DE102017008130A1 - Process for the production of optical components and optical component - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to methods for producing an optical component, wherein the optical component has at least one first region with a transparent material and at least one second region with a non-transparent material. According to the invention, the first region and the second region are produced at least substantially simultaneously, the component being produced in layers, in particular from a molten plastic within an additive manufacturing process, in particular fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused-layer modeling (FLM) and / or or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), manufactured and / or constructed.

Description

The invention relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing processes or additive manufacturing. In particular, the invention relates to a method for producing an optical component, wherein the optical component has at least one first region with a transparent material and at least one second region with a non-transparent material. Furthermore, the invention relates to an optical component having at least a first region with a transparent material and at least one second region with a non-transparent material.

In the context of the present invention, the term transparency is understood to mean the ability of the material to transmit electromagnetic waves, that is, to allow transmission. The transparency of the first region characterizes the light transmittance of the first region, so that light can be transmitted at least partially through the first region. By translucency is also the translucency, ie the partial translucency of a body to understand. Although translucent materials may in principle also not be transparent, in the present case also translucent materials in the context of the present invention are to be regarded as "transparent" materials.

The non-transparent material is therefore opaque and / or opaque. The opacity refers to the opposite of the translucency and / or the transparency, hence the lack of transparency or the lack of translucency. As a result, the first region is translucent and the second region is opaque. As translucent substances or materials both transparent substances and translucent substances and / or materials can be considered. Opaque materials or materials, however, are opaque substances or materials. Absorption and reflection of the light impinging on the material or on the first region and the second region is ultimately provided both for the light-permeable and for light-impermeable bodies or regions. However, the passage of light is ensured only in a light-transmissive body or material, wherein the light can be scattered in the light-transmissive body and directed in different directions.

Furthermore, optical components can be classified in the field of technical optics. With an optical component, the technical function of the component is exploited with regard to its optical properties. In the present case, the optical component has both transparent and non-transparent sections. The technical benefit of the optical component is shown by irradiation with light. For example, an optical component can be used in the region or within and / or for the construction of an optical sensor. The applications of optical sensors, as well as the possible applications of optical components, are very diverse. Thus, binary optical sensors are known which are based on an interruption of the light. By way of example, the light barrier, ie the one-way and reflection light barrier, and the light grid, in particular for level measurement (level indicator), may be mentioned here. Binary optical sensors can also be based on the scattering of light, this is used for example in smoke detectors. Analogue or digital optical sensors, on the other hand, are based on the attenuation of the light. Different light sources can be used for the spectral analysis or for the analysis of the absorption spectrum of a gas or a liquid. In addition, the phenomenon can be used for the measurement of dynamic processes, that the guided light path can change by external forces, so that an analog sensor can serve as a force sensor, acceleration sensor and vibration sensor.

Furthermore, optical components can be used within three-dimensional objects, wherein the interaction of an opaque and a translucent area - a transparent and a non-transparent area within the optical component - is used, either to implement different external manifestations (design, light - and / or color design) or for the realization of different technical properties in terms of light transmission.

The term "additive manufacturing" (AM) is a generic term for various processes in which models, samples, prototypes as well as tools and end products are manufactured and manufactured both quickly and cost-effectively. The production takes place using computer-internal data models of informal and / or shape-neutral material by means of chemical and / or physical processes. In this case, a "primary shaping" of the workpiece takes place within the production method as a function of the model underlying the workpiece. For a single, concrete product no special tools are required, which must be adjusted in advance to the geometry of the product or workpiece to be produced. This distinguishes the generative manufacturing of many other manufacturing processes, such. B. casting molds, the other manufacturing processes already have a matched to the workpiece to be produced production line. In additive manufacturing, however, a wide variety of shapes and forms can be used Structures of the workpiece are produced using one and the same device, wherein the device for producing a differently shaped workpiece does not need to be converted.

A term frequently used in practice within additive manufacturing is the term "3D printing", whereby it is already made clear by the naming that the workpiece to be produced is "printed" in layers, as it were, and has a three-dimensional structure. In 3D printing, the three-dimensional workpieces are built up layer by layer. The structure is computer controlled, wherein one or a plurality of materials or materials that are present in liquid and / or solid form can be used. In this case, solid materials or materials can be melted, for example in a so-called extrusion process. An application of the layers can take place in a molten state of the materials. During the construction of the workpiece, both hardening and / or melting processes occur accordingly. Typically, 3D printing uses plastics, resins, and / or ceramics.

The 3D printing can be divided from procedural point of view into different process principles. For example, the free space method, the liquid material method, the powder bed method and other layer construction methods are known.

Free space methods include Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), which uses a molten plastic in the FDM process.

Generative methods can ultimately be used for a variety of purposes, since they have a high degree of flexibility in terms of the shape of the workpiece. The produced component can be in lot size 1 manufactured and used accordingly as a prototype (rapid prototyping), as a tool (Rapid Tooling) and / or as a finished part (Rapid Manufacturing). Particularly advantageous is the use of components within the rapid prototyping, as in a prototype - in the lot size 1 - Various changes can be implemented, with a conversion of the workpiece-producing device is avoided or can be avoided. For small quantities, in particular 1 to approximately 1,000 workpieces per year within a company, the additive manufacturing process is usually the most economical option with regard to the choice of the manufacturing process.

Within 3D manufacturing technology there are a multitude of possibilities and potentials that are currently being discussed in research and industry. Especially in times of Industry 4.0 - that is, the interlocking of industrial production with modern information and communication technology - a computer-aided development and implementation of the manufacturing of components is an important pillar in terms of a modern, future-oriented and efficient production.

A high degree of individuality with regard to the workpieces to be produced can be achieved using the same device for producing the workpieces, since only a specification of the basic shape of the workpiece must be made within a computer-aided model (CAD).

A particularly important production method in the field of rapid prototyping is fused deposition modeling (FDM). In fused deposition modeling, a workpiece is built up layer by layer from a meltable or molten plastic. Within the FDM process, a plastic filament can be melted in an extrusion die and placed in strands. Furthermore, it is known in the field of FDM technology to apply the material in the form of melt droplets.

In this case, the workpiece or component to be produced is applied in layers, for example using a grid, to a surface or to a carrier, this bearing surface or the first layer serving as a support surface for the further layers.

After extrusion, the material hardens by cooling at the desired position in the respective layer. The component to be produced is then constructed in such a way that in each case one layer or plane is traversed by means of an extrusion die and, starting from this plane, one above the other, the shape of the component is produced in layers, for example by depositing strands and / or melt droplets into the respective layers.

Depending on the application, a layer thickness is between 0.025 and 1.25 mm. Both solid and hollow bodies can be produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Fused Filament Fabrication.

Projecting components or components of the components can be produced by additional support structures, for example made of cardboard or polystyrene. The support structure is used to support the material to the support and thus to ensure the desired three-dimensional shape or the structure of the component or workpiece.

It is known in the art to print the opaque area of the optical component. If, for example, a translucent or photoconductive region is desired in the component, then it is subsequently incorporated into the component and / or incorporated. This subsequent introduction of an optically conductive region, for example for the implementation of optical sensors, is both complicated, cost-intensive and inflexible. Consequently, there are limitations with regard to the geometrical, sensor technology and mechanical conversion of optical components.

The object of the present invention is therefore to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages in the prior art or at least substantially reduce it.

The above object is achieved in a method for producing an optical component of the type mentioned at least substantially in that the first region and the second region are made at least substantially simultaneously, wherein the optical component, in particular of a molten plastic within an additive Manufacturing process, in particular Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) and / or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), manufactured and / or built.

In the prior art, there is a total lack of proposals or solutions as to the extent to which materials which have different optical properties, for example a different refractive index, can be printed within an optical component. This can now be made possible by the method according to the invention.

