically acceptable conditions become.

On the other hand can geothermal energy in principle be used at any location. In the upper layers up to 20 m, the solar radiation has an influence on the Soil temperature. in some regions of the world can be the first meters by solar radiation even up to 50 ° C heat or vice versa Winter to freezing point and cool below. This only creates one depending on the season Temperature curve. The solar energy stored in the ground can for example through the use of horizontal ground collectors in connection with heat pumps for building heating be used. This energy is generally considered near-surface geothermal designated.

The Combination of solar panels on the roof with facilities for use from near-surface geothermal heat through Earth collectors or geothermal probes and heat pumps is known. It is even possible that heat gained in summer from solar panels over heat exchangers to store in the soil at shallow depth and part of this To use energy for heating again from autumn [7, p. 89 ff]. Electricity generation is not provided for in these concepts.

underground Water currents warm or hot water aquifers and volcanic heated floors are used directly for heating and electricity production. The geological and technical fundamentals are described in detail in [7] and [8].

• • Sie ist gespeicherte Energie, deren Ursprung in der während der Erdentstehung frei gewordenen Gravitationsenergie liegt.
• • Sie ist ein Rest von einer Urwärme vor der Erdentstehung.
• • Sie entsteht aus dem Zerfall radioaktiver Isotope in der Erdkruste. Diese Wärme ist aufgrund der geringen Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Gesteine in der Erde gespeichert.

In addition to the near-surface geothermal heat, there is the heat in the deep underground. It comes from [7, p.9 f] from three different sources:

• • It is stored energy whose origin lies in the gravitational energy released during the Earth's formation.
• • It is a remnant of a preheat before the Earth's creation.
• • It arises from the decay of radioactive isotopes in the earth's crust. This heat is stored in the soil due to the low thermal conductivity of the rocks.

The resulting heat flux is given as 63 mW / m ² [7, p. 40]. This energy flow is called the heat of the deep underground. For a first rough estimate of the temperature rise in the deep subsurface of the continental crust 30 ° K / km can be assumed [7, p.34]. This heat reservoir is available anywhere in the world.

The Method of using the heat of the deep underground will be described: in the hot-dry-rock process (HDR) will be the cracks naturally present in the subsurface Rock to form a heat exchanger used.

First, two holes are drilled at a distance of several hundred meters to depths of 7000 m. Here there is a temperature of about 210 ° C, unless there are influences such as volcanism, which would increase the temperature even further. In one of the holes, water is forced in under high pressure. The water penetrates into the naturally existing cracks of the rock. Due to the high pressure, the cracks are widened. The existing forces in the rock can now cause a very small shift of individual rock layers. If the pressure of the water is reduced again, the rocks remain in the new position and leave permanently new widened cracks. The process of water injection is repeated several times and finally carried out until the water emerges again from the second bore with the assistance of further pumps. Depending on the flow and the hole depth, the water has a temperature corresponding to the deep underground.

By a system of microphones can be derived from the breaking noise in the Rock the size and the spatial Expansion of the crack surfaces as heat exchangers determine. Drilling can be carried out today up to 10 km depth. It is even there possible, after a few thousand meters depth, the drill bit in the deep underground to lead horizontally [8, p. 79]. Individual areas can be drilled so targeted.

The technical knowledge for the development the heat In the deep underground was essential also by the exploration and Exploration of natural gas and oil reservoirs [7, p. 208]. In Europe, an HDR plant is currently being used as a research facility in Soultz-sous-Forets operated.

In the older one Specialist literature [9, p. 150 ff] shows an estimate of the usable energy potential through the HDR process that the existing amount of heat through the gradual Cooling and decreases due to the low replenishing heat flux of the rock and finally can no longer be used economically. The reheating of a few Days exhausted heat potential can take up to several decades. Also potential estimates in [7, p. 214] assume a useful life of a geological one Range of 100 years. After that, the yield is more amounts of heat considered no longer economically viable.

estimates the exploitation of large Amount of heat over one Period of several decades show that for a re-warming u. Some hundreds, even up to a thousand years may be needed. To the use of heat of a geological reservoir would have the Plant dismantled and again in a few kilometers away to be rebuilt. The dismantling the plant and the development of a new location are associated with renewed costs. in dense populated areas can u.U. also no new industrial plants will be built. When As a consequence, the number of potential power plant locations is reduced.

This suggests the conclusion that the use of geothermal energy by the HDR process at the assumed heat flow of about 63 mW / m ^2, although according to the current state of the art [7, p 212] can be carried out environmentally friendly, but, conceived in human periods, represents a unique exploitation of an energy potential. The sustainability demanded in the energy industry today, therefore, calls such energy generation into question again, as subsequent generations can no longer use this location for a long period of time. Even sites for power plants are available only to a limited extent.

The invention is based on the object to create a concept so that a combination of fluctuating renewable forms of energy can be used in conjunction with energy storage, at locations in the country, on the coasts or in shallow seas, such as the North Sea, without an unfavorable CO ₂ emissions and increased costs due to the additional fuel input for the provision of control and balancing energy arise. It is to develop a power plant concept that enables large power plant units in the 100 MW range and more in an energy industry based solely on renewable forms of energy. The concept should also help to avoid fossil and nuclear power plants in the future.

to solution this task is proposed, at least one heat reservoir a geological area under the earth as long-term energy storage and a short-term memory with at least one energy-transforming Process, its waste heat into the underground heat reservoir can be traced back in a place in a power plant for the production of energy sources such as To integrate electricity and / or gas. At this power plant is direct on site or over a high voltage network removes at least one plant for extraction fluctuating regenerative energy connected. This power plant concept is to be referred to below as Integrated Geothermal Power Plant IGEC (Integrated Geothermal Energy Conversion Plant).

Next the well-known continuous production of renewable energy Aufwindkraftwerken it is possible only with geothermal energy, in principle to gain energy continuously in every place on earth and so makes sense with other fluctuating renewable sources to combine.

The low heat flow of approx. 63 mW / m ² in the earth's crust is also evidence of good thermal insulation of the rock. Since a deep-underground geological area does not have a rapidly renewing energy flow such as solar or wind energy, it should be considered as an energy store with an initial charge. Within the framework of a suitable management of energy extraction and recycling of energy, a built power plant can be operated without any time limit, as no single energy reservoir is exhausted forever.

The Power plant is according to the mark of claim 1 is formed. Advantageous developments of the power plant according to the invention are in the subclaims specified.

The Concept will now be based on drawings in different examples explained.

Show it 1 and 2 Geothermal power plants with a possible arrangement of geothermal areas as long-term storage in combination with accumulators as short-term storage, which are built on land, on the coast or at sea and use energy from renewable sources.

The 3 and 4 show the components needed to use heat energy from a geothermal area with low temperature difference for power production. It will also be shown how other energy emitting or receiving processes can be integrated into the geothermal power plant. 5 shows the fundamental possibility of integrating many sub-processes.

The 6 to 8th represent processes that consume predominantly electricity from renewable sources and release their heat loss to the geothermal storage. It shows 6 a compression of gases. 7 forms an electrolysis plant, which is equipped with low-pressure and high-pressure storage facilities. 8th represents a direct conversion of electricity into heat by electrical heating elements, in which the heat is released through heat exchangers to the geothermal storage.

