DE102018212567B3 - High-voltage battery with test device and motor vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a high-voltage battery (1) for a motor vehicle with a plurality of prismatic battery cells (2) and a plurality of cell coupling devices (7) each having a cell connector (6) interconnecting two adjacent battery cells (2) and one each between cell casings (4) of the two battery cells (2) arranged spacers (3), wherein at least one battery cell (2) and the associated cell coupling device (7) each form a transmission unit (13), and a test device (12) for detecting battery cell specific values of at least one state variable of the high-voltage battery (1 by transmitting a test signal via the cell connectors (6) of the transmission units (13) and receiving a response signal with responses of the transmission units (13) to the test signal, wherein the cell coupling means for forming state-dependent and transmission-specific spatially resolved responses in the response signal (7) of at least two transmission units (13) are formed with state variables dependent and at a reference value of the state variable different impedances. The invention also relates to a motor vehicle.

Description

The invention relates to a high-voltage battery for a motor vehicle having a plurality of prismatic battery cells and a plurality of cell coupling devices each having a two adjacent battery cell interconnecting cell connector and a respective cell cell between the two battery cells arranged spacers and a test device for detecting battery cell specific values of at least one state variable of the high-voltage battery. The invention also relates to a motor vehicle.

In the present case, the interest is directed in particular to high-voltage batteries or high-voltage accumulators for electrically driven motor vehicles, for example electric or hybrid vehicles. Such high-voltage batteries have a plurality of battery cells, which are usually arranged in cell connections and are interconnected via cell connectors to battery modules. The battery cells may, for example, be prismatic lithium-ion cells and be arranged in a battery housing of the high-voltage battery. Spacers or spacers may be arranged between the battery cells for electrical insulation of the usually metallic cell housing of two adjacent battery cells.

During operation of the high-voltage battery, the battery cells are usually monitored. For this purpose, the battery cells can be equipped with sensors, for example with temperature sensors and pressure sensors, and be coupled via measuring lines to a central evaluation device of the high-voltage battery. Since this variant requires both an elaborate wiring and a complex insulation due to the high voltage differences between the battery cells, proposes the DE 10 2015 208 464 A1 an accumulator arrangement with a plurality of interconnected accumulator cells and with a network of several network nodes. In each case, a network node of an accumulator cell is connected in parallel. The network is configured to transmit a test signal through a power supply line of the accumulator assembly and through the accumulator cells. Based on a signal response to the test signal transmitted from a first network node to a second network node, an impedance analysis can be performed to determine a state of the battery cells connected to the second network node. This results in the disadvantage that one network node per cell is necessary to determine the cell-specific state of an accumulator cell.

It is the object of the present invention to be able to determine cell-specific states of battery cells of a high-voltage battery of a motor vehicle in a particularly simple and reliable manner.

This object is achieved by a high-voltage battery and a motor vehicle with the features according to the respective independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims, the description and the figures.

A high-voltage battery according to the invention for a motor vehicle comprises a plurality of prismatic battery cells and a plurality of cell coupling devices. The cell coupling devices each have a cell connector interconnecting two adjacent battery cells and in each case a spacer arranged between cell housings of the two battery cells. At least one battery cell and the associated cell coupling device each form a transmission unit. The high-voltage battery further comprises a test device for detecting battery cell-specific values of at least one state variable of the high-voltage battery by transmitting a test signal through the cell connectors of the transmission units and receiving a reaction signal with responses of the transmission units to the test signal. In this case, to form state-dependent and transmission-specific, spatially resolved reactions in the reaction signal, the cell coupling devices of at least two transmission units with state variables-dependent and different impedances at a reference value of the state variable are formed. The test device is designed to assign the reactions in the received reaction signal to the transmission units and to determine battery cell-specific values of the state variable on the basis of the associated reactions.

The high-voltage battery is in particular a traction battery for an electrically driven motor vehicle and has a plurality of battery cells. The battery cells are prismatic battery cells with flat cuboid cell housings, which can be stacked along a stacking direction to cell stacks and can be interconnected via the cell connectors to battery modules. The battery modules can then be connected via module connectors to the high-voltage battery. For electrically insulating the particular metallic cell housing and / or for enabling cellular respiration or cell expansion of the battery cells during operation of the high-voltage battery, a spacer or spacer is provided between the battery cells. For example, the spacer is positioned between cell walls of two adjacent cell housings that are facing each other. Along the stacking direction, a battery cell and a spacer are thus alternately arranged per battery module.

A cell connector and a spacer of a battery cell pair form a cell coupling device. The cell connector forms a first coupling path of the cell coupling device and the spacer forms a second coupling path of the cell coupling device. The cell coupling device has an impedance that is dependent on an impedance of the cell connector and an impedance of the spacer. Through the cell coupling devices and the battery cells transmission units can be formed. In this case, it can be provided, for example, that in each case a battery cell and a cell coupling device form a transmission unit or that all battery cells and cell coupling devices of a battery module form a transmission unit.

The testing device now transmits an input signal in the form of the test signal through all transmission units and receives it as an output signal in the form of the reaction signal again. For example, the checking device may have a first connected network node, which is connected on the input side to a transmission system formed by the transmission units, and a second network node, which is connected to the transmission system on the output side, wherein the test signal is transmitted from the first network node to the second network node , It can also be provided that the test device has a central network node which is connected in parallel to the transmission system formed by the transmission units and is thus connected on the input side and output side to the transmission system.

In this case, the test signal via the power supply lines, so the cell connectors, the battery cells are transmitted, and also the spacers and the battery cells are in a transmission path of the test signal. Such signal transmission via the power supply lines is also referred to as "power line communication". The test signal may for example have a frequency spectrum of frequencies in a range between 1 MHz and 30 MHz. The responses of the transmission units to the test signal occur as responses in the response signal and are dependent on a state of the battery cell (s) of the respective transmission unit. The test signal is in particular a signal of a transfer function analysis and / or a frequency response analysis. For example, as the response of a transmission unit, a state variable displacement of a resonance frequency, a state variable change of a damping behavior, or the like can be detected. This can also be called "Channel Sounding". In order to be able to determine values of the at least one state variable based on the reactions and to be able to assign the values to the specific battery cells, at least one cell coupling device is functionalized per transmission unit.

For this purpose, the impedances of the cell coupling devices are first formed as a function of the at least one state variable of the battery cells to be detected, so that the impedance-dependent response is dependent on the state variable of the battery cell. Thus, when the state quantity of the battery cell changes, the impedance of the adjacent cell coupling device and thus the impedance of the transmission unit changes, which is detectable in the reaction signal on the basis of the reaction dependent on the impedance of the transmission unit. Thus, the value of the state variable can be determined on the basis of the reaction. In order to be able to assign the reactions in the reaction signal to the respective transmission units, the cell coupling devices of at least two transmission units have different, transmission unit-specific impedances at the reference value of the state variable, ie different basic impedances. As a result of the different basic impedances, the reactions occur at different points which can be assigned to the cell coupling devices and thus to the transmission units in the reaction signal and are thus spatially resolved.

It can be provided, for example, that all cell coupling devices within a battery module have different basic impedances, so that the specific, individual state of all battery cells within a battery module can be determined. For this purpose, the test device can be connected to the module terminals, for example, which are electrically connected to the cell connectors, and transmit the test signal through all the battery cells of the battery module.

The transmission system thus includes the battery cells of a battery module. However, it can also be provided that the cell coupling devices of a first battery module have a first basic impedance and the cell coupling devices of a second battery module have a second basic impedance. As a result, the battery cell-specific value of the state variable characterizes a state of the respective battery module. For this purpose, the test device can be connected, for example, to the high-voltage battery terminals, which are electrically connected to the module terminals. The transmission system thus includes several battery modules.

The high-voltage battery thus advantageously enables a cell-individual measurement of state variables without additional cabling effort. By functionalizing the cell coupling devices, it is possible to differentiate between the individual battery cells in the case of the determined state variables or measured variables of the state, so that the necessity of one network node per battery cell is also eliminated. This can reduce costs. Also can be increased by improved monitoring of the battery cells, a power of the high-voltage battery.

Preferably, the impedances of the cell coupling devices are dependent on a temperature and / or pressure, such that the testing device is configured to detect, as the values of the at least one state variable, cell coupling device specific temperature values and / or cell coupling device specific pressure values and to associate the corresponding battery cells with the respective cell coupling devices. By monitoring the temperature, for example, overheating of the battery cells can be prevented. By monitoring the pressure or cell pressure of the battery cells, an age or operational expansion of the cell housing can be monitored. Since a battery cell usually expands during charging, a state of charge of the battery cell can also be estimated by detecting the pressure from the test device.

It can also be provided that the impedance of the cell coupling device of a first transmission unit is dependent on a first state variable and the impedance of the cell coupling device of a second transmission unit is dependent on a second state variable. A value of the first state variable, for example the temperature, can therefore be detected via the reaction of the first transmission unit, and therefore a value of the second state variable, for example the pressure, can be detected via the reaction of the second transmission unit. For example, the cell coupling devices whose impedances depend on the different state variables can be used alternately per battery module, so that several values for the first state variable and several values for the second state variable can be detected per battery module.

It proves to be advantageous if different values of the at least one state variable are assigned predetermined comparison reactions, wherein the test device is designed to determine the values of the at least one state variable on the basis of the reactions of the detected reaction signal and the comparison reactions. For example, several comparison reactions may be predetermined, which characterize different cell temperatures and / or intracellular pressures. By comparing a detected and a battery cell associated reaction with a comparison reaction, the current cell temperature and / or the current cell internal pressure can be determined. The comparison reactions can be stored, for example, in a data memory of the high-voltage battery. Thus, the state of the battery cells can be determined in a particularly simple and fast manner.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the impedances of the cell coupling devices, which are different at the reference value of the state variable, are designed such that the cell coupling devices have different resonance frequencies. In order to be able to assign the reactions in the reaction signal to the respective transmission units, the cell coupling devices of at least two transmission units have the different, transmission unit-specific resonance frequencies at the reference value of the state variable, for example at a specific reference temperature and / or a specific reference cell internal pressure. Due to the different resonance frequencies, the reactions occur at different frequencies that can be assigned to the transmission units in the reaction signal. For example, a resonant frequency shifted with respect to the resonance frequency at the reference value can then be detected as the state-size-dependent reaction. From this shift, it can be determined how the value of the state variable has changed with respect to the reference value, so that the current value of the state variable can be determined. Alternatively, the different impedances of the cell coupling devices that are different at the reference value of the state variable are designed in such a way that the cell coupling devices have different damping properties.

It can be provided that for forming the different resonance frequencies of the cell coupling devices, the cell coupling devices are designed with different inductances, wherein the respective inductance of a cell coupling device is predetermined by adjusting an inductance of the cell connector and / or the spacer. In particular, the spacers for adjusting the inductance of the spacers and thus the inductance of the cell coupling devices each have different amounts of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. The resonant frequency of a transmission unit is thus adjusted via the inductance of the cell coupling device. For example, the cell coupling device of the first transmission unit has a first inductance and the cell coupling device of the at least one second Transmission unit on a second inductance. In this case, the inductance of the cell coupling device can be adjusted by modifying the cell connectors and / or by modifying the spacers. For example, by the amount of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a spacer a permeability of the spacer and thus its inductance can be adjusted.

mit $$\text{A}=\text{A1}+\text{A2}$$

It can also be provided that for forming the different resonance frequencies of the cell coupling devices, the cell coupling devices are designed with different capacities, wherein the capacities of the cell coupling devices are predetermined by respectively different area sizes of the spacers. Mutually facing cell walls of the battery cells form plates of a plate capacitor, wherein the spacer forms a dielectric of the plate capacitor. The capacitance of a plate capacitor is dependent on the permittivity of the dielectric, a distance of the plates formed by the cell walls, and a surface of the plate capacitor. This area of the plate capacitor can be used to adjust the resonant frequency, for example by having the spacers have specific punched holes. Thus, an area A of the plate capacitor is made up of a surface A1 with spacers and a surface A2 without spacer (with air) together (formula 2). This sets the capacity C of the plate capacitor from one of the permittivity of the spacer ε1 dependent partial capacity C1 and a partial capacity dependent on the permittivity of air ε2 (eg ε2 = 1) in the areas of the punch-outs C2 together (Formula 1). The partial capacities C1 and C2 are also dependent on a distance d the plates and the dielectric constant ε0 , $$\text{C}=\text{C1}\left(\text{A1}\right)+\text{C2}\left(\text{A2}\right)=\mathrm{\epsilon 0}*\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="\epsilon "\; filenames="DE102018212567B3\_0003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\epsilon </figure-callout>}\text{1}*\text{A1 / d}+=\mathrm{\epsilon 0}*\mathrm{\epsilon 2}*\text{A2}/\text{d}$$

With $$\text{A}=\text{A1}+\text{A2}$$

By the number and / or size of the punched out can the relationship of the surfaces A1 and A2 and adjusting the resulting resonant frequency to different values assignable to the cell coupling devices.

In a development of the invention, the spacers with at least one state variable-dependent property are designed to form the cell coupling devices with the state variable-dependent impedances. Thus, the impedance of the already existing spacer is made dependent on the at least one state variable to be measured. From the functionalization of already existing components, namely the spacers, there is the advantage that a space of the high-voltage battery is not affected or increased.

In one embodiment of the invention, two battery cells are capacitively coupled via the spacers disposed therebetween, and as the at least one state variable-dependent property of the spacer, a permittivity and / or a thickness of the spacer is formed depending on the at least one state quantity to be detected. As previously described, facing cell walls and the spacer therebetween form a plate capacitor. For example, it can be provided that the permittivity is temperature-dependent, so that the dielectric properties of the spacer and thus the capacitance of the plate capacitor in dependence on the temperature, in particular the cell temperature of the adjacent battery cell (s), can change. Alternatively or additionally, the spacer may be formed from an elastic material whose thickness changes when the battery cell expands, for example due to an increasing internal cell pressure. Upon expansion of the battery cell, the spacer is compressed, whereby the distance of the cell walls to each other and thus change the capacity of the plate capacitor.

In a further embodiment of the invention, coupling surfaces are arranged on facing cell walls of two battery cells, which are resistively coupled via the spacers arranged therebetween, and as the at least one state variable-dependent property of the spacer, an electrical conductivity of the spacer is formed depending on the at least one state variable to be detected , The coupling surfaces lie on one of a potential of the cell housing different potential to galvanically separate the cell housing of the adjacent battery cells from each other. For example, the spacer can be formed from a polymer composite with carbon nanotubes, the electrical conductivity of which changes in particular during compression. Thus, for example, an altered conductivity resulting from a cell expansion of a transmission unit can be detected on the basis of the reaction in the reaction signal and assigned to a specific pressure value of the extended battery cell.

In a further embodiment of the invention, two battery cells are inductively coupled via the spacers arranged therebetween, and as the at least one state variable-dependent Property of the spacer is a permeability of the spacer depending on the state quantity to be detected. For this purpose, a material of the spacer can be formed with the ferromagnetic nanoparticles whose ferromagnetic properties are temperature-dependent. Thus, the permeability of the spacer changes with temperature change, which is measurable on the basis of the reaction signal.

It proves to be advantageous if at least one of the spacers is designed to receive a fluid which changes the impedance of the cell coupling device, the test device being designed to detect the presence of the liquid in the high-voltage battery on the basis of the reaction of the cell coupling device. In particular, the spacer for receiving the liquid has at least one pore and / or an absorbent material. For example, it may be provided that a clear separation between moisture and temperature influence is possible, for example by using some spacers only for temperature detection and some spacers for moisture detection. For example, one spacer could be designed to be open-pored while another spacer is tightly sealed. Also different materials for the spacers can be selected.

A motor vehicle according to the invention comprises a high-voltage battery according to the invention. The motor vehicle is designed in particular as an electric or hybrid vehicle.

The embodiments presented with respect to the high-voltage battery according to the invention and their advantages apply correspondingly to the motor vehicle according to the invention.

Further features of the invention will become apparent from the claims, the figures and the description of the figures. The features and combinations of features mentioned above in the description as well as the features and feature combinations mentioned below in the description of the figures and / or shown alone in the figures can be used not only in the respectively indicated combination but also in other combinations or in isolation.

The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to a preferred embodiment and with reference to the drawings.

• 1 eine schematische Perspektivdarstellung von Komponenten einer Hochvoltbatterie gemäß einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung;
• 2 eine schematische Draufsicht auf die Hochvoltbatterie;
• 3 ein Ersatzschaltbild von zwei Batteriezellen und einem Zellkopplungselement;
• 4 bis 6 schematische Darstellungen von Kopplungsvarianten bei Batteriezellen und Abstandshaltern.

Show it:

• 1 a schematic perspective view of components of a high-voltage battery according to an embodiment of the invention;
• 2 a schematic plan view of the high-voltage battery;
• 3 an equivalent circuit diagram of two battery cells and a cell coupling element;
• 4 to 6 schematic representations of coupling variants in battery cells and spacers.

In the figures, identical and functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference numerals.

1 shows components of a high-voltage battery 1 for an electrically driven motor vehicle. In 2 is the high-voltage battery 1 shown in a plan view. The high-voltage battery 1 has several, along a stacking direction S stacked prismatic battery cells 2 on. Between the battery cells 2 are spacers 3 arranged, which are designed, for example, metallic cell housing 4 the battery cells 2 electrically isolate. For interconnecting the battery cells 2 are cell poles 5a . 5b the battery cells 2 via cell connectors 6 electrically connected to each other. Here are the battery cells 2 connected in series, so that in each case a positive cell pole 5a a battery cell 2 with a negative cell pole 5b an adjacent battery cell 2 electrically connected. A cell connector 6 which two battery cells 2 interconnected, as well as between these battery cells 2 arranged spacers 3 form a cell coupling device 7 out.

In 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram, especially for a frequency range> 1 kHz, two battery cells 2 and a cell coupling device 7 illustrated in which the two battery cells 2 via respective cell models 8th and the intervening cell coupling device 7 via a coupling model 9 are described. The cell model 8th includes a three-pole with the individual impedances Zpos . Zneg . Zcont , The impedances Zpos . Zneg describe a path between the respective positive cell pole 5a and the negative cell pole 5b the battery cell 2 , The impedances Zpos . Zneg For example, include an internal resistance of the battery cell 2 , an inductance of a cell coil of the battery cell 2 and a coupling capacity between the cell coil and the cell case 4 , The impedance Zcont includes, for example, a specific resistivity of the cell housing 4 and a parasitic inductance of the cell housing 4 , A coupling capacity Cm describes the coupling between the cell housing 4 and another component of the high-voltage battery 1 For example, a cooler. The coupling model 9 includes two coupling paths 10 . 11 , wherein the first coupling path 10 the cell connector 6 includes. The cell connector 6 is described here about the impedance Zconn. The second coupling path 11 includes the spacer 3 , which here about the impedance Zspacer is described. The impedance Zconn and the impedance Zspacer form an impedance of the cell coupling device 7 out.

The battery cells 2 should now in operation of the high-voltage battery 1 be monitored. This is intended for the battery cells 2 a respective value of a state variable, for example a cell temperature value and / or a pressure value, can be determined. On the basis of these values of the state variable, it is then possible for example to determine a respective state of charge and a respective state of aging of the battery cells 2 be determined. This includes the high-voltage battery 1 a testing device 12 , which are parallel to the series circuit of battery cells 2 is switched (see 2 ). The testing device 12 is designed to be a test signal through the battery cells 2 transferred to. The battery cells form 2 with their cell coupling devices 7 transmission units 13 from which the test signal is transmitted. Here each form a battery cell 2 and an adjacent cell coupling device 7 a transmission unit 13 out. The testing device 12 transmits the test signal, which has a frequency spectrum, in particular between 1 MHz and 30 MHz, via the cell connectors 6 and thus the power supply lines of the high-voltage battery 1 , This is also known as Power Line Communication (PLC). The battery cells are lying 2 as well as the spacers 3 in the transmission path of the test signal and affect a transmission of the test signal. From the test facility 12 a reaction signal is detected, which reactions of the transmission units 13 has on the test signal.

The reaction of the transmission unit 13 is dependent on their impedance and thus also on the impedance of the cell coupling device 7 , This impedance of the cell coupling devices 7 is now condition-dependent, for example, temperature-dependent and / or pressure-dependent formed. So change with a change in the state of a battery cell 2 the impedance of the cell coupling device 7 and thus the reaction of the transmission unit 13 , For example, as the reaction, a current attenuation of the transmission unit, a current signal-to-noise ratio, a current resonance frequency or the like can be detected. This reaction can be compared with a predetermined comparison reaction, which are associated with specific values of the state variable.

To the reactions to the different transmission units 13 In the case of a reference value of the state variable, these have different impedances, referred to here as basic impedances. For example, the transmission units 13 have different resonance frequencies at the reference value. This can be done for each transmission unit 13 a specific, distinguishable resonance frequency can be specified, for example by the associated cell coupling devices 7 be formed with specific, distinguishable inductances at the reference value. For example, the inductance across the impedance Zconn of the cell connectors 6 be set. Also, a capacity of the transmission unit 13 over the spacer 3 be set.

4 shows, for example, that cell walls 14 . 15 the cell case 4 two adjacent battery cells 2a . 2 B as well as the spacer 3 form a plate capacitor. The battery cells 2a . 2 B So are about the spacer 3 capacitively coupled, with a capacity C1 the plate capacitor here the impedance Zspacer of the spacer 3 formed. A capacity C1 of the plate capacitor depends on the permittivity of the spacer 3 and from a distance of the cell walls 14 . 15 which form plates of the plate capacitor. For example, if the permittivity is temperature dependent, then the capacity is C1 the plate capacitor and thus the impedance of the cell coupling device 7 temperature dependent. If the spacer 3 is formed elastically, so is a thickness of the spacer 3 depending on a plate spacing of the cell walls 14 . 15 , When the cell walls 14 . 15 For example, due to the expansion of one of the battery cells 2a . 2 B move towards each other, compress the spacer 3 and thus change its thickness.

5 shows a resistive coupling within the transmission unit 13 over the spacer 3 , The spacer forms 3 an electrically conductive layer 16 with a resistance R out. For electrically isolating the cell walls 14 . 15 is between the electrically conductive layer 16 and the respective cell wall 14 . 15 a coupling surface 17 , For example, a laminate arranged. As a result, the cell walls form 14 . 15 and the electrically conductive layer 16 Plate capacitors with capacities C2 out. The capacities C2 and the resistance R the electrically conductive layer 16 here form the impedance Zspacer of the spacer 3 out. The resistance R or the electrical conductivity of the layer 16 may be temperature dependent, for example.

6 shows a capacitive and inductive coupling of the battery cells 2 , The spacer 3 forms a layer 18 with a state-size-dependent dielectric property. At the cell walls 14 . 15 is in each case an electrically insulating coupling surface 19 arranged. The layer 18 and the coupling surfaces 19 form three serial plate capacitors C3 . C4 , where the capacity C4 due to the state-size dependent dielectric property of the layer 18 State size is formed dependent. In addition, the spacer has 3 a predetermined set inductance L on. Through this inductance L has the coupling device 7 a certain inductance, whereby the associated transmission unit 13 has a specific, distinguishable resonant frequency. The inductance L For example, it may have a specific amount of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in the layer 18 be set.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

High-voltage battery

2, 2a, 2b

battery cells

3

spacer

4

cell case

5a, 5b

cell poles

6

cell connectors

7

Cell coupling device

8th

cell model

9

coupling model

10, 11

coupling paths

12

test equipment

13

transmission unit

14, 15

cell walls

16, 18

layers

17, 19

coupling surfaces

S

stacking direction

Zpos, Zneg, Zcont, Zcont, Zspacer

impedances

Cm, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6

capacities

R

resistance

L

inductance

Claims (16)

High-voltage battery (1) for a motor vehicle with - a plurality of prismatic battery cells (2) and a plurality of cell coupling devices (7) each having a two adjacent battery cells (2) interconnecting cell connector (6) and one between cell housings (4) of the two battery cells (2) arranged spacers (3), wherein at least one Battery cell (2) and the associated cell coupling device (7) each form a transmission unit (13), and - A test device (12) for detecting battery cell specific values of at least one state variable of the high-voltage battery (1) by transmitting a test signal via the cell connector (6) of the transmission units (13) and receiving a reaction signal with responses of the transmission units (13) to the test signal, for forming state-dependent and transmission-specific, spatially resolved responses in the response signal, the cell coupling means (7) are formed by at least two transmission units (13) having state variables and different impedances at a reference value of the state variable, and wherein the test means (12) is adapted to monitor the responses in the received reaction signal to assign the transmission units (13) and to determine based on the associated reactions battery cell specific values of the state variable. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 1 , characterized in that the test signal is the signal of a transfer function analysis and / or a frequency response analysis. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the impedances of the cell coupling means (7) are dependent on temperature and / or pressure such that the testing means (12) is adapted to detect as the values of the at least one state variable cell coupling device specific temperature values and / or cell coupling device specific pressure values and to associate with the respective cell coupling means (7) corresponding battery cells (2). High-voltage battery (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impedance of the cell coupling device (7) of a first transmission unit (13) is dependent on a first state variable and the impedance of the cell coupling device (7) of a second transmission unit (13) depending on a second state variable. High-voltage battery (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that different values of the at least one state variable are assigned predetermined Vergleichreaktionen, wherein the test device (12) is adapted to the values of the at least one state variable based on the reactions of the detected reaction signal and the comparison reactions to determine. High-voltage battery (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the different at the reference value of the state variable impedances of Cell coupling means (7) are formed such that the cell coupling means (7) have different resonance frequencies. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 6 characterized in that for forming the different resonance frequencies of the cell coupling devices (7) the cell coupling devices (7) are designed with different inductances, wherein the respective inductance of a cell coupling device (7) by adjusting an inductance of the cell connector (6) and / or the spacer ( 3) is given. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 7 , characterized in that the spacers (3) for adjusting the inductance of the spacers (3) and thus the inductance of the cell coupling devices (7) each have different amounts of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. High-voltage battery (1) after one of Claims 6 to 8th , characterized in that for forming the different resonance frequencies of the cell coupling means (7), the cell coupling means (7) are designed with different capacities, wherein the capacities of the cell coupling means (7) are predetermined by respective different surface sizes of the spacers (3). High-voltage battery (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for forming the cell coupling means (7) with the state variable-dependent impedances, the spacers (3) are formed with at least one state-size-dependent property. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 10 , characterized in that two battery cells (2) are capacitively coupled via the spacers (3) arranged therebetween, and the permittivity and / or a thickness of the spacer (3) depending on the at least one as the at least one state variable-dependent property of the spacer (3) is formed to be detected state variable. High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 10 or 11 , characterized in that on mutually facing cell walls (14, 15) of two battery cells (2) coupling surfaces (17) are arranged, which are resistively coupled via the spacers (3) arranged therebetween, and as the at least one state-size-dependent property of the spacer (3 ) an electrical conductivity of the spacer (3) is formed as a function of the at least one state variable to be detected. High-voltage battery (1) after one of Claims 10 to 12 , characterized in that two battery cells (2) are inductively coupled via the spacers (3) arranged therebetween and as the at least one state-size-dependent property of the spacer (3), a permeability of the spacer (3) is dependent on the state variable to be detected. High-voltage battery (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the spacers (3) is adapted to receive a the impedance of the cell coupling device (7) changing liquid, wherein the test device (12) is adapted to the reaction the cell coupling device (7) to detect the presence of the liquid in the high-voltage battery (1). High-voltage battery (1) after Claim 14 , characterized in that the spacer (3) for receiving the liquid comprises at least one pore and / or an absorbent material. Motor vehicle with a high-voltage battery (1) according to one of the preceding claims.

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