Accordingly, at the same time the optically conductive or translucent structure, that is the first region, and the non-optically opaque second region are produced. In the end, it goes without saying that the first area can be applied using a different manufacturing method than the second area.

The layered structure of the optical component is present in particular due to the use of an additive manufacturing process. Unlike coextrusion, the like or foreign plastic melts of the first and second regions can not be merged before leaving the extrusion die, but are deposited independently. In this case, the first region adjoins the second region, in particular wherein the first region adjoins at least one wall bounding the optical component. The simultaneous production of the first and the second area in a 3D printing process makes it possible to manufacture optical components both inexpensively and at a high production speed. A complicated subsequent application of the first, transparent or translucent area in the optical component can be avoided by the simultaneous application of the material of the first and the second region. As a result, production costs and system costs can be saved, since elaborate reworking to implement the first region in the optical component and thus to ensure the optical functionality of the optical component can be avoided according to the invention.

In the end, it is understood that in the simultaneous production of the first and the second region, it is not necessary to ensure that individual layers of the first and second regions must be produced jointly and simultaneously. Thus, the second region may have a higher number of layers than the first region. The layered production of the first and the second region can be carried out independently of each other, but at the same time the first and the second region are produced in the process according to the invention.

A drastic increase in flexibility within 3D printing can be ensured by printing optical components in a method according to the invention. The flexibility is evident both in terms of the mechanical shape and the structure of the optical component as well as the integration of different optical properties within different areas of the component. The production of different prototypes and / or optical components with a batch size 1 can now be ensured according to the invention in the field of optical elements or components.

Especially in the field of flexible production of optical sensors method of the invention offers the advantage of the optionally used in the optical sensor, optical components or the optical components used to individually adapt to customer requirements and / or to the particular requirements, with the 3D Printing is given a very high degree of adaptability of the optical component.

Particularly advantageous is the inventive method for producing an optical component, wherein within the transparent first region of the component, a non-transparent portion or a non-transparent object is provided. As an example, let's take a look at the Called an acceleration sensor, which may have a seismic mass encapsulated in an optical component, wherein a deflection of the seismic mass is made possible during vibration. Accordingly, by the method according to the invention, the seismic mass encapsulated in the optical component can be produced simultaneously with the remaining components of the optical component.

Consequently, the invention enables the production of optical components for use within optical sensors, wherein the optical components can be manufactured by means of a 3D printing process. The additional application of the diodes, that is, the light emitting diode and the photodiode, an optical sensor can be provided. A light emitting diode and / or a laser diode is the so-called light emitter and as a light receiver can serve a photodiode and / or a photosensitive resistor. In this case, the receiver, that is to say, for example, the photodiode, of the optical sensor evaluates the intensity, the color and / or the transit time of the light received by the light transmitter. According to the invention, the light can be guided or guided through the optical component, that is to say in the present case at least through the first region of the optical component.

Within the manufacturing process, the original shaping of the optical component takes place, wherein the shape preferably at least substantially does not have to be changed. In the printing process itself, both an optical functionality and a mechanical functionality can be provided, wherein at the same time a plurality of materials and / or materials can be processed, in the present case at least two materials. The materials differ in terms of their optical properties, but can also differ from each other by other properties. This significantly increases the flexibility with regard to the different applications.

In a preferred embodiment of the method, the material of the first region is extruded. Preferably, extrusion takes place by means of a first extrusion die, for example an annular die. By extrusion, the material of the first region may be provided in a molten state, and may be used to construct the optical device. The material of the second region is preferably also extruded, wherein a second extrusion die may be used for extrusion. It is understood that the extrusion nozzles, in particular the first and the second extrusion die, can move independently of one another, the nozzles being designed to be movable in all spatial directions, accordingly in the X and / or Y and / or Z direction can. An application of the material of the first and / or of the second region via the extrusion nozzles can be provided in such a way that the extrusion nozzles each scan or scan individual layers or layer layers of the component. In this case, the extrusion of the material of the first and of the second region takes place together, but it is not absolutely necessary to provide for the material of the first and of the second region to be applied simultaneously in the same layer or plane. Ultimately, it is understood that the extrusion dies may have different speeds from each other and / or may differ in material throughput. Likewise, different manufacturing methods for the first and the second area may be provided, the material of the second area may be applied in the form of (melt) droplets or extruded and / or foaming granules.

According to the invention, the materials of the first and / or the second region may have different thermal and / or optical and / or mechanical properties. In particular, the processability or the use of materials or materials with different melting temperatures could be shown in experiments carried out. The melting temperatures differed significantly. Thus, the difference in the melting temperature has more than 10 ° C, preferably more than 20 ° C, more preferably from 20 ° C to 300 ° C, more preferably at least substantially between 30 ° C and 70 ° C.

Furthermore, in a further, preferred embodiment of the method, it is provided that the material of the first and the second region is applied in such a way that the first region adjoins the second region. Accordingly, a boundary region forms between the first and the second region, which boundary region can be defined by a, in particular virtual, boundary line. The boundary line indicates the - theoretical - transition of the first area to the second area. It can be provided that at least substantially no material of the first and / or second region is present in the region of the boundary region or in the region of the boundary line. The boundary region can therefore be a gap or a spacing. In the border region, an interaction between the material of the first region and the second region can take place. In this case, the material of the first region connects and / or crosslinks and / or hooks up to the material of the second region, in particular due to diffusion effects. Particularly advantageous is the formation of an at least substantially sharp boundary line or a boundary region with a small thickness and / or width and the avoidance of any interaction between the first and the second region, so that no influence on the optical properties, in particular the light transmission or opacity, of the first and the second region results in the boundary region. On the other hand, crosslinking of the material within the first and second regions can be particularly advantageous for ensuring the optical functionality of the optical component or in the first region for ensuring transparency or light transmission.

In addition, in particular the crosslinking of the first region and the second region is required with regard to a mechanical stability of the component. Preferably, however, crosslinking, especially due to diffusion, should not adversely affect the transmission of light in the translucent first region or opacity of the opaque second region, respectively. According to the invention, it may be provided that in the boundary region, although a crosslinking of the materials to ensure mechanical stability takes place, however, an impairment of the optical properties of the first region through the second region, that is an at least partially existing light transmission within the boundary region, at least largely avoided , Furthermore, it can be provided according to the invention that the distance between the material of the first region and the material of the second region during manufacture is selected such that the abovementioned mechanical stability results taking into account the best possible optical properties of the first and second regions.

In addition, in a preferred embodiment of the method, it is provided that the material of the first region and / or of the second region is applied at least substantially in the form of a strand. It is ultimately understood that the strand-like application of the first and / or the second region can be carried out by means of the extrusion dies. In this case, the extrusion nozzles, for example an annular nozzle, provide the material in such a way that a strand shape of the material to be deposited can result.

The individual layers of the optical component can accordingly be composed of individual strands of the first and / or the second region. In this case, the strands in the first region can crosslink to one another such that both a mechanical connection and the optical functionality result, so that in the present case the light transmission in the first region can be ensured.

The strands of the second region advantageously crosslink such that both mechanical strength of the entire optical component and opacity (non-transparency) are also achieved. Finally, in the first and / or the second region, the material can be applied in such a way that strands and / or melt droplets result during the application, whereby not only the mechanical stability but also the optical functionality - the transparency of the first region and the opacity of the second area - can be implemented.

The application of the material of the first and / or the second region can be effected in such a way that individual strands of the material result in the first and / or the second region, the strand being applied or deposited, in particular in its molten state. In particular, when the strands are placed on each other and / or next to each other, they can, in particular due to the molten state, connect or network with each other.

