DE102022001536A1 - ELECTRICAL MACHINE WITH A MATRIX CIRCUIT - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrical machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a rotary motor (2) or as a linear motor (3) or as a spherical layer motor (4) and a housing (10) for a stator (11). Motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) as well as for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating or direct current (AC, DC). The excitation system (A) has a stable laminated body (142) that is tight to gases and liquids and consists of a plurality of interconnected layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) for at least one conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a, a') of the support layer (b) and is designed as a honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for accommodating a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron core (13). The layers (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) can be projected onto a surface, with at least one layer (L1-Ln) forming a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for elements which are through the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) which can be anchored in a common connecting element (133) made of soft iron are embodied in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and form at least one magnetic circuit (110), so that in In the case of the rotary motor (2), a rotating magnetic field and in the case of the linear motor (3) a traveling field and in the case of the spherical layer motor (4) a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field can be generated.

Description

The invention relates to an electrical machine with an excitation system, which can be designed as a rotary motor or as a linear motor or as a spherical layer motor and has a housing for a stator with a motor axis and for a rotor as well as for control electronics for multi-phase direct or alternating current. The excitation system has a stable laminated body that is tight to gases and liquids, which is made up of a plurality of layers of support layers for at least one conductor track on at least one surface of the support layer, which are interconnected by a binder, and as a honeycomb with a plurality of cells for the recording a plurality of individual radial segments of a soft iron package is formed. Each layer of the laminated body can be projected onto a surface, with at least one layer of the excitation system forming a matrix with rows and / or columns for elements that are embodied in the cells of the honeycomb by sheet metal lamellas or soft iron pins or soft iron screws formed by radial segments and in a common connecting element Soft iron can be anchored so that at least one magnetic circuit is formed. The honeycomb can be formed as a film roll or as a film stack or as a hollow spherical laminated body and can be supplied with multi-phase alternating current at the first ends of the conductor tracks at an entrance of the housing. The second ends of the conductor tracks are connected to one another with a matrix circuit with phase bridges in such a way that a rotating magnetic field can be generated by means of the matrix and the control electronics in the case of the rotary motor and a traveling field in the case of the linear motor and a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field in the case of the spherical layer motor. Within the scope of the invention, the generic term “electric machine” includes both generators that convert mechanical power into electricity and electric motors that convert electrical power into mechanical power in the form of a rotary or translational movement or in the form of a free movement. In a three-phase machine according to the invention, the number of cells in the honeycomb of the excitation system is divisible by three, so that the frequency of a periodically changing voltage of the alternating current in the excitation fields offset by 120 degrees from one another defines the speed of the electrical machine. Depending on the design of the rotor, electrical machines are differentiated into asynchronous machines and synchronous machines, which can be designed as either full-pole or salient-pole rotors or have a permanent magnet machine or a brushless DC motor with a commutator, while asynchronous machines can be designed as slip ring or squirrel cage rotors. In a linear motor, which can also be referred to as a traveling field machine, each layer of a film roll forms a complete excitation system for a rotor, which is pulled and pushed over a distance by the magnetic field. The multi-layered honeycomb forms a self-supporting composite of support layers, conductor tracks and an adhesive, with the self-supporting honeycomb structure enabling the implementation of thin-film technologies for the coating of the carrier films and/or for the conductor tracks. The invention also relates to a lightweight construction for the excitation system with a soft iron package freed from its supporting function, which is designed as a plug-in system in which the individual radial segments are inserted into the cells of the honeycomb and anchored in a common connecting element. Electric machines according to the invention can be produced in a power range from a fraction of a watt to several hundred kilowatts. The term matrix, borrowed from mathematics, describes a system for a plurality of elements that are arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns so that different arithmetic operations can be carried out both vertically and horizontally as well as diagonally across the main and counter diagonals of the matrix. A matrix is particularly suitable for precisely recording the respective proportion or function of an individual element within a system made up of a plurality of elements. Since each individual layer of a multi-layered honeycomb can be detected and controlled by a matrix, the invention also relates to programmable control electronics with which the current supply to the excitation system can be better adapted to the respective requirements and operating conditions of an electrical machine. The elements of the matrix are embodied by the cells and the individual radial segments of the soft iron package of a multi-layer honeycomb. In a rotary motor and a linear motor, the honeycomb is designed as a film roll or as a film stack, while the honeycomb for a spherical layer motor has a multi-layer, hollow spherical laminated body. According to the invention, only one layer of a support layer formed by three meandering bands, each with only one conductor track, is required in order to form a complete excitation system using the matrix circuit with phase bridges for alternating current. The excitation system can also be designed with several hundred layers of support layers for conductor tracks, with each individual layer being projectable onto a plane. With the matrix, the electromagnetic forces within the three-dimensional magnetic field of an electrical machine can be recorded very precisely, vectorially, layer by layer, and can therefore also be controlled. In the case of a rotary engine, for example, the sum of all the individual vectors from the number of elements is a vertical one Row or a horizontal column can be displayed in a resulting row vector or in a column vector for each individual layer of a film roll. In the case of an electrical machine operated with three-phase alternating current as a rotary or linear motor, the matrix connection is designed as a star connection and/or delta connection. In the case of the spherical layer motor, magnetic circuits can be activated using the matrix circuit across both the rows and columns as well as the main and counter diagonals of a matrix, so that the rotor can carry out different movements. The invention therefore also relates to novel applications in the field of robotics, where the controllability of the magnetic field can be used for both programmable and sensor-controlled movement sequences for tools and gripping devices. In particular, application examples of the spherical layer motor for an autonomous spherical vehicle with an integrated battery storage and the paired arrangement of two spherical layer motors for drones and helicopters as well as for aircraft, in which at least one pair of the spherical layer motors is connected to a wing, are also part of the invention.

State of the art

Electric machines with a motor axis have a stator and a rotor arranged within a housing. In the case of a rotary motor, the stator's excitation system causes a magnetic field rotating around the motor axis, so that the rotor rotates as a rotor around the motor axis. In the case of a linear motor, the stator's excitation system creates a traveling field along the motor axis, so that the rotor moves in a translational movement along the motor axis. Analogously, a generator converts a rotary or translational movement into electrical power. Electric machines are characterized by very high efficiencies of up to 98% and will therefore be the preferred solution in the future for growing demand in the areas of driving, controlling and moving on land, at sea and in the air. In three-phase motors, the alternating current is carried in three separate conductors with a periodically changing phase. The current in a first conductor is offset by 120° ahead or behind the current in the other two conductors. The rotation speed is determined by the frequency. For example, a periodic alternating current with 50 Hertz causes a rotating magnetic field with 3000 revolutions per minute. Depending on the design, electrical machines are divided into synchronous and asynchronous machines. In synchronous machines, which can also be excited by permanent magnets, for example, the rotor rotates synchronously with the rotating field. A special case here is the brushless direct current motor with motor-integrated control electronics that converts direct current into alternating current. In generator operation, the rotor rotates faster than the magnetic field so that energy can be fed into the grid. Asynchronous three-phase generators can be designed as squirrel-cage rotors with a slip ring or as double-fed asynchronous machines or as cascade machines with two stators. With so-called squirrel cage rotors, in which the current conductors are short-circuited in a so-called rotor cage, undesirable leakage currents can occur. In this respect, slip ring rotors have the advantage that slip rings connect the power conductors to external control electronics, so that additional resistances in the rotor circuit enable the operating behavior to be influenced. In both designs, the rotating field of the stator induces a current flow in the conductor loops of the rotor and a resulting magnetic field that is reciprocal to the excitation system. The radial distance between the rotor and the motor axis is a decisive factor for the torque of the rotor. The rotating excitation field of the stator pulls the induced magnetic field of the rotor, so that the rotor follows the rotating magnetic field of the stator. This effect, known as “slip,” causes the torque of an electric machine. If the direction of rotation of the excitation field on the stator is changed, the direction of rotation of the rotor also changes. The excitation system of an electric motor is assigned to the stator and consists of soft iron or laminated cores with a current-carrying winding, which usually consists of copper wire with an insulating varnish applied using a dipping process. If the stator is on the outside and is connected to the housing, the electrical machine is called an internal rotor. If the stator with the excitation system is on the inside, the electrical machine is called an external rotor. While the stator is connected to an external power source, the rotor is formed either by two-pole permanent magnets or an induction system, which also consists of soft iron or laminated cores and copper wire. The disadvantages of this structure are the complex winding of the copper wire with movements that can currently only be carried out by hand, the tendency of the wire to tangle, the complex dipping process for applying the protective varnish and only a low temperature resistance, which increases the risk of the wire burning through electrical machine contains. Compared to a construction made of solid material, the so-called soft iron, laminated cores have the advantage that they prevent eddy currents and thus improve efficiency. The individual sheets made of soft iron are coated with an insulator and are made from strip material. The production of the sheet metal packages requires several work steps, starting with the snowing that of the sheets, arranging them in stacks, joining them by welding, gluing or screwing and all the necessary information. Suitable processes for manufacturing include laser or water jet cutting and punching for series production. After punching, the individual sheets are coated with a varnish, stacked and heated in an oven in order to glue the layers together and at the same time insulate them from each other. Insulating the components from and against each other as well as winding the excitation coils and subsequent impregnation and processing of the winding are complex. The installation of insulating paper between the laminated core and the windings in order to avoid voltage flashovers as well as the production of the wire used for the coils in a drawing process and its subsequent coating with an insulating lacquer layer, which also receives a sliding layer to facilitate winding, are also complex facilitate. For the fully automatic production of the windings in series production, expensive machines are required, which are only worthwhile in the case of large-scale production, so that to this day the installation of the winding in a sheet metal package is done by hand and requires a high level of craftsmanship because the wires tend to tangle. In the area of adhesives, two-phase polymers cause a frictional bond, while the hardener of the adhesive acts as a catalyst to cause the polymerization of the respective plastic. Plastic films that are coated with an acrylate adhesive can be made of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene with a temperature resistance of -40 to 150 degrees Celsius and can be produced as very thin, flexible and stretchable films with layer thicknesses from 0.05 mm and coated with an adhesive as well as polyimide films with a temperature resistance of -50 to 160 degrees Celsius and films made of polytetrafluoroethylene, so-called PTFE films with an exceptional temperature resistance of -200 to 300 degrees Celsius. Known adhesive tapes have up to two hundred layers, with the base layer having a separating layer on the outside to which the adhesive does not stick. The adhesive forms an inseparable bond with the inside, which is roughened by an adhesion promoter. Depending on the respective material of the base layers, the following adhesives, each classified according to their chemical or physical principle of action, can be considered. Curing the adhesive by polymerizing instant adhesives such as cyanoacrylates, methyl methacrylates and unsaturated polyesters is particularly advantageous. For the connection of carrier films made of plastic, paper or carbon fiber films, anaerobic-curing adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives or adhesives that harden by drying, solvent-based wet adhesives, diffusion adhesives, contact adhesives and water-based dispersion adhesives including colloidal systems can be used. Glasses with a thickness between 0.4 mm and 1.1 mm are called thin glass. Glasses that are less than 0.2mm thick are called ultra-thin glasses. Depending on their chemical composition, areas of application for thin and ultra-thin glasses include optics, biotechnology, optoelectronics and sensors as well as display technology and the semiconductor industry. Under the product name D 263 T, the Mainz company Schott produces an ultra-thin borosilicate glass with standard thicknesses of 30 μm. The product name AF 32-eco refers to a rollable, ultra-thin and alkali-free aluminum borosilicate thin glass with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, low micro-roughness < 1 nm, an application temperature of up to 650°C and excellent coating properties. Soda lime thin glass is a cost-effective alternative to the above high-end products and can be manufactured as ultra-thin glass with a thickness of 0.2mm. When sputter coating glass, a point target, for example made of a metal, is bombarded with ions so that the atoms knocked out of the metal form a highly pure layer on an adjacent thin glass. It is known that so-called high-temperature superconductors (HTSL), whose transition temperature is above 23 degrees Kelvin, can be used for power lines. Ceramic HTSLs reach a transition temperature of 77 K, which corresponds to the boiling point of nitrogen. Yttrium barium copper oxide is a well-known example of this and has already been used as HTSC despite the brittleness of the ceramic material. The literature (see A. Pawlak) describes a process for producing a flexible conductor material in which the ceramic material is filled into tubes made of silver and then rolled out into flexible strips. In 2017, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a team of researchers led by Pablo Jarillo-Herrero demonstrated the ability of graphene to conduct electricity without loss by superimposing two honeycomb monolayers of carbon atoms at an angle of 1.1 degrees on a strongly cooled sample electrical voltage was applied. It has also been shown that the transition temperature can be increased under lateral pressure. Based on a Japanese weaving technique for bamboo strips, a kagome pattern is a grid in which pentagonal stars with triangular tips form a regular grid. Current publications in the field of quantum physics describe Kagome metals, whose atomic lattices display Kagome patterns and have novel electromagnetic properties. Such a Kagome metal is, for example, an iron-tin compound with a Kagome structure, which, according to the theoretical physicist Ronny Tho can enable a new type of superconductivity.