9 shows a block diagram of a generally energy-changing process. The 10 to 12 show processes that predominantly produce electricity and deliver it to the grid when needed. 10 shows gas-pressure expansion turbines, optionally in conjunction with low-pressure accumulators and devices for recovering the heat loss. 11 shows a gas expansion device with additional combustion. 12 represents a system that converts hydrogen, oxygen and also compressed air at low pressure level into fuel cells after gas expansion and stores the heat loss through heat exchangers in the geothermal area.

In 13 It shows how heat can be dissipated directly to the geothermal reservoir in a parabolic trough power plant. Finally shows 14 how a limited cooling water supply of a geothermal power plant can be cooled by means of a solar power station.

According to 1 is a power plant 1 for electrical power generation and for obtaining process heat with connecting pipelines 12 . 13 to the geothermal area 9 built up. In addition, solar heat can be used with collector systems 6 using liquid or gaseous working media 3 via heat exchanger into the geothermal reservoir 9 be fed. Generally, both the known land-based regenerative sources 4 , as well as offshore facilities as renewable sources 5 with the geothermal area 9 be coupled. From 3 Different possibilities are shown in detail. The water needed for cooling comes from a standing or flowing water and is piped through 10 zoom in 10a and discharged again 10b , In one place can have several geological areas 9 be created as heat storage or sources next to and above each other. The distances between the individual areas 9 are sufficiently large to choose, so that no mutual influence can take place. This creates a thermally (partially) deflated area 9 z , B. can regenerate over a period of a few years to a few decades back, is now another area 9 used. After the thermal regeneration, the previously partially emptied area 9 to be used again. This allows for continued operation at a power plant site over long periods of time. The different geothermal areas 9 Either only use a pair of wires 12 . 13 for return flow, or they are with a variety of lines in the various geothermal areas 9 into with the power plant 1 connected.

As possible to be combined with the geothermal power plant compressed gas storage 51 can serve aquifers, salt caverns and disused mines [4, p.32], which pass through pipelines 11 with the power plant 1 keep in touch. In this case, pressures of about 100 bar to 200 bar can be achieved. Possible are but also conventionally produced pressure vessel 55 , which then have to have correspondingly large proportions. In contrast to the underground pressure accumulators 51 can pressure vessel 55 today for very high pressures, for example, be designed for 500 bar to 1000 bar. This allows the pressure vessel 55 again choose smaller in the geometric volume and still store acceptable amounts of pressure energy. In the case of corresponding properties of the deep subsurface, emptied oil and natural gas fields, such as those found below the seabed of the North Sea, can be used as accumulator as well as after expansion of the existing cracks as geothermal storage. Of the total installed components of the oil industry, including the emptied deposits, at least one part can be reused after retrofitting.

2 shows a standing for example in the sea support structure 2 with the power plant 1 containing the components to use a geothermal area 9 contains. The attachment 1 also has piping 11 in conjunction with the underlying compressed gas storage tanks 51 , Other energy converters, eg wind turbines 7 , Sea wave converter 8th , Ocean current converter 54 are for power production directly into the carrier structure 2 integrated. In this way, the same location of the power plant 1 used in many ways. That from the geothermal area 9 subsidized hot water is in pipes 12 upwards and the residual heat via the pipe connection 13 again led down. The pipe connections have a thermal insulation 14 to avoid temperature losses when crossing the cold water. In the lower half of 2 is also an example of a plan view of 4 separate underground compressed gas storage 51 and underlying geothermal areas 9 shown schematically.

The thermodynamic plant components for generating electricity from geothermal energy are similar to those from the use of sea heat according to the concept of the CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM [10]. So shows

3 a heat exchanger operated as an evaporator 26 that absorbs the heat from the geothermal area 9 about the production management 12 to a secondary circuit 72 , eg filled with ammonia as working fluid, releases. The pressure increase and the enthalpy increase of the secondary-side working medium is via a turbine generator set 20 with power electronics 16 for power generation for delivery to an electrical grid 15 used. The cooling of the secondary working medium is again in a further heat exchanger 27 , which is operated mainly as a capacitor. After the capacitor 27 is the secondary working fluid from an electrically driven feed pump 23 back into the evaporator 26 promoted. That, by means of at least one electrically driven pump 22a about the production management 12 in the heat exchanger 26 Promoted water is provided with support from at least one other electric pumps 22b again via the injection line 13 in the geothermal storage 9 promoted back. Also the capacitor 27 is via electric pumps 24 with cooling water via a water inlet 10a and water outlet 10b supplied from a water supply. The used power electronics 17 For the electric motors enable demand-driven operation of the pump units 22a . 22b . 23 and 24 ,

in the Contrary to the sea heat recovery can in the use of geothermal energy the design of the system for larger temperature differences respectively. In principle, higher efficiencies for power generation can be achieved which are about 10% or more. As a working medium should chosen environmentally friendly substances which must be biodegradable and not the greenhouse effect promote.

After the promotion of heated water in the production line 12 Process heat can be taken at different points of the geothermal circuit. But it can also heat not needed in the circulation of the geothermal reservoir 9 be fed back again:
So after the evaporator 26 the cooled, but still warm water a process A 30 via a heat exchanger, the process A 30 is assigned, provided for a heat transfer. Now it is possible the heat loss of process A 30 via the heat exchanger to the injection line 13 leave. The water in the injection line 13 is again charged with heat and then back to the geothermal storage 9 issued. From 6 Various processes are described, which transfer their heat loss via heat exchangers to the injection line 13 submit. A bypass branch with valve 49 allows the shutdown of the heat input from process A. 30 , The other necessary shut-off valves are the process A. 30 how off 6 described, assigned.

It is also possible to control the water flow of the production line 12 after appropriate design, divide and not just the evaporator 26 , but also another process B 32 a heat supply 33 to allow at high temperature level. After utilization of the process heat finds a heat dissipation 34 at a lower temperature. About a mixing device 36 with heat exchanger, this rest heat back to the injection line 13 for heat dissipation in the geothermal storage 9 returned or via the mixing device 36 from process A. 30 exploited even further. The mixing device 36 is in the simplest case a branching or collecting device with control and regulating valve devices 49 ,

The water side of the evaporator 26 and the heat exchanger of the process A. 30 form a series connection of at least two heat exchangers, in which the temperature decreases with increasing number of components. A possible parallel connection of subprocesses A _i 31 is in 5 explains in which all sub-processes A _i 31 be supplied from the same temperature level.

Need the overall process A 30 and the subprocesses A _i 31 and also process B 32 cold water, so can another heat exchanger, the processes A 30 , A _i 31 or B 32 is assigned, as a cooler in the strand of the capacitor 27 be connected in series. A branch of cold water in front of the condenser 27 is also possible, but not shown anymore. A parallel connection of several water pumps to supply the cold side is also possible, but also not shown. With control valve devices 49 become the processes A 30 , A _i 31 and B 32 according to an optimized operation management with respect to the heat flows and energy utilization added or disabled. Contrary to the concepts for the recovery of sea heat, cold water from shallow depths, as provided by the North Sea (6 ° C to 16 ° C) all year round, is now used for cooling. If the warm surface water was the heat source in the southern waters, then now becomes the geothermal reservoir 9 used as an energy source and the sea water used only for cooling. In contrast to the extraction of sea heat, now also lower cooling water flows are sufficient with comparatively equal output electrical network power.