The application preferably takes place in such a way that the strands in the first and / or the second region have at least substantially an elliptical cross-sectional shape. Under an elliptical cross-sectional shape is also a possible at least substantially circular cross-sectional shape of the strands to understand. Since the strands extend over the width and / or thickness of the optical component, a cylindrical configuration of the strands results in particular. Upon irradiation of the optical component with light, the light in the first region can thus be guided through the transparent or transparent strands, with the course of the strands being able to be used specifically for guiding light within the first region. The light strikes the component and can be made available to the first area by means of a light introduction area. In this case, the light can propagate to a Lichtausleitungsbereich or terminate within the first region in the optical component, in particular when no Lichtausleitungsbereich is provided.

Incidentally, it has been found in experiments that the first region may be constructed such that at least two strands in the first region have different transparent materials. In this case, the transparent materials of the strands may differ from each other in terms of their optical properties, wherein the strands may have a different refractive index. It is ultimately understood that these at least two strands need not be arranged in one plane and / or can be applied by the same extrusion die. By using strands with different optical properties within the first region of the optical component, a targeted influencing of the light guide can be achieved by the optical component. For example, certain wavelengths of light may be passed through specific strands of the first region and / or a different intensity of light in the first region in the individual strands, which differ from one another by different materials, can be ensured.

In addition, in a further preferred embodiment variant of the inventive concept, the layered structure of the optical component is produced and / or constructed such that the strands are applied and / or arranged at a distance from one another in the respective layers or layer layers of the first region and / or the second region , Crosslinking of the strands takes place via the distance between the strands in a layer of the first and / or the second region, on the one hand, due to diffusion effects between the molecules and / or polymer chains of the material of the first and / or the second region, and / or on the other hand the connection of the strands. The strands may expand after application, in particular due to their molten state, and extend beyond the spacing or spacing to an immediately adjacent strand adjacent to which they have been applied, or protrude into the prepared distance in the cured state.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the distance between the layers or between the layer sequences and / or the layer layers of the first and / or the second region, preferably between the strands of the layers, a height of 0.1% to 600 %, preferably 1% to 300%, more preferably 1% to 100%, more preferably further 3% to 50%, the layer height of the first region and / or the second region. In this case, the layer height of the first region and / or the second region may correspond to the diameter of the strands provided in the first region and / or in the second region, in particular in the respective layer layer. The layer layers and / or planes of the first region and / or of the second region are preferably crosslinked with one another, so that a mechanical stability of the optical component can be ensured.

In addition, preferably at least two immediately adjacent strands are applied spaced apart in a layer and / or layer and / or plane of the first region. In this case, the distance between the at least two directly adjacent strands 0.1% to 500%, preferably 1% to 100%, more preferably 10% to 50%, more preferably further 10% to 30%, of the diameter of a directly to the distance adjacent strand, preferably of the larger diameter strand corresponding. The spacing of the strands in the first region is selected such that the optical transparency or the optical functionality of the component can be ensured, wherein crosslinking of the strands can be ensured and adverse effects with regard to the transmission of light can be avoided. According to the invention, it can be provided that, after application of the strands, they can extend into the space, wherein crosslinking of the strands with one another in the first area can be ensured.

Furthermore, according to an advantageous embodiment of the inventive concept, it may be provided that the strands in the layers and / or planes and / or layers of the first region and / or the second region are stacked over the entire length of the strand, in such a way that in height of the optical component directly adjacent strands of the first region and / or the second region parallel to each other, in particular over the entire strand length, are arranged. In this case, the strands in the layers can be arranged one above the other in such a way that they have at least substantially the same strand shape. Accordingly, free spaces between the strands in the layers for spacing the strands, which are preferably formed grid-shaped and / or checkerboard. However, crosslinking of the strands with one another beyond the free spaces can be ensured, for example via a linking of the polymers and / or the molecules of the material of the first and / or the second region. In particular, a symmetrical arrangement of the strands in the first and / or in the second region can result with regard to the width and / or thickness and / or height of the optical component.

Incidentally, in a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, which ensures, in particular, an improvement in the light guidance upon irradiation of the optical component with light, it is provided that the strands of the first region and / or the second region are applied at least essentially parallel to one another and / or to be ordered. Particularly preferably, the strands of the first region and / or of the second region are arranged at least substantially parallel to the border line and / or to the border region between the first region and / or the second region and / or to the structure line delimiting the first region.

Advantageously, when the optical component is irradiated, the effect is that the light runs along the strands of the first region which run parallel to the intended light guide and accordingly parallel to one another and to the edge structure or structural line of the first region.

The attenuation of the light in the transmission within the first range can therefore be reduced, since the light in a strand does not hit boundary regions between the individual strands. As a result, the light in a strand of the first region can be passed therethrough almost unhindered. The strands of the first region can therefore cause the light guide. In experiments that have been carried out, it has become clear that an arrangement of the strands of the light-conducting and / or transparent structure or the transparent first region parallel to the desired light guide in the optical component achieves the best possible results with regard to the maintenance of the intensity of the light which strikes a light introduction region In view of the intensity that the light has at a Lichtausleitungsbereich after crossing the first region in the optical component supplies. An intensity decrease depends on a so-called attenuation of the light in the optical component. In addition, experiments have shown that the optical transmission can be improved by up to 20% with respect to the attenuation factors on irradiation with light to optical components, as known from the prior art.

In addition, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the material of the first region and / or of the second region is applied such that the strands in the first region and / or in the second region have at least substantially the same diameter. In particular, it is provided that the strands have at least substantially the same diameter in the first region, which may result in a symmetrical arrangement of the strands in the first region and thus can cause a good transmission of the light. Furthermore, it is advantageously provided that the strands have at least substantially the same cross-sectional area in the first region and / or in the second region.

Using the method according to the invention, it could be shown in experiments carried out that the strands in the first region have a different, preferably larger, more preferably twice as large, diameter and / or another, preferably larger, more preferably twice as large, cross-sectional area than the strands in may have the second area. Consequently, it follows that in the structure of the optical component, a layer height of the first region may correspond to a layer height of a two-layered layer structure of the second region. By simultaneously producing the first and second regions, mechanical stability can still be ensured due to the connection of the regions and of the strands to one another.

Preferably, the strands of the first region and / or the second region are applied such that they are formed at least substantially continuously with respect to the length and / or width and / or height of the component from its inlet opening to its outlet opening. Particularly preferably, the strands of the first region are formed from the light introduction region on a wall of the optical component through to a wall of the optical component which has the light emission region. It should be pointed out in this context that preferably the strands are open at their ends, which preferably adjoin a wall of the optical component. Accordingly, it is preferable to provide individual, spaced-apart strands in the first region that are not connected to each other on a wall of the component. Incidentally, a continuous strand in the first region promotes a significantly improved transmission of the optical component in comparison to the prior art. By reducing possible refraction planes and / or reflection planes - interfaces - in the first region, it follows that the intensity of the radiation is preferably neither reflected nor absorbed when passing through the first region.

Due to its transparent properties, the first region can be considered as a light guide, the term "light guide" transparent components such as fibers, tubes or rods that transport light over a short or long distance to understand. The light conduction takes place by reflection of an interface of the light guide either by total reflection or by mirroring the interface. Optical fibers are used for example as optical waveguides, wherein in optical waveguides, the light pipe is usually in optical cables, for example for purposes of data transmission. Even planar optical waveguide structures are conceivable as optical components of the integrated optics. Furthermore, photoconductive optical components may comprise a plastic, in particular PMMA and / or polycarbonate (PC), and be used for display and / or backlighting of components. In addition, it is also conceivable to use optical components for illumination, preferably for building lighting with natural sunlight, wherein, for example, via a light tube, the sunlight can be performed in the inner area of a building. Accordingly, can dark and / or windowless rooms are lit with natural light without additional energy input.

Furthermore, in another embodiment of the method, the strands are applied in the first region and / or in the second region such that the strands have a uniform diameter at least substantially over their strand length. Preferably, the strands are applied in the first region such that they are formed both continuously over the first region and also have a uniform diameter. In experiments carried out, it has been found that variations in diameter lead to an increased attenuation of the optical waveguide in the first region and that improved transmission of the light can be achieved with a uniform diameter of the strand, in particular wherein at least substantially all of the strands of the first region are at least substantially have the same uniform diameter and are preferably arranged symmetrically and parallel to each other.

In a further, particularly preferred embodiment of the inventive idea, a spacing is provided between the first region and the second region, which preferably has at least substantially the diameter of a strand adjacent to the spacer of the first and / or the second region as the spacer length. In particular, it is provided that between a strand of the first region and an immediately adjacent strand of the second region, a distance having a width of at least substantially more than a quarter to five times, preferably from a quarter to three times, more preferably more than half to 1.5 times, the diameter of the directly adjacent to the distance strand of the first region and / or the second region, preferably of the larger diameter strand results. Preferably, the width of the distance between immediately adjacent strands of the first and the second region corresponds at least substantially to the diameter of the immediately adjacent strand.

In experiments carried out it has been found that such a distance or a spacing of the first and the second region with to be ensured mechanical stability of the optical component, in particular by networking and / or entanglement of the material of the first and / or the second region over the distance out, resulting in low attenuation factors of the light in the first region, wherein the boundary region between the transparent and the non-transparent region is kept as small or narrow as possible, so that light can not penetrate into the portion of the second region. Such a distance thus preferably finds the optimum between crosslinking and diffusion of the strands of the first and / or the second region deposited next to one another with the best possible optical transmission. If the distance were too large, the mechanical stability of the optical component could no longer be guaranteed. However, if the distance were too small, the optical transmission would deteriorate, since on the one hand non-transparent material can penetrate in the region of the transparent material of the first region and also diffuse transparent material into the region of the non-transparent material of the second component "Could.

Furthermore, it has been found that preferably at least one strand, preferably all strands, of the first region are applied in a loop shape. In the end, it is understood that the strands are cut off at the end in the region of the loop so that open strands emerge at the light introduction and light extraction regions, which can be continuous. Accordingly, in particular, the loop of the strands of the first region lying outside the optical component is separated off. A separation can take place after printing or after the construction of the optical component. Ultimately, it is understood that the end portion of the loop is initially located outside of the optical component and is finally separated. A loop-shaped application of the strands allows a continuous strand, which need not be interrupted and may be open at its ends adjacent to the walls of the first component. An extrusion die can ensure the loop-shaped application of the strands in a respective layer position. Furthermore, it can also be provided that, for a curved-section-shaped first region - seen in a curved light pipe and / or light pipe in the optical component - the strands of the first region are at least substantially stored in a circular manner, wherein a separation of the lying outside of the optical component circle section can be done after production of the optical component.

The nozzle for extrusion or the extrusion nozzle may be designed to be heated to provide a molten material of the first region and / or the second region, wherein in the nozzle a sufficiently high pressure is provided, which ensure a liquefaction of the material or a pressing out of the material can.

The layers of the optical component are preferred in individual layers and / or planes and / or layers of the first region and / or The number of layer position or the layer sequence of the first region and the second region may differ from each other. In this connection it can be provided that the first applied layer is applied to a carrier, for example to a substrate, in particular wherein the carrier can be subsequently removed after production of the optical component and after curing of the material of the first and / or the second region ,

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, an optical sensor is manufactured as an optical component. The optical sensor can have an outer sensor housing and / or sensor components provided in the sensor housing, wherein a seismic mass and / or interference structures can be provided as sensor components. It can ultimately be provided that an optical component of the type described above is enclosed in an outer sensor housing, wherein both the outer sensor housing and possibly other sensor components and the optical component in a manufacturing process at least substantially simultaneously using additive manufacturing technologies - 3D printing - produced can be. This simplifies the production of optical sensors, since a subsequent combination of a sensor housing and an optical component in the sensor housing can be avoided. According to the invention, it may be provided that also other sensor components can be printed or produced simultaneously with the optical component. For example, to produce an acceleration sensor, it is possible to print a seismic mass encapsulated or enclosed in the optical component simultaneously with the optical component.

Furthermore, it can be provided in the case of an optical sensor that additional interference structures, which are optionally non-transparent and / or have a non-transparent material, protrude into the section of the first region of the optical component. In this case, the additional interference structures can be produced simultaneously or together with the second region and likewise have the non-transparent material of the second region. If a light beam is now guided through the first region in which additional interference structures have been introduced as sensor components, the transmission behavior can be changed since a mechanical deformation can change the radius of curvature and the additional interference structures can likewise influence and / or change the transmission behavior.

According to the invention, at least substantially simultaneously mechanical components, such as a sensor housing, and elements or components of the optical sensor system can be built up or printed in layers in a manufacturing process. In this case, an original shaping of these aforementioned components can take place in an additive manufacturing process. Simultaneously with a mechanical shaping, optical functionality can be produced in an optical component, in particular wherein use of the optical component in the region of the optical sensors is advantageous.

This opens up a high potential for development in the field of optical sensors, since, for example, prototypes with batch size 1 and small changes in the order type and / or the material can be examined, whereby these different forms of the optical sensors can be constructed with the same device for the production of the optical components, so that an inexpensive and fast production of optical components can result a high degree of flexibility - individually for each optical component - can be guaranteed.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, at least one release agent is introduced in the first region. The release agent can be introduced between the transparent strands of the first region. In addition, the release agent may comprise a non-transparent material, optionally the non-transparent material of the second region. Preferably, the separating means for spacing the strands, in particular for spacing one or a plurality of strands in the height of the optical component, that is between the layers or the layers of the first region and / or for filling the first region, in particular for filling the Free space between the strands of the first area, formed. The release agent can in particular serve to increase the mechanical stability of the optical component. Finally, provision may be made for the release agent to be removed after hardening, preferably in support of cantilevered sections of the optical component, and to have been provided in advance for supporting the material. Furthermore, the release agent can be provided specifically for influencing the light guide in the first area. Particularly preferably, the separating means for spacing between two strands, which have a different transparent material and can differ, for example, in the refractive index provided. The release agent may be formed such that at the boundary surfaces of the strands, the light can not be transmitted outside the strand, so that the light after entering a strand can not leave the strand and is passed through the strand. Thus, on the outside of the Strands a total reflection can be ensured by a lower refractive index of the release agent. In particular, the separating means can also be used for spacing the first area and the second area, wherein it may be provided that in this case the separating means has a different material than the second area and can ultimately ensure that the boundary line between the first area and the second region has the smallest possible width and / or thickness.

Furthermore, the invention relates to an optical component having at least one first region with a transparent material and at least one second region with a non-transparent material, in particular wherein the optical component has been produced using a method of the aforementioned type. According to the invention, it is provided that the first region and / or the second region is constructed of individual strands in layers and that the strands of the first region are at least substantially parallel, in particular with respect to the height and / or the width and / or the thickness of the optical component, to each other, at least substantially parallel to the boundary line between the first region and the second region, run and / or that the strands of the first region and / or the second region are formed continuously from its inlet opening to its outlet opening.

An at least substantially simultaneous construction of the first region to the second region in the optical component offers, according to the invention, various advantages which have already been presented in connection with the method according to the invention. It is essential in this context that the strands of the first region can be formed at least substantially parallel to a structure of the first region. Accordingly, the light guide in the optical component can be influenced in a targeted manner along the strands in the first region, with a parallel arrangement of the strands in the first region providing very good transmission properties for the light and thus providing an optical waveguide in the first region. The transmission properties of the light can be increased by up to 20% compared to the prior art by the layered structure of the optical component, in particular the first region, wherein the attenuation of the light or the attenuation of the electromagnetic waves when passing through the material, especially when passing through the strands, the first region can be reduced by up to 30% compared to the prior art.