At the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, several extraordinary quantum phenomena were demonstrated for the first time at relatively high temperatures of around -190 degrees Celsius using the kagome metal potassium vanadium antimony (KV3Sb5), which ideally could also function at room temperature as so-called high-temperature superconductivity. In the field of plastics, organic molecules in the form of monomers, oligomers and especially polymers can be applied to thin layers and form conductive tracks. It is possible to transfer charge through so-called hopping. By migrating chemical bonds along the entire length of a polymer chain, it is possible to form an electronic system, with transmission gaps closed by appropriate doping, resulting in conductivity comparable to metals. The transfer of knowledge and developments from printing technology as well as from organic and polymer chemistry to electronics is fundamental for future manufacturing processes in electronics and electrical engineering. Dispersions and suspensions of electrically conductive materials are already available for printed electronics. This also includes inorganic materials that can be produced and processed in liquid form. So-called mass printing processes such as gravure, offset and flexographic printing are far superior to other printing processes such as inkjet printing and screen printing in terms of the area throughput of many 10,000 m ² /h and are particularly suitable for printing electrical conductor tracks in thin layers. Offset and flexographic printing processes can be used for inorganic and organic conductors. Inkjet printing can also be used on a laboratory scale with little effort. Screen printing is suitable for pasty materials that can be applied to a base layer in thick layers, especially for conductor tracks made of inorganic metals. Other possible processes related to printing are so-called microcontact printing and nanoimprint lithography. Transfer processes in which solid structured layers are transferred from a carrier to the substrate are also printing processes for electronics. Electrically conductive adhesives are also already available. From the area of coating technologies, powder coating or powder painting should also be mentioned here, with which an electrically conductive material is coated with powder paint. The powder coatings produced usually have layer thicknesses between 60 and 120 µm. Steel or aluminum substrates are suitable for powder coating. A coating process that is suitable for different substrates is so-called particle atomic layer deposition (PALD). This uses a vapor phase technique to deposit thin layers on a substrate. In the PALD process and the ALD process, the surface of a substrate is alternately irradiated with so-called precursors, which do not overlap but are supplied one after the other. The PALD process can deposit a wide range of materials including oxides, metals, sulfides and fluorides and these coatings can exhibit a wide range of properties depending on the application.

From the DE 10 2012 009 268 A9 creates a permanently excited longitudinal flux linear motor in which the stator surface of the laminated core is arranged parallel and radially to the rotor axis. From the DE 4 105 999 A1 shows a line coil applied to the surface of an insulating substrate, wherein a plurality of insulating substrates and a plurality of line coils are alternately laminated and interconnected by a line material and can be rolled up into a film coil.

From the EP 2 228 890 A1 discloses an electrodynamic machine which can be designed as an electrical generator and comprises a plurality of conductor bars whose surfaces are designed with a non-wettable surface structure.

From the WO 2017 215 786 A1 A universally applicable inductance system for different types of electrical machines emerges, in which the induction takes place using a ladder rung system.

A.Pawlak: Superconductivity right into the city center. Physics Journal, Volume 13, 2014, Issue 6, p.6.

Mielke, C., Das, D., Yin, JX. et al.; “Time-reversal symmetry breaking charge order in a kagome superconductor”; Nature; 602, pages 245-250 (2022)

Task

Based on the state of the art presented, the invention is based on the object of rearranging the supporting structure of an electrical machine and for the excitation system of an electrical machine a material composite formed by supporting layers, conductor tracks and a binder for a self-supporting, gas- and liquid-tight system , multi-layered and void-free honeycomb structure of the excitation system of the electrical machine. Another object of the invention is to reduce the design weight of the soft iron package reduce and identify radial individual segments in order to formulate a plug-in system for the soft iron package and to bring the individual segments together in a positive and non-positive connection with the honeycomb structure and with a common connecting element made of soft iron in at least one magnetic circuit. In particular, the object of the invention is to provide an energized matrix for a large number of excitable elements which are arranged in the rows and/or columns of the matrix in such a way that the current can be precisely calculated, controlled and measured for each individual layer of the laminated body in order to be able to better adapt an electrical machine fed with commutated direct current or multi-phase alternating current to different operating conditions. The design of the respective electrical machine determines the design of the matrix as a row or column vector for several elements formed by the radial segments in the case of a rotary or linear motor or as a matrix with rows and columns in the case of a spherical layer motor, in which the possible movements of the rotor are theoretically unlimited in three dimensions. In addition, the specification of a honeycomb made up of several layers of support layers with flat conductor tracks with a shell body perforated by cells serves the task of generating a strong magnetic field with comparatively low current intensities for the excitation of the individual radial segments of the soft iron core. The specification of a layered body that is tight to gases and liquids for the excitation system of the stator also serves to mutually insulate the conductor tracks and protect them from contamination and corrosion and forms a positioning system for the conductor tracks in relation to the radial segments of the soft iron package. By specifying a modular and elemental construction system for the electrical machines that is suitable for series production, the manufacturing costs can be reduced. These tasks are achieved with the features of the invention mentioned in claim 1.

• - Angabe einer synchron oder asynchron erregten elektrischen Maschine als Innenläufer oder als Außenläufer, die als ein Rotations-, Linear- oder Kugelschichtmotor ausbildbar ist,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine mit einem Eingang für Wechselstrom oder Gleichstrom,
• - Angabe von elektrischen Maschinen mit einem bevorzugten Phasenwinkel der Wechselspannung von 120 Grad,
• - Angabe eines gedruckten Erregersystems für den Stator eines Elektromotors,
• - Angabe eines gedruckten Induktionssystems für den Läufer eines Elektromotors,
• - Angabe einer Matrixschaltung als eine Sternschaltung und/oder als eine Dreiecksschaltung für einen Rotationsmotor mit einem von einer Zeile oder einer Spalte gebildeten Vektor der Matrix,
• - Angabe einer Regelelektronik für die Steuerung des magnetischen Felds mittels einer Matrixschaltung der bestrombaren Zeilen und Spalten und Haupt- und Gegendiagonalen der Matrix mit einer von einer Mehrzahl von Transistoren (MOSFET, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) und Sensoren,
• - Angabe eines elementierten Weicheisenpakets mit Blechlamellen für den Rotations- und Linearmotor und mit Weicheisenstiften oder Weicheisenschrauben für den Kugelschichtmotor,
• - Angabe eines Verbindungselements für die einzelnen Radialsegmente des Weicheisenpakets als Längsabschnitt eines Hohlzylinders oder als Schicht einer Hohlkugel, jeweils aus Weicheisen,
• - Angabe eines Fluidlagers zwischen dem Stator und dem Läufer,
• - Angabe eines Kugelschichtmotors mit einer kardanischen Aufhängung des Läufers an dem Stator,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine als ein Innenläufer, bei dem die Tragschichten als Mäanderbänder vorgefertigt und in mehreren Lagen von jeweils drei einzelnen Mäanderbändern auf einem Haspel zu einer Folienrolle aufgerollt werden,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine als ein Axialflussmotor mit einer scheibenförmigen Wabe mit radialen Zellen,
• - Angabe eines Rotationsmotors mit einem Induktionssystem für einen Läufer mit einem Weicheisenpaket und Mäanderbändern mit den Leiterbahnen, die untereinander in Endlosschleifen kurzgeschlossen und gegenüber der Motorachse einen Neigungswinkel von fünf bis fünfzehn Grad aufweisen,
• - Angabe ausgestanzter, flacher Leiterbahnen aus Metall,
• - Angabe von Mäanderbändern aus Aluminium als Ersatz für Kupfer,
• - Angabe einer Tragschicht mit zwei haftenden Oberflächen als Substrat für Leiterbahnen und/oder für ein Bindemittel,
• - Angabe einer Klebefolie mit Klebestreifen an den Rändern und zwischen den Leiterbahnen für die Versiegelung der Leiterbahnen innerhalb der Wabe,
• - Angabe einer biegeweichen und dehnsteifen Tragschicht aus einem Kunststoff oder aus ultradünnem Glas,
• - Angabe einer temperaturbeständigen und beschichtbaren Trägerschicht aus Polyethylen, Polyimid, Plyamid oder PTFE,
• - Angabe eines Massendruckverfahrens für den Aufdruck der Leiterbahnen von der Rolle auf die Rolle,
• - Angabe eines Tintenstrahldrucks oder eines Siebdruckverfahrens für die Bedruckung einer ebenen Tragschicht oder einer von der Rolle abrollbaren Tragschicht,
• - Angabe eines Karbonfasergewebebands als Tragschicht mit einer streifenförmigen Klettverbindung als Bindemittel an den Rändern des Bands und mit dazwischenliegenden Leiterbahnen aus Metallblech und mit einem Zweiphasenpolymer als Klebstoff für den Schichtkörper,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine, bei der die Tragschichten elektrisch leitfähige Leiterbahnen mit mehreren voneinander unabhängigen parallelen Bahnen tragen,
• - Angabe eines abtragenden Verfahrens, bei dem die Leiterbahnen aus einer mindestens einseitig mit stromleitendem Material beschichteten Tragschicht z.B. in einem Ätzverfahren herausgelöst werden,
• - Angabe einer Tragschicht, die mit stromleitenden organischen Polymerketten beschichtbar ist,
• - Angabe einer Leiterbahn aus einem supraleitenden keramischen Material, insbesondere aus Yttrium-Barium-Kupferoxid, das in Silberröhrchen eingefüllt und zu einer bandförmigen Leiterbahn ausgewalzt wird, die mit einer Tragschicht verbindbar ist,
• - Angabe von flexiblen Bändern aus Aluminium oder Stahl für eine elektrostatische Pulverbeschichtung mit einem keramischen Hochtemperatursupraleiter,
• - Angabe eines PALD-Verfahrens (Particel Atomic Layer Deposition) für die Beschichtung der Klebefolien mit einer supraleitenden, atomaren Schicht eines Kagome-Metalls,
• - Angabe einer Klebefolie mit einer Schicht aus Grafen für die Ummantelung der Leiterbahnen,
• - Angabe eines 3D-Druckverfahrens mit drei Materialien für die Leiterbanen, die Tragschichten und die Radialsegmente,
• - Angabe eines Rollverfahrens für die Herstellung einer versiegelten Folienrolle aus Klebefolie auf einem Haspel,
• - Angabe beheizbarer Kalander für die Herstellung eines monolithischen Verbunds der Tragschichten der Folienrolle.

The electrical machine according to the invention with an excitation system can be designed as a rotary motor or as a linear motor or as a spherical layer motor and has a housing for a stator with a motor axis for a rotor and for control electronics for multi-phase alternating or direct current. The excitation system is formed by a stable laminated body that is impervious to gases and liquids, which is made up of a plurality of layers of mutually insulated support layers connected to one another by adhesive for at least one conductor track on at least one surface of the support layer and as a honeycomb with a plurality of cells for the recording a plurality of individual radial segments of a soft iron package is formed. Each layer of the laminated body can be projected onto a surface, with at least one layer of the excitation system forming a matrix with rows and / or columns for elements that are embodied by sheet metal lamellas or soft iron pins or soft iron screws formed by radial segments in the cells of the honeycomb and in a common connecting element made of soft iron can be anchored so that at least one magnetic circuit is formed. The honeycomb can be designed as a roll of film or as a stack of film or as a hollow spherical laminated body and can be supplied with multi-phase alternating current at the first ends of the conductor tracks at an entrance to the housing. The second ends of the conductor tracks are connected to one another in a matrix circuit with phase bridges in such a way that a rotating magnetic field can be generated by means of the matrix and the control electronics in the case of the rotary motor and a traveling field in the case of the linear motor and a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field in the case of the spherical layer motor. Further advantageous features and embodiment variants of the invention emerge from the subclaims. In particular, the invention has the following advantageous properties for the following tasks:

• - Specification of a synchronously or asynchronously excited electrical machine as an internal rotor or an external rotor, which can be designed as a rotary, linear or spherical layer motor,
• - specification of an electrical machine with an input for alternating current or direct current,
• - Specification of electrical machines with a preferred phase angle of the alternating voltage of 120 degrees,
• - Specification of a printed excitation system for the stator of an electric motor,
• - Specification of a printed induction system for the rotor of an electric motor,
• - Specifying a matrix connection as a star connection and/or as a delta connection for a rotary motor with a vector of the matrix formed by a row or a column,
• - Specification of control electronics for controlling the magnetic field by means of a matrix circuit of the energized rows and columns and main and counter diagonals of the matrix with one of a plurality of transistors (MOSFET, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) and sensors,
• - Specification of an elemental soft iron package with sheet metal lamellas for the rotary and linear motor and with soft iron pins or soft iron screws for the spherical layer motor,
• - Specification of a connecting element for the individual radial segments of the soft iron package as a longitudinal section of a hollow cylinder or as a layer of a hollow sphere, each made of soft iron,
• - Specifying a fluid bearing between the stator and the rotor,
• - Specification of a spherical layer motor with a gimbal suspension of the rotor on the stator,
• - Specification of an electrical machine as an internal rotor, in which the base layers are prefabricated as meandering strips and rolled up in several layers of three individual meandering strips on a reel to form a roll of film,
• - Specification of an electrical machine as an axial flux motor with a disk-shaped honeycomb with radial cells,
• - Specification of a rotary motor with an induction system for a rotor with a soft iron package and meandering bands with the conductor tracks, which are short-circuited among themselves in endless loops and have an angle of inclination of five to fifteen degrees relative to the motor axis,
• - Specification of punched-out, flat metal conductor tracks,
• - Specification of meandering bands made of aluminum as a replacement for copper,
• - Specification of a base layer with two adhesive surfaces as a substrate for conductor tracks and/or for a binder,
• - Specification of an adhesive film with adhesive strips on the edges and between the conductor tracks for sealing the conductor tracks within the honeycomb,
• - Specification of a flexible and stretch-resistant base layer made of plastic or ultra-thin glass,
• - Specification of a temperature-resistant and coatable carrier layer made of polyethylene, polyimide, nylon or PTFE,
• - Specification of a mass printing process for printing the conductor tracks from roll to roll,
• - specification of an inkjet printing or a screen printing process for printing on a flat base layer or a base layer that can be rolled off the roll,
• - Specification of a carbon fiber fabric tape as a base layer with a strip-shaped Velcro connection as a binding agent on the edges of the tape and with intervening conductor tracks made of sheet metal and with a two-phase polymer as an adhesive for the layered body,
• - Specification of an electrical machine in which the base layers carry electrically conductive conductor tracks with several independent parallel tracks,
• - Specification of an abrasive process in which the conductor tracks are removed from a base layer coated on at least one side with current-conducting material, for example in an etching process,
• - Specification of a base layer that can be coated with electrically conductive organic polymer chains,
• - Specification of a conductor track made of a superconducting ceramic material, in particular made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide, which is filled into silver tubes and rolled out into a band-shaped conductor track which can be connected to a supporting layer,
• - Specification of flexible strips made of aluminum or steel for electrostatic powder coating with a ceramic high-temperature superconductor,
• - Specification of a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) for coating the adhesive films with a superconducting, atomic layer of a Kagome metal,
• - Specification of an adhesive film with a layer of graphite for covering the conductor tracks,
• - Specification of a 3D printing process with three materials for the conductor rails, the support layers and the radial segments,
• - specification of a rolling process for producing a sealed film roll from adhesive film on a reel,
• - Specification of heatable calenders for the production of a monolithic composite of the supporting layers of the film roll.

Manufacturing process for a multi-layer honeycomb

An advantageous manufacturing process for the laminated body of the honeycomb relates to a 3D printing process for three different materials, in which the laminated body is made continuously and in layers from several layers of a plastic as a binding agent for the supporting layers and conductor tracks made of metal, including the matrix circuit between the first and second ends of the Conductor tracks and including the individual cells of the honeycomb are constructed with the radial segments of the soft iron package and the connecting element. In the case of rotary motor and linear motor The laminated body of the honeycomb can be designed as a film roll with at least one layer or up to several hundred layers of support layers for conductor tracks. The film roll is produced on a reel with adjustable gauges as space and dimension holders for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments of the soft iron package into the cells of the honeycomb. The support layers are designed as one- or two-sided coated, stretch-resistant and flexible film strips or as flexible carbon fiber strips, each of which has a coating substrate for the conductor tracks and an adhesive on at least one surface, so that the individual layers of the support layers are self-supporting and resistant to gases and liquids form a dense layered body. For base layers that are already coated or printed with conductor tracks, both chemically curing or physically setting adhesives as well as adhesives with a combined effect are suitable as binders for the production of a single- or double-sided coated electrically conductive adhesive tape. Curing the adhesive by polymerization is particularly advantageous for instant adhesives such as cyanoacrylates, methyl methacrylates and unsaturated polyesters. For the mutual connection of carrier films, which can consist of plastic, thin glass, paper or carbon fiber films, anaerobic-curing adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives or adhesives that harden by drying are suitable as binders. Solvent-based wet adhesives, diffusion adhesives, contact adhesives are also suitable for paper carrier films, as are water-based dispersion adhesives including colloidal systems. Adhesives that harden under UV light and heat are particularly suitable for base layers made of ultra-thin glass, while pressure-sensitive adhesives that can be designed as Velcro or plug-in snap connections are suitable for attaching metal conductor tracks to carbon fiber tapes, with the carbon fiber tapes being connected Epoxy adhesives, polyurethane adhesives and silicones are provided among each other. With a combined physical-chemical principle of action of the binder, a high temperature resistance of the adhesive compound for the carrier films can be achieved through polycondensation of phenolic resins or polyimides or polysulfides or of silane-modified polymers. If the base layer consists of a carbon fiber tape, a two-phase polymer is applied as a binder to the reel during winding. The individual layers of the base layer of the carbon fiber strip are connected to one another using the two-phase polymer to form a self-supporting layered body that is tight to gases and liquids and can be hardened in an autoclave. Of particular advantage is a base layer printed on both sides with conductor tracks, the first surface of which is coated with the first component and the second surface of which is coated with the second component of a two-component adhesive, so that a monolithic composite of the individual layers of the material is formed while it is being rolled up on the reel Layered body is produced. If the base layer with the conductor tracks is passed over heatable calenders immediately before being rolled up on the reel, the film composite can be produced using a melt-adhesive process. In a rotary motor and a linear motor, the multi-layered honeycomb is designed as a film roll with a large number of cells, which cells accommodate a corresponding number of individual radial segments connected to one another in a magnetic circuit of the soft iron package, with the radial segments in each individual layer of the film roll can be represented as elements of a matrix in a row or column vector, while in the spherical layer motor the multi-layered honeycomb has a hollow spherical shell body and in a combined linear and rotary motor a multi-layer film roll, each with a large number of cells for holding a corresponding number of radial segments of the soft iron package and each individual layer of the honeycomb that can be projected onto a surface forms a matrix with rows and columns, in which magnetic circuits in each individual layer can be switched over the rows or over the columns or over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix, so that the electromagnetic field forces can be directed in different directions by means of programmable or sensor-controlled control electronics for the matrix circuit. The adhesive forms a binder for the individual layers of a gas- and liquid-tight laminated body with a large number of matrices corresponding to the number of layers. At least one of the two surfaces of the base layer of the film roll or of the hollow spherical laminated body has a plurality of spiral-shaped, interconnected conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells of the laminated body, the conductor tracks in the individual layers of the laminated body being able to be energized with multi-phase alternating current in such a way that the The magnetic field caused by individual radial segments of the soft iron core can be controlled multidirectionally by means of control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. The rotor of the combined linear and rotary motor can carry out a combined lifting and rotational movement, while the rotor of a spherical layer motor can carry out a combined rotational and pivoting movement within a radial sector predetermined by an inclination angle around the center of the motor.

Support layers for conductor tracks

In an advantageous embodiment variant, the support layers form a shell for conductor tracks made of metal, the conductor tracks having a flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval cross-section and the electrical contacts at the first ends and at the second ends of the conductor tracks by soldering, laser welding, screwing or can be produced using an electrically conductive adhesive. The base layer preferably consists of a stretch-resistant and flexible plastic film or of ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and forms a coating substrate for the conductor tracks and for a binder as a filling between the conductor tracks and the conductor tracks on at least one of the two surfaces Support layers, with a plurality of layers of the support layers forming the layered body that is tight to gases and liquids. The base layer can be printed with conductor tracks on at least one of the two surfaces, preferably in a mass printing process. Alternatively, the conductor tracks can be sputtered, sintered or glued onto the base layer, with conductor tracks that are arranged on the two surfaces of the base layer being separated from one another by a double-sided coated adhesive film. Adhesive strips between the conductor tracks and on the edges of an adhesive film create a non-positive connection between the individual layers of a honeycomb. From a base layer coated with metal on both sides, the conductor tracks can be etched or cut from the two surfaces using an abrasive process. Conductor tracks that are arranged on the two surfaces of the support layer can be combined to form a two-wire conductor track, with both cores generating a common magnetic field and a plurality of transistors and sensors of the control electronics being designed to control the current flow of the excitation system. In a particularly advantageous embodiment variant, the conductor tracks are coated with an electrically chargeable, ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, which is designed as a hardened layer to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks formed by thin and flexible steel strips. Alternatively, the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled as a powder into hollow profiles, which are then rolled flat and can be connected to the carrier layer as flat strips. In a further advantageous embodiment variant, atomic layers of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure, which are applied to metal conductor tracks in a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition), form a superconducting layer on the surface of the conductor tracks, so that the conductivity of the conductor tracks is already increased at ambient temperature. Supporting layers formed by adhesive foils, which carry a layer of graphene on their surfaces facing the metal conductor tracks and form a shell for flat conductor tracks, for example made of aluminum or copper, also appear promising, with the conductivity of the conductor tracks being increased even at ambient temperature. The base layer preferably forms a coating substrate for a mass printing process on at least one surface. Furthermore, it is provided within the scope of the invention that the conductor tracks are either sputtered, sintered or glued onto at least one of the surfaces of the base layer, with conductor tracks on the two surfaces of the base layer being separated from one another by an intermediate layer, or that adhesive strips between the conductor tracks and on the Edges of an adhesive film are provided for connecting the individual layers of the honeycomb. The individual layers of the honeycomb can be fixed using pole pieces of the radial segments of the soft iron core. The support layers, rolled up into a roll of foil or stacked into a stack of foil, form a positioning system with the cells for the individual radial segments of the soft iron package and for the conductor tracks themselves. An electrically conductive adhesive is suitable for establishing electrical connections between the conductor tracks. Within the scope of the invention, organic conductor tracks made of doped polymer chains for base layers made of cellulose triacetate are proposed, the conductivity of which is in no way inferior to that of metals. The associated weight and cost savings can be used for future drive and control systems. The installation of superconductors in electrical machines can establish itself as a new lightweight construction technology, especially for vehicles and aircraft engines, since a conventional winding can be replaced with a superconducting layer. As part of the invention, a temperature control system with liquid nitrogen for a vehicle is therefore proposed in order to cool ceramic high-temperature superconductors down to the transition temperature.

The electric machine as an internal rotor

A first advantageous embodiment variant of the electrical machine relates to an internal rotor, in which the honeycomb is designed as a cylindrical film roll with a plurality of cells for receiving a corresponding number of individual radial segments of the soft iron package, which are inserted into the cells from the inside out and in grooves an outer guide element formed by a tube. The conductor tracks are arranged on three meandering bands and are each energized with three phases of alternating current at their first ends at three inputs of the housing, while the second Ends are connected with phase bridges for a star connection to create a rotating magnetic field for the rotor. The longitudinal sections of the three meandering bands are spaced in radial planes with a radius from the motor axis and have transverse sections aligned transversely to the motor axis, the three meandering bands coated at least on one side with at least one conductor track each being energized with one phase of the alternating current. When producing the cylindrical film roll, the three meandering strips are placed one above the other in one plane and rolled up on a reel to form the stator's excitation system together with the soft iron package. The internal rotor is either designed as a squirrel cage rotor or is permanently excited by means of a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets, the number of which is larger or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb. The rotor of an asynchronously excited three-phase machine can be designed as a squirrel cage rotor. In the advantageous embodiment of an asynchronous electrical machine designed as an internal rotor, the rotor has an induction system in which a row or column of the matrix is inclined at an angle of inclination of 5 to 15 degrees relative to the motor axis, so that the honeycomb has a plurality of inclined cells for the Receiving inclined radial segments of the soft iron package is formed, which form an inductance in several layers of the support layer by means of a plurality of interconnected conductor tracks. The rotor is separated from the stator by a gap. While the conductor tracks in a squirrel cage rotor are short-circuited and in a slip ring rotor the operating behavior in motor operation of the electrical machine can be controlled by additional resistors that are inserted into the rotor via slip rings, in generator operation of the electrical machine, alternating current is supplied from the electrical machine by means of the slip rings of the rotor Machine diverted to the outside. In an advantageous embodiment variant, three meandering bands are printed with a plurality of conductor tracks and, together with the soft iron core, form the rotor's induction system. Alternatively, the internal rotor can be designed as a permanent magnetic machine, in which the rotor has a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets, the number of which is larger or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb in order to avoid blockages in the machine.

The electric machine as an external rotor

A second advantageous embodiment variant of an electrical machine relates to an external rotor, in which the honeycomb has three meandering bands with longitudinal sections aligned parallel to the motor axis and with transverse sections aligned transversely to the motor axis, with at least one meandering band coated on one side with conductor tracks being provided for each phase of the alternating current and three meandering bands placed one above the other in one plane form the excitation system of the stator in such a way that the longitudinal sections of the three meandering bands are placed one above the other in one plane and rolled up on a reel to form a roll of film. The longitudinal sections of the three meandering bands lie in radial planes and are spaced from the motor axis with radii for the individual layers of the film roll. The film roll is designed as a cylindrical honeycomb with a plurality of cells for receiving a corresponding plurality of individual radial segments with pole pieces, which are inserted into the cells of the honeycomb from the outside to the inside and then anchored in grooves of a guide element formed by a tube made of soft iron. The conductor tracks of the three meandering bands are each energized with three phases of alternating current at their first ends at three connections of the housing, while the second ends are connected to phase bridges for a star connection in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an outer rotor. The electrical machine as an external rotor can be designed as a permanent magnetic machine, in which the rotor has a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets, the number of which is larger or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb in order to prevent blockages in the machine. Alternatively, an asynchronously excited electrical machine can be designed, in which the rotor is designed either as a squirrel cage rotor or as a honeycomb with an induction system constructed analogously to the excitation system, with the individual radial segments of the soft iron package relative to the motor axis with an angle of inclination of 5 to 15 degrees are inclined. A further advantageous embodiment variant of the electrical machine relates to a rotary motor which is designed as an external rotor as an axial flux motor. In this case, the honeycomb has a film roll with a plurality of layers of a support layer aligned tangentially to the motor axis, which is printed with a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks. Cells of the honeycomb that are radially spaced from the motor axis are provided for the positive connection with a plurality of radial segments of the soft iron core arranged parallel to the motor axis. The first ends of the spiral-shaped conductor tracks are connected to the connections of the housing for alternating current, while the second ends on the side of the conductor tracks facing the motor axis have a star connection with ring segment-shaped phase bridges in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an outer rotor. The axial flux machine is either permanently excited, with the rotor having alternating polarity magnetic magnets, or the axial flux machine is designed as a full-pole rotor, the rotor being equipped with an induction system. A particularly advantageous embodiment variant of the invention relates to a wheel hub motor in which several layers of annular support layers are connected to form a foil stack and a disk-shaped, bending, shear and torsion-resistant honeycomb with a plurality of cells for accommodating a corresponding number of individual radial segments of the soft iron package form. The honeycomb has an excitation system for a permanently excited axial flux motor, in which the number of spiral-shaped conductor tracks on at least one surface of the supporting layer of the foil stack corresponds to the number of cells of the disc-shaped honeycomb, which is energized in this way by a rigid and hollow wheel axle with connections for three-phase alternating current is that the three phases of the alternating current on the side facing the motor axis take place via inner first ends of the spiral-shaped conductor tracks, while the second ends are connected to one another in a star connection by means of three ring segment-shaped phase bridges guided in separate planes. The hub forms the rotor of the wheel hub motor, with a plurality of permanent magnets of the rotor arranged in a star shape on both sides of the stator, the number of which is greater than the number of cells in the excitation system, so that blockages of the three-phase motor are avoided and the rotating magnetic field of the stator causes a rotary movement of the hub effects.

The electric machine as a linear motor

A third advantageous embodiment variant relates to a linear motor in which the stator has a honeycomb formed by a film roll with a plurality of cells diametrically opposite one another in radial planes with respect to the motor axis for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron core, which are in a row parallel and at a radial distance are arranged to the motor axis and both surfaces of the support layer have a plurality of spiral conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package, so that two radial segments of the soft iron package opposite each other in a radial plane together with the film roll form a plurality of bipoles and a plurality of carrier layers which are insulated from one another by means of separating layers and are rolled up on a reel to form the film roll. The first ends of the conductor tracks of a plurality of support layers are then connected to one another using a parallel connection and connected to the three phases of the alternating current at the connections of the housing. The second ends of the conductor tracks are connected to one another using a phase bridge in a star connection in such a way that a plurality of exciter modules corresponding to the number of layers is formed. The rotor of the permanent magnet machine in the form of a synchronously excited linear motor is excited by a traveling electromagnetic field in such a way that it carries out a translational movement parallel to the motor axis. The rotor or actuator therefore has a number of bipoles that is larger or smaller than the number of bipoles of the excitation system.

Electric machines for combined movement sequences of the runner

A fourth particularly advantageous embodiment variant relates to electrical machines in which the rotor can carry out combined movement sequences in that the electromagnetic field can be steered by means of an energized matrix with rows and columns as well as main and counter diagonals. The elements of the matrix are embodied by a plurality of cells in a multi-layered laminated body for accommodating the individual radial segments of the soft iron package. When projected onto a surface, a grid is created in the form of a table, which has a matrix and can be transferred to the individual layers of a cylindrical or spherical layered body. At least one of the two surfaces of the base layer has a plurality of spiral-shaped, interconnected conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells in the laminate, which can be supplied with multi-phase alternating current in the individual layers of the laminate either via the rows or via the columns as well as via the main and counter diagonals are that the magnetic field caused by the radial segments of the soft iron core can be controlled by means of control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. The rotor of a rotary and linear motor can therefore either carry out a translational or rotary movement and also a combined translational and rotary movement, while the spherical layer-shaped rotor of a spherical layer motor performs a rotational or pivoting movement within a radial sector predetermined by the angle of inclination around the center of the spherical layer motor as well as a combined rotation and pivoting movement. In a first advantageous embodiment variant for the spherical layer motor, the excitation system of the stator has a step-shaped connecting element for a plurality of film rolls with different radii and a constant number of cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron core, the rotor being designed as a hollow spherical laminated body, whose concave inside faces the stator is walled and carries alternatingly polarized permanent magnets, which are separated from each other by joints along circles of longitude and latitude and whose number is greater than the number of cells in the honeycomb. The rotor is gimballed on the stator by means of a first equatorial ball bearing and a second meridional ball bearing in such a way that the motor axis of the outer rotor can be pivoted in any direction with an inclination angle of 20 to 30 degrees within a radial pivoting range. It is intended to connect the rotor either to a tool or to a propeller or to a rigid helicopter rotor. In a second advantageous embodiment variant for the excitation system of the stator of a spherical layer motor, the cells of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb each accommodate a radial segment of the soft iron core formed by a soft iron screw, the head of the soft iron screw forming a pole piece and the shaft of the soft iron screw being aligned with the center of the spherical layer motor and is anchored with a thread in the connecting element formed by a spherical soft iron body. Alternatively, bundles of hexagonal soft iron pins can be designed as radial segments of the soft iron package and aligned radially to the center of the spherical stator, so that the individual layers radially traverse the layered body in the cells of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb. The hexagonal soft iron pins are anchored in a connecting element formed by a soft iron ball in such a way that magnetic circles can be formed in every layer of the layered body across the rows and columns as well as over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix. At least one surface of a layer of the carrier layer carries a plurality of spiral conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells, which circle a radial segment of the soft iron core several times, so that by means of the matrix circuit, an internal or external, permanently excited and hollow spherical layer rotor rotates around the center of the spherical layer motor and thereby within a The swivel range is limited by the angle of inclination and can assume any inclined position. In a third particularly advantageous embodiment variant, the spherical layer motor has a temperature control system that can be pressurized and has a flow and a return for a heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer fluid that can be pressurized forms a fluid bearing between the stator and the rotor of the spherical layer motor, with either a pump for a liquid heat transfer fluid, for example a thermal oil, or a compressor for air forming the spherical layered body by means of several channels aligned radially with the center of the spherical layer motor the honeycomb and introduce the heat transfer fluid with excess pressure into the gap between the stator and the rotor, whereby the stator forms the heat source and the rotor forms the heat sink of the temperature control system. The outer shell of the rotor has a surface area formed by indentations and bulges or cooling fins, so that heat can be continuously transferred from the interior of the spherical layer motor to the surrounding air. The rotor can be connected either to different tools for gripping or machining a workpiece or to propeller blades.

Two spherical layer engines as a helicopter engine

A particularly advantageous embodiment variant relates to an electric helicopter engine that has an upper and a lower spherical layer motor. The two spherical layer motors are arranged on a common motor axis of the hollow spherical layer-shaped stators at a vertical distance from one another in such a way that two hollow spherical layer-shaped rotors rotating in opposite directions are each rigidly connected in an equatorial plane to four rotor blades and are articulated to the two stators by means of a gimbal suspension formed by two ball bearings . The planes of rotation of the helicopter rotors can be pivoted independently of one another into any position within a pivoting range specified by the angle of inclination, so that the aerodynamic forces caused by the two helicopter rotors balance each other out so that when the helicopter is hovering, the resulting lifting force points vertically upwards and diagonally when flying straight ahead is directed in the direction of flight. The helicopter fuselage maintains a horizontal position in every flight situation.

Spherical layer motor for an autonomous spherical vehicle

Another possible application of the invention relates to an autonomous spherical vehicle driven by a spherical layer motor. The stator of the spherical layer motor has a honeycomb with a large number of cells, with the multi-layer hollow spherical laminated body being traversed in each cell by a hollow soft iron screw with a hexagon socket. The ends of the soft iron screws facing the permanent magnets of the rotor have extensions made of plastic, which rest on the concavely curved inside of the rotor and form pressure chambers for compressed air, so that a fluid bearing is created between the stator and the rotor of the spherical vehicle, which is in a circulatory system with flow and Return flow from a compressor arranged in the upper half of the stator continuously Compressed air is supplied. The lower part of the stator accommodates an energy storage device formed by a large number of accumulator cells. The weight of the energy storage system, in conjunction with an on-board computer, always balances the motor axis of the stator orthogonally to a passable surface. The autonomous all-terrain vehicle can move on any surface and also on a water surface using a hollow spherical runner. Depending on the size of the vehicle, the matrix has any number of elements for rows and columns, which are embodied by the cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package. While the matrix can be projected onto a surface, the profiling of the outer rubber tire follows a triangulated grid on the outer surface of the rotor. The ball vehicle can be produced in different sizes with a diameter of, for example, 10 cm up to several meters and can be designed, for example, as an autonomous courier vehicle. A cargo hold in the upper half of the hollow spherical stator is accessible via openings at the equatorial vertices of the stator. Facilities for autonomous driving and a dimension of the ball vehicle that is compatible with road traffic regulations enable participation in road traffic. Further advantageous embodiment variants and properties of the invention can be seen from the figures.

Spherical layer engines for aircraft

A further, particularly advantageous embodiment variant relates to an electric propeller engine for aircraft, which can be connected to the wing of the aircraft. For example, two counter-rotating spherical layer motors arranged to the left and right of the cockpit of the aircraft can be connected to a wing of the aircraft. The rotors of the two spherical layer motors are connected to a plurality of propeller blades of a fixed or variable pitch propeller and are gimballed on the spherical stators in such a way that the rotor planes of the two propellers each move independently of one another within a pivoting range defined by an angle of inclination relative to the motor axes of the two stators the centers of the two spherical layer motors can be pivoted into different positions. This makes it possible to build a vertical take-off and landing aircraft with just two electric engines, which can precisely maintain its respective position while hovering, with control taking place both via the speed of the propellers and via the adjustable inclination angle of the two counter-rotating propellers .

Further advantageous embodiments and embodiment variants of the invention can be seen from the figures.

• 1 die elektrische Maschine als Innenläufer, oben links mit einem Schaltschema für Gleichstrom und oben rechts im schematischen Querschnitt, in der Mitte als eine von drei Mäanderbändern gebildete Lage des Erregersystems des Stators in der isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung und unten die drei Mäanderbänder in der Abwicklung,
• 2 fünf Lagen von Mäanderbändern des Erregersystems einer elektrischen Maschine als Innenläufer, die eine Wabe mit zwölf Zellen binden, in der isometrischen Übersicht und oben mit einem Detailschnitt der Tragschicht und einem Schaltschema für Wechselstrom,
• 3 den Einbau von zwölf Radialsegmenten des Weicheisenpakets in die Wabe nach 2, oben in einem Querschnitt und unten in einer Abwicklung der drei Mäanderbänder,
• 4 oben die Herstellung der Wabe nach 1-3 auf einem Haspel mit nachführbaren Lehren im schematischen Querschnitt und unten in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 5 einen Läufer der elektrischen Maschine nach 1-4, oben als Abwicklung der drei Mäanderbänder mit Phasenbrücken für eine Sternschaltung und unten in Funktionseinheit mit den Radialsegmenten des Weicheisenpakets in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 6 die elektrische Maschine als Außenläufer, oben mit einem Schaltschema für Gleichstrom und unten mit Darstellung eines permanent erregten Läufers im Querschnitt,
• 7 die elektrische Maschine nach 6, oben mit der Abwicklung der Tragschicht und unten mit dem Erregersystem des Stators in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 8 die elektrische Maschine als Außenläufer und als Radnabenmotor in der isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung,
• 9 den Radnabenmotor nach 8 in der isometrischen Explosionsdarstellung,
• 10 die elektrische Maschine als Linearmotor mit einem Wanderfeld, bei der die Wabe als eine Folienrolle mit 36 Zellen ausgebildet ist, in der Exlosionsisometrie,
• 11 das Schaltschema des Linearmotors nach 10 mit dem Anfang der Folienrolle in einer Abwicklung,
• 12 die elektrische Maschine als kombinierter Rotations- und Linearmotor in der Explosionsisometrie,
• 13 das Schaltschema der elektrischen Maschine nach 12 mit einer Abwicklung der ersten Lage der Folienrolle mit Zeilen und Spalten,
• 14 die elektrische Maschine nach 12-13 mit einem permanenterregten Läufer in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 15 die elektrische Maschine als ein Kugelschichtmotor, bei der die Wabe als eine zylindrische Folienrolle mit 36 Zellen für eine Matrixschaltung ausgebildet ist, in der Isometrie,
• 16 den Kugelschichtmotor nach 15, oben in einem schematischen Querschnitt und unten mit einem Schaltschema der Matrix im schematischen Querschnitt,
• 17 das Schaltschema des Kugelschichtmotors nach 15-16 mit dem Schaltschema der Matrixschaltung am Anfang der Folienrolle in einer Abwicklung,
• 18 die elektrische Maschine als Kugelschichtmotor und als Außenläufer mit einem Temperiersystem in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 19 die elektrische Maschine mit einem stufenförmigen Stator in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 20 die elektrische Maschine als Kugelschichtmotor und als Außenläufer mit einer kardanischen Aufhängung des Läufers am Stator in einer isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung,
• 21 den Kugelschichtmotor nach 20 in einem Detailschnitt oben und in einem Übersichtsschnitt unten,
• 22 paarweise angeordnete Kugelschichtmotoren an einem Hubschrauber, oben und in der Mitte im Schwebeflug und unten im Geradeausflug, in einer perspektivischen Darstellung in der Mitte und in der Ansicht unten und oben,
• 23 einen Kugelschichtmotor für ein autonomes Kugelfahrzeug in einem äquatorialen Querschnitt,
• 24 das Kugelfahrzeug nach 23, oben in einer isometrischen Ansicht und unten in einer Ausschnittisometrie.
• 25 ein senkrechtstartendes Kleinflugzeug, dessen Tragfläche mit zwei Kugelschichtmotoren verbunden ist, oben in der Frontansicht, in der Mitte in der Isometrie des Geradeausflugs und unten in einer Startaufstellung in der Ansicht.

Show it:

• 1 the electrical machine as an internal rotor, top left with a circuit diagram for direct current and top right in a schematic cross section, in the middle as a layer of the stator excitation system formed by three meandering bands in the isometric detail view and below the three meandering bands in the development,
• 2 five layers of meandering bands of the excitation system of an electrical machine as internal rotors, which bind a honeycomb with twelve cells, in the isometric overview and above with a detailed section of the supporting layer and a circuit diagram for alternating current,
• 3 the installation of twelve radial segments of the soft iron core into the honeycomb 2 , above in a cross section and below in a development of the three meander bands,
• 4 above the production of the honeycomb 1-3 on a reel with trackable gauges in the schematic cross section and below in the isometric overview,
• 5 a rotor of the electrical machine 1-4 , above as a development of the three meandering bands with phase bridges for a star connection and below in a functional unit with the radial segments of the soft iron package in the isometric overview,
• 6 the electrical machine as an external rotor, above with a circuit diagram for direct current and below with a representation of a permanently excited rotor in cross section,
• 7 the electric machine 6 , above with the development of the base layer and below with the stator excitation system in the isometric overview,
• 8th the electric machine as an external rotor and as a wheel hub motor in the isometric detail view,
• 9 the wheel hub motor 8th in the isometric exploded view,
• 10 the electric machine as a linear motor with a traveling field, in which the honeycomb is designed as a film roll with 36 cells, in explosion isometry,
• 11 the circuit diagram of the linear motor 10 with the beginning of the film roll in one unwinding,
• 12 the electric machine as a combined rotary and linear motor in explosion isometry,
• 13 the circuit diagram of the electrical machine 12 with an unwinding of the first layer of the film roll with rows and columns,
• 14 the electric machine 12-13 with a permanently excited rotor in a schematic cross section,
• 15 the electrical machine as a spherical layer motor, in which the honeycomb is designed as a cylindrical film roll with 36 cells for a matrix circuit, in isometry,
• 16 the spherical layer motor 15 , above in a schematic cross section and below with a circuit diagram of the matrix in a schematic cross section,
• 17 the circuit diagram of the spherical layer motor 15-16 with the circuit diagram of the matrix circuit at the beginning of the film roll in one unwind,
• 18 the electrical machine as a spherical layer motor and as an external rotor with a temperature control system in a schematic cross section,
• 19 the electrical machine with a step-shaped stator in a schematic cross section,
• 20 the electrical machine as a spherical layer motor and as an external rotor with a gimbal suspension of the rotor on the stator in an isometric detail view,
• 21 the spherical layer motor 20 in a detailed section above and in an overview section below,
• 22 spherical layer motors arranged in pairs on a helicopter, above and in the middle in hovering flight and below in straight flight, in a perspective view in the middle and in the view below and above,
• 23 a spherical layer motor for an autonomous spherical vehicle in an equatorial cross section,
• 24 the ball vehicle 23 , above in an isometric view and below in a cut-out isometry.
• 25 a vertical take-off small aircraft, the wing of which is connected to two spherical layer engines, at the top in the front view, in the middle in the isometric view of straight flight and at the bottom in a take-off position in the view.

1 shows the electric machine 1 as a rotary motor 2 with control electronics RE for a radial flux motor at the top left. The excitation system A of the stator 11 for the rotor 12, formed by three meandering bands k1-k3, is shown in the schematic cross section at the top right, while the section isometry in the middle shows the excitation system A of the stator 11 and a development of the three meandering bands k1-k3 is shown below is. The matrix Q of the excitation system A formed by the honeycomb 14 consists of a row m with twelve elements formed by twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, which are connected in a magnetic circuit 110, which can be represented in the development as a rotationally effective row vector and can be controlled by means of a matrix circuit q formed by a star connection for three phases u,v,w of alternating current AC. The individual radial segments s1-s12 of the elemental soft iron package 13 are inserted from the outside to the inside into the twelve cells c1-c12, with dovetail connections in a connecting element 133 formed by a tube with grooves 111 made of soft iron for anchoring the each made up of a large number of sheet metal lamellas 130 and radial segments s1-s12 spaced apart from the motor axis x with a constant radius r1 serve. As shown in the schematic cross section at the top right, a gap y is provided between the stator 11 and the rotor 12. Rectangular conductor tracks e1 made of aluminum are coated with a Kagome metal, so that the conductivity of the conductor tracks e1 arranged on three meandering bands k1-k3 is significantly increased even at ambient temperature. The support layers b formed by adhesive films 143 insulate the three meandering bands k1-k3 from each other and form a shell for the three meandering bands k1-k3, which are rigid in the current direction and flexible in the field direction, which are as in 4 shown can be rolled up on a reel 15. The conductor tracks e1 are insulated from each other by the film jacket formed by the adhesive films 143 and already form a complete excitation system A with one of several possible layers L1-Ln of the three meandering bands k1-k3, in which the first ends f of the conductor tracks e1 with three Connections 100 are connected to the housing 10 of the electrical machine 1. The upstream control electronics RE requires six transistors t1-t6 in order to produce three phases u,v,w of alternating current AC from the direct current DC. The second ends f' of the three meandering bands k1-k3 are connected to one another in a matrix circuit q formed by a star connection with phase bridges p. The film roll 140 can, as in 2 shown, can be formed with any number of layers L1-Ln, with, as shown, each layer L1 forming a self-contained magnetic circuit 110. The individual radial segments s1-s12 of the sissy Senpakets 13 are introduced in a radial movement from the outside to the inside into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the honeycomb 14 and then anchored in a translational movement in undercut grooves 111 of an outer connecting element 133 formed by a tube made of soft iron.

2 shows a honeycomb 14 with five layers L1-L5 of three meandering bands k1-k3, each carrying a conductor track c1 as a film roll 140 with twelve cells c1-c12 for receiving twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the elemental soft iron package 13. The circuit diagram above The right shows the rotary motor 2 designed as a three-phase machine with a housing 10 and three inputs 100 for alternating current AC in three phases u, v, w with a phase angle of 120 °. As shown at the top left, the support layers b are designed as adhesive films 143 and consist, for example, of polyethylene with adhesive layers on both sides for adhesive strips on the edges of the adhesive films 143 and for conductor tracks e1 made of aluminum, so that the film roll 140 has an inherently stable airtight and watertight layered body 142 forms. The adhesive forms a filling between the conductor tracks e1 and the supporting layers b. As in 4 shown, the film roll 140 is rolled up on a reel 15 with twelve trackable gauges 150. In contrast to that in 1 In the exemplary embodiment described, the first ends f of the conductor track e1 at the input 100 of the housing 10, as shown at the top right, are connected directly to three phases u, v, w of the alternating current AC, while the second ends f 'of the conductor tracks e1 are connected by means of a star connection Phase bridges p are connected to each other. In contrast to that in 1 In the example shown, in which the excitation system A only has one layer L1 of the meandering bands k1-k3, in this example there are five layers L1-L5 between the first ends f and the second ends f '. The advantage of this arrangement is that a strong rotating magnetic field is created for the in 3 shown runner 12 can be generated.

3 shows a cross section through an electrical machine 1 designed as a rotary motor 2, in which the film roll 140, as in 2 shown, has five layers L1-L5 of support layers b as adhesive films 143 for conductor tracks e1, where, as in 2 shown, the adhesive forms a filling between the five layers L1-L5 and the conductor tracks e1. The twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 are introduced from the outside inwards into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the honeycomb 14, with a row vector with twelve elements in a row m of the matrix Q passing through twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 in twelve radial planes j1-j12 and the radial segments s1-s12 are anchored in an outer tube made of soft iron with grooves 111 for dovetail connections. The film roll 140 has five layers L1-L5 of a support layer b formed by an adhesive film 143, which are spaced from the motor axis x with the radii r1-r5. The twelve radial segments s1-s12 formed by sheet metal lamellas 130 are inserted into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the film roll 140 and then anchored in an outer connecting element 133 formed by a pipe section made of soft iron, so that a magnetic circuit is formed. The development of the three meander bands k1-k3 below shows how the three meander bands k1-k3 are placed on top of each other and then, as in 4 shown to be rolled up onto the reel 15.

4 shows schematically a rolling process for the production of a film roll 140 with a plurality of layers L1-Ln of the support layers b, which are designed as meandering bands k1-k3 and each carry three conductor tracks e1-e3 and, as shown at the top left, rolled up on a reel 15 become. Twelve trackable gauges 150 serve as placeholders and representatives for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the film roll 140. Three or more conductor tracks e1-e3 on a carrier layer b offer the possibility of a low current creates a strong rotating magnetic field for the in 5 shown rotor 12 of the electrical machine 1 to generate. The cross section at the top right through the reel 15 shows twelve gauges 150 that can be tracked from the inside out and which are successively tracked to the increasing layer thickness of a film roll 140, which can be formed with more than a hundred layers of L1-Ln.

5 shows an induction system I for the rotor 12 of a rotary motor 2 1-4 , which is formed by five layers L1-L5 of support layers b, each with three conductor tracks e1-e3. In contrast to the in 1 and 4 illustrated embodiments for an excitation system A of the stator 11, in the induction system I of the rotor 12, the three meander bands k1-k3 are each short-circuited to one another at their first and second ends f, f'. Five layers L1-L5 of carrier foils b printed on both sides with three conductor tracks e1-e3 are designed as a double-sided coated adhesive foil 143 and are, as in 4 shown as a roll of film 140 rolled up on a reel 15. Twelve cells c1-c12 of a honeycomb 14 accommodate twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 and, with one row m, form twelve elements of a row vector of the matrix Q of the induction system I. The radial segments s1-s12 are inserted into the cells c1 from the outside in -c12 is introduced and then anchored in a form-fitting manner with a soft iron core in grooves 111 of the rotor 12 and with each other in a magnetic circuit 110 short-circuited. While at the in 1-4 In the excitation system A shown, the cells c1-c12 with the length h are arranged parallel to the motor axis x, the cells c1-c12 with the length h in the induction system I have an inclination angle α ', so that the rotor 12 stops. The development of the meander bands k1-k3 above shows this angle of inclination α ', which can be between five and fifteen degrees. The three conductor tracks e1-e3 of the three meander bands k1-k3 are each short-circuited at their ends f, f' in such a way that the current induced by the excitation system A of the stator 11 in five layers L1-L5 of the induction system I through three conductor tracks e1-e3 is conducted, so that a high torque of the rotor 12 on the motor axis x is caused with a comparatively low current intensity.

6 shows the electric machine 1 as a rotary motor 2, which is designed as an external rotor. As shown above, the excitation system A of the stator 11 has control electronics RE with six transistors t1-t6, which are designed to convert the input-side direct current DC into alternating current AC with three phases u,v,w. The soft iron core 13 of the stator 11 has twelve radial segments s1-s12 which can be anchored by means of a dovetail connection in an internal soft iron tube with grooves 111. Between the radial segments s1-s12, each of which has pole shoes 132, there are eight layers L1-L8 of the carrier layer b, as in 4 shown, previously rolled up on a reel 15 with trackable gauges 150 to form a film roll 140. As the magnetic field strength increases, the film roll 140 expands towards the pole pieces 132. A gap y is provided between the external rotor 12 and the stator 11. The induction system I of the rotor has fourteen alternatingly polarized permanent magnets 120, which are anchored to an outer connecting element 133 of the rotor 12 formed by a guide tube. The number of permanent magnets 120 is greater than the number of radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, so that it is ensured that the radial flux motor can start automatically.

7 shows the rotary motor 2 6 , above in a section of the base layer b printed with a plurality of spiral conductor tracks e1. In the print template for the film roll 140, the increasing width of the conductor tracks e1 is taken into account for seven layers L1-L7. The base layer b consists, for example, of polyethylene or of ultra-thin glass, which is applied in a sputtering process to the film roll 140 formed by ultra-thin glass. Ultra-thin glass is resistant to high temperatures and is ideal for coating with aluminum, copper or silver. Such layers have better conductivity than rolled or drawn metal. The illustration below shows the stator 11 of the outer rotor 3 6 with twelve cells c1-c12 for recording twelve radial segments s1-s12 in an isometric overview. The matrix Q has twelve rows m and a matrix circuit q for twelve elements formed by the radial segments s1-s12. While the first ends f, as in the circuit diagram in 6 shown, are connected directly to the three phases u, v, w of the alternating current, the second ends f 'of the spiral conductor tracks e1-e12 are connected in parallel and connected to one another with phase bridges p of a star connection. The outer rotor 3 is particularly suitable as a wheel hub motor for different vehicles and its performance can be adapted to different performance ranges by means of the number of layers L1-Ln and the radius r1 of the film roll 140.

8th shows the electrical machine 1 as an axial flux motor, which is designed as a wheel hub motor, in which the stator 11 has a flat foil stack 141, which forms a honeycomb 14 with twelve cells c1-c12 for receiving twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 , each of which consists of a plurality of sheet metal slats 130. The foil stack 141 is energized via inputs 100 on a hollow and rigid wheel axle 101. The three phases u, v, w of the alternating current AC are connected to one another on the side facing the motor axis x by means of three phase bridges p, each arranged in separate planes. In the wheel hub motor, the hub 102 and the housing 10 form the rotor 12. Permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 are arranged on both sides of the soft iron core 13, which are set into a rotational movement by the rotating magnetic field of the stator 11. A connecting element 133 made of plastic holds the annular flat honeycomb 14 including the twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 together and is permeable to the rotating magnetic field.

9 shows the excitation system A of the wheel hub motor 8th in an explosion isometry. By means of an inner ring, alternating current AC with the phases u, v, w at first ends f of the conductor tracks e1, which are guided in a spiral around the twelve cells c1-c12 with twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 on the side facing the motor axis x, is fed into the foil stack 141 initiated. As in 8th shown, the power supply occurs through the hollow and rigid wheel axle 101. The second ends f 'of the spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1 are connected in phases to ring segment-shaped phase bridges p. In this way, as in 8th shown, a two-sided effective magnetic field for the permanent magnetic, from the Hub 102 formed rotor 12 generated. The base layers b consist of flat, disc-shaped base layers b, which are coated with the twelve spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1.

10 shows the electrical machine 1 as a linear motor 4, in which the honeycomb 14 has a cylindrical laminated body 142 with thirty-six cells c1-c36 and the excitation system A of the stator 11 generates an electromagnetic traveling field. The film roll 140 consists of nine layers L1-L9 of a support layer b printed on both surfaces a, a' with 36 spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 and forms a matrix with six rows m and six columns n with the length h arranged parallel to the motor axis x Q with 36 cells c1-c36 for the installation of thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of a soft iron package 13, which is divided into six individual connected modules. The spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 are energized on the rear surface a' of the support layer b with the three phases u, v, w of the alternating current AC, with the individual spirals connected in series and both surfaces a, a' on the upper edge the conductor tracks e1-e3 are each contacted in phases. Adhesive films 143 coated on both sides are provided between the individual layers L1-L9 of the base layer b in order to form the stable laminate 142. As in 14 shown, the 36 radial segments s1-s36 are anchored after installation in the 36 cells c1-c36 in a connecting element 133 formed by an external tube made of soft iron with grooves 111.

11 shows a layer L1 of the film roll 140 of the in 10 illustrated excitation system A of the linear motor 3 in the development as well as the circuit diagram of the linear motor 4 designed as a longitudinal flux motor. For the translational movement of the rotor 12 of the linear motor 3, a row or column vector is sufficient for 36 elements of the soft iron package 13 formed by the radial segments s1-s36, which in the development in each layer L1 have six rows m and six columns n of a square matrix Q. The column vector is powered via control electronics RE with only six transistors t1-t6, while, as in 13 shown, eighteen transistors t1-t18 are required to power the matrix Q via the rows m, the columns n and the main and counter diagonals in order to enable combined rotary and linear movement. With three conductor tracks e1-e3 on the surface a' of the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140, the matrix circuit q of the linear motor 3 can be energized in such a way that the 36 radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron package 13 are connected to both surfaces by means of the spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-36 a, a' of the base layer b are excited. The phase bridges p at the upper end of the base layer b can be controlled by the control electronics RE with six transistors t1-t6 in such a way that a traveling field is generated parallel to the motor axis x via the phases u, v, w. The film roll 140 can be powered by the six transistors t1-t6 in three independent circuits with alternating current AC in three phases u, v, w, with 36 spiral-shaped ones on both surfaces a, a 'of the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 Conductor tracks e1-e36 are arranged to generate a traveling magnetic field parallel to the motor axis x. At the points marked as black dots, the 36 spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 on both surfaces a, a' of the carrier foils b are connected in series with each other, so that the first and second ends f, f' of the conductor tracks e1-e36 are connected via the control electronics RE are.

12 shows the electric machine 1 as a rotary and linear motor 2,3, in which the matrix circuit q of the excitation system A enables a combined rotary and translational movement of the rotor 12. The matrix Q is embodied by the honeycomb 14 of the stator 11 and has the development as in 13 shown, in each of the nine layers L1-L9 there is a square matrix Q with six rows m and six columns n as well as with main and counter diagonals. The electromagnetic field can be controlled using this matrix Q. The surfaces a, a' of the base layer b each carry a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 which correspond to the number of cells c1-c36 and are connected in rows and are separated from one another by adhesive films 143 coated on both sides. The spiral-shaped conductor tracks in the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 are energized as shown in 13 shown, with eighteen star connections and transistors t1-t18 in order to excite the individual elements of the matrix Q embodied by the radial segments s1-s36 with the matrix circuit q either via the rows m and the columns n or via the main and counter diagonals, so that the in 14 shown runner 12 can perform a combined translational and rotational movement.

13 shows the circuit diagram for the combined rotary and linear motor 2.3 12 with control electronics RE formed by eighteen transistors t1-t18 of the excitation system A which can be supplied with direct current DC at the first ends f. The unwinding of the innermost layer L1 of the film roll 140 shows the surface a of the base layer b at its beginning. As in 14 Shown are the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 with the radii r1-r9 spaced from the motor axis x, whereby the film roll 140 can be constructed from any number of layers L1-Ln. Each of the in 12 The nine layers L1-L9 shown have six rows m and six columns n, which form a matrix Q with main and counter diagonals, the elements in the rows and columns m, n having thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the elemental soft iron package 13 and being formed by sheet metal lamellas 130. While in each layer L1-L9 of the nine matrices Q thirty-six spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 surround the cells c1-c36 and are connected in series with each other, the back of the base layer b with the surface a 'has a matrix circuit q with nine shown in dashed lines parallel conductor tracks e1-e9 formed at the upper edge of the support layer b for the phase bridges p. With the control electronics RE, each of the nine matrices Q can be controlled in such a way that, in the simplest case, either the row vector caused by the rows m causes a rotation of the rotor 12 or the column vector caused by the columns n enables a traveling field for a translational movement of the rotor 12. With the square matrix Q, alternating current with the phases u,v,w can also be passed over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix Q, so that the rotor 12 can carry out a combined rotation and rotary movement. Since the matrix Q can be formed with any number of rows m and columns n, different applications are possible in the area of robotic tool and gripper guidance but also in the area of drive technology.

14 shows the electrical machine 1 10 until 13 in a schematic cross section of the stator 11 and a permanently excited rotor 12. The honeycomb 14 of the stator 11 formed by the film roll 140 has thirty-six cells c1-c36 for receiving thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron core 13, each with a radius of the motor axis x are spaced apart. The surfaces a, a' of the base layer b carry in each individual layer L1-L9 of the film roll 140, as in 13 shown in the development, a plurality of spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 corresponding to the number of cells c1-c36. To carry out a combined translational and rotary movement of the rotor 12, the matrix circuit q in the radial planes j1-j6 alternates the radial segments s1-s6 of the soft iron package 13 in the six columns n of the matrix Q and 36 radial segments of the soft iron package 13 in the Rows m of the matrix are excited in such a way that in the columns n diametrically opposed bipoles there is a traveling electromagnetic field for the linear motion component of the rotor 12 and that in the rows m with the phases u,v,w of the alternating current AC there is a rotating magnetic field for the rotary motion component of the rotor 12 is generated. The rotor 12 itself carries eight alternatingly polarized permanent magnets 120. Double-sided coated adhesive films 143 insulate the nine layers L1-L9 of the base layer b with the spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 from each other and connect the base layers b with each other to form the stable film roll 140.

15 shows a spherical layer motor 4, which is designed as an internal rotor. The excitation system A of the stator 12 has a cylindrical film roll 140 with thirty-six cells c1-c36 for receiving thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron core 13. The radial segments s1-s36 are combined in twelve modules formed by sheet metal lamellas 130. The in 16 Rotor 12 shown is spherical. The honeycomb 14 formed by the cylindrical film roll 140 embodies a matrix Q with three rows m and twelve columns n as well as with main and counter diagonals and can, as in 17 using the example of one of nine layers L1-L9, which can be unrolled in one area. Both surfaces a, a' of the base layer b, rolled up in nine layers L1-L9, carry 36 spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36, which are insulated from one another by adhesive films 143 coated on both sides and connected to one another to form the laminated body 142, which is impermeable to liquids and gases.

16 Above shows the spherical rotor 12 of the spherical layer motor 4 15 in a meridional cross section and below in an equatorial cross section, each with a representation of the excitation system A formed by the cylindrical film roll 140 for the external stator 11 of the internal rotor, which is operated with direct current DC and control electronics RE with three phases u,v,w. The spherical and permanently excited rotor 12 carries on its convexly curved outside eighty-four alternatingly polarized permanent magnets 120 arranged in circles of latitude and longitude, which are separated from the stator 11 by the gap y. The sheet metal lamellae 130 of the radial segments s1-s36 of the stator 11 facing the spherical rotor 12 each have concavely curved pole shoes 132 at their ends facing the convex spherical surface of the rotor 12 for bundling the magnetic field.

17 shows the matrix circuit q of the spherical layer motor 4 15-16 using the example of the first of nine matrices Q as the beginning of an unwinding of the first of a total of nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140. With the help of thirty-six transistors t1-t36 of the control electronics RE, the matrix Q is over the rows m and columns n as well as over the main and counter diagonals can be energized, so that a rotating magnetic field can be controlled in such a way that, for example, a spherical rotor 12 connected to a propeller can rotate in variable planes of rotation within a radial sector defined by an angle of inclination α relative to the motor axis x, as in 19 until 22 shown. The back surface a' of the base layer b has eighteen parallel conductor tracks c1-c18 for energizing the three rows m and twelve columns n of the nine layers L1-L9 of the matrix Q. The exemplary embodiment shows that each individual matrix Q can be controlled individually.

18 shows a spherical layer motor 4 in a meridional cross section. The spherical layer motor 4 has a temperature control system T with flow z and return z 'for a heat transfer fluid, with several channels arranged between the cells c1-cn and aligned radially to the center point M of the spherical layer motor 4 crossing the layered body 142 and forming the flow z of the temperature control system T and are connected to a pump for the heat transfer fluid. The gap y between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 is designed as a fluid bearing 104 that can be pressurized and serves as a return z 'of the temperature control system T, in which the stator 11 is the heat source and the rotor 12 is the heat sink, so that heat is continuously is transmitted from the inner stator 11 to the outer rotor 12. The outer shell of the rotor 12 has a surface enlargement formed by indentations and bulges (not shown) or by cooling fins, so that the heat is transferred to the surrounding air. In the exemplary embodiment shown here, the heat transfer fluid consists, for example, of a thermal oil, which is introduced into the gap y between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 under pressure in the flow z by means of an oil pump, evenly distributed, and in the return z 'is in an oil sump at the lower apex of the spherical layer motor 4 collects in order to return to the flow in a circuit using the oil pump. A Simmerring is provided on the upper cap of the stator, which seals the gap y between the stator and the rotor. The rotor 12 has on its concave inside a connecting element made of soft iron 133 for the alternately polarized permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 and can be connected on its convex outside with a tool or with the propeller blades of a fixed propeller or a variable-pitch propeller.

19 shows a rotorcraft as a drone at the top right with a propeller engine formed by two spherical layer motors 4, which has two propellers rotating in opposite directions, in an overview, at the bottom in a meridional cross section of the lower of the two spherical layer motors 4 of the drone and at the top left with a representation of a soft iron pin 131 with a pole piece 132, which traverses a film roll 140 of the excitation system A perpendicular to the motor axis x and is anchored in a step-shaped connecting element 133 of the stator 11 by means of a soft iron screw 134. In contrast to that in 15 until 17 shown spherical layer motor 4, which is designed as an internal rotor, an external rotor is shown here, in which the excitation system A of the stator 11 is formed by a total of six film rolls 140 with the radii r1-r3, which are interconnected by the matrix circuit q. A total of 72 radial segments s1-s72 of the elemental soft iron package 13, which are formed by soft iron pins 131, are aligned perpendicularly and radially to the motor axis x and pass through a total of six film rolls 140 and are connected to one another via the step-shaped connecting element 133 made of soft iron, so that by means of the Matrix circuit q meridional, equatorial and diagonal magnetic circuits 110 can be activated. Accordingly, the excitation system A of the stator 11 has twelve meridional columns n and six equatorial rows m for a matrix Q with 72 elements, which are formed by 72 soft iron pins 131 with flat pole pieces 132 inclined relative to the shaft. A gap y is provided between the stator 11 and the rotor 12, the concave inside of the outer hollow sphere having more than 72 alternatingly polarized permanent magnets 120. The pivoting range of the rotors 12, which is defined by the angle of inclination α and which rotate in opposite directions around the center point M of the upper and lower spherical layer motor 4, enables the two six-bladed propellers to be adjusted independently.

20 shows the upper of the two spherical layer motors 4 for the rotorcraft shown at the top right as a drone and at the top left a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins 131 of the soft iron package 13 using the example of a cell c1 of the excitation system A of the stator 11 of the drone formed by a hollow spherical layer body 142. The detail isometry below shows the gimbal suspension with an equatorial ball bearing 103 of the rotor 12 on the stator 11 with a meridional ball bearing 103 and with a swivel joint connecting the two ball bearings 103 to one another. Within a pivoting range specified by the angle of inclination α, the rotor 12 can be freely pivoted about the center point M of the spherical layer motor 4 relative to the stator 11 with the motor axis x. The motor axis x of the stator 11 is tubular as part of the housing 10 and forms the input 100 for the first and second ends f, f 'of the conductor tracks e1-e192 of the excitation system A that can be supplied with alternating current, so that by means of the matrix circuit g for 192 elements the matrix Q with eight rows m and twenty-four columns n enables the variable mobility of the runner 12. The matrix Q has 192 cells c1-c192 for each holding a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins 131, as shown above left.

21 shows the lower of the two spherical layer motors 4 for the in 22 Helicopter engine shown in overviews, above in a detailed section of the excitation system A of the stator 11 formed by eight layers L1-L8 of carrier layers b for spiral conductor tracks e1 on the surfaces a of the carrier layers b as a section of a honeycomb 14 with three cells c1-c3 shown as examples Laminated body 142 for receiving the soft iron screws 134, which are designed as hexagon socket screws with heads formed by pole pieces 132 and threaded shafts aligned radially with the center point M of the spherical layer motor 4 and are anchored in a connecting element 133 formed by a soft iron ball. The meridional overview section of the stator 11 and rotor 12 of the spherical layer motor 4 below shows several layers L1-Ln of spherical support layers b of a hollow spherical laminated body 142, which, as shown in the detailed section above, on both surfaces a, a 'with spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e192 are coated to the soft iron screws 134 by means of a matrix circuit q, as in 17 shown to excite. The hollow spherical rotor 12 carries on its concave inside facing the center M of the ball a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets 120, the number of which exceeds the number of cells c1-c192 of the honeycomb 14 and is separated from the stator 11 by a gap y. The electrical connection of the upper and lower halves of the honeycomb 14, each of which has two hollow spherical laminated bodies 142 of the excitation system A, takes place within the stator 11 with a matrix circuit q for 192 elements of the matrix Q, which are arranged in eight rows m and twenty-four columns n are. With the equatorial and meridional ball bearings 103, the rotating rotor 12 has a swivel range around the center M of the spherical layer motor 4, which is defined by the inclination angle α of 20 to 40 degrees. The outer surface of the rotor 12 is designed with different tools or with four rigid ones radial rotor blades of the in 22 shown helicopter can be connected. The two halves of the two-part honeycomb 14 of the stator 11, including the spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1 and the 192 radial segments s1-s192 of the soft iron package 13, can be produced in a continuous 3D printing process for three different materials.

22 shows a helicopter with two spherical layer motors 4 on a common motor axis x, in which the two rotors 12 can be moved independently of one another within a pivoting range defined by the angle of inclination α in such a way that the resulting lifting force in hovering flight, as shown above and in the middle, is vertical upwards and in straight flight, as shown below, is inclined in the direction of flight, the fuselage of the helicopter being designed as a gliding missile which occupies an unchanged horizontal position in all flight positions of the helicopter. The plane of rotation of four rotor blades of the two spherical layer motors 4 rigidly connected to the rotor 12 is arranged in the basic position perpendicular to the motor axis x and can be rotated independently of one another into any position within the pivoting range defined by the inclination angle α, so that the The aerodynamic forces caused by the rotor balance each other out so that the fuselage of the helicopter, which is formed by a gliding missile, assumes a horizontal position in all flight situations, whereby the aerodynamic forces resulting from the rotors can be aligned either vertically upwards or in the respective direction of flight. The mobility of the rotor rigidly connected to the stator 12 is determined, for example, in 17 illustrated matrix circuit q for each layer L1-Ln of a laminated body 142 with the spiral conductor tracks e1-en for each radial segment s1-sn of the soft iron package 13, as in 19-21 shown, made possible by using the matrix circuit q to activate magnetic circuits both in the rows m and the columns n as well as in the main and counter diagonals of the matrix Q.

23 shows an autonomous spherical vehicle, which is driven by a spherical layer motor 4, in a meridional cross section. The stator 11 of the spherical layer motor 4 has a multi-layered, hollow spherical honeycomb 14 with 216 cells c1-c216, which are arranged in nine rows m and twenty-four columns n. The cells c1-c216 of the excitation system A each accommodate a hollow soft iron screw 134 with a hexagon socket, as shown in the detailed section above. The ends of the soft iron screws 134 facing the permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 each have a pressure chamber for compressed air, so that a fluid bearing 104 is formed between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 of the ball vehicle, which is in a circulatory system with flow z and return z 'from one Compressor arranged in the upper half of the stator 11 is continuously supplied with compressed air. The hatched lower part of the stator 11 accommodates an energy storage device formed by a large number of accumulator cells. The weight of the energy storage in cooperation with an on-board computer always aligns the motor axis x of the stator 11 orthogonally to a passable surface.

24 Above shows the autonomous spherical vehicle 23 as an autonomous all-terrain vehicle, above in an isometric view on a drivable surface and below in a detail isometry showing the hollow sphere shaped stator 11 and the hollow spherical rotor 12. While the radial segments s1-s216 arranged in nine rows m and twenty-four columns n have the same number of elements in each row m and each column n and form a matrix Q with a matrix circuit q, it follows the profiling of the outer rubber tire is a triangulated grid on the outer surface of the runner 12. The ball vehicle can be produced in different sizes with a diameter of ten centimeters to several meters and can, for example, be designed as an autonomous courier vehicle, with access to a cargo hold in the upper half of the hollow spherical stator 11 is given via openings at the equatorial vertices of the stator 11.

25 Above shows an arrangement of two spherical layer motors 4, which are connected to the wing of the aircraft to the left and right of the cockpit of an aircraft. The housing 10 and the stator 11 of the two spherical layer motors 4 are rigidly connected to the wing of the aircraft, while the rotors 12 of the two spherical layer motors 4 are connected to six propeller blades of a variable-pitch propeller, and are each gimballed on the two spherical stators 11, so that the rotor planes of the two propellers can each be pivoted independently of one another into different positions around the center point M of the two spherical layer motors 4 within a pivoting range defined by an inclination angle α relative to the motor axis x. The aircraft, which takes off and lands vertically, assumes a horizontal position during flight operations. In straight flight, the lift is generated by the wing, so that the aircraft is far superior to a helicopter in terms of range. A special feature of the aircraft is the rotating cockpit, which allows passengers to get in and out easily during takeoff and landing. The tail unit is connected to a landing gear and connected to the wing by means of two telescopic struts.

Reference symbol overview

1

Electric machine

2

Rotary engine

3

Linear motor

4

Spherical layer motor

10

Housing

100

Entrance

101

wheel axle

102

hub

103

ball-bearing

104

Fluid bearing

11

stator

110

Magnetic circle

111

Nut

12

runner

120

Permanent magnet

13

Soft iron package

130

sheet metal lamella

131

Soft iron pin

132

Pole shoe

133

connecting element

134

Soft iron screw

14

honeycomb

140

Foil roll

141

Stack of foil

142

Layered body

143

Adhesive film

15

reel

150

Teach

RE

Control electronics

A

pathogen system

AC

Alternating current

DC

Direct current

α, α'

Angle of inclination

a, a'

surface

b

Base layer

c1-cn

cell

d

Distance

e1-en

Conductor track

f, f'

End

H

length

I

Induction system

j1-jn

level

k1-kn

Meander band

L1-Ln

layer

M

Focus

m

lines

n

columns

p

phase bridge

Q

Matrix, matrices

q

Matrix circuit

r1-rn

radius

s1-sn

Radial segment

t1-tn

Transistor (MOSFET)

T

Temperature control system

and many more

phase

x

Motor axis

y

gap

z, z'

Fast forward, rewind

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102012009268 A9 [0004]
• DE 4105999 A1 [0004]
• EP 2228890 A1 [0005]
• WO 2017215786 A1 [0006]

Non-patent literature cited

• Mielke, C., Das, D., Yin, JX. et al.; “Time-reversal symmetry breaking charge order in a kagome superconductor”; Nature; 602, pages 245-250 [0008]

Claims (15)

Electric machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a rotary motor (2) or as a linear motor (3) or as a spherical layer motor (4) and a housing (10) for a stator (11) with a motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) and for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating or direct current (AC, DC), which excitation system (A) has a stable layer body (142) that is tight to gases and liquids and has a plurality has layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which can be connected to one another by a binder for at least one conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a, a') of the support layer (b) and as a honeycomb (14) with a A plurality of cells (c1-cn) are designed to accommodate a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron package (13), each layer (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) being projectable onto a surface and at least one layer (L1-Ln) of the excitation system (A) forms a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for elements which are formed by radial segments (130) or soft iron pins (131) or soft iron screws (134). s1-sn) are embodied in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and can be anchored in a common connecting element (133) made of soft iron, so that at least one magnetic circuit (110) is formed, the honeycomb (14) as a film roll (140) or as a film stack (141) or as a hollow spherical laminated body (142) can be formed and first ends (f) of the conductor tracks (e1-en) at an input (100) of the housing (10) with multi-phase alternating current (AC ) can be energized, while the second ends (f ') are connected to one another with a matrix circuit (q) with phase bridges (p) in such a way that, in the case of the rotary motor (2), a rotating one is created by means of the matrix (Q) and the control electronics (RE). Magnetic field and in the case of the linear motor (3) a traveling field and in the case of the spherical layer motor (4) a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field can be generated. Electric machine (1). Claim 1 , in which the layered body (142) of the honeycomb (14) is made continuously and in layers from several layers (L1-Ln) of a plastic as a base layer (b) and as a binder for conductor tracks (e1-en) in a 3D printing process for three different materials. made of metal including the matrix circuit (q) between the first and second ends (f, f') of the conductor tracks (e1-en) and including the individual cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) with the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) and the connecting element (133) is constructed and the laminated body of the rotary motor (2) and the linear motor (3) with a honeycomb (14) formed by a film roll (140) with at least one layer (L1) or up to several hundred layers (L1-Ln) of band-shaped support layers (b) for conductor tracks (e1-en) can be formed, with the film roll (140) on a reel (15) with trackable gauges (150) as a placeholder and measure holder for the subsequent Installation of the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron core (13) into the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) is produced and the support layers (b) are coated on one or two sides, rigid and flexible adhesive films (143) or are designed as fabric tapes and have on at least one surface (a, a') a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) and for a binder as a filling between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the support layers (b), so that a A plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the support layers (b) form the layered body (142) which is tight to gases and liquids. Electric machine (1). Claim 1 , in which the base layer (b) has a stretch-resistant and flexible carrier film made of acrylate, polyethylene or PTFE film or a paper layer or an ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and each has a coating substrate for the Forms conductor tracks (e1-en) made of a metal, the conductor tracks (e1-en) preferably being printed in a mass printing process on at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the base layer (b) and at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') the base layer (b) is then coated with adhesive as a binder, or in which the base layer (b) is designed as an adhesive film (143) coated on one side and the binder is between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and on the edges of the Adhesive film (143) creates a non-positive connection between the individual layers (L1-Ln) of a honeycomb (14), or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both surfaces (a, a') with a conductor track (e1) and a double-sided coated adhesive film (143) is designed as a connecting intermediate layer, or in which the base layer (b) consists of cellulose triacetate and the conductor tracks (e1-en) consist of organic polymer chains, which are applied to the base layer (b) in a special coating process. are applied and sealed, or in which the base layer (b) is coated on both sides with metal and the conductor tracks (e1-en) are etched or cut out of the surfaces (a, a') in an abrasive process and conductor tracks (e1-en ) form a two-core conductor track (e1-en) on both surfaces (a, a') of the base layer (b) and both cores generate a common magnetic field, with a plurality of transistors (t1-tn) and sensors of the control electronics (RE) is designed to control the current flow of the excitation system (A). Electric machine (1). Claim 1 , in which conductor tracks (e1-en) have a coating and are either coated with an electrically chargeable ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, the baked ceramic layer being designed to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) formed by flexible steel strips, or in which the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled into hollow profiles, which are then rolled out flat and can be connected as flat strips with an inside coating to the supporting layers (b) of the honeycomb (14), or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal in can be coated using a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) in such a way that the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) is increased already at ambient temperature with an atomic layer of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure, or in the conductor tracks (e1 -en) made of metal are coated with adhesive films (143), which carry a layer of graphite on their adhesive sides facing the conductor tracks (e1-en) in order to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) even at ambient temperature, the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval in cross section and the electrical contacts at the first ends (f) and at the second ends (f ') of the conductor track (e1-en) are made by soldering, laser welding, Screws or by means of electrically conductive adhesive are produced and a shell formed by a support layer (b) mutually insulates the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the electrical contacts. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has an internal rotor as a rotary motor (2) and a plurality of matrices (Q) as a radial flux motor, each with a row (m) or a column (n) with several elements, which can be represented in a row or column vector, the matrix circuit (q) being designed as a star connection and/or as a delta connection and the rotary motor (2) having a honeycomb (14) formed by a cylindrical film roll (140) and having a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), which are inserted into the cells (c1-cn) from the outside to the inside of the inner rotor and in grooves (111) of an outer one a tube formed guide element (133) are anchored and form a magnetic circuit (110), the conductor tracks (e1-en) being arranged on three meandering bands (k1-k3), each of which has three inputs (f) at its first ends (f). 100) of the housing (10) can be energized with three phases (u, v, w) of alternating current (AC), while the second ends (f ') are connected to phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and by means of which in radial Radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron core (13) arranged on planes (j1-jn) generate a rotating magnetic field for the rotor (12). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a rotary motor (2) and as an asynchronous internal rotor, in which the rotor (12), which is separated from the stator (11) by a gap (y), has one of rows ( m) or columns (n) of the matrix (Q) induction system (I), a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the rows (m) or columns (n) of a plurality of matrices (Q) are inclined with an angle of inclination (α ') of 5-15 degrees relative to the motor axis (x) and the radial segments (s1-sn) by means of three meander bands (k1-k3). Conductor tracks (e1-en) in a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the carrier layers (b) are inductively excited, the first and second ends (f, f ') of the conductor tracks (e1-en) being short-circuited, so that in the case of a slip ring rotor, the operating behavior of the electrical machine (1) can be controlled in such a way that additional resistors are introduced into the rotor (11) via slip rings and, in generator operation of the electrical machine (1), alternating current (AC) is supplied from the rotor by means of the slip rings of the rotor (12). electrical machine (1) can be derived to the outside. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as an external rotor and the rotary motor (2) as a radial flux motor has a honeycomb (14) formed by a film roll (140) with a plurality of tangential to the motor axis (x). Layers (L1-Ln) of a support layer (b) which is printed with a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks (e1-en) and the film roll (140) has a cylindrical honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn). the reception of a corresponding plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) with pole shoes (132) forms, which are inserted from the outside inwards into the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and then into grooves (111) of an inner tube Guide element (133) made of soft iron are anchored, the first ends (f) of spiral-shaped conductor tracks (e1-en) being connected to the connections (100) of the housing (10) for alternating current (AC) in three phases (u,v,w) are connected and the second ends (f ') on the side of the support layer (b) facing the motor axis (x) have a star connection with ring segment-shaped phase bridges (p) in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an outer rotor (12), which is either permanently excited and has alternatingly polarized permanent magnets (120) or is designed as a full-pole rotor. Electric machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a wheel hub motor, wherein the rotary motor (2) has a permanently excited axial flux motor with an excitation system (A) which has several layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b). , which are connected to one another by means of a binding agent to form a foil stack (141) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) of a disk-shaped honeycomb (14) and accommodate the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), so that in every position (L1-Ln) of the foil stack (141) the number of spiral-shaped conductor tracks (e1-en) on at least one surface (a, a') of the support layer (b) the number of cells (c1-cn) of the disc-shaped honeycomb (14) corresponds, which is powered by a rigid and hollow wheel axle (101) with connections (100) for three-phase alternating current (AC) in such a way that the three phases (u,v,w) of the alternating current (AC) on the motor axis (x) facing side via inner first ends (f) of the spiral-shaped conductor tracks (e1-en) and the second ends (f') are connected to one another in a star connection by means of three ring segment-shaped phase bridges (p) guided in separate planes and the hub (102) forms the rotor (12) of the wheel hub motor, in which a plurality of permanent magnets (120) of the rotor (12) are arranged in a star shape on both sides of the stator (11), the number of which is greater than the number of cells (c1-cn) of the excitation system ( A). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which a plurality of matrices (Q) have rows (m), columns (n) and main and counter diagonals that can be energized and the elements of the matrices (Q) are connected by a plurality of radial segments ( s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) are embodied in the cells (c1-cn) of a honeycomb (14) formed by a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the support layers (b), each layer (L1-Ln) being one cylindrical or spherical layered body (142) forms a matrix (Q) in the projection onto a surface and at least one surface (a, a ') of the base layer (b) carries a plurality of spiral-shaped, interconnected conductor tracks (e1-en) and the Conductor tracks (e1-en) in the layers (L1-Ln) of the laminated body (142) can be powered with multi-phase alternating current (AC) either via the rows (m) or via the columns (n) or via the main or counter diagonals, so that the magnetic field caused by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron core (13) can be controlled by means of control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) formed by a plurality of transistors (t1-tn), and the rotor (12) of a linear motor (3 ) a translational movement and the rotor (12) of a combined rotary and linear motor (2,3) carries out a translational and rotary movement and a spherical rotor (12) of the spherical layer motor (4) within a radial sector predetermined by the inclination angle (α). performs combined rotation and pivoting movements around the center point (M) of the spherical layer motor (4). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which the excitation system (A) of the stator (11) is one of a plurality of film rolls (140) with different radii (r1-rn) and has a staircase formed with an equal number of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) and the runner (12) is designed as a hollow spherical layer body (142), the concave inside of which Stator (11) faces and carries alternately polarized permanent magnets (120), which are separated from each other by joints along circles of latitude and longitude and the number of which is greater than the number of cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), whereby a larger equatorial ball bearing (103) of the rotor (12) is connected to a smaller meridional ball bearing (103) of the stator (11) by a pivot bearing and forms a gimbal suspension of the rotor (12) on the stator (11) in such a way that within one The radial pivoting range of the rotors (12) defined by the inclination angle (α) can be pivoted in any direction about the motor axis (x) of the stator (11) and can be connected either to a tool or a gripping device or an aircraft propeller or to an inherently rigid helicopter rotor is. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which the cells (c1-cn) of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb (14) either each accommodate a soft iron screw (131), the shaft of which points to the center point (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) is aligned and the screw head forms a pole piece (132) and the thread is anchored in the connecting element (133) formed by a soft iron body, or in which the individual layers (L1-Ln) in the cells ( c1-cn) of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb (14) are traversed by a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins (131) aligned radially with the center of the sphere and the hexagonal soft iron pins (131) are anchored in a connecting element (133) formed by a hollow soft iron ball that magnetic circles (110) can be formed in each layer (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) both over the rows (m) and the columns (n) as well as over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix (Q), where at least one surface (a, a') of a layer (L1) of the base layer (b) a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells (c1-cn). (e1-en) for the excitation of the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), so that by means of the matrix circuit (q) an internal or external, permanently excited and hollow spherical layer rotor (12) rotates around the center (M) of the Spherical layer motor (4) rotates and assumes any inclined position within a swivel range limited by the angle of inclination (α). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which a temperature control system (T) which can be pressurized is designed with a flow (z) and return (z ') for a heat transfer fluid, wherein the Temperature control system (T) forms a fluid bearing (104) between the stator (11) and the rotor (12) of the spherical layer motor (4) and either a pump for a heat transfer fluid or a compressor for air at several points radially to the center (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) aligned channels form the flow (z) of the temperature control system (T) and traverse the spherical layer body (142) of the honeycomb (14) between the cells (c1-cn) or in channels of hollow soft iron screws (134), so that the heat transfer fluid with an excess pressure into the gap (y) between the stator (11) and the rotor (12), the stator (11) as a heat source and the rotor (12) as a heat sink continuously transferring heat from the interior of the spherical layer motor (4) to an outer rotor (12), the outer shell of which has a surface enlargement formed by indentations and bulges or by cooling fins in order to transfer the heat to the surrounding air, and wherein the rotor (12) is either equipped with different tools for gripping or for machining a workpiece or is connected to propeller blades and the rotor plane can be pivoted freely about the center point (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) within a pivoting range limited by the angle of inclination (α) by means of the matrix circuit (q) of the spherical layer motor (4). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which forms an engine for a helicopter, wherein two spherical layer motors (4) arranged on a common motor axis (x) at a vertical distance from one another have two spherical layer-shaped rotors of the helicopter, each in one equatorial plane of the rotor (12) is rigidly connected to four rotor blades and is articulated to the two spherical layer-shaped stators (12) by means of a gimbal suspension formed by ball bearings (103) in such a way that the planes of rotation of the helicopter rotors are within a pivoting range predetermined by the angle of inclination (α). can assume any position independently of each other and the aerodynamic forces caused by the two helicopter rotors balance each other out so that in hovering flight the resulting lifting force points vertically upwards and in straight flight it is directed obliquely in the direction of flight, with the fuselage of the helicopter being horizontal in every flight situation maintains position. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has a spherical layer motor (4), which is designed as an autonomous spherical vehicle, in which a hollow spherical stator (11) in the lower half accommodates an energy storage device formed by a plurality of accumulator cells and the hollow spherical runner (12) has on its outside a pneumatic tire with a rubber profile surrounding it on all sides, the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the hollow spherical laminated body (142) made up of a plurality of support layers (b) for conductor tracks (e1-en). Stator (11) has a plurality of cells (c1-cn), which are traversed by hollow soft iron screws (134) aligned with the center (M) of the spherical vehicle, which have cup-shaped extensions at their ends facing the rotor (12) and continuously with Compressed air is supplied from a compressor of the stator (11), so that the shell-shaped extensions in the gap (y) between the stator (11) and the rotor (12) form a fluid bearing (104) for the rotor (12) formed by a plurality of pressure chambers ), and wherein the rotor (12) consists of permanent magnets (120) and a connecting element made of soft iron (133) and the excitation system (A) of the stator (12) is a matrix (Q) with a plurality of elements in rows (m) and columns (n) which are formed by the hollow soft iron screws (134) and can be excited by means of the matrix circuit (q) in such a way that the runner (12) of the ball vehicle can be steered in any direction of travel. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a propeller engine for an aircraft, in which two counter-rotating spherical layer motors (4) arranged to the left and right of a cockpit of the aircraft are connected to a wing of the aircraft and the rotors (12) of the two spherical layer motors (4) are connected to a plurality of propeller blades of a fixed or variable pitch propeller and are gimballed on the spherical stators (11), so that the rotor planes of the two propellers are each independent of one another within an angle of inclination (α). The swivel range defined by the motor axis (x) can be swiveled into different positions around the center points (M) of the two spherical layer motors (4), the aircraft takes off and lands vertically and assumes a horizontal position during flight operations.

Images