The amount of heat passing through the injection line 13 is led down to the production side 12 only with a longer time delay again available, since a part of the compressed water circulates first in the underground. Nevertheless, in the long term, it will contribute to the warming of the developed geological area 9 at.

If the geological conditions allow it, with a suitable design of the pumps 22a . 22b in the production and injection lines 12 . 13 the flow direction are reversed. This would have the advantage that in the area of the Erdspeichers 9 with the production management 12 faster setting a higher temperature level for reuse. The flow direction then changes depending on removal or after charging the heat storage 9 , With correspondingly large amounts of heat, process A 30 could now become the dominant heat source, the energy becoming part of the electric power production by the turbine generator set 16 . 20 and in a part for storage in the geothermal area 9 divides.

A geothermal area developed using the HDR process 9 forms together with the system components 12 . 22a . 26 . 22b . 13 a closed circuit. Only if significant water losses in the deep underground 9 occur, is also a part of the recirculated heat is lost. However, a low water loss is a prerequisite for the use of a geological area 9 as a heat storage or source and is thus a quality feature of the geothermal area 9 to watch.

From the arrangement of components in 3 there is also a possibility for power consumption: With this basic circuit of the secondary circuit 72 can also realize a thermodynamic process to the left, so perform a heat pump operation. For this, the feed pump must 23 perform a pressure increase so that the heat exchanger 26 the heat at higher temperatures to the water of the geothermal primary circuit 71 can give off and the geothermal energy storage 9 by charging. With the electrical energy that comes from the excess electricity from renewable sources, the feed pump 23 operated. In addition, also heat from the working fluid (refrigerant), which is the heat exchanger 27 flows through deprived. The water in the heat exchanger 27 is cooled and leaves the heat exchanger 27 colder by a few degrees. About a turbine 20 a part of the pressure energy can be recovered again. But to simplify the construction and the secondary circle 72 Being able to operate in another operating point would also be an expansion valve 21 , which under certain circumstances would have to be cooled, eg in a parallel connection to the turbine 20 also sufficient. With the described mode of operation excess current could be usefully utilized. With a corresponding design in the range of several hundred MW, it would also be possible to reduce the heat energy of rivers and to reuse part of the energy of the warm water. For unloading the geothermal storage 9 it is sufficient again, a suitable turbine for power production 20 use with generator and operate the refrigerant circuit in an optimal operating point for the turbine in a clockwise thermodynamic process. Thus, this geothermal power plant in conjunction with excess electricity from renewable sources a part of Use ambient heat, eg of a body of water.

When the capacitor 27 is operated in a closed cooling water circuit containing radiator grids and coolant pumps, so the ambient air can be removed in this way heat. Small systems, operated as house heating, have already proven this principle function. For a system in the MW range, however, very large heat exchanger networks are needed.

4 shows a plant responsible for the operation of steam turbines 20 at low temperature level is suitable. In order to avoid the use of special vaporizers such as ammonia, water can be used as a working medium for the operation of turbines with generators in a power plant itself. This does not mean the hot water of the geothermal circuit itself and not the conventional closed-loop steam generators. This concept uses steam generators and condensers with vacuum devices. The water supply is safe for an open process by a correspondingly large river or even by a location in or on the sea from the outside sure.

It requires system components that are again known from the production of sea heat according to the OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM [10]. The evaporator 26 and also the capacitor 27 include heat exchangers that provide or cool down a room filled eg with seawater. vacuum pumps 25 provide the necessary vacuum in the evaporator 26 and in the condenser 27 , Thus, even at a low temperature level, water can absorb large amounts of heat and provide sufficient vapor pressure for the drive of turbine generator sets 20 develop. water pumps 24 with electric drive fill the evaporator 26 or the capacitor 27 , In addition, it is also possible from the process A 30 to use the waste heat to preheat the water in the evaporator. This is due to an upward flow from process A. 30 with control device 49 shown.

With a corresponding interpretation can from the condenser 27 eg via electric drives and the required pumps 24 even desalinated water through a device 67 be removed. Another advantage is that the turbine 20 can be operated with desalinated water and basically salt-free water for cooling circuits sensitive plant components is available. Higher salinity water is used in the evaporator 26 diluted with seawater to an environmentally safe concentration and returned to the pump 24 about a device 68 Pumped back to the sea. Thus, for the energetic utilization of low temperature differences with water as a working medium, the basically known risks of other evaporators or refrigerants can be avoided and, incidentally, salt-free water can be obtained. The processes A 30 , A _i 31 , and B 32 and the mixer 36 are again like in 3 connected and work as described above.

Before further power plant processes are described, the basic possibility of linking several subprocesses A _i 31 to be shown:

5 represents the parallel connection of further processes A _i 31 to provide several subsystems with a hot water 39 . 40 and cold water side 41 . 42 each starting from the same temperature level 37a . 37b to be able to supply via lines. manifolds 38 split the water flow, and the heat / cold is the sub-process A _i 31 via an inlet 39 . 41 fed. All returns 40 . 42 be sent to a collection facility 43 connected and via lines 44a . 44b dissipated. There is again a bridging branch with valve devices 49 ,

It can both similar systems, eg only electrolysis systems 60 or only fuel cell systems 62 , as in 7 and 12 as well as various systems such as cooling devices of gas compression systems 45 in addition to electrolysis systems 60 and fuel cell systems 62 mixed, but heat technically parallel and operated independently. This allows a great deal of freedom in the design and layout of an integrated power plant 1 , Optimal solutions can be developed that are based on local conditions and can be adapted to them.

The water cycle 71 of geothermal storage 9 Contains corrosive substances, and saltwater system components are also exposed to corrosion. Depending on the effort and cost, it is important to consider, for example, whether to directly cool a turbine with the water in the circuits containing corrosive media or to install another heat exchanger with its own circuit containing non-corrosive heat transfer media. A separate cooling circuit requires pumping systems and accessories and thus again causes higher installation costs. In addition, additional heat exchanger increase the loss of heat energy in the entire plant, which can not be regenerated. In order to make all figures clear, the presentation of cascaded cooling circuits with heat exchangers, which represent the state of the art, has been dispensed with.

The considerations for parallel and series connection of course also apply to process B. 32 and its division into individual processes B _i , so that a re-description and presentation can be dispensed with.

In the following figures, energy-converting processes are described which depend on selection and design, for example for the processes A 30 and A _i 31 can be used. So shows

6 For example, a two-stage gas compression 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 their heat loss, which arises during compression, with two heat exchangers connected in series 28 eg over the hot water side 39 . 40 is delivered. Compression can generate significant amounts of heat. The heat, from the hot water side 40 Coming, is via the injection line 13 into the geothermal reservoir 9 dissipated and stored there (see 3 and 4 ). The additional coolers 28 the cold water side 41 . 42 eg from the condenser 27 ( 3 ) about the facilities 41 and 42 can be supplied, for example, in case of a fault in the water circulation through the geothermal memory 9 be used for emergency cooling of the compression device and so the continuous operation of the compressor device 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 to ensure. The compressors 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 be from electrical machines with power electronics 17 driven. The electrical energy comes from the network 15 , which is preferably supplied from renewable sources. compressor equipment 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 can be used in appropriate execution for the compression of eg air, hydrogen gas and oxygen. The number of compressor stages depends on the final pressure to be reached at which the gas is stored 51 . 55 shall be. At low pressures, a compressor stage may already be sufficient, or more than two stages must be switched in succession in order to obtain particularly high ultimate pressures. Electric machines powered by gas compressors 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 , can be started in a few minutes to full power and are as a consumer to regulate the oversupply of an electrical network 15 well suited. As accumulator 51 may suitably both underground storage, as in the description of 1 and 2 set forth, as well as pressure vessels are used.

With a suitable design of the compressor device 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 as an expansion device in a machine, including the electrical components 16 . 17 , the plant can be used in reverse operation again for power generation.

In addition, there are compressors and turbines with adjustable blade geometry to allow for optimal adjustment over a larger working range for maximum energy efficiency. The heat loss from the machine and the exhaust gas that accumulates in all operating situations returns to the deep underground 9 saved.

a other process to Consumption of excess electricity shows regenerative sources

7 with an electrolysis device 60 for hydrogen and oxygen production with several subsystems 60 , The electrical energy comes from the network 15 , With the appropriate gas compressor units 47 . 48 become hydrogen and oxygen pressure storage 56 . 57 filled. With appropriate suitability can also underground cavities 51 be used.

To enable a gas yield with optimal efficiency, electrolysis systems should 60 be operated at constant power consumption. A geothermal power plant creates these conditions. With temporary lack of electricity from fluctuating regenerative sources, heat for power generation becomes the geothermal reservoir 9 taken.

It is particularly the electrolysis 60 with gas storage 56 . 57 about gas compressor equipment 47 . 48 (Details of compressor equipment in 6 ) in combination with a geothermal power plant 1 at. During the continuous operation of the electrolysis 60 the gases are stored in low-pressure reservoirs 52 . 53 eg collected up to several 10 bar. In the period in which an excess current accumulates, high power peaks, such as those from the wind turbines 7 are known, used for the rapid gas compression from the low pressure to the high pressure range of some 100 bar to 1000 bar and degraded in this way. The electrolysis facilities 60 can be operated depending on the selected electrochemical process in temperature ranges from 80 ° C above 160 ° C up to 800 ° C (high-temperature electrolysis) who the [3, 178 ff,]. The waste heat of the electrolysis 60 and compressor facilities 47 . 48 is via heat exchangers 28 back into the geothermal storage area 9 recycled. Thus, a uniform hydrogen production process with heat recovery using eg wind power peaks is made possible.

8th shows an arrangement of electric heating elements 19 that can convert excess electricity directly into heat. Since electric current is almost pure exergy, one would first like to avoid a direct conversion to heat, ie a conversion to low-quality energy. Electric heaters cooled with water 19 But can be implemented easily and inexpensively, so that an application in conjunction with a good heat storage 9 makes good business sense. In any case, electric heaters 19 with simple electrical switching elements or with modern power electronics 18 even kept very quickly in reserve as a power sink in order to still be able to absorb the excess current when other energy-consuming processes fail. Even surges in the network can then be easily avoided. The resulting electrical energy from fluctuating sources is at least as heat in the ground 9 saved. The targeted reduction of excess current is in the electrical energy industry to be reimbursed service. Other power plants can continue to work at the optimum operating point and must not be throttled in their operation. Regardless of the operation of the hot water side 39 . 40 put the cold water side again 41 . 42 a reliable operation, even in case of failure of the geothermal power plant part as energy sink safe.

9 generally shows an energy-transforming process 61 : The dissipation of heat loss or the supply of required process heat takes place via heat exchangers 28 . 29 instead of going between the geothermal cycle with corrosive medium and the energy-changing process 61 to separate with other working media.

For the energy-changing process 61 Stirling machines can also be used in conjunction with electric machines and between the hot water side 39 . 40 and the cold water side 41 . 42 are operated for power generation (right-handed thermodynamic process). Because Stirling engines operate at low temperature and low temperature differences, they provide an alternative to liquid-filled equipment such as 3 and 4 Is the Stirling engine driven by the electric machine with excess current from the network, it works as a heat pump in a left-handed thermodynamic cycle. The geothermal storage 9 is then charged again with heat.

A gas liquefaction plant, which is associated with gas production facilities, is considered to be an energy consuming process. The loss of heat generated during gas liquefaction in the system components is via heat exchanger devices 28 to the geothermal area 9 submitted for storage. Gas liquefaction equipment can be used singly or in combination for hydrogen, for oxygen, for ammonia and also for air. The liquefaction of gases allows a high density and thus compact storage of gases. In order to be able to use the liquefied gases again in the gaseous state, devices for gas evaporation and gas heating must be installed. The heat of vaporization can be obtained both from the ambient air of the system with heat exchangers equipped with ribbed surfaces and from the geothermal store 9 with the help of heat exchangers 29 be taken. Facilities for gas liquefaction with subsequent evaporation for further use of the gas represent an energy-changing process 61 represents.

Apart from hydrogen, other products can also be considered as energy sources:
For example, silicon can be produced from sand with energy input as a universal energy source and raw material. The sand can be easily removed from the seabed and processed further. The pure silicon is then withdrawn in various process steps using nitrogen and water through the intermediates ammonia and hydrogen, the stored energy again. The technical equipment required for this energy carrier concept for Si production and for energy reconversion must be cooled again, which again with the return of the heat loss in the geothermal region 9 connected is.

For the processes A 30 and B 32 For example, instead of the processes relevant to the energy industry, as described in the preceding figures, production facilities for the production of other products may also occur. For coastal regions where adequate drinking water is lacking, it is also interesting to use both heat and electrical energy for drinking water treatment by means of distillation, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.

Depending on the temperature level and the place of installation, suitable processes should be selected. If, in addition to the warm one, a cold reservoir is available to a sufficient extent, then, as the arrangement of the processes A 30 and B 32 in 3 and 4 shows, with the help of a temperature control desired temperature curves or constant conditions are set independently of the outside temperatures. For example, food production (fish farming, plant cultivation, algae cultivation) can be optimized and distillation and drying processes can be carried out all year round. The list below gives some well-known examples of low-temperature processes as a function of the temperature level: Temperature C ° Process at low temperature 20 farm 30 Biodegradation, fermentation 40 Greenhouse plant for seaweeds, vegetables, grass 90 Codfish drying 100 Drying of organic material, dry biomass 120 Fresh water by distillation 130 Recovery of salt by evaporation and crystallization 140 Packaging food 160 Fish meal drying 180 Cooling / freezing of food by ammonia absorption

In The following figures show the processes required to generate electricity described. From the surplus stream or by purchasing cheap Electricity can generally energy-storing processes are operated. Let it be For example, gas reserves for the Create peak load times. Electrical energy in the form of peak load current is then sold again with relatively high revenues.

10 shows a multi-stage gas expander 63 whose turbines have generators and power electronics 16 for electricity production to the electrical network 15 are connected. heat exchangers 29 lead to relaxing if necessary still needed amounts of heat from the ground 9 to. If heat loss occurs, it will be stored in the earth tank depending on the amount of heat and the temperature level 9 regenerated. With an expansion of compressed air, the air flow and thus also heat loss via an exhaust device 59 delivered directly to the environment. But gases that serve as energy sources such as hydrogen or oxygen themselves are stored in low-pressure accumulators 52 . 53 collected again after the expansion and then stand for subsequent process steps via a removal device 66 continue to be available. The temperature of the expanded gas can be via a heat exchanger 28 . 29 adapted to the next process step. If necessary, heat exchangers 28 . 29 for temperature adjustment after the low-pressure accumulator 52 . 53 needed, which is not shown here anymore.

11 shows a multi-stage gas expander 64 with combustion. The work on the shaft comes with a generator and power electronics 16 as electric power into the grid 15 fed. It is both the pressure energy from the pressure accumulators 56 . 57 . 58 as well as the energy contained in the gases as energy sources. The heat loss of the turbines 64 and also the residual heat in the combustion gases are via heat exchangers 28 in the geothermal area 9 (please refer 3 . 4 ) returned for storage. Additional heat exchangers 28 with connection to the cold water side 41 . 42 also allow emergency operation without the geothermal power plant part. About valves 49 For example, air and oxygen are introduced before entering the internal combustion engines 64 pre-set for optimum combustion. In the entrance area eg of a turbine 64 then the fuel, eg hydrogen or transitional natural gas is added. Instead of the turbine 64 In principle, another thermodynamic, open-flow internal combustion engine can be used, such as piston, free-piston and rotary piston engines. When using burners or catalytic heaters for the use of combustible gases thermodynamic machines can be used according to the Stirling concept or steam engines with closed steam cycles. In all internal combustion engines, and also in the use of burners or heaters is the emission of environmentally burdening eden exhaust gases, such as NO _x, unavoidable. Only with the help of exhaust aftertreatment devices 65 Using additional energy, the resulting harmful exhaust gases can be eliminated again.

In order to avoid harmful exhaust gases in principle, is another electricity generating process shown. It shows

12 an arrangement of expansion machines 63 in conjunction with high-pressure accumulators 51 . 56 . 57 58 and low pressure storage 52 . 53 , in turn, an arrangement of fuel cell systems 62 supply. A mixing device 35 for gases with pressure control optimizes the air or oxygen supply on the low pressure side. The connection of the cooling of the expansion machines 63 is not shown for reasons of simplification. He can in principle like after 10 respectively. The transformation of an energy carrier, eg hydrogen, into electricity with fuel cells 62 can take place in different temperature ranges depending on the electrochemical process. The following examples may be mentioned: the membrane fuel cell (proton exchange membrane, PEM) for the temperature range of about 50 ° C to 80 ° C, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) for 80 ° C to 130 ° C, phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) from 160 ° C to 220 ° C, molten carbonate fuel cells in the range of 640 ° C. Finally, there are even hot systems such as the oxide ceramic fuel cell (SOFC), which operate in the temperature range from 800 ° C to 1000 ° C [11, p.30]. The waste heat of the fuel cell plants 62 is at a suitable temperature level and / or appropriate design of the heat exchanger back into the geothermal reservoir 9 recycled. The additionally registered heat exchangers 28 on the cold water side 41 . 42 allow operation again without the geothermal power plant part. When compressed air and / or compressed oxygen are available, fuel cell systems can be used 62 the usual energy-consuming own air compressor devices omitted. fuel cell systems 62 in conjunction with power electronics 18 can output high power very dynamically within a few seconds and are therefore also suitable for controlling and ensuring the quality of the electrical network (frequency, voltage, phase). There are also known fuel cell systems such as special interpretations of the PEM cell, which can also operate conversely electrolytic and thus in turn produce, for example, hydrogen and oxygen with electrical power. This can lead to a simplification of the electrolysis and fuel cell system, since only similar components are used. Instead of the pressure vessels described above, depending on the geological conditions and the system design again underground cavities 51 be used. It should be noted that large pressure vessels can be installed underground. In the case of extensive facilities that handle gases, it is advisable to install separate gas networks for the low-pressure and for the high-pressure area. The compression, expansion, pressure reducer and pressure control devices networks of the same gas at different pressure levels are interconnected and thus allow optimal operation.

It Two more concepts of an integrated geothermal power plant will be discussed be shown in connection with solar thermal systems. To the options a direct heat extraction from a solar thermal power plant, shows

13 a basic circuit of a solar power plant with parabolic troughs 6 , In the primary circulation 71 is a second heat exchanger 28 eg parallel to the steam generator 26 built-in. The secondary circuit shown here 72 can be different from the secondary circuit of 3 be executed. The primary circuit 71 of the parabolic trough power plant 6 works eg at a higher temperature level. The components, as in 13 are also part of a process A _i 31 and therefore with the geothermal power plant on the specified inflows and returns 39 . 40 connected. When the electric load is the generator of parabolic trough power plant part 6 not maximally exploited, the excess heat is directly in the geothermal area 9 ( 3 ). During the night and during bad weather periods can geothermal storage 9 More energy will be withdrawn and compensate for the lack of electricity production from the solar thermal power plant part.

The processes for thermal energy transfer are rather slow. However, in order to be able to react to rapid load changes in the electrical network, a further partial process A _{i + 1} 31 the compressed air storage 51 with compression 46 ( 6 ) and expander 63 ( 10 ) needed. The heat loss of compression can be in the geothermal memory 9 ( 3 ), as already described, be discharged, or to the heat cycle 71 the parabolic trough power plant are discharged via a heat exchanger, for example, parallel to 26 and or 29 and / or in series too 26 and or 29 is switched.

14 shows a power plant 1 , the geothermal areas 9 in combination with a solar power station 76 uses. Desert areas are abundant on the Earth's surface and should be used for solar energy. Solar wind turbines have been designed for desert areas, as they can be designed for lifetimes of at least 80 years and do not require water for cooling. In contrast, both solar thermal and geothermal power plants must be cooled with water. If only a limited amount of water is available, the cooling circuit with the capacitor 27 closed and the energy can be delivered to a sink with the lowest temperature level. An updraft power plant 76 generates a large air mass flow rate, so that here the heat of the water cycle of the condenser 27 over the cooling grids 75 under the collector roof 77 of the updraft power plant can be dissipated. The chimney 78 of the updraft power plant, the warm air leads upwards. At about 1000 m altitude, the air is distributed and cools down again. Here the air at 1000 m altitude represents the necessary, smallest temperature level.

Due to the large solar radiation during the daytime operation, the temperature level in the radiator networks increases 75 , so that as a result, the efficiency of the cooling devices 27 . 75 and thus also of the thermal power plant falls. It makes sense to install two storage tanks with a cold water 73 and a hot water supply 74 eg for operation over a day. During the day cold water flows out of the container 73 for cooling by the condenser 27 and is in the hot water tank 74 heated collected. During the cold night hours, the warm water from the supply can 74 over the cooling grids 75 the heat from daytime operation to the solar power station 76 submit. This mode of operation allows the updraft power plant 76 to increase its power production in night mode.

night hours within a time zone are low load periods, so here only little power is needed. A geothermal power plant could unlike a solar thermal power plant in a left-handed thermodynamic Process, so as a heat pump, operate. For This mode of operation lacks the solar thermal power plant a possibility over which Mirror to a second heat storage Give off energy and use this energy later.

With the excess current during the night hours, the electric drive of the feed pump 23 provided. That heated by the daytime operation and in the reservoir 74 collected water gives its heat during the night hours over the heat exchanger 27 to the secondary circuit 72 and via this to the heat exchanger 26 from. Over the lines 12 . 13 with the help of electrical pumping equipment 17 . 22a . 22b Heat is transferred to the geothermal storage 9 issued. The amount depends on the electrical energy that drives the feed pump 23 is supplied. An excess current can be used meaningfully in this way. Further details on heat pump operation are in the description of 3 contain. It can also be used again for process A and B all previously described processes.

During the day, the geothermal power plant works to produce electricity again in a right-handed thermodynamic cycle. Thus, the combination of a geothermal power plant with a Aufwindkraftwerk, as in 14 shown yet another advantage over a coupling with a solar thermal power plant.

Of the Advantage of a coupling of a Aufwindkraftwerkes with a geothermal Power plant is that practical no water is consumed and with the geothermal power plant Storage operation is possible about excess current too use.

• • daß die Wärmebilanz innerhalb eines Normaljahres wieder ausgeglichen ist.
• • daß dem Speicher in einem Jahr mit geringem Angebot an fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energieformen, wie Wind-, Meereswellen- bzw. Sonnenenergie zusätzlich Wärme entnommen wird, um Liefervereinbarungen nachzukommen.
• • daß dem Speicher in einem Jahr mit einem Überangebot an erneuerbaren Energieformen für den Ausgleich der Zusatzentnahme während der energiearmen Jahre wieder zugeführt wird.
• • daß eine Wärmeentnahme über mehrere energieertragsarme Jahre der anderen regenerativen Quellen ausgeglichen wird, dann aber über einen größeren Zeitraum (z.B. 5 bis 10 Jahre) wieder eine ausgeglichene Wärmebilanz hergestellt wird.

It should be emphasized once again, according to the descriptions of the figures, that a geothermal area must first and foremost be regarded as a heat store with an initial filling. The operation of a geothermal power plant is to be carried out so that after an accounting period, an energy content has been restored, which corresponds to the initial heat state of the geothermal memory. So this reservoir at this site is still available to our subsequent generations for use. In the following, therefore, the operation of an integrated geothermal power plant IGEC (Integrated Geothermal Energy Conversion Plant) will be discussed:
A geothermal store should be operated in such a way

• • that the heat balance is balanced again within a normal year.
• • additional heat is extracted from the storage facility in a year with a low supply of fluctuating renewable forms of energy, such as wind, sea-wave or solar energy, in order to comply with supply agreements.
• • that it be re-introduced into the reservoir in one year, with a surplus of renewable forms of energy for offsetting additional abstraction during the low-energy years.
• • that a heat extraction over several years of low energy yield of the other renewable sources is compensated, but over a longer period of time (eg 5 to 10 years) a balanced heat balance is produced again.

• • Aufnahme überschüssiger Energie während Schwachlastzeiten und Rückspeisung ins elektrische Netz während Spitzenlastzeiten.
• • Bereitstellung von momentan einsetzbarer Reserveleistung (Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit im Stromverbund)
• • Verwertung von Überschußstrom aus dem Grundlastbereich herkömmlicher Kraftwerke, um den kontinuierlichen Betrieb eines Wärmekraftwerkes zu ermöglichen, ohne eine Einschränkung durch Einsatz zur Leistungsregelung. Dies ermöglicht die Ausdehnung der Betriebszeit mit konstanter Leistung von fossilen Wärmekraftwerken, was zu einer Verringerung der eingesetzten Brennstoffe und des CO₂-Ausstoßes pro elektrischer Energieeinheit führt.
• • Erhaltung der Netzqualität durch Leistungs-, Frequenz- und Spannungsregelung

Similar to a pumped storage plant, the plant concepts described above can now fulfill the following tasks:

• • Recording excess energy during low load periods and feeding back into the electrical grid during peak load periods.
• • Provision of currently usable reserve power (increase in operational reliability in the power grid)
• • Utilization of surplus electricity from the base load range of conventional power plants in order to enable the continuous operation of a thermal power plant, without being restricted by use for power control. This allows the expansion of the constant power operating time of fossil thermal power plants, resulting in a reduction of the fuels used and the CO ₂ emissions per unit electrical energy.
• • Maintenance of power quality through power, frequency and voltage control

• • Windkraftanlagen angeschlossen an ein Geothermiekraftwerk (IGEC) mit unterirdischen Druckluftspeichern und Kompressionseinrichtungen, verbunden mit Expansionsturbinen ohne/mit Verbrennung, übergangsweise auch mit Erdgas- bzw. Methanhydratverbrennung, später Wasserstoffbetrieb aus einem H₂-Gasnetz, verbunden mit Wärmerückgewinnung und Wärmespeicherung im tiefen Untergrund
• • Windkraftanlagen angeschlossen an ein Geothermiekraftwerk (IGEC) mit Elektrolyseanlage und unterirdischer Druckspeicherung für Luft, Wasserstoff- und Sauerstoffgas und anschließender Stromerzeugung über Gasverbrennungsturbinen oder zukünftig über Brennstoffzellenanlagen, beide Varianten mit Rückgewinnung der Verlustwärme und deren Speicherung im tiefen Untergrund

From the variety of possibilities of the concept of an integrated geothermal power plant z. Zt. Subsequent combinations particularly interesting:

• • Wind turbines connected to a geothermal power plant (IGEC) with underground compressed air reservoirs and compressors, connected with expansion turbines without / with combustion, transitional also with natural gas or methane hydrate combustion, later hydrogen operation from a H ₂ gas network, combined with heat recovery and heat storage in the deep underground
• • Wind turbines connected to a geothermal power plant (IGEC) with electrolysis system and underground pressure storage for air, hydrogen and oxygen gas and subsequent power generation via gas combustion turbines or in the future via fuel cell systems, both variants with recovery of heat loss and their storage in the deep underground

In spite of the low overall efficiency of the entire chain from the store until the generation of electricity should this concept and his way of working as a way to refine energy be considered. For Peak load electricity is a much higher revenue possible than the feed-in law for renewable Energy assured. After the electricity markets were opened and the influence of the monopolists This electricity can also be increasingly reduced on the power exchanges to be sold at a good price. The integrated geothermal power plant (IGEC) with his ability for energy storage is an essential element in an energy industry with renewable sources.

Even for larger power plant units remains the character of a decentralized energy supply in the integrated geothermal energy conversion (IGEC), since the heat use Although limited on-site and power plant sizes may be up to a few hundred MW possible are, but 1 GW units as in the nuclear power plant area not established can be.

you has to be visualize, that the fossil energy industry today is a huge industry on ours Has installed seas. There are more than just in the North Sea 400 oil and gas installations Gas industry. To find the negative consequences such as oil rig and tanker accidents unfortunately too often in the daily press. It has also been tried in the past To sink old plants in the sea, which is a tremendous waste of resources and a legacy of dumping in the seas for subsequent ones Would mean generations.

In addition, the use of drinking water as part of an energy industry may be less and less likely. Nuclear power plants and also the conventional fossil power plants need water for cooling or indirectly consume important groundwater in large quantities through the mining of coal. This water is increasingly needed for food production and as food itself. In contrast, salty seawater is present on a large scale. If a technical process requires pure water, this water must be prepared by treatment. The costs must be recovered by the sold product. Nuclear power plants and fossil power plants externalize CO ₂ emissions and the disposal of radioactive material as well as these costs, which amounts to a permanent subsidy.

The presented concepts of IGEC plants are also suitable for sites on or in shallow seas. The existing oil or gas wells may optionally continue to be exploited to penetrate depths that permit the economic utilization of a geothermal area. Optionally, the areas of fossil fuel depleted areas in shallow seas can be used in future as compressed gas storage. It also makes sense to use marginal fossil energy data in conjunction with compressed gas storage in other already emptied caverns. The excess current of the off-shore wind turbines is used for compression. The waste heat of compression and combustion turbine plants is fed to the geothermal memory, so that this heat ge at least in part again can be used. At the same time, construction and operation of electrolysis plants for hydrogen and oxygen can be started at other locations. With appropriate suitability of the substrate, the hydrogen can be stored in the areas emptied of natural gas. In a transitional period where hydrogen and fossil gases, such as natural gas and methane hydrate, are sufficiently present side by side, even hydrogen or synthetic gas and fossil gas can be burned together with the correct mixing ratio in the same turbine. Due to the close relationship of methanol with fossil fuels, it is also possible to use marine equipment of the petroleum industry as storage for methanol. Methanol can be produced synthetically using renewable sources. The required carbon (eg algae, dissolved in water CO ₂ , air) can be taken from the environment of the plants. Likewise, synthetic fuel gas, as in the biogas plants on land, produced and used.

It can also the existing platforms and oil and gas storage, after one conversion be used as a power plant or storage, even before you get them for disposal on land returns back to the material cycles. By the second Life "of these plants can do that previously used capital can be used more economically.

The increasing industrialization of the seas, starting with the shallow seas from our shores likes be terrifying. But plants that use renewable energies, need Space, installation area and also water, which is less and less in densely populated areas disposal stands. As a result, locations on or in the sea are becoming increasingly important. The decisive factor is whether a plant meets the requirements for an environmentally friendly Erecting and dismantling as well as an environmentally friendly operation can be. The processes used are to be selected in this regard and to develop.

The described variants of the integrated geothermal energy conversion IGEC can easily be simulated on the computer today. It can be plant and operating concepts selected according to economic criteria and adapted to local conditions become. Power plants with several hundred MW are possible and thus precipitate an alternative to the nuclear and fossil concepts represents.

1

Power plant building with all system components

2

Support structure here on the water bottom anchored

3

power transmission by heat medium or electric current

4

Heat or electrical energy from land-based regenerative sources

5

Heat or electrical energy from renewable sources in the off-shore area

6

collectors for solar heat, e.g. Mirror systems such as parabolic troughs

7

Wind turbines

8th

Sea wave transducer

9

Geothermal memory geothermal area

10

10a Water inlet, 10b water outlet

11

connecting pipes to the underground compressed gas storage

12

connecting pipes from the geothermal energy storage: Production Manager

13

connecting pipes to the geothermal energy storage: injection line

14

Protective insulation of the connecting pipes 13 . 14 against heat loss when passing through a body of water

15

electrical DC or AC mains

16

power electronics an electrical machine predominantly for generator operation

17

power electronics an electrical machine predominantly for engine operation

18

power electronics for rectifier, Inverter and inverter operation to adapt different Voltage levels and voltage types

19

electrical heating elements

20

turbine with generator and facilities to dissipate the heat loss

21

expansion valve

22

22a Water pumps for production lines 22b Water pumps for injection lines

23

feed pump for working medium

24

water pump

25

vacuum pump

26

Heat exchangers, mostly operated as an evaporator

27

Heat exchangers, mostly operated as a capacitor

28

Heat exchangers, mostly for heat dissipation

29

Heat exchangers, mostly for heat supply

30

Heat absorbing or donating process A

31

Heat absorbing or dispensing subprocess A _i

32

Heat absorbing or donating process B

33

heat through transmission medium for process B

34

heat dissipation through transmission medium from process B

35

mixing device for gaseous media

36

mixing device for liquid heat transfer media

37

37a Total supply for heat transfer medium, hot water side 37b Total supply for heat transfer medium, cold water side

38

manifold in pipeline for Heat transfer medium

39

Intake for heat transfer medium, Hot water side

40

Return for heat transfer medium, Hot water side

41

Intake for heat transfer medium, Cold water side

42

Return for heat transfer medium, Cold water side

43

collecting device for heat transfer medium

44

44a Total discharge for heat transfer medium, hot water side 44b Total discharge for heat transfer medium, cold water side

45

gas compressor with facilities to dissipate the heat loss

46

gas compressor for air

47

gas compressor for hydrogen

48

gas compressor for oxygen

49

Tax- and control valve devices

50

Pressure restraint e.g. check valve

51

Compressed gas storage, underground cavity or pressure vessel

52

Compressed gas storage for hydrogen in the low pressure range

53

Compressed gas storage for oxygen in the low pressure range

54

transducer means to use the ocean current

55

Compressed gas storage in the high pressure area

56

Compressed gas storage for hydrogen in the high pressure area

57

Compressed gas storage for oxygen in the high pressure area

58

Compressed gas storage for air in the high pressure area

59

ducted or exhaust device, also with filter devices

60

electrolysis systems with facilities to dissipate the heat loss

61

facilities for one generally energy-changing process

62

fuel cell systems with facilities to dissipate the heat loss

63

Turboexpanders for pressure relief with heat exchangers

64

combustion engines with heat exchangers to dissipate the heat loss

65

facilities for exhaust aftertreatment

66

Gas sampling equipment

67

Facility to remove desalinated water

68

Repatriation of salt water

69

water surface

70

Water bottom, Seabed

71

Primary work equipment or coolant circuit

72

Secondary work equipment or coolant circuit

73

Cold water supply in the closed container

74

Hot water supply in the closed container

75

cooling cores to exchange heat with the environment

76

Aufwindkraftwerk

77

collector roof of the updraft power plant

78

fireplace of the updraft power plant

Bibliography

• [1] Maritime power plant with manufacturing process for the extraction, Storage and Consumption of Renewable Energy, T. Pflanz, in: Proceedings, PE2.5, The World Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Berlin 2-6 July 2003, ISBN 3-936338-11-6, CD-ROM, Organizer: WIP-Munich in Munich
• [2] Patents: [2.1] DE 197 14 512 , Maritime power plant with manufacturing process for the production, storage and consumption of regenerative energy [2.2] US 6,100,600 , Maritime Power Plant System with Processes for Producing, Storing and Consuming Regenerative Energy
• [3] Hydrogen as an energy source, ed. from Winter Nitsch, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 1986
• [4] following articles from: Proceedings 2002, Seventh Kasseler Symposium Energy System Technology, ed. from the Institute of Solar Energy Supply Technology (ISET) Association at the University of Kassel e.V. [4, p. 26 ff] Compressed air storage gas turbine power plants / Geplanter Use in balancing fluctuating wind energy production and current power requirement, Fritz Crotogino [4, p. 150 ff] Use of supercapacitors in motor vehicles, Rainer Knorr, Siemens VDO Automotive AG, Regensburg [4, p. 162 ff.] Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, Dr. med. Klaus-Peter Juengst, Research Center Karlsruhe [4, p. 178 ff] Flywheel accumulator prior art, Dr. Frank Täubner, rosseta Technik GmbH, Roßlau
• [5] Silicon - The new hydrogen? Norbert Auner, in: Proceedings 2001, Sixth Kasseler Symposium Energy System Technology, ed. from the Institute of Solar Energy Supply Technology (ISET) Association at the University of Kassel e.V.
• [6] DE 101 21 475 A1 Method of energy production
• [7] energy from geothermal energy, Edited by Martin Kaltschmitt, Ernst Huenges, Helmut Wolff, German publisher for Basic Industry, Stuttgart 1999
• [8] 20 years of deep geothermal energy in Germany, conference proceedings, 7. Geothermal conference 06.-08. Nov. 2002 in Waren (Müritz)
• [9] Energy, K. Heinloth, Teubner Verlag Stuttgart, 1983
• [10] Renewable Energy from the Ocean, a guide to OTEC, William H. Avery, Chih Wu, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1994
• [11] fuel cells, development, technology, application, Konstantin Ledjeff (ed.), C.F. Müller Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 1st edition, 1995
• [12] DE 198 21 659 A1 Aufwindkraftwerk in conjunction with solar thermal power plants

Claims (39)

Geothermal power plant for the production of electricity and process heat, characterized in that at least one heat exchanging device ( 26 . 28 . 29 ) for the extraction of heat from the geothermal area ( 9 ) for at least one heat-requiring process ( 30 . 31 . 32 ) and at least one heat exchanging device ( 26 . 28 . 29 ) for the return of process heat to the geothermal area ( 9 ) of at least one energy-transforming process ( 30 . 31 . 32 ) is provided. Power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with at least one plant for the use of renewable energy ( 4 . 5 ) like solar energy ( 6 ), Wind power ( 7 ), Hydropower, Sea heat, Sea waves ( 8th ), Ocean and tidal currents ( 54 ), Ambient heat or cold is connected. Power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one compressed gas reservoir ( 51 . 56 . 57 . 58 ), with at least one gas compression ( 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 ) and at least one gas utilization device ( 63 . 64 ) Is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the connecting lines ( 12 . 13 ) for the exchange and transport of heat from and to the geothermal area ( 9 ) when crossing a body of water with a thermal insulation ( 14 ) are equipped against heat loss. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the geothermal reservoir ( 9 ) is developed in the Hot Dry Rock process. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the geothermal reservoir ( 9 ) from aquifers and / or through holes and / or probes is developed. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the ge other mix reservoir ( 9 ) is opened by horizontal geothermal collectors. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a plurality of geothermal areas ( 9 ) at one site individually and / or multiple simultaneously and / or multiple areas ( 9 ) alternately over at least two supply lines ( 12 . 13 ) are connected for use. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a secondary circuit ( 72 ) with an easily evaporable working medium via at least one heat exchanger ( 26 ) as an evaporator for driving at least one turbine with generator ( 20 ) for the production of electricity and at least one further heat exchanger ( 27 ) as a condenser and at least one feed pump ( 23 ) is operated to circulate the working medium in at least one single-stage, right-handed thermodynamic cycle, also referred to as CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM, is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the same facilities consisting of turbine with electric machine ( 20 ), Feed pump ( 23 ) and heat exchangers ( 26 . 27 ) are also arranged for a thermodynamic at least one-stage, rechtsläufigen cycle, such as heat pump operation or refrigeration system operation. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that for generating electricity by utilizing the geothermal heat at least one heat exchanger ( 26 ) as an evaporator with negative pressure devices ( 25 ), while in an open circuit water as a working medium for driving at least one turbine with generator ( 20 ), at least one capacitor ( 27 ) with vacuum devices ( 25 ) and water pumps ( 24 ) are operated for feeding in a clockwise thermodynamic cycle, also referred to as OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM, are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that at least one Stirling engine in conjunction with at least one electric machine between the hot water side ( 39 . 40 ) and the cold water side ( 41 . 42 ) is provided and that these machines can be operated both in a right-handed thermodynamic process for power production and / or in a left-handed process as a heat pump. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that as memory devices ( 51 . 56 . 58 ) are provided for compressed gases underground cavities, which are completely enclosed in the soil by sediment, rock or salt and / or other material occurring in the earth. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that as memory devices ( 51 . 52 . 53 . 55 . 56 . 57 . 58 ) are provided for compressed gases pressure vessel. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that compression devices ( 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 ) for gases with equipment ( 28 ) are provided for recovering the compression loss heat. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that at least one pressure expansion device such as a turbine with generator ( 63 ) for electrical power generation with facilities ( 29 . 28 ) is provided for coupling expansion heat and / or recovery of heat loss. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that in addition to the pressure of a compressed gas, its energy content for use by an expansion device with combustion ( 64 ) such as a turbine with electric generator and with facilities ( 28 ) are provided for the recovery of heat loss. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that compression ( 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 ) and / or expansion devices ( 63 . 64 ) are equipped with devices for changing the blade geometry to optimize the energy utilization. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that as internal combustion engines ( 64 ) piston, free-piston or rotary piston engines with heat recovery ( 28 ) are provided. Power plant according to at least one of Claims 1 to 19, characterized in that burners or catalytic heaters which drive thermodynamic machines, such as the stirring machine or even steam engines, with working media in closed circuits, with heat recovery ( 28 ) are provided. Power plant according to at least one of Claims 1 to 20, characterized in that devices for exhaust gas aftertreatment ( 65 ) are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that means are provided for, after the gas expansion, from a memory ( 55 . 56 . 57 ) in the high-pressure area, the gas in a low-pressure accumulator ( 52 . 53 ) to resume. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that for handling of different gases for the low pressure and for the high-pressure area each have their own gas networks for a gas to be installed, to the compression, expansion, regulation and storage devices are connected. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that for the production of gas at least one electrolysis device ( 60 ) is intended for the production of hydrogen and oxygen. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that at least a gas production facility such as biogas plants for production a carbon-binding gaseous energy source is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that at least a gas production facility for producing a nitrogen binding gaseous Energy source, as ammonia is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that at least a device for producing a carbon-binding liquid energy carrier such as Methanol is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that facilities for liquefaction of gas such as hydrogen and / or oxygen and / or ammonia and / or Air are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that facilities are intended to be liquefied Gases such as hydrogen and / or oxygen and / or ammonia and / or Air back into the gaseous Condition at a selected Temperature to be able to bring. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 29, characterized in that at least a device for producing a solid energy carrier or Raw material of metal, such as silicon and / or aluminum and / or lithium and / or manganese is provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that at least one fuel cell system ( 62 ) in conjunction with power electronics ( 18 ) is provided for generating electric power with means for recovering the heat loss. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 31, characterized in that fuel cell plants ( 62 ) are provided, which can also work in reverse operation as electrolysis. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that, as energy sink, electrical heaters ( 19 ) with heat recovery ( 28 ) in conjunction with simple switching technology and / or with power electronics ( 18 ) are provided for the curtailment of power overproduction. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that as very fast storage devices magnetic, electrical or magnetoelectric components such as coils, capacitors or electric flywheel storage and / or rechargeable batteries with and without Power electronics ( 18 ) are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that facilities are provided to pump water to a higher level and then the potential energy of the water again over turbines with generators to recover electricity to be able to. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 35, characterized in that facilities for water desalination and water treatment, such as distillation and / or Electrodialysis and / or reverse osmosis are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that for food production Facilities such as greenhouses, drying, Cold and Freezing facilities are provided. Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that at least one cooling water circuit with circulating pumps ( 24 ) and at least one radiator network ( 75 ) provided with at least one pool ( 73 . 74 ). Power plant according to at least one of claims 1 to 38, characterized in that an updraft power plant ( 76 ) for cooling the cooling networks ( 75 ) is provided for the required air mass flow.