In particular, can be reduced by a parallel arrangement of the strands, which are preferably formed continuously, an increased number of interfaces at which the light in the first region could be reflected and / or absorbed.

Preferably, the difference of the first area and the second area can be determined in terms of their transparent and optical properties based on the light transmittance. In particular, it is provided that the light in the region of the borderline between the first region and the second region undergoes total reflection, in such a way that it is neither transmitted nor absorbed in the second region.

It is understood that in principle it is also possible for at least two strands in the first region to have different transparent materials. It can be provided that the materials can differ with regard to their optical properties, in particular wherein they have a different refractive index. By using strands with different materials in the first region, the light guide in the optical component can be influenced in a targeted and purposive manner. An adaptation can be influenced with regard to the desired functionality of the optical component, for example for the purpose of use within an optical sensor. Furthermore, a different optical perception or an influence on the external appearance of the optical component can be achieved by the use of different materials in the first region. In this case, the different materials of the first region may be provided in a layer and / or plane and / or layer of the first region and / or in layer sequences arranged one above the other. In particular, the same first extrusion die can be used for application, wherein the extrusion die for applying the strands different filaments and / or materials are supplied, so that an extrusion of different materials can be done. Ultimately, however, it is also understood that a plurality of nozzles can be provided to order the first area, which can move independently.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the strands of the first region may have at least substantially the same diameter. Furthermore, it can also be provided that a strand in the first region has at least substantially a uniform and / or constant diameter. By avoiding variations in diameter, the attenuation of the light or light waves in the first region can be reduced.

In addition, in a further, preferred embodiment it can be provided that the material of the first region has different thermal and / or mechanical and / or optical properties than the material of the second region. In this context, it is ultimately understood that it can also be provided that different materials can also be provided within the first region and / or within the second region, which differ in terms of their mechanical and / or optical and / or thermal properties. According to the invention, it has been found in experiments carried out that a sufficient cross-linking of the first region to the second region can be ensured with regard to mechanical stability even with different properties of the materials, in particular wherein the materials can also differ significantly with respect to their melting temperature. Thus, it can be provided that the materials, in particular strand-shaped, are applied in the first region and the second region in a molten form, wherein an entanglement of the molecules of the materials and / or crosslinking of the materials, in particular due to diffusion between the materials, can be done. According to the invention, it can be provided that this crosslinking and / or entanglement of the molecules between the first and / or second region is kept as low as possible, so that, although a mechanical stability of the optical component is present, but influencing the optical properties of the first region and / or the second area can be at least substantially largely avoided.

In another embodiment, it is provided that the strands in the layers of the first region are arranged at a distance from one another and / or that the strands between the layer sequences are arranged at a distance from one another with respect to the height of the optical component, so that a spacing of the layer sequences or layers is achieved Layers of the first area may result. In particular, it can be provided that immediately adjacent strands of the first region and of the second region are spaced apart from one another such that the distance has a width of at least substantially 10% to 200% of the diameter of a strand immediately adjacent to the spacer. It is preferably provided that the distance between two immediately adjacent strands of the first and the second region is formed such that its width corresponds at least substantially to the diameter of the immediately adjacent strand of the first region. Beyond the distance, there may be entanglement of the molecules of the material of the first region and / or of the second region or of a crosslinking of the regions, whereby, however, a borderline forms between the regions and this crosslinking can be restricted within the smallest possible limit range. In addition, it can also be provided that the strands are arranged in a layer position of the first region and / or the second region at a distance from each other. However, it can also be provided that a composite of the strands is provided in the layers.

Furthermore, the strands in the layers of the first region and / or of the second region are preferably arranged one above the other over the entire length of the strand, in such a way that immediately adjacent strands of the first region and / or of the second region parallel to one another in the height of the optical component, in particular over the entire strand length, are arranged to each other and / or at least substantially the same strand shape. Accordingly, it can be provided that preferably in the first region, a symmetrical arrangement of the strands can take place, wherein the strands can be spaced from each other. A parallel arrangement of the strands, in particular a parallel arrangement to the edge structure of the first region, results in a light guide while avoiding unnecessary interfaces and thus an improved transmission of the light waves.

In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, it is provided that the first region adjoins at least one wall delimiting the component and / or arranges itself against a wall bounding the component. In particular, the first region on the walls can form a light introduction region and optionally also a light extraction region. The light can be introduced into the first region and thus into the optical component via the light introduction region, it being possible to ensure an exit of the light from the first region and optionally from the optical component via a light emission region. In this case, provision can be made for the strands of the first region to be arranged in the light introduction region, so that the light can be passed through the strands, in particular continuously, as far as the light emission region through the optical component. The line guide is thus preferably provided within the transparent structure of the first region of the optical component, in particular along the strands.

Furthermore, it has been found that thermoplastics are suitable as materials of the first and / or second region. In this case, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and / or polycarbonates (PC) can be used. In principle, the use of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS) and / or polyactides (PLA) as Material, at least for the second area, conceivable. Within 3D printing, most PLA and / or ABS filaments are used in the prior art for extrusion, since they are characterized by a very simple processability and low material costs. Due to the low melting temperature of PLA and ABS, there is a slight tendency for warping. According to the invention, it is also possible to use materials having higher melting temperatures, at least for the first region, which in particular may have improved optical properties. The material of the first region is preferably selected such that a light transmission in the strands of the first region can be ensured. In principle, it is also conceivable that glass materials are used. The transparent material of the first region has to meet the requirement that it is optically conductive or translucent. PMMA is particularly suitable for this purpose.

In addition, it can be provided that the material of the first and / or the second region comprises reinforcing fibers, in particular carbon fibers and / or glass fibers and / or polyamide fibers. The reinforcing fibers serve to ensure the mechanical stability of the optical component and are preferably encased by the thermoplastic plastic material or the thermoplastic matrix of the first region and / or the second region.

Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of the optical component according to a previously described type and / or produced by a method of the aforementioned type as an optical sensor and / or for use within the optical sensor and / or for illumination and / or irradiation with light or light waves. In this case, an application of the diodes and / or the light receiver and the light emitter may be provided in addition to the optical component. As an optical sensor, in particular a transmission light barrier, a reflection light barrier and / or a sensor for analyzing the absorption spectrum of liquids and / or gases is conceivable. In this case, the optical component or the optical sensor is irradiated with light and / or illuminated.

As a result, the invention relates to a method for producing an optical component, wherein the optical component has a transparent and a non-transparent region, which are produced together within an additive manufacturing process, wherein a layered structure of the optical component is provided. In addition, the invention relates to an optical component and the use of the optical component within an optical sensor, wherein the optical component is characterized in that the first region and / or the second region are constructed in layers of individual strands and that the strands in the first Area are arranged at least substantially parallel to each other and / or are formed continuously from an inlet opening to an opening.

Incidentally, it is understood that in the aforementioned intervals possible intermediate intervals and individual values contain and are to be regarded as disclosed essential to the invention, even if these intermediate intervals and individual values are not specified concretely.

Other features, advantages and applications of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the drawings and the drawing itself. In this case, all described and / or illustrated features alone or in any combination, the subject of the present invention, regardless of their summary in the claims or their dependency.

• 1 eine schematische perspektivische Ansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 2 eine schematische Querschnittsansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 3 eine schematische Querschnittsansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 4 eine schematische perspektivische Ansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 5 eine schematische Aufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 6 eine schematische Darstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Aufbaus einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 7 eine schematische Darstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Aufbaus einer weiteren Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 8 eine schematische Querschnittsansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 9 eine schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Sensors unter Verwendung eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 10 eine schematische Darstellung eines Teils einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Sensors ,
• 11 eine schematische Darstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Sensors,
• 12 eine schematische Darstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Sensors,
• 13 eine schematische perspektivische Ansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Sensors,
• 14 eine schematische Querschnittansicht einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils,
• 15 eine schematische Aufsicht auf ein noch nicht fertig hergestelltes erfindungsgemäßes optisches Bauteil und
• 16 eine schematische Aufsicht auf eine weitere Ausführungsform eines noch nicht fertig hergestellten erfindungsgemäßen optischen Bauteils.

It shows

• 1 a schematic perspective view of an optical component according to the invention,
• 2 a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 3 a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 4 a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 5 a schematic plan view of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 6 a schematic representation of the structure according to the invention of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 7 a schematic representation of the structure according to the invention of a further embodiment of the optical component according to the invention,
• 8th a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the optical component according to the invention,
• 9 a schematic representation of an optical sensor according to the invention using an optical component according to the invention,
• 10 a schematic representation of part of a further embodiment of an optical sensor according to the invention,
• 11 a schematic representation of another embodiment of an optical sensor according to the invention,
• 12 a schematic representation of another embodiment of an optical sensor according to the invention,
• 13 a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an optical sensor according to the invention,
• 14 a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an optical component according to the invention,
• 15 a schematic plan view of a not yet produced inventive optical component and
• 16 a schematic plan view of another embodiment of an unfinished optical device according to the invention.

The 6 and 7 schematically show the method and the structure of an optical component 1 , Further shows 1 an optical component 1 , wherein the optical component 1 at least a first area 2 with a transparent material and at least a second area 3 having a non-transparent material. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated here, it is provided that in the method for producing an optical component 1 the first area 2 and the second area 3 at least substantially simultaneously - simultaneously. 7 shows that the component 1 produced in layers and / or built up. It can be provided in another embodiment that molten plastic for the construction of the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 is used. It is not shown that in the preferred embodiment an additive manufacturing process, for example Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) and / or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is used.

In addition show 6 and 7 that the material of the first area 2 and the material of the second area 3 be extruded. It is provided in the illustrated embodiment that for the extrusion of the material of the first area 2 a first extrusion die 4 and for extruding the material of the second region 3 a second extrusion die 5 is used. Not shown is that the materials of the first area 2 and the second area 3 may have different thermal and / or mechanical and / or optical properties, wherein the materials may also differ with respect to their melting temperature. The 5 shows that the material of the first area 2 and the second area 3 is applied such that between the first area 2 and the second area 3 a borderline 6 forms or that the first area 2 and the second area 3 contiguous. 4 shows that the first area 2 not completely from the second area 3 within the optical component 1 must be enclosed.

In the illustrated embodiments, it is provided that the material of the first area 2 and the material of the second area 3 is applied strand-like, as for example from the 6 and 7 is apparent. In further embodiments, not shown, it may be provided that either the material of the first region 2 or the material of the second area 3 is applied at least substantially strand-like. Basically, for the second area 3 a different manufacturing process than the first one 2 be provided. It is provided that the application takes place in such a way that individual strands 7 of the material in the first area 2 and in the second area 3 result. Furthermore, it is provided in the illustrated embodiments that the strands 7 at least substantially have an elliptical cross-sectional shape. In the illustrated embodiments, the strands 7 an at least substantially circular cross-sectional shape, but in other embodiments, not shown, an at least substantially cylindrical formation of the strand 7 and / or an elliptical cross-sectional shape of the strands 7 can be provided.

At the in 14 illustrated optical component 1 be different materials in the first area 2 used. Schematically, this is indicated by the use of different hatching for the cross-sectional shape of the strand 7 in the first area 2 , Not shown is that in a further embodiment of the method, the first area 2 can be constructed such that at least two strands 7 in the first area 2 have different transparent materials, in particular wherein the transparent materials have different optical properties, preferably a different refractive index. As a result, the strands are 7 in the first area 2 formed translucent and may differ in terms of their optical properties - for example, in terms of their refractive index.

1 shows that the layered structure of the optical component 1 manufactured and / or is built that strands 7 in the layers 8th of the first area 2 and the second area 3 spaced apart from each other. A spacing of the strands 7 in the first and second areas 2 . 3 is both in terms of height 12 , the length 13 and the width 14 of the optical component 1 provided in the illustrated embodiments. Further shows 2 that the distance 9 between the layers 8th in the illustrated embodiment between the strands 7 in the layers 8th , a gap width of at least substantially 50% of the diameter of the strand 7 of the first area 2 having. In further embodiments, not shown, it can be provided that the distance 9 between the layers 8th in the first and / or the second area 2 . 3 is formed such that there is a distance width of the distance 9 from 0.1% to 600%, in other embodiments from 1% to 100%, of the layer height of the first region 2 and / or the second area 3 results. The layer height of the first area 2 or the layer height of the second area 3 is in the illustrated embodiments by the diameter of the strand 7 in the layers 8th conditionally.

Furthermore, the shows 2 schematically the layer structure or the layer layers 8th of the first area 2 , where the first area 2 between the second areas 3 of the optical component 1 has been enclosed or introduced. It will be off 2 seen that the material of the first area 2 is applied such that at least two immediately adjacent strands 7 of the first area 2 in a layered position 8th spaced from each other. It is provided in the illustrated embodiment that the distance 11 in the layer position 8th of the first area 2 as width at least substantially 50% of the diameter of the immediately to the distance 11 neighboring stranges 7 having. In further embodiments, not shown, it can be provided that the distance 11 a width of 0.1% to 500%, in other embodiments 10% to 50%, of the diameter of the immediately to the distance 11 neighboring stranges 7 having.

Moreover, it is shown in the illustrated embodiments that the strands 7 in the layers 8th of the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 over the entire length of the strand are arranged one above the other. The arrangement is made such that in height 12 of the optical component 1 immediately adjacent strands 7 of the first area 2 and the second area 3 like this 1 becomes apparent, are arranged parallel to each other. A parallel arrangement is also along the length 13 and the width 14 of the optical component 1 intended. Incidentally, shows 3 that in the first area 2 and the second area 3 the strands 7 have at least substantially the same strand shape. In combination with the parallel arrangement of the strands 7 in relation to the height 12 , Width 14 and length 13 of the component 1 results in a symmetrical arrangement of the strands 7 ,

Finally, it is understood that it may be provided in further embodiments, not shown, that no symmetrical arrangement of the strands 7 in the first area 2 and / or in the second area 3 he follows.

5 shows that the strands 7 in the first area 2 and the second area 3 are formed not only parallel to each other, but also parallel to the boundary line 6 between the first area 2 and the second area 3 are arranged. The borderline 6 is in the border area, ie in the transition area, between the first area 2 and the second area 3 intended. Ultimately, the boundary line shows 6 the edge structure of the first area 2 ,

In addition, it is provided in the illustrated embodiment that the material of the first area 2 and the second area 3 is applied so that the strands 7 in the first area 2 and in the second area 3 at least substantially the same diameter, as for example by 1 is clarified. In addition, the strands show 7 both in the first area 2 as well as in the second area 3 the same cross-sectional area. In the illustrated embodiments, it is provided that the strands 7 in the first area 2 and in the second area 3 always at least substantially the same cross-sectional shape and at least substantially the same diameter. In further, not shown embodiments of the method can be provided that the strands 7 with different diameters and / or different cross-sectional areas in the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 be applied.

The 2 and 3 show that the first layer layer 8th of the optical component 1 on a carrier 27 is applied. The carrier 27 can after curing of the materials of the optical component 1 be removed. In 2 is the second area 3 schematically indicated by hatching. It goes without saying that in 2 in the second area 3 also strands 7 or, for example, so-called melt droplets of the material of the second region 3 can be provided.

Incidentally, shows 3 schematically, that is both the strands 7 of the first area 2 as well as the second area 3 network with each other. The networking of the strands 7 within the first range 3 is schematically illustrated by a dashed line. In addition, the strands network 7 of the first area 2 by entanglement of the molecules or polymer chains with one another. A network to the strands 7 of the second area 3 is schematic in 3 shown by a dotted line. Ultimately, a network of strands 7 among each other in the first area 2 due to the mechanical stability of the optical component 1 needed. The networking or entanglement of the strands 7 of the first area 2 to the strands 7 of the second area 3 is such that the optical or transparent properties of the first area 2 and the non-transparent properties of the second area 3 do not influence each other too much. The strands 7 of the second area 3 Of course, they can also be interconnected or connected with each other, which is not shown schematically at this point.

From the 1 and 5 it becomes apparent that the strands 7 in the first region, a different diameter and cross-sectional area than the strands 7 in the second area 3 exhibit. In the illustrated embodiments, it is provided that the strands 7 in the first area 2 twice the diameter and twice the cross sectional area of the strands 7 in the second area 3 exhibit.

4 shows that the strands 7 of the first area 2 be applied so that they are in relation to the length 13 and the width 14 as well as the height 12 of the component 1 from its entrance 15 , in the present case the light introduction area 25 , to their exit area 16 , ie their light extraction area 26 , are formed throughout. It is not intended that an interruption of the strands 7 in the first area 2 in relation to the height 12 , the width 14 and / or the length 13 he follows. Furthermore, the strands 7 like this 6 and 7 show, so through the extrusion nozzles 4 . 5 provided that they have a uniform, constant diameter or a uniform cross-sectional area over their strand length.

As previously mentioned, it is provided that the strands 7 in the first area 2 and in the second area 3 spaced from each other to be applied. It can be provided that the immediately adjacent strands 7 of the first area 2 and the second area 3 a distance 17 to each other. Ultimately, the distance gives 17 the distance width between the first area 2 and the second area 3 at. How out 5 becomes apparent, it is provided that the distance 17 between a strand 7 of the first area 2 and one directly to this strand 7 adjacent strand 7 of the second area 3 a width of at least substantially the diameter of the strand 7 of the first area 2 having. In further embodiments it can be provided that the distance 17 between two immediately adjacent strands 7 of the first area 2 and the second area 3 at least substantially more than a quarter to five times, in other embodiments more than half to 1.5 times, the diameter of the immediately adjacent strand 7 of the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 is. The distance 17 is chosen such that a mechanical entanglement or networking of the first area 2 and the second area 3 as this is schematic 3 shows, however, an attenuation of the light, which is feasible through the first region, and a transmission of the light in the second region 3 at least largely avoided.

The 15 and 16 schematically show a possible approach to the application of the strands 7 of the first area 2 , It is provided that at least one strand 7 , in the illustrated embodiment, all strands 7 of the first area 2 , is looped / applied. It goes without saying that in the case of a loop-shaped deposit of at least one strand 7 of the first area 2 a connection of strands 7 outside the walls 24 of the component 1 he follows. In the cured, finished optical component 1 (see eg 4 ) are the strands 7 at their ends at the light entry area 25 and at the light extraction area 26 open. It is envisaged that the outside of the component 1 provided loop-shaped composite of the strands 7 of the first area 3 after applying the strands 7 , For example, after curing of the optical component 1 , can be separated, leaving open ends of an inlet opening 15 up to an exit opening 16 continuous strands 7 of the first area 2 result. Due to the loop-shaped application of the strands 7 in the first area 2 can provide a continuous supply of material through the first extrusion die 4 with the material of the first area 2 be provided, so that stopping the flow of material through the first extrusion die 4 can be avoided, so that a constant material throughput of the first extrusion die 4 can be ensured.

The 9 to 12 show that an optical sensor 18 as an optical component 1 will be produced. In this case, the optical sensor 18 an outer sensor housing 19 and optionally other sensor components 20 exhibit as through 13 is clarified. As further sensor components 20 can be a seismic mass 21 and interference structures 22 be provided, like this 11 and 12 becomes apparent. Not shown is that can be provided that the sensor housing 19 and optionally in the sensor housing 19 provided sensor components 20 together with the optical component 1 be printed or produced in an additive manufacturing process.

An optical sensor 18 also has at least one light receiver 10b and at least one light transmitter 10a , usually a light emitting diode or laser diode as a light transmitter 10a and a photodiode as a light receiver 10b , on. At the same time, the light emitters become 10a and light receiver 10b in an embodiment not shown, not in the additive manufacturing process together with the optical component 1 or the sensor housing 19 produced. The light transmitter 10a is in the illustrated embodiments of the optical sensors 18 denoted by "LD", wherein the light receiver 10b , in this case a photodiode, is referred to as "PD". In the 9 to 13 illustrated optical sensors 18 can be considered as optical proximity switches. In this case, the light receiver 10b (PD) the intensity, color or duration of the light emitter 10a Evaluate (LD) received light. As a light source can be used for example light emitting diodes with a wavelength of 660 nm. Also, the use of infrared light, which passes through the first area 2 of the optical component 1 is managed is conceivable.

The 8th shows an optical component 1 for use in a through-beam sensor. It can be provided that between two optical components 1 according to 8th an object is arranged, wherein on the one hand at the light introduction area 25 of the first area 2 of the first optical component 1 a light transmitter 10a and at the light extraction area 26 of the second optical component 1 a light receiver 10b is provided. Between the two optical components 1 , respectively 8th are formed, an object can be introduced. If between the optical components 1 an object is present, so comes the light receiver 10b no light from the light transmitter 10a because the object reflects the light, for example. These light barriers can be regarded as a through-beam sensor or as a transmission light barrier.

9 schematically shows a reflection light barrier. It is envisaged that by a first area 2 of the optical component 1 the light starting from a light transmitter 10a is sent to an object that is in 9 dashed lines are reflected, and again through a first area 2 an optical component 1 to a light receiver 10b (PD) can be returned.

11 schematically shows an optical sensor 18 for a vibration measurement by a seismic mass 21 , Here is the seismic mass 21 in the optical component 1 enclosed or encapsulated and can be in a free space of the optical component 1 move. The motion vector is schematically in 11 shown. The light can be emitted from a light transmitter 10a be sent and depending on the deflection of the seismic mass 21 if necessary, also a first area 2 and a second area 3 has, to a light receiver 10b (PD) are sent. It can be provided that the light transmitter 10a constantly emits an optical power or a light. The seismic mass 21 can be deflected during vibration, for example, so that a vibration-dependent transmission profile at the light emitter 10b arrives.

10 On the other hand, FIG. 1 schematically shows the analysis of an absorption spectrum for the determination of liquids and gases, wherein the liquids and / or gases can be referenced by means of their absorption spectrum. In this case, a liquid or a gas in the space between the two second areas 3 of the optical component 1 be enclosed or flow through this space. In the optical component 1 can now be provided that over a plurality of first areas 2 different wavelengths of light are transmitted, for example, in quick succession, it being possible to measure whether these wavelengths and with which intensity at the light receiver 10b Arrive. The attenuation depending on the respective wavelength can be used for referencing the liquid or the gas. Optionally, the holder of the light receiver 10b and the light transmitter 10a (LD, PD) simultaneously with the optical component 1 In this case, the holder would be enclosed in a non-transparent area 3 , The light transmitter 10a is in 10 not shown, however, is in the range of the light introduction area 25 intended.

In 12 is a measurement via an optical sensor 18 with deliberately introduced interference structures 22 shown. In doing so, the light, in this case bent in a first area 2 , through an optical component 1 be guided. The sturgeon structures 22 can be made of the same material as the second area 3 of the optical component 1 be made. The sturgeon structures 22 affect the transmission behavior or the transmission of light, the light from a light emitter 10a can be sent.

In addition, in other embodiments, which are not shown at this point, many other applications of the optical component 1 within an optical sensor 18 conceivable.

14 shows that in a further embodiment of the method in the first area 2 at least one release agent 23 is introduced. The release agent 23 is according to 14 between the transparent strands 7 in relation to the height 12 of the optical component 1 brought in. The release agent 23 may have a non-transparent material. Out 14 will be apparent that the release agent 23 for spacing the strands 7 , in the present case within the first range 2 , is trained. In further embodiments, which are not shown at this point, it can be provided that the release agent 23 to fill the first area 2 is trained. In this case, the entire free space of the first area 2 between the strands 7 of the first area 2 completely and / or at least partially filled. The release agent 23 can contribute to the mechanical stability of the optical component 1 contribute.

Incidentally, in 1 an optical component 1 with at least a first area 2 with a transparent material, ie a translucent material, and at least a second region 3 with a non-transparent material, ie an opaque material. The optical component 1 has been produced in the illustrated embodiment using a method of the aforementioned type. Furthermore, the show 1 to 4 that the first area 2 and the second area 3 from single strands 7 are constructed in layers. A layered structure of the optical component 1 can be done by so-called "3D printing" or by the use of an additive manufacturing process, such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Furthermore, the show 1 to 4 that the strands 7 of the first area 2 at least substantially parallel to each other. The parallelism of the strands 7 is in the illustrated embodiment in relation to the height 12 , to the latitude 14 and to the length 13 of the optical component 1 intended. In further embodiments it can be provided that the strands only in the first area 2 or the second area 3 parallel in relation to the height 12 and / or the width 14 and / or the length 13 of the optical component 1 are formed. Further shows 4 that the strands 7 of the first area 2 parallel to the borderline 6 between the first area 2 and the second area 3 are arranged. In addition, it is envisaged that the strands 7 of the first area 2 and the second area 3 from its entrance 15 to its outlet 16 are formed continuously, so that no interruption of the strands 7 in relation to the height 12 , the width 14 and the length 13 of the optical component 1 he follows. Accordingly, the optically conductive structure, that is, the first region 2 or the strands 7 of the first area 2 , at least substantially parallel to the and / or applied in light guide, since a light irradiation via the inlet opening 15 through the light introduction area 25 and an exit of the light wave via the exit opening 16 , so the light extraction area 26 , can be done.

14 schematically shows that at least two strands 7 in the first area 2 may have different materials. Here are the materials of the strands 7 in the first area 2 Although also transparent, but may have different optical properties. It is not shown that the materials can have a different refractive index. Thus it can be provided that in the first area 2 at least two strands 7 can be provided with different refractive indices.

It can of course also be provided that a plurality of first areas 2 in the optical component 2 exists, as for example by 10 is shown, then also the materials of the first areas 2 can differ from each other.

Moreover, in the illustrated embodiments, it is not shown that the material of the first area 2 other thermal, mechanical and / or optical properties than the material of the second region 3 can have. Of course, the materials can also be within the first range 2 have the aforementioned different properties. In further embodiments, not shown, the first area 2 and the second area 3 Materials having different melting temperatures, for example, the first area 2 a material having an elevated melting temperature or a higher melting temperature and the second region 3 a material having a comparatively lower melting temperature. Nevertheless, there is a networking of the materials of the first area 2 and the second area 3 as shown schematically by 3 is shown to ensure mechanical stability - even when using materials with different melting temperatures. The materials themselves are applied in the molten state, as shown schematically by the 6 and 7 is clarified.

Moreover, in 4 shown that the first area 2 at least one of the component 1 bounding wall 24 connects and / or arranges. Through the entrance opening 15 of the first area 2 when irradiated with light of the optical component 1 a light introduction area 25 through the first Area 2 and a Lichtausleitungsbereich 26 caused. In a further, not shown embodiments can be provided that no Lichtausleitungsbereich 26 on a wall 24 of the optical component 1 is provided, so that the light is indeed in the optical component 1 ie in the first area 2 , but not the optical component 1 over a Lichtausleitungsbereich 26 can leave. This would be the case if the outlet 16 the strands 7 of the first area 2 from the second area 3 surrounded completely.

In the illustrated embodiments, the material selection of the first region is not 2 or the second area 3 shown. In further embodiments, not shown, however, it may be provided that the material of the first region 2 and / or the second area 3 , in particular the material of the strands 7 of the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 , comprising a thermoplastic. It can be provided as a thermoplastic plastic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and / or polycarbonate (PC). PMMA or PC is suitable for use within the first range 2 because these materials can have transparent properties or a translucent behavior. As material for the second area 3 In principle, ABS or PLC is also conceivable.

Incidentally, in the illustrated embodiments, it is not shown that the material of the first area 2 and / or the second area 3 May have reinforcing fibers. The reinforcing fibers can thereby for mechanical stability of the optical component 1 or to the stability of the individual strands 7 contribute. In other embodiments, carbon fibers and / or glass fibers and / or polyamide fibers may be provided as reinforcing fibers.

In the 9 to 13 is the use of the optical component 1 as an optical sensor 18 shown. As previously explained, shows 8th an optical component 1 , which can be used in the area of a transmission light barrier. 9 schematically shows an optical sensor 18 , which can be used as a reflection light barrier. The 10 again shows schematically an optical sensor 18 for analyzing an absorption spectrum of a liquid or a gas. In 11 is the vibration measurement or the acceleration measurement by a seismic mass 21 shown. Ultimately shows 12 the possible influence of light in the first area 2 of the optical component 1 by introducing interference structures 22 , The optical component 1 is doing so in an optical sensor 18 used that when irradiated and / or illuminated with light, the light along the first area 2 which is translucent leads.

18 shows the enclosure of an optical sensor 18 , which is an optical component 1 has or as an optical component 1 is formed in a sensor housing 19 , This can be the sensor housing 19 the optical component 1 as well as the holders for the light receivers 10b and light emitters 10a (Photodiode and light emitting diode) are produced simultaneously or simultaneously, for example in an additive manufacturing process.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Optical component

2

first area

3

second area

4

first extrusion die

5

second extrusion die

6

boundary line

7

strands

8th

layer sheets

9

Distance between layers

10

layer sheets

10a

light source

10b

light receiver

11

Distance strands first area

12

Height optical component

13

length

14

width

15

inlet opening

16

outlet opening

17

Distance between strands of the first and the second area

18

Optical sensor

19

sensor housing

20

sensor components

21

seismic mass

22

interference structures

23

release agent

24

walls

25

Light introduction region

26

Lichtausleitungsbereich

27

carrier

Claims (17)

Method for producing an optical component (1), wherein the optical component (1) has at least one first region (2) with a transparent material and at least one second region (3) with a non-transparent material, characterized in that the first Region (2) and the second region (3) are produced at least substantially simultaneously, wherein the component (1) layer by layer, in particular of a molten plastic within an additive manufacturing process, in particular Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) and / or fused filament fabrication (FFF), manufactured and / or constructed. Method according to Claim 1 Characterized in that the material of the first region (2) is extruded, preferably is extruded with a first extrusion die (4) and the material of the second region (3), preferably with a second extrusion nozzle (5), in particular wherein the materials the first region (2) and the second region (3) have different thermal and / or mechanical and / or optical properties and / or a different melting temperature and / or wherein the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) adjoin one another and form a boundary line (6). Method according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the material of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) is applied at least substantially strand-shaped, so that individual strands (7) of the material in the first region (2) and / or in the second region (3), in particular wherein the strands (7) have an at least substantially elliptical cross-sectional shape. