DE102018114135A1 - Method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module - Google Patents
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- DE102018114135A1 DE102018114135A1 DE102018114135.1A DE102018114135A DE102018114135A1 DE 102018114135 A1 DE102018114135 A1 DE 102018114135A1 DE 102018114135 A DE102018114135 A DE 102018114135A DE 102018114135 A1 DE102018114135 A1 DE 102018114135A1
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0488—Double glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets
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- B32B37/18—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with all layers existing as coherent layers before laminating involving the assembly of discrete sheets or panels only
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Abstract
Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Photovoltaikmoduls umfasst: Bereitstellen (S110) eines Rückseitensubstrats (110); Aufbringen (S120) von zumindest einer Photovoltaikzelle (130) auf das Rückseitensubstrats (110); Aufbringen (S130) von aushärtbarem Abstützmaterial (140) in einem Randbereich (R) seitlich neben der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle (130) auf das Rückseitensubstrat (110); Aufbringen (S140) einer Glasschicht (120) auf die Photovoltaikzelle (130) und dem Abstützmaterial (140); Aushärten (S150) des Abstützmaterial (140); und Laminieren (S160) des gestapelten Rückseitensubstrats (110), der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle (130) mit dem ausgehärteten seitlichen Abstützmaterial (140) und der Glasschicht (120). Das ausgehärtete Abstützmaterial (140) weist eine Härte auf, die einen Mindestabstand zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat (110) und der Glasschicht (120) während des Laminierens (S150) gewährleistet.A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module comprises: providing (S110) a backside substrate (110); Applying (S120) at least one photovoltaic cell (130) to the rear substrate (110); Applying (S130) curable support material (140) in an edge region (R) laterally next to the at least one photovoltaic cell (130) on the rear substrate (110); Applying (S140) a glass layer (120) to the photovoltaic cell (130) and the support material (140); Curing (S150) the support material (140); and laminating (S160) the stacked backside substrate (110), the at least one photovoltaic cell (130) with the hardened side support material (140) and the glass layer (120). The hardened support material (140) has a hardness that ensures a minimum distance between the backside substrate (110) and the glass layer (120) during lamination (S150).
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Photovoltaikmoduls und insbesondere auf ein Glas-Glas-Laminat, das durch eine Einbindung von aushärtendem Material in das Einbettungsmaterial eine Kantenverpressung des Glas-Glas-Laminats verhindert.The present invention relates to a method for producing a photovoltaic module and in particular to a glass-glass laminate, which prevents an edge compression of the glass-glass laminate by incorporating hardening material in the embedding material.
HINTERGRUNDBACKGROUND
Photovoltaikmodule werden häufig als Laminate hergestellt, wobei das Laminat beispielsweise aus einem Materialstapel mit einem Vorderseitenglas (Lichteinfallsseite), einem Einkapselungsmaterial, Photovoltaikzellen und eine stabile Rückseitenfolie gebildet wird. Darüber hinaus gibt es auch Glas-Glas-Module mit einem Vorderseitenglas und einem Rückseitenglas, zwischen denen die Photovoltaikzellen in dem Einkapselungsmaterial als Laminat eingebettet werden. Bei der Lamination kommt es häufig zu sogenannten Eckverpressungen von zumindest einem der Gläser.Photovoltaic modules are often manufactured as laminates, the laminate being formed, for example, from a material stack with a front glass (light incidence side), an encapsulation material, photovoltaic cells and a stable back film. In addition, there are also glass-glass modules with a front glass and a rear glass, between which the photovoltaic cells are embedded in the encapsulation material as a laminate. During lamination, so-called corner pressing of at least one of the glasses often occurs.
In der
Die Rückstellkräfte F bergen ein enormes Risiko, da sie die Langzeitstabilität des Photovoltaikmoduls gefährden. So können sich zum Beispiel in einem Abstand L vom Rand Hohlräume
Diese unerwünschten Verspannungen treten insbesondere an den zellfreien Eckbereichen des Moduls auf, sodass dort die Gefahr der Risse oder Hohlräume
Dieses Problem wurde bisher dadurch gelöst, dass zum Beispiel Distanzleisten in der Nähe der Ränder genutzt werden (siehe
Daher besteht ein Bedarf nach verbesserten Photovoltaikmodullaminaten, die die obengenannten Probleme vermeidet.There is therefore a need for improved photovoltaic module laminates that avoid the above problems.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSUMMARY
Die oben genannte Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Photovoltaikmoduls nach Anspruch 1 und ein Photovoltaikmodul nach Anspruch 8 gelöst. Die abhängigen Ansprüche beziehen sich auf vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1.The above-mentioned object is achieved by a method for producing a photovoltaic module according to claim 1 and a photovoltaic module according to claim 8. The dependent claims relate to advantageous developments of the method according to claim 1.
Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Photovoltaikmoduls. Das Verfahren umfasst zumindest die folgenden Schritte:
- - Bereitstellen eines Rückseitensubstrats (z.B. aus Glas);
- - Aufbringen von zumindest einer Photovoltaikzelle auf das Rückseitensubstrat;
- - Aufbringen von aushärtbarem Abstützmaterial in einem Randbereich seitlich neben der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle auf das Rückseitensubstrat;
- - Aufbringen einer Glasschicht auf die Photovoltaikzelle und dem Abstützmaterial;
- - Aushärten des Abstützmaterial; und
- - Laminieren des gestapelten Rückseitensubstrats, der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle mit dem ausgehärteten seitlichen Abstützmaterial und der Glasschicht.
- - Providing a backside substrate (eg made of glass);
- - Application of at least one photovoltaic cell on the back substrate;
- - Application of hardenable support material in an edge area to the side of the at least one photovoltaic cell on the back substrate;
- - Application of a glass layer on the photovoltaic cell and the support material;
- - hardening of the support material; and
- - Laminating the stacked rear substrate, the at least one photovoltaic cell with the hardened lateral support material and the glass layer.
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, dass die Photovoltaikzellen und das Abstützmaterial auf die Glasschicht aufgebracht werden und danach das Rückseitensubstrat auf die Photovoltaikzellen und dem Abstützmaterial ausgebildet wird.It is also possible for the photovoltaic cells and the support material to be applied to the glass layer and then for the rear-side substrate to be formed on the photovoltaic cells and the support material.
Das ausgehärtete Abstützmaterial weist eine Härte auf, die einen Mindestabstand zwischen der Glasschicht und dem Rückseitensubstrat während des Laminierens gewährleistet.The cured support material has a hardness that ensures a minimum distance between the glass layer and the backside substrate during lamination.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung wird als Laminat der verpresste und abgedichtete Schichtstapel mit zumindest dem Rückseitensubstrat, einer Glasschicht, den/der Photovoltaikzelle(n), einem möglichen Einkapselungsmaterial und dem Abstandshalter bezeichnet.In the context of the present invention, the pressed and sealed layer stack with at least the rear substrate, a glass layer, the photovoltaic cell (s), a possible encapsulation material and the spacer is referred to as laminate.
Optional umfasst der Schritt des Aushärtens ein Bestrahlen des aushärtbaren Abstützmaterials, wobei insbesondere eine UV-Strahlung oder eine andere elektromagnetische Strahlung, die das Aushärten beschleunigt, genutzt werden kann. Optional ist das aushärtbare Abstützmaterial ein selbsthärtendes Material, wobei insbesondere ein Harz genutzt werden kann (z.B. ein 2-Komponentenharz). Da die Selbstaushärtung eine gewisse Zeit braucht, kann der Schritt des Aushärtens in diesem Fall durch eine zeitliche Abfolge der Schritte ausgeführt werden, bei der das Laminieren erst nach einer Aushärtung des selbsthärtenden Materials ausgeführt wird.Optionally, the hardening step comprises irradiating the hardenable support material, in particular UV radiation or another electromagnetic radiation which accelerates hardening can be used. Optionally, the hardenable support material is a self-hardening material, whereby in particular a resin can be used (e.g. a 2-component resin). In this case, since the self-hardening takes a certain time, the hardening step can be carried out by a sequence of steps in which the lamination is carried out only after the self-hardening material has hardened.
Optional umfasst der Schritt des Aufbringens des Abstützmaterials ein Aufbringen einer Paste (oder eines Gels oder eines anderen dickflüssigen Materials) in mehreren Bereichen, insbesondere in Eckbereichen des Photovoltaikmoduls. Beispielsweise kann das Abstützmaterial punktförmig mit einer Punktdichte aufgebracht werden (z.B. mittels einer oder mehrerer Düsen), wobei die Punktdichte in den Eckbereichen größer gewählt werden kann als in anderen Randbereichen des Photovoltaikmoduls. Die Stabilität der nach der Aushärtung entstehenden Abstandshalter kann an die zu erwartende Krafteinwirkung angepasst werden. Beispielsweise können in Eckbereichen mehrere Bereiche ausgebildet werden, sodass Eckverpressungen nicht auftreten können. Das Aufbringen und das Aushärten des Einbettungsmaterial kann maschinell bzw. automatisch erfolgen, sodass im Gegensatz zu konventionellen Verfahren ein manuelles Ein- und Ausbringen von Eckabstandshaltern nicht erforderlich ist.Optionally, the step of applying the support material comprises applying a paste (or a gel or another viscous material) in several areas, in particular in corner areas of the photovoltaic module. For example, the support material can be applied in a point shape with a point density (e.g. by means of one or more nozzles), the point density in the corner areas being able to be chosen larger than in other edge areas of the photovoltaic module. The stability of the spacers created after curing can be adapted to the expected force. For example, several areas can be formed in corner areas so that corner pressing cannot occur. The embedding material can be applied and hardened mechanically or automatically, so that, in contrast to conventional methods, manual insertion and removal of corner spacers is not necessary.
Optional ist des Rückseitensubstrat eine weitere Glasschicht, sodass das Photovoltaikmodul insbesondere ein Glas-Glas-Modul ist.Another glass layer of the rear substrate is optional, so that the photovoltaic module is in particular a glass-glass module.
Außerdem kann vor dem Schritt des Laminierens Einkapselungsmaterial zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasschicht aufgebracht werden, wobei das Laminieren ein zumindest teilweises Verschmelzen des Einkapselungsmaterials mit dem Abstützmaterial umfasst, um eine dichte Einbettung der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle zu erreichen. Das Einkapselungsmaterial kann beispielsweise Ethylenvinylacetat oder Silikon oder Polyvinylbutyral aufweisen.In addition, encapsulation material can be applied between the backside substrate and the glass layer prior to the lamination step, the lamination comprising at least partially fusing the encapsulation material with the support material in order to achieve a tight embedding of the at least one photovoltaic cell. The encapsulation material can include, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate or silicone or polyvinyl butyral.
Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auch auf ein Photovoltaikmodul mit einem Rückseitensubstrat und einer Glasschicht, zumindest einer Photovoltaikzelle, die zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasschicht angeordnet ist; und einem Abstandshalter aus einem aushärtbaren Material (z.B. UV-härtendes Material oder ein Harz). Der Abstandshalter ist in einem Randbereich seitlich neben der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasschicht ausgebildet, um einen Mindestabstand zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasschicht beim Laminieren zu gewährleisten.The present invention also relates to a photovoltaic module with a rear substrate and a glass layer, at least one photovoltaic cell, which is arranged between the rear substrate and the glass layer; and a spacer made of a curable material (e.g. UV curing material or a resin). The spacer is formed in an edge area laterally next to the at least one photovoltaic cell between the rear substrate and the glass layer in order to ensure a minimum distance between the rear substrate and the glass layer during lamination.
Ausführungsbeispiele der vorliegenden Erfindung lösen somit zumindest einen Teil der eingangs erwähnten Probleme dadurch, dass in den Eck- und/oder Randbereichen ein oder mehrere Regionen mit einem besonderen Abstützmaterial ausgebildet werden, die zum Beispiel als Paste oder dickflüssig aufgetragen werden und vor dem Laminieren (nach dem Aufsetzen der Glasschicht) aushärtet werden. Das Aushärten kann beispielsweise durch eine Bestrahlung mit einer UV-Strahlung (oder anderer Härtungsverfahren) geschehen. Damit wird das Abstützmaterial während der Modulherstellung derart deformiert, dass es genau die Dicke aufweist, die dem Abstand zwischen dem Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasscheibe entspricht. Die beispielhafte UV-Aushärtung fixiert diesen Abstand, sodass in der nachfolgenden Lamination Eckverpressungen vermieden werden. Dieses Verfahren kann für verschiedene Photovoltaikmodule genutzt werden und ist nicht auf einen vorbestimmten Abstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Rückseitensubstrat und der Glasscheibe eingeschränkt.Exemplary embodiments of the present invention thus solve at least some of the problems mentioned at the outset by forming one or more regions with a special supporting material in the corner and / or edge regions, which are applied, for example, as a paste or viscous and before lamination (after the glass layer) are hardened. The curing can be done, for example, by irradiation with UV radiation (or other curing processes). The support material is thus deformed during module production in such a way that it has exactly the thickness that corresponds to the distance between the rear side substrate and the glass pane. The exemplary UV curing fixes this distance, so that corner pressing is avoided in the subsequent lamination. This method can be used for various photovoltaic modules and is not restricted to a predetermined distance between the opposite rear side substrate and the glass pane.
Weitere Vorteile von Ausführungsbeispiele umfassen insbesondere:
- - Der resultierende Abstandshalter kann sich mit dem Einkapselungsmaterial derart verbinden, dass eine dichte und stabile Packung erreicht wird und somit ein zuverlässiger Schutz vor Feuchtigkeit oder Schmutz erreicht wird.
- - Es ist keine Anpassung der Werkstückabstände im Laminator erforderlich.
- - Es ermöglicht eine bessere räumliche Nutzung der Prozesskammer im Laminator.
- - Es ist keine Anpassung des Transportsystems erforderlich.
- - Es brauchen keine zusätzlichen Arbeitsschritte nach der Lamination durchgeführt werden.
- - Es ergeben sich keine optischen Nachteile.
- - Außerdem wird eine Verbesserung der Qualität des Rahmungsprozesses bei der Verwendung von viskosen Klebstoffen erreicht.
- - Ausführungsbeispiele bieten ebenfalls günstigere Prozesskosten.
- - The resulting spacer can connect to the encapsulation material in such a way that a tight and stable packing is achieved and thus reliable protection against moisture or dirt is achieved.
- - It is not necessary to adjust the workpiece distances in the laminator.
- - It allows better use of the process chamber in the laminator.
- - No adjustment of the transport system is necessary.
- - No additional work steps need to be carried out after the lamination.
- - There are no optical disadvantages.
- - In addition, an improvement in the quality of the framing process is achieved when using viscous adhesives.
- - Embodiments also offer lower process costs.
Figurenlistelist of figures
Die Ausführungsbeispiele der vorliegenden Erfindung werden besser verstanden von der folgenden detaillierten Beschreibung und den beiliegenden Zeichnungen, die jedoch nicht so verstanden werden sollten, dass sie die Offenbarung auf die spezifischen Ausführungsformen einschränkt, sondern lediglich der Erklärung und dem Verständnis dienen.
-
1 zeigt ein Photovoltaikmodul nach einem Ausführungsbeispiel der vorliegenden Erfindung. -
2A ,2B zeigen weitere Details des Auftragens des Abstützmaterials gemäß weiteren Ausführungsbeispielen. -
3 zeigt einen Flussdiagram für ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des Photovoltaikmoduls nach Ausführungsbeispielen der vorliegenden Erfindung. -
4A ,4B veranschaulicht Probleme bei der konventionellen Laminatproduktion.
-
1 shows a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
2A .2 B show further details of the application of the support material according to further embodiments. -
3 shows a flowchart for a method for producing the photovoltaic module according to embodiments of the present invention. -
4A .4B illustrates problems in conventional laminate production.
DETAILLIERTE BESCHREIBUNGDETAILED DESCRIPTION
Gemäß Ausführungsbeispielen weist der Abstandshalter
Die Dichte der punktförmigen Bereiche
- - Bereitstellen
S110 eines Rückseitensubstrats 110 ; - - Aufbringen
S120 von zumindest einerPhotovoltaikzelle 130 auf das Rückseitensubstrat 110 ; - - Aufbringen
S130 von aushärtbarem Abstützmaterial 140 in einem RandbereichR seitlich neben der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle130 auf das Rückseitensubstrat 110 ; - - Aufbringen
S140 einerGlasschicht 120 auf diePhotovoltaikzelle 130 und dem Abstützmaterial 140 ; - - Aushärten
S150 desAbstützmaterial 140 ; und - - Laminieren
S160 der gestapelten Rückseitensubstrats110 , der zumindest einen Photovoltaikzelle130 mit dem ausgehärteten seitlichen Abstützmaterial140 und derGlasschicht 120 .
- - Provide
S110 abackside substrate 110 ; - - Apply
S120 of at least onephotovoltaic cell 130 on theback substrate 110 ; - - Apply
S130 ofcurable support material 140 in an edge areaR to the side of the at least onephotovoltaic cell 130 on theback substrate 110 ; - - Apply
S140 a layer ofglass 120 on thephotovoltaic cell 130 and thesupport material 140 ; - - Harden
S150 of thesupport material 140 ; and - - Laminate
S160 the stackedbackside substrate 110 who have at least onephotovoltaic cell 130 with the hardenedlateral support material 140 and theglass layer 120 ,
Die Prozessierung kann auch umgekehrt erfolgen, sodass der Schichtstapel beginnend mit der Glasschicht
Das Abstützmaterial
Bei weiteren Ausführungsbeispielen kann das Abstützmaterial
Die in der Beschreibung, den Ansprüchen und den Figuren offenbarten Merkmale der Erfindung können sowohl einzeln als auch in beliebiger Kombination für die Verwirklichung der Erfindung wesentlich sein. The features of the invention disclosed in the description, the claims and the figures can be essential for realizing the invention both individually and in any combination.
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
- 110110
- Rückseitensubstrat (weitere Glasschicht)Backside substrate (further glass layer)
- 120120
- Glasschichtglass layer
- 130, 410130, 410
- zumindest eine Photovoltaikzelleat least one photovoltaic cell
- 140140
- aushärtbares Abstützmaterialcurable support material
- 141, 142, 143141, 142, 143
- Bereiche mit punktförmig aufgebrachtem AbstützmaterialAreas with punctiform support material
- 401401
- VorderseitenglasFront glass
- 402402
- RückseitensubstratRear substrate
- 430430
- Einkapselungsmaterialencapsulant
- RR
- Randbereichborder area
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is only included for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturPatent literature cited
- DE 10050612 A1 [0007]DE 10050612 A1 [0007]
Claims (8)
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DE102018114135.1A DE102018114135A1 (en) | 2018-06-13 | 2018-06-13 | Method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module |
PCT/EP2019/064677 WO2019238502A1 (en) | 2018-06-13 | 2019-06-05 | Process for producing a photovoltaic module |
CN201980052226.7A CN112566785A (en) | 2018-06-13 | 2019-06-05 | Manufacturing method of photovoltaic module |
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Citations (3)
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DE10050612A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2002-05-02 | Dorma Gmbh & Co Kg | Solar module with top and bottom panes whose spacing can be precisely adjusted and kept |
WO2012015876A2 (en) * | 2010-07-27 | 2012-02-02 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Photovoltaic module including transparent sheet with channel |
DE102016103998A1 (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-07 | Hanwha Q.CELLS GmbH | Photovoltaic module laminate and a method of making a photovoltaic module laminate |
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EP1964181B1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2019-08-14 | (CNBM) Bengbu Design & Research Institute for Glass Industry Co., Ltd. | Photovoltaic device and method of encapsulating |
US20090194147A1 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-06 | Cardinal Ig Company | Dual seal photovoltaic assembly and method |
EP2320479A1 (en) * | 2009-11-04 | 2011-05-11 | Sika Technology AG | Edge sealing of photovoltaic modules |
DE102009058136A1 (en) * | 2009-12-12 | 2011-06-16 | Daimler Ag | Edge sealed substrate layer composite panel such as composite safety glass, comprises two transparent substrate layers, and a functional film-composite element, which is arranged between the transparent substrate layers |
-
2018
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2019
- 2019-06-05 CN CN201980052226.7A patent/CN112566785A/en active Pending
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10050612A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2002-05-02 | Dorma Gmbh & Co Kg | Solar module with top and bottom panes whose spacing can be precisely adjusted and kept |
WO2012015876A2 (en) * | 2010-07-27 | 2012-02-02 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Photovoltaic module including transparent sheet with channel |
DE102016103998A1 (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-07 | Hanwha Q.CELLS GmbH | Photovoltaic module laminate and a method of making a photovoltaic module laminate |
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