DE102020105044B3 - Decentralized device for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interiors and system for air conditioning of interiors - Google Patents

Abstract

A decentralized device for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interior spaces comprises a housing; a convector unit (151) accommodated in the housing with a supply air duct (130) and an exhaust air duct (140), a supply unit (152) accommodated in the housing with a refrigerant circuit, a fuel cell unit (170) and a first, a second and a third air refrigerant -Heat exchanger (105, 107, 111). The refrigerant circuit comprises a refrigerant, a compressor (116), and a directional control valve (118) for controlling a flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit.

Description

The invention is in the field of heating and ventilation technology and relates to a decentralized device for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interiors, in particular an air conditioner which is installed on or in walls, ceilings or floors of individual rooms and is independent of a central heating and cooling supply Can air-condition and ventilate individual rooms. The invention also relates to a system for air conditioning interior spaces, with at least two separate air conditioning devices and a fuel cell unit.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Devices are often used for air conditioning the interior of buildings which take some of the energy required for heating from the exhaust air that is discharged from the interior and transfer it to the supply air supplied to the interior. This enables energy-efficient air conditioning through partial recovery of thermal energy. The heat transfer between the exhaust air and the supply air takes place by means of an air-to-air heat exchanger, which can be designed, for example, in the form of an air-to-air plate exchanger. Such an air-to-air heat exchanger is used to transfer thermal energy from one material flow (for example the exhaust air) to another material flow (for example the supply air) with material separation of the two material flows.

For thermodynamic and technical reasons, however, an air-to-air heat exchanger alone is not sufficient to completely transfer the useful heat still contained in the exhaust air to the supply air. For this reason, a heat pump is often also used to completely extract the useful heat from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air. By using the heat pump, it is also possible not only to heat the interior but also to cool it.

Devices for air conditioning of interiors with heat pumps and air-to-air heat exchangers are for example in the US 6,915,655 B2 , US 6,945,065 B2 , FR 2 978 532 A1 , EP 0 055 000 A1 and DE 44 12 844 A1 described.

Out CN 106 196 380 A an air conditioning system with an air inlet duct with three heat exchangers and an exhaust air duct with a heat exchanger are known, which are connected to a coolant circuit.

Out DE 102 00 404 A1 a device for heating air by means of an air-breathing fuel cell is known, in which the fuel cell is arranged directly in the ventilation duct.

The disadvantage of these devices, however, is that they are relatively large and are therefore only suitable to a limited extent for space-saving installation in walls, for example below a window, ceiling or floor of an interior space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Against this background, a decentralized device for air conditioning and ventilation of interiors according to claim 1 and a system according to claim 18 are proposed. Further advantageous embodiments emerge from the dependent claims and the following description.

According to one embodiment, the decentralized device has a housing, a convector unit accommodated in the housing and having an inside air side and an outside air side, and a supply unit accommodated in the housing.

The convector unit has a supply air duct for supplying outside air as supply air into the interior space to be air-conditioned and an exhaust air duct separate from the supply air duct for discharging inside air as waste air to the outside.

The supply unit has a refrigerant circuit with a refrigerant, a compressor for compressing the refrigerant, and a directional control valve (multi-way valve) for controlling a flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit in order to switch the refrigerant circuit between heating mode for heating the supply air and cooling mode for cooling the supply air.

Furthermore, the decentralized device comprises a first air-refrigerant heat exchanger, which is arranged in the exhaust air duct on the outside air side of the exhaust air duct and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat to be transferred between the exhaust air and the refrigerant, a second air-refrigerant heat exchanger, which in the The supply air duct is arranged on the inside air side of the supply air duct and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat transfer between the supply air and the refrigerant, and a third air-refrigerant heat exchanger, which is arranged in the supply air duct on the outside air side of the supply air duct and enables the supply air to be preheated . The third air-refrigerant heat exchanger can optionally be fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enable additional heat transfer between the refrigerant and the supply air. However, it can also be separated from the refrigerant circuit and connected to its own waste heat circuit in order to remove the waste heat from a fuel cell or to use another energy generation unit to heat the supply air.

In contrast to previously known devices for air conditioning, the device described here comprises three air-refrigerant heat exchangers. In the following, these air-refrigerant heat exchangers are referred to as heat exchangers for the sake of simplicity. These heat exchangers also serve to transfer thermal energy from one material flow (air or refrigerant or water) to a second material flow (refrigerant or water or air) with material separation of the two material flows (air separated from the refrigerant, or air separated from water) transferred to.

Two of these heat exchangers, namely the second heat exchanger (second air-refrigerant heat exchanger) and the third heat exchanger (third air-refrigerant heat exchanger) are fluidically integrated into the supply air duct, i.e. H. Air can flow through these two heat exchangers. The third heat exchanger is fluidically upstream of the second heat exchanger in the supply air duct. The first heat exchanger (first air-refrigerant heat exchanger), on the other hand, is fluidically integrated into the exhaust air duct, i. H. Exhaust air can flow through this heat exchanger. The first and second heat exchangers are still part of the refrigerant circuit and are integrated into it. The third heat exchanger can also be part of the refrigerant circuit or be connected to its own waste heat circuit. In this case, the supply unit has two separate circuits, namely a refrigerant circuit and a waste heat circuit, or alternatively the waste heat circuit is supplied from outside the device (housing).

According to one embodiment, the third heat exchanger is part of the refrigerant circuit and, viewed in the flow direction of the refrigerant in the heating mode, is downstream of the compressor in terms of flow, and the second heat exchanger is downstream of the third heat exchanger in terms of flow.

According to a further embodiment, the refrigerant circuit furthermore has a valve unit which can be controlled such that the refrigerant flows through the third heat exchanger in heating mode, but prevents refrigerant from flowing through the third heat exchanger in cooling mode.

The third heat exchanger has the function of preheating outside air drawn in from the outside air side so that the air flowing in the convector unit always has a minimum temperature. This prevents the convector unit from cooling down excessively and thus losing energy when particularly cold outside air flows in. The third heat exchanger is therefore preferably arranged structurally very close to the inlet of the supply air duct, so that the outside air drawn in is immediately heated to a minimum temperature and the cold input into the convector unit is reduced. This is particularly advantageous when drawing in very cold outside air, since it avoids greater temperature differences in the convector unit and reduces heat losses.

The third heat exchanger, which is arranged in terms of air flow in the supply air duct on the outside of the supply air duct, can be connected downstream of the compressor as part of the refrigerant circuit in terms of flow in heating mode. When the refrigerant is compressed, it is partially overheated. The third heat exchanger is dimensioned in such a way that it transfers part of the heat contained in the compressed refrigerant to the outside air flowing into the supply air duct and thereby cools the refrigerant somewhat. The refrigerant that has left the third heat exchanger and is still compressed, however, remains warm enough to heat the supply air to the desired target temperature when it subsequently flows through the second heat exchanger.

The energy required to heat the supply air is taken from the exhaust air by means of the first heat exchanger. The refrigerant flowing through the first heat exchanger is evaporated and fed to the compressor. The compression of the gaseous refrigerant further heats it up and compresses it to such an extent that it leaves the compressor as a liquid but “hot” refrigerant.

The refrigerant circuit thus forms a heat pump together with the compressor and the three heat exchangers. It is thus possible to recover heat from the interior of a building that is to be air-conditioned. This heat gain is also made usable in the supply unit by means of the third heat exchanger, which is fluidically located on the outside air side of the supply air duct, in the compressor by preheating the incoming outside air.

In contrast, the third heat exchanger is not required in cooling mode. In cooling mode, it is fluidically separated from the refrigerant circuit by the valve unit, which provides a bypass for the refrigerant to bypass the third heat exchanger.

According to one embodiment, the first heat exchanger serves as an evaporator in the heating mode and extracts heat from the exhaust air. The third The heat exchanger serves as a hot gas heat exchanger and preheats the outside air drawn in from the outside. The second heat exchanger, which is downstream of the third heat exchanger in terms of flow in the supply air duct, serves as a condenser and heats the supply air to a target temperature.

According to one embodiment, the first heat exchanger serves as a condenser in the cooling mode and transfers heat to the exhaust air. The third heat exchanger is separated from the refrigerant circuit. The second heat exchanger serves as an evaporator and cools the supply air to a target temperature.

The temperature of the compressed refrigerant can be designated by T0 after leaving the compressor, by T3 after flowing through the third heat exchanger, by T2 after flowing through the second heat exchanger and by T1 after flowing through the first heat exchanger. The following relationship applies in heating mode:
T0>T3>T2> T1

In contrast, the following relationship applies in cooling mode:
T0>T1> T2
where T3 is undefined here, since the third heat exchanger is not flowed through by the refrigerant in cooling mode.

In previous solutions, the incoming outside air is preheated by an air-to-air heat exchanger. This air-to-air heat exchanger thermally couples the exhaust air duct with the supply air duct and serves to extract heat from the exhaust air discharged from the interior to be air-conditioned and to supply it to the supply air. The supply air preheated in this way then flows through an air-refrigerant heat exchanger in order to be heated to the desired target temperature. However, air-to-air heat exchangers must be made comparatively large so that they can effectively transfer the heat from the exhaust air to the supply air. Therefore, air-to-air heat exchangers require a lot of space, so that previous convector units are very voluminous.

In contrast to these previously known solutions, the supply air is preheated by means of the third heat exchanger (third air-refrigerant heat exchanger), so that an air-to-air heat exchanger can be dispensed with, or an air-to-air heat exchanger that is only small in terms of volume is required. The convector unit preferably does not have an air-to-air heat exchanger for transferring heat from the exhaust air to the supply air. The air-to-air heat exchanger usually present is replaced in the device described here by the third heat exchanger (third air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger). The convector unit can thus be made considerably smaller, since air-refrigerant heat exchangers are significantly smaller than air-air heat exchangers. In addition, the flow of the third heat exchanger, since it requires comparatively little installation space, can be structurally arranged directly at the inlet of the supply air duct in order to preheat the incoming outside air immediately and to minimize the entry of cold outside air.

By eliminating the otherwise used air-to-air heat exchanger, the housing can accommodate both the convector unit and the supply unit with the refrigerant circuit and, if necessary, the waste heat circuit, provided the third heat exchanger has its own circuit. This allows the formation of relatively compact air conditioning units that can be used for decentralized air conditioning of individual rooms. The solution presented here, which enables decentralized and self-sufficient air conditioning, differs from centralized solutions. With central solutions, individual convector units are also integrated into the individual rooms to be air-conditioned, but they require appropriate cooling and heating media, i.e. H. Appropriate piping systems to feed the cooling and heating media to the respective convector units. Furthermore, such central solutions require a central system for generating heat or cold. If a central heat pump is used for this, an additional heat source or heat sink must be available, for example solar thermal energy, deep drilling or an underground storage system, all of which, however, are subject to corresponding heat losses due to the long media lines. In addition, these central systems are comparatively expensive.

The device described here for air conditioning and ventilation of individual rooms does not require an external supply of cooling and heating media in order to control the temperature of the supply air accordingly. All that is required is the supply of electrical energy for the compressor, fans and a control system for the device that is typically present. This means that the device described here can be used to retrofit buildings in which there are no central cooling and heating media. By eliminating the piping systems required for the central solutions, energy loss is reduced and, overall, more energy-efficient air conditioning is made possible.

Since the very voluminous air-to-air heat exchanger is not required and the third heat exchanger (third air-refrigerant heat exchanger) is comparatively small, the supply unit can also be accommodated in a common housing with the same energetic parameters without requiring additional space is the same size as a conventional convector unit with an air-to-air heat exchanger.

In addition, there is a reduction in the operating noise of the device due to the elimination of the voluminous air-to-air heat exchanger. The air-to-air heat exchanger represents a considerable flow resistance for the air flowing through it, since the air-to-air heat exchanger often has many cross-wise flow channels, each of which has only a small cross section. In order for the air to flow through these flow channels, fans of sufficient size are required that emit corresponding operating noises. The elimination of the air-to-air heat exchanger reduces the flow resistance in the supply air and exhaust air ducts. Smaller fans can therefore be used, or the fans can operate at a reduced speed, which uses less energy and reduces noise generation. In this way, the device described here can preferably also be used for those interior spaces in which noise pollution is disadvantageous. Examples of this are offices, school rooms, but also living rooms and bedrooms.

Since both the convector unit and the supply unit with the refrigerant circuit are accommodated in the common housing, the device presented here is not a split device.

According to one embodiment, the supply unit furthermore has a fuel cell unit with a fuel cell and a waste heat circuit for dissipating waste heat that arises when the fuel cell is operated. The third heat exchanger is coupled to the waste heat circuit. The third heat exchanger, on the other hand, is not connected to the refrigerant circuit. In this embodiment, the supply unit has two circuits, the refrigerant circuit and the waste heat circuit. Water can circulate as a refrigerant in the waste heat cycle. In contrast, a commercially available refrigerant, e.g. B. CO ₂ or a fluorine-containing refrigerant is used. Those refrigerants are preferred which are environmentally friendly or have only limited environmental damage.

By means of the fuel cell unit, electrical energy is obtained, which, for example, the compressor and other electrical components of the device, eg. B. fans and a central controller. When the fuel cell generates electrical energy, waste heat is generated, which is dissipated by means of the waste heat circuit and fed to the third heat exchanger to preheat the incoming outside air. By using the waste heat to preheat the supplied outside air, a comparatively high COP value (coefficient of performance), also known as the coefficient of performance, is achieved for the heat pump, including the compressor and the first and second heat exchangers. The air preheated by the third heat exchanger no longer has to be supplied as much energy by the second heat exchanger. This can reduce the power consumption of the compressor.

According to one embodiment, the first heat exchanger serves as a condenser in cooling mode and transfers heat to the exhaust air, the third heat exchanger is separated from the waste heat circuit or the waste heat circuit is deactivated, and the second heat exchanger serves as an evaporator and cools the supply air to a target temperature. The third heat exchanger is therefore not active in cooling mode.

According to one embodiment, the housing has fastening interfaces for fastening on or in ceilings, walls or floors of an interior space of a building that is to be air-conditioned.

According to a further embodiment, the housing has at least one exhaust air connection and one outside air connection. These two connections are used to fluidically connect the housing to respective air ducts which, for example, penetrate the outer wall of the building and thus enable the supply of outside air or the discharge of exhaust air through the outside wall.

According to one embodiment, the housing also has an exhaust air connection or an exhaust air opening and an air intake connection or an air intake opening. These two connections or openings are fluidically connected to the interior to be air-conditioned and serve to remove exhaust air from the interior or to supply air to the interior.

If, for example, the device is designed as an air conditioner, which is attached in the interior to the outer wall below a window and, for example, is only covered with a panel, the inlet air opening and the exhaust air opening provide direct access to the interior. If, on the other hand, the device is integrated into the ceiling or the floor, for example, and the desired air inlets or air outlets are not directly above or below the device but are spaced from it, the exhaust air connection and / or the supply air connection are also connected to one in the ceiling or the Floor-integrated air duct connected, which connects the exhaust air connection with the floor or ceiling-side air inlets and the supply air connection with the floor or ceiling-side air outlets.

The housing can be connected directly to the ceiling, the floor or the outer wall, for example, by means of the fastening interfaces. The housing carries the convector unit and the supply unit. In addition, parts of the housing can also form partial areas of the supply air duct and / or the exhaust air duct, for example individual side walls of the respective ducts, in order to save material and weight. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible for the housing to have a supporting structure which supports the individual air ducts (supply air duct and exhaust air duct) and the supply unit.

According to one embodiment, the housing has a common interior space for accommodating the convector unit and the supply unit in the common interior space. The housing is thus in one piece and the convector unit and the supply unit form a unit.

According to one embodiment, the housing has a modular structure and has a first housing part and a second housing part detachably connected to the first housing part. The first housing part has an interior space in which the convector unit and the first, second and third heat exchangers are accommodated. The second housing part has an interior space which is structurally separate from the interior space of the first housing part and in which the supply unit is accommodated. The first and second housing parts are connected to one another, but can be separated from one another. In this case, interfaces are provided to couple the three heat exchangers to the refrigerant circuit, or to couple the first and second heat exchangers to the refrigerant circuit and the third heat exchanger to the waste heat circuit. This modular solution also allows devices to be retrofitted or converted by replacing the supply unit. This also makes it easier to maintain the devices in the event of major repairs.

According to one embodiment, the housing accommodates the convector unit with the first, second and third heat exchanger and the supply unit with the refrigerant circuit, which is fluidically connected to the first and second heat exchanger. The third heat exchanger is coupled to a waste heat circuit which is separate from the refrigerant circuit and which is supplied from outside the housing. For this purpose, the fuel cell unit is housed in a separate housing. The fuel cell unit is therefore not integrated into the supply unit. This separate housing of the fuel cell unit can be detachably connected to the housing of the device (comprising the convector unit and the supply unit) or can be placed separately therefrom. For example, according to one embodiment, it is possible for a separate fuel cell unit to supply the third heat exchanger from two or more devices with waste heat. This is advantageous, for example, if the interior space to be air-conditioned is very large, for example a classroom in a school or a larger office, and several devices are required for air-conditioning. Then, for reasons of efficiency, a larger-sized fuel cell unit can be provided which supplies the devices in this larger individual room. If necessary, this separate fuel cell unit can also supply devices from several rooms, e.g. on a common floor. This solution is also viewed as a decentralized solution, since at least one fuel cell unit is provided on each floor.

According to one embodiment, the waste heat circuit of a fuel cell unit is connected to the third heat exchanger of two or more devices for air conditioning. This creates a system for air conditioning interiors, which has at least two devices (air conditioning units) for air conditioning, each with a convector unit and a supply unit with a refrigerant circuit, which is coupled to the first and second heat exchanger, and a separate fuel cell unit, each with is connected to the third heat exchanger of the two devices.

According to one embodiment, the convector unit has a supply air fan in the supply air duct for sucking in outside air, which is fluidically arranged in the supply air duct between the second heat exchanger and the third heat exchanger. The supply air fan is thus downstream of the third heat exchanger in terms of flow. This prevents the supply air fan from cooling down due to the inflow of cold outside air and thus avoiding energy losses.

According to one embodiment, the convector unit has an exhaust air fan in the exhaust air duct for sucking in exhaust air, which is arranged in the exhaust air duct upstream of the first heat exchanger in terms of flow. This is advantageous because an exhaust air fan connected downstream of the first heat exchanger would be thermally at the exhaust air level and thus lead to a loss of energy, since the exhaust air fan is part of the exhaust air duct and is thermally coupled to it.

According to one embodiment, the directional control valve, i. H. the multi-way valve, a 4-way reversing valve. This is a reliable way to control the direction of flow of the refrigerant.

According to one embodiment, the convector unit furthermore has a controllable first circulating air bypass arranged on the inside air side for fluidic connection of the exhaust air duct with the supply air duct in order to supply exhaust air to the supply air if necessary.

Furthermore, according to one embodiment, the convector unit has a controllable second circulating air bypass arranged on the outside air side for fluidically connecting the exhaust air duct to the supply air duct in order to supply outside air to the exhaust air if necessary.

The respective bypasses can connect the supply air duct and the exhaust air duct completely by blocking the respective ducts. For example, it is possible that the first bypass feeds the exhaust air completely into the supply air duct and is thereby fed back into the interior as supply air. In this case, the outside air supplied is typically completely introduced into the exhaust air duct by means of the second bypass and discharged as exhaust air. So that both the supply air duct and the exhaust air duct are blocked, i. H. the exhaust air sucked in from the interior is not led to the outside as exhaust air, and the sucked outside air is not led into the interior as supply air. The bypasses are therefore used to enable circulating air operation. The outside air circulation mode (outside air is passed through the third heat exchanger, the second bypass and the first heat exchanger) is used to provide a sufficient air volume flow so that the first heat exchanger can work as an evaporator or condenser. In recirculation mode, the third heat exchanger can be separated from the refrigerant circuit by the valve unit and is therefore inactive. The room-side air recirculation mode (exhaust air is routed through the first bypass through the second heat exchanger) enables the extracted indoor air to be heated directly and returned to the indoor area. The circulating air mode allows, in particular, a comparatively rapid air conditioning, since there is no energy loss due to the removal of exhaust air from the interior or the supply of outside air into the interior. Furthermore, the recirculation mode is advantageous in the case of particularly high temperature differences between the interior and the outside air.

According to one embodiment, the compressor is designed so that it works with a low voltage. For this purpose, the supply unit has a direct current connection for supplying the compressor with a low voltage. In the context of the present disclosure, a low voltage is understood to mean a direct voltage of less than or equal to 120 V. A DC voltage of less than 60 V, in particular 48 V, is preferably regarded as the low voltage. This makes it possible to directly couple the device to an alternative energy source, for example a photovoltaic system. The required electrical energy can be provided in part or entirely by renewable energy sources, which further improves energy efficiency.

According to one embodiment, the device furthermore has a battery for storing electrical energy and for supplying the compressor with electrical energy. The battery is preferably used to temporarily store electrical energy that is provided by a photovoltaic system.

According to one embodiment, the device furthermore has a current converter for converting alternating current into a low voltage. This is so that if the energy supply fails by the alternative energy source, electrical energy can be drawn from the electrical supply network and used.

If the supply unit has a fuel cell unit, the fuel cell of the fuel cell unit can be connected to a battery accommodated in the housing, for example, for intermediate storage of the electrical energy. It is also possible that the device has an external connection for supplying the low voltage, e.g. B. from photovoltaics, to the fuel cell unit.

According to one embodiment, the fuel cell unit can furthermore have an electrolyser, which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of the supplied low voltage. The hydrogen can be temporarily stored and then used to operate the fuel cell.

According to one embodiment, the device has a condensation water line from the first and / or second heat exchanger to the compressor. If the first or second heat exchanger is used as an evaporator, the warm air flowing through the first or second heat exchanger is cooled. Water vapor in the air can condense in the respective heat exchanger. The condensation water can then be conducted to the warm compressor via the respective condensation water line and evaporate there.

The present invention therefore makes use of the overall knowledge that air-to-air heat transfer by means of an air-to-air heat exchanger requires a comparatively large amount of space. The air-to-air heat exchanger that is typically used is therefore replaced by a third heat exchanger. Two heat exchangers are in Integrated refrigerant circuit to form a heat pump. The third heat exchanger can be coupled to the refrigerant circuit and in this case serves as a hot gas heat exchanger. Alternatively, it can also have its own waste heat circuit and use the waste heat, for example in a fuel cell. The third heat exchanger in the outside air side of the supply air duct serves to pre-temper the outside air and thus replaces the large-volume air-to-air heat exchanger (cross-flow exchanger). That saves space and costs.

In an advantageous manner, the device presented here enables the waste heat to be used in the respective individual room in connection with the outside air to be supplied, in contrast to central systems which rely on the central supply of heat and cold through suitable pipe systems. Central piping systems outside the housing of the device are therefore not necessary.

The device can be operated with a low voltage, in particular with a direct voltage of less than 120 V, in particular with 48 V DC, in order to store photovoltaic current in a battery integrated in the device or to use it directly. Electricity from the public grid can be used via the inverter. The electricity costs are approx. 60-70% lower compared to conventional system technology.

The device is intended for the decentralized air conditioning of a room. This means that a central air conditioning system or central living space ventilation can be replaced. The device is particularly suitable for retrofitting buildings that do not have any cooling and / or heating media. The device can be arranged in the space in front of the outer facade. The outside and exhaust air connection can, for example, be integrated directly in the window parapet area of the outside facade.

The device can have a modular structure and has an internal supply unit with a compressor for generating heat and cold. Because the air-to-air heat exchanger is no longer required, there is sufficient installation space to accommodate the supply unit. Compared to a convector unit with an air-to-air heat exchanger, the convector unit can be made more compact overall while maintaining the ventilation parameters. The arrangement of the convector unit and supply unit made possible in this way enables the refrigerant circuit to be made smaller. Due to the decentralized design, the heat exchangers are spatially close to the supply unit, i. H. only short pipes are required within the supply unit.

According to one embodiment, a method for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interior spaces is proposed. The procedure includes:

Commissioning a device for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interior spaces, the device having a housing; a convector unit accommodated in the housing with a supply air duct for supplying outside air as supply air into an interior space, and an exhaust air duct separate from the supply air duct for discharging inside air as exhaust air to the outside; and a supply unit accommodated in the housing, which has a refrigerant circuit with a refrigerant, a compressor for compressing the refrigerant, and a directional control valve (multi-way valve) for controlling a flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit to switch the refrigerant circuit between heating mode for heating the supply air and cooling mode for cooling to switch the supply air, wherein a first air-refrigerant heat exchanger is arranged in the exhaust air duct on the outside air side of the exhaust air duct and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat to be transferred between the exhaust air and the refrigerant, a second air-refrigerant heat exchanger in the supply air duct the inside air side of the supply air duct is arranged and fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat transfer between the supply air and the refrigerant, and a third air-refrigerant heat exchanger in the supply air duct to d it is arranged on the outside air side of the supply air duct and enables the supply air to be preheated. The method comprises the steps of preheating the outside air supplied in the supply air duct by the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger, and heating the preheated outside air by the second air-refrigerant heat exchanger to a target temperature and releasing the outside air thus heated as supply air into the interior to be air-conditioned .

According to one embodiment of the method, the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit.

According to one embodiment of the method, the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger is fluidically separated from the refrigerant circuit in cooling operation, preferably by a switchable multi-way valve.

According to one embodiment of the method, the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger is fluidically connected to a waste heat circuit that is separate from the refrigerant circuit, the waste heat circuit being connected to a fuel cell. The method therefore includes the step: preheating the air supplied in the supply air duct Outside air through the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger, which is fed by the waste heat from a fuel cell.

According to one embodiment, an air-refrigerant heat exchanger (third air-refrigerant heat exchanger) is used to preheat outside air flowing in a supply air duct and another air-refrigerant heat exchanger (second air-refrigerant heat exchanger) is used to heat the preheated outside air a target temperature is used.

In addition, the device is equipped with a fresh air supply and air conditioning. For example, the device can have suitable filters that are integrated in the supply air duct and / or in the exhaust air duct.

Figure list

• 1 zeigt eine strömungstechnische Darstellung einer dezentralen Vorrichtung zur Klimatisierung eines Einzelraums im Kühlmodus gemäß einer Ausführungsform.
• 2 zeigt eine strömungstechnische Darstellung der dezentralen Vorrichtung zur Klimatisierung eines Einzelraums im Heizmodus.
• 3 zeigt die räumliche Ausgestaltung der dezentralen Vorrichtung.
• 4 zeigt eine Ansicht gemäß des in 3 angedeuteten Schnitts AA.
• 5 zeigt eine Ansicht gemäß des in 3 angedeuteten Schnitts BB.
• 6 zeigt eine Sicht von oben auf die dezentrale Vorrichtung der 3.
• 7 zeigt eine weitere Ausführungsform unter Verwendung einer Brennstoffzelleneinheit, wobei der dritte Wärmeübertrager mit einem Abwärmekreislauf der Brennstoffzelleneinheit verbunden ist.

The invention is explained below on the basis of embodiments with reference to the figures, without being restricted thereto.

• 1 shows a fluidic representation of a decentralized device for air conditioning an individual room in cooling mode according to one embodiment.
• 2 shows a fluidic representation of the decentralized device for air conditioning an individual room in heating mode.
• 3 shows the spatial configuration of the decentralized device.
• 4th FIG. 11 shows a view according to FIG 3 indicated section AA.
• 5 FIG. 11 shows a view according to FIG 3 indicated section BB.
• 6th shows a view from above of the decentralized device of FIG 3 .
• 7th shows a further embodiment using a fuel cell unit, the third heat exchanger being connected to a waste heat circuit of the fuel cell unit.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

With reference to the 1 to 6th a first embodiment of the device is described below.

The device can, for example, in the form of a decentralized air conditioning device (air conditioner) 100 which does not require any external media with the exception of a power connection. The device is referred to below as an air conditioner.

The air conditioner 100 basically has two units, namely a convector unit 151 and a supply unit 152 both in a common housing 150 are housed. The case 150 is in the 3 to 6th recognizable.

The convector unit 151 includes a supply air duct 130 and an exhaust duct 140 . The outside air side the air conditioner 100 is with 202 and the inside air side of the air conditioner 100 is denoted by 201. The supply air duct 130 leads outside air from the outside as supply air into the interior to be air-conditioned. In contrast, the exhaust air duct leads 140 Exhaust air from the interior as exhaust air to the outside. The outside in the supply air duct 130 Incoming air first passes an outside air damper 113 , an outside air filter 112 , a third air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger 111 , which is referred to as the third heat exchanger in the following, an outside air circulation flap 110 , a room-side air recirculation flap 109 , a supply air fan 108 , and a second air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger 107 , which is referred to below as the second heat exchanger. In contrast, it happens from the interior through the exhaust duct 140 discharged air first an exhaust air filter 101 , a room-side air recirculation flap 102 , an external air recirculation flap 103 , 103a , an exhaust fan 104 , a first air-refrigerant heat exchanger 105 , which is referred to as the first heat exchanger in the following, and an exhaust air damper 106 .

The supply air duct 130 and the exhaust duct 140 are optionally connected to one another via two separate circulating air bypasses. The first recirculation bypass 114 forms a room-side air circulation bypass and is activated by the room-side air circulation flaps 102 and 109 controlled. The second circulating air bypass 115 on the other hand forms an outside air circulation bypass and is activated by the outside air circulation flaps 103 , 103a and 110 controlled. The first and the second circulating air bypass 114 , 115 can be controlled independently of one another using the respective air circulation flaps. It is possible to set the recirculation flaps so that the first recirculation bypass 114 and the second circulating air bypass 115 are completely closed. Then the exhaust air discharged from the interior is completely led outside and the outside air is completely released into the interior. Alternatively, it is possible to adjust the recirculation flaps so that the supply air duct 130 and the exhaust duct 140 are completely closed. Then there is the air conditioner 100 in recirculation mode. The exhaust air discharged from the interior is via the first circulating air bypass 114 completely reintroduced as supply air into the interior. In contrast, the outside air coming from the outside is via the second circulating air bypass 115 completely released to the outside again. Depending on the position of the circulating air flaps, mixed states are also possible in which part of the exhaust air is led to the outside and another part of the exhaust air however, via the first recirculation bypass 114 the outside air drawn in from the outside is mixed in.

The convector unit 151 therefore serves the controlled air supply from the outside into the interior to be air-conditioned. This is located on the inside air side 201 of the air conditioner 100 .

The supply unit 152 comprises a refrigerant circuit that contains a refrigerant, a compressor 116 , the first heat exchanger 105 , an expansion valve 124 , 127 , a 4-way reversing valve 118 , as well as the second heat exchanger 107 having. Together these form a heat pump. Using the 4-way reversing valve 118 the flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit can be controlled. In the embodiment shown here, there are also the third heat exchanger 111 as well as a valve unit 125 integrated in the refrigerant circuit. By means of the valve unit 125 can use the third heat exchanger 111 can be selectively separated from the refrigerant circuit. This is intended below with reference to the 1 and 2 are explained in more detail.

In 1 the refrigerant circuit is shown in cooling mode. The third heat exchanger is in cooling mode 111 through the valve unit 125 fluidically separated from the refrigerant circuit. The valve unit 125 provides a bypass to bypass the third heat exchanger 111 ready. The 4-way reversing valve 118 is set for cooling operation so that the flow through the compressor 116 compressed refrigerant first the first heat exchanger 105 flows through it and cools down in the process ("extracts cold air from the cool exhaust air"), then at the expansion valve 124 relaxes and cools down further, and then through the second heat exchanger 107 flows before it to the compressor 116 is returned. In the second heat exchanger 107 the air flowing through the supply air duct is cooled to a target temperature and then directed into the interior.

In heating mode, which is in 2 shown has the 4-way reversing valve 118 a different valve position to allow the refrigerant to flow in the opposite direction. As a result, the functions of the first and second heat exchangers are exchanged. Served the first heat exchanger 105 In cooling mode, the first heat exchanger serves as a condenser to cool the refrigerant 105 in heating mode as an evaporator to extract heat energy from the warm exhaust air and transfer it to the refrigerant. The second heat exchanger is used accordingly 107 in cooling mode as an evaporator and in heating mode as a condenser.

In addition, the third heat exchanger is used in heating mode 111 via the valve unit 125 connected to the refrigerant circuit, so that the heated and compressed refrigerant coming from the compressor first passes through the third heat exchanger 111 flows before it to the second heat exchanger 107 to be led. In the third heat exchanger 111 the superheated refrigerant is cooled to the required working temperature. At the same time, the heat generated by overheating is used to preheat the outside air.

After flow through the second heat exchanger 107 is the still compressed refrigerant at the expansion valve 127 relaxes and cools down. The refrigerant then continues to flow through the first heat exchanger in heating mode 105 and from there back to the compressor 116 .

The selective connection of the third heat exchanger 111 in heating mode enables energy-efficient preheating of the outside air. The incoming or through the supply air fan 108 outside air is drawn in immediately when it enters the supply air duct 130 preheated. This is to ensure that the majority of the supply air duct 130 is at a minimum temperature and thus the entire convector unit 151 is only cooled insignificantly. The first heat exchanger is preferred for the same reason 105 also just before the exhaust air damper 106 arranged so that the exhaust duct 140 is predominantly at a medium to high temperature. The convector unit is thus located overall 151 inside the building (the interior to be air-conditioned) at a temperature above the outside air temperature.

In particular at very low outside air temperatures below 0 ° C, the outside air is preheated by the third heat exchanger 111 This is an advantage, as the incoming outside air is heated to temperatures above 0 ° C, thus preventing individual elements from traveling.

From the comparison of the 1 and 2 it can be seen that the refrigerant circuit has two expansion valves 124 and 127 having. However, only one of the two expansion valves is ever used 124 , 127 flows through the refrigerant. The check valve is used for this in heating mode 126 open and the check valves 119 and 128 closed. Through the open check valve 126 becomes a bypass to bypass the expansion valve 124 about the collector 120 , the filter dryer 121 , the sight glass and the solenoid valve 123 to the expansion valve 124 educated. In the cooling mode, on the other hand, are the check valves 126 and the solenoid valve 123 closed, but the check valve 128 open. The open check valve 128 thus forms a bypass to bypass the expansion valve 127 . The Compressed refrigerant can therefore only be used at the expansion valve 124 relax. At the same time, through the opened expansion valve 124 access via the collector 120 , Filter driers 121 and sight glass 122 to the expansion valve 124 enables.

The refrigerant circuit also has a liquid separation system 117 which the compressor 116 is upstream fluidically. This is to ensure that only gaseous refrigerant passes through the compressor 116 is compressed. The inlet and outlet of the liquid separator are in the 1 and 2 labeled IN and OUT.

The 3 to 6th show the structure of the air conditioner 100 . 3 shows a view from the front, but without covers and panels. In addition, in 3 the refrigerant circuit indicated for the heating mode. The outside air side is the 3 in the lower area of the housing 150 arranged. However, the inlets for the exhaust air and the outside air are on opposite sides of the housing 150 , the side facing the inside air side being the front and the side facing the outside air side being the rear side of the housing 150 referred to as. The exhaust air opening is therefore on the front of the housing 150 , while the outside air opening or a connector for connecting a supply of outside air to the air conditioner 100 on the back of the case 150 is arranged.

The air inlet is on the top of the air conditioner 100 , while the exhaust air opening or a connector for connecting a discharge of the exhaust air to the outside in the upper area on the rear of the housing 150 is provided.

The supply air duct 130 is in 3 formed by the left housing part, while the exhaust duct 140 is formed by the right housing part. Will the air conditioner 100 The room-side air recirculation flaps are not completely operated in recirculation mode 102 and the outside air recirculation flap 110 closed. This provides access to the respective first and second circulating air bypass 114 , 115 blocked. The room-side air recirculation flap is on the other hand 109 and the outside air recirculation flap 103 open. Also is the recirculation flap 103a open. This is in 6th shown. The air can therefore only remain in the respective duct (supply air duct or exhaust air duct) and flows vertically from bottom to top.

In the air recirculation mode, however, the room-side air recirculation flap is used 102 and the outside air recirculation flap 110 open. At the same time, the outside air recirculation flap 103 , the room-side air recirculation flap 109 and the recirculation flap 103a closed. By opening the recirculation flap 110 Outside air now enters the second circulating air bypass 115 located on the back of the air conditioner 100 extends horizontally and leads from the left to the right housing part. As the recirculation flap 109 is closed, the outside air can enter the supply air duct 130 no longer to the supply air fan 108 stream. From the second circulating air bypass 115 the outside air then flows to the exhaust fan 104 and is transported outside as exhaust air. As the recirculation flap 103a is closed, no more exhaust air reaches the exhaust fan in the exhaust air duct 104 . The exhaust air, on the other hand, flows through the open air circulation flap 102 to the supply air fan 108 , and is released from this as supply air to the interior. The closed air circulation flap 109 prevents outside air from going to the supply fan 108 can arrive.

The air flow of the room-side recirculation mode is in 3 represented by an arrow with a dashed line. In contrast, the external recirculation mode is in 3 represented by an arrow with a dotted line.

The 4th shows a view from the in 3 indicated section AA, the 5 on the other hand, a view from the view of the section BB, in each case in the direction of the center of the air conditioning unit.

In 4th and 5 is the air flow in the supply air duct 130 and exhaust duct 140 with the first and second circulating air bypass closed 114 , 115 shown.

As in 3 recognizable, is in the housing 150 no air-to-air heat exchanger arranged. The supply air duct 130 and the exhaust duct 140 therefore do not cross each other, as is the case with convector units that have an air-to-air heat exchanger. By omitting the air-to-air heat exchanger, additional installation space is made available for accommodating the third heat exchanger 111 as well as the supply unit 152 can be used without affecting the external dimensions of the housing 150 need to be enlarged.

The case 150 can be constructed in one piece and have a common interior space for accommodating the convector unit 151 and the supply unit 152 form. The interior is typically subdivided around the supply air duct 130 and the exhaust duct 140 as well as the first circulating air bypass 114 and the second circulating air bypass 115 spatially separated from each other.

Alternatively it is possible that the housing 150 a first housing part for the convector unit 151 and a separate second housing part for the supply unit 152 having. The second housing part can for example be arranged on one side of the first and typically much larger housing part and connected to it. In this case they are from the supply unit 152 to the heat exchangers 105 , 107 and 111 leading lines for the refrigerant are connected to one another at suitable interfaces. This makes it possible for the second housing part, which is the supply unit 152 houses, can be removed from the first housing part.

The air conditioner 100 can be installed, for example, in the interior to be air-conditioned on the outside wall below a window, with openings for the exhaust air and the outside air only having to be created through the outside wall. On the other hand, no additional device needs to be installed on the outside of the outer wall. The air inlets and outlets can be concealed in an architecturally suitable manner.

Furthermore, only a power connection, preferably a low voltage connection (120 V DC), and particularly preferably 48 V DC, is required.

Alternatively, the air conditioner 100 be installed under the floor of the interior, provided there is enough space there to accommodate the air conditioner 100 is. It is also possible that the air conditioner 100 to be fixed between the ceiling and the floor of the building. The housing has suitable mounting interfaces for the various mounting locations.

With reference to 7th a further embodiment is explained. This differs from that in the 1 to 6th illustrated embodiment to the effect that the refrigerant circuit only with the first heat exchanger 105 and the second heat exchanger 107 is fluidically connected. The third heat exchanger 111 on the other hand, is connected to a waste heat circuit that is separate from the refrigerant circuit. The convector unit of the 7th however corresponds to that in the 1 to 6th illustrated embodiment, for which reason the repeated description thereof is omitted here. The same reference symbols denote the same elements.

Because the third heat exchanger 111 is no longer connected to the refrigerant circuit, the refrigerant circuit also no longer has the valve unit 125 .

The third heat exchanger 111 is with a fuel cell unit 170 connected, in particular with a water connection 175 the fuel cell unit 170 . The fuel cell unit 170 has a fuel cell 171 , preferably a PEM fuel cell (polymer electrolyte membrane), a hydrogen storage device 172 , an optional electrolyzer 173 , preferably a PEM electrolyser and a heat exchanger 174 on. At the heat exchanger 174 it can be a water-to-water heat exchanger. The inside water circuit of the heat exchanger 174 is particularly with the fuel cell 171 and the optional electrolyzer 173 connected and is used to operate the fuel cell 171 and the electrolyzer 173 remove any waste heat. This waste heat is in the heat exchanger 174 transferred to an external water circuit, which is connected via the water connection 175 with the third heat exchanger 111 is coupled.

This can be done in heating mode by means of the fuel cell 171 generated waste heat in the supply air duct 130 incoming outside air must be preheated. The 7th shows the heating mode. The third heat exchanger can be used in cooling mode 111 for example from the fuel cell unit 170 separated by suitable valves.

The fuel cell unit 170 also has an external power connection 177 for a decentralized photovoltaic system. The external power connection 177 is both with the fuel cell 171 as well as with the electrolyzer 173 electrically connected. Will the fuel cell unit 170 If electricity is supplied from the decentralized photovoltaic system, this electricity can either be from the electrolyser 173 for splitting water, but also for operating the compressor 116 , the exhaust fan 104 and the supply air fan 108 be used. To this end, the fuel cell unit 170 another power connection 176 on, the one with the compressor 116 is coupled. Generates the fuel cell 171 Electricity, this can be done via the power connection 176 also to the compressor 116 as well as the exhaust fan 104 and the supply air fan 108 be handed in.

In addition, the power connection 176 be connected to a battery, not shown here, for temporarily storing the electrical energy.

The fuel cell unit 170 can also be placed in the housing 150 be integrated, especially together with the supply unit 152 . However, it is also possible to use the fuel cell unit 170 to be designed as a modular unit that has its own housing that is connected to the housing 150 can be suitably releasably connected. Alternatively, the fuel cell unit is 170 separate and separate from the air conditioner 100 intended. For example, the fuel cell unit 170 each with the third heat exchanger of two or more separate air conditioning units 100 be connected, for example, air conditioning a common interior.

The third heat exchanger 111 uses in 7th embodiment shown the waste heat of the fuel cell 171 and / or the electrolyzer 173 if this is available. The fuel cell 171 thus generates both electricity and heat. The electricity is used for the compressor 116 and uses the fans of the convector unit, while the waste heat from the fuel cell warms the outside air. This has the advantage that a reliable supply is guaranteed even at very low outside temperatures. There is therefore no dependence on the outside temperature.

For the storage of the required hydrogen can be used as a hydrogen storage 172 a steel bottle can be provided, which can be arranged, for example, below the convector unit and the supply unit. The fuel cell 171 is typically dimensioned in such a way that it is necessary for the operation of the supply unit 152 and the convector unit 151 can provide required electrical power. Because the outside air is preheated by the waste heat from the fuel cell 171 the required output of the heat pump can be designed to be smaller and thus the power consumption of the compressor 116 be reduced.

List of reference symbols

100

Air conditioner

101

Exhaust air filter

102

Air recirculation flap on room side

103

Circulating air flap outside

103a

Recirculation flap

104

Exhaust fan

105

first heat exchanger (evaporator / condenser)

106

Exhaust air damper

107

second heat exchanger (condenser / evaporator)

108

Supply air fan

109

Recirculation flap (room side)

110

Recirculation flap (outside)

111

third heat exchanger (hot gas)

112

Outside air filter

113

Outside air damper

114

first recirculation bypass (room side / indoor air side)

115

second recirculation bypass (outside air side)

116

compressor

117

Liquid separator

118

4-way reversing valve

119, 126, 128

check valve

120

Collector

121

Filter drier

122

Sight glass

123

magnetic valve

124, 127

Expansion valve

125

Valve unit

130

Supply air duct

140

Exhaust duct

150

casing

151

Convector unit

152

Supply unit

170

Fuel cell unit

171

PEM fuel cell

172

H2 storage

173

PEM electrolyser

174

Heat exchanger water / water

175

Water connection convector unit

176

Power connection to the compressor

177

Power connection to the decentralized photovoltaic system

201

Indoor air side

202

Outside air side

Claims (18)

Decentralized device for air conditioning and ventilation of individual interior spaces, comprising: a housing (150); • a convector unit (151) accommodated in the housing (150) and having an inside air side (201) and an outside air side (202), comprising: o a supply air duct (130) for supplying outside air as supply air into an interior space, and o one to the supply air duct (130) ) separate exhaust air duct (140) for discharging indoor air as exhaust air to the outside; • a supply unit (152) accommodated in the housing (150), comprising: o having a refrigerant circuit • a refrigerant, • a compressor (116) for compressing the refrigerant, and • a 4-way reversing valve (118) for controlling a flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit in order to switch the refrigerant circuit between heating mode for heating the supply air and cooling mode for cooling the supply air ; • a first air-refrigerant heat exchanger (105), which is arranged in the exhaust air duct (140) on the outside air side (202) of the exhaust air duct (140) and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat transfer between the exhaust air and the refrigerant second air-refrigerant heat exchanger (107), which is arranged in the supply air duct (130) on the inside air side (201) of the supply air duct (130) and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat transfer between the supply air and the refrigerant, • a third air -Coolant heat exchanger (111), which is arranged in the supply air duct (130) on the outside air side (202) of the supply air duct (130) and enables the supply air to be preheated, and • a fuel cell unit (170) with a fuel cell (171) and a waste heat circuit for dissipating waste heat that occurs when the fuel cell (171) is operated, the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111) is coupled to the waste heat circuit, and wherein the fuel cell unit (170) is housed in a separate housing. Decentralized device according to Claim 1 wherein the convector unit (151) does not have an air-to-air heat exchanger for transferring heat from the exhaust air to the supply air. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111) is connected to the refrigerant circuit and, viewed in the flow direction of the refrigerant in the heating mode, is downstream of the compressor (116) in terms of flow, and the second air-refrigerant heat exchanger (107 ) is downstream of the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111) in terms of flow. Decentralized device according to Claim 3 , wherein the refrigerant circuit furthermore has a valve unit (125) which is controllable in such a way that the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111) is flowed through by the refrigerant in the heating mode, and in the cooling mode the flow of refrigerant through the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger ( 111) but prevents it. Decentralized device according to Claim 3 or 4th , whereby in heating mode the first heat exchanger (105) serves as an evaporator and extracts heat from the exhaust air, the third heat exchanger (111) serves as a hot gas heat exchanger and preheats the outside air drawn in from outside, and the second heat exchanger (107), which is located in the supply air duct 130) is downstream of the third heat exchanger (111) in terms of flow, serves as a condenser and heats the supply air to a target temperature. Decentralized device according to one of the Claims 3 to 5 , wherein in cooling mode the first heat exchanger (105) serves as a condenser and transfers heat to the exhaust air, the third heat exchanger (111) is separated from the refrigerant circuit, and the second heat exchanger (107) serves as an evaporator and cools the supply air to a target temperature. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in cooling mode the first heat exchanger (105) serves as a condenser and transfers heat to the exhaust air, the third heat exchanger (111) is separated from the waste heat circuit or the waste heat circuit is deactivated, and the second heat exchanger (107) serves as an evaporator and cools the supply air to a target temperature. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the housing (150) has fastening interfaces for fastening on or in ceilings, walls or floors of an interior space of a building to be air-conditioned. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the housing (150) has an exhaust air connection and an outside air connection. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the housing (150) has a common interior space for accommodating the convector unit (151) and the supply unit (152) in the common interior space. Decentralized device according to one of the Claims 1 to 9 , wherein the housing (150) is of modular construction and has a first housing part and a second housing part detachably connected to the first housing part, the first housing part having an interior space in which the convector unit (151) and the first, second and third air ducts Refrigerant heat exchangers (105, 107, 111) are accommodated, and the second housing part has an interior that is structurally separated from the interior of the first housing part and in which the supply unit (152) is accommodated. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the convector unit (151) in the supply air duct (130) has a supply air fan (108) for sucking in outside air, which in terms of flow in the supply air duct (130) is between the second air-refrigerant heat exchanger (107) and the third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111) is arranged. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the convector unit (151) in the exhaust air duct (140) has an exhaust air fan (104) for sucking in exhaust air, which is arranged in the exhaust air duct (140) in terms of flow before the first air-refrigerant heat exchanger (105) . Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the convector unit (151) further comprises: • a controllable first circulating air bypass (114) arranged on the inside air side (201) for fluidic connection of the exhaust air duct (140) with the supply air duct (130) in order to supply exhaust air to the supply air if necessary, and • a controllable second circulating air bypass (115) arranged on the outside air side (202) for fluidic connection of the exhaust air duct (140) with the supply air duct (130) in order to supply outside air to the exhaust air if necessary. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the compressor (116) operates with an extra-low voltage and the supply unit (152) has a power connection (176) for supplying the compressor (116) with an extra-low voltage. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising a battery for storing electrical energy and for supplying the compressor (116) with electrical energy. Decentralized device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fuel cell unit (170) is used to provide electrical energy for the compressor (116). System for air conditioning of interiors, comprising: at least two decentralized devices (100) and a fuel cell unit (170) with a fuel cell (171) and a waste heat circuit for removing waste heat from the fuel cell (171), each distributed device (100) comprising: • a housing (150); • a convector unit (151) accommodated in the housing (150) and having an inside air side (201) and an outside air side (202), comprising: o a supply air duct (130) for supplying outside air as supply air into an interior space, and o an exhaust air channel (140) separate from the supply air channel (130) for discharging indoor air as exhaust air to the outside; and • a supply unit (152) accommodated in the housing (150), comprising: o a refrigerant circuit with • a refrigerant, • a compressor (116) for compressing the refrigerant, and • a 4-way reversing valve (118) for controlling a flow direction of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit in order to switch the refrigerant circuit between heating mode for heating the supply air and cooling mode for cooling the supply air; • a first air-refrigerant heat exchanger (105) which is arranged in the exhaust air duct (140) on the outside air side (202) of the exhaust air duct (140) and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat to be transferred between the exhaust air and the refrigerant, • a second air-refrigerant heat exchanger (107), which is arranged in the supply air duct (130) on the inside air side (201) of the supply air duct (130) and is fluidically connected to the refrigerant circuit and enables heat transfer between the supply air and the refrigerant, • a third air-refrigerant heat exchanger (111), which is arranged in the supply air duct (130) on the outside air side (202) of the supply air duct (130) and enables the supply air to be preheated, and the waste heat circuit in each case with the third air-refrigerant Heat exchanger (111) of the at least two decentralized devices (100) is fluidically connected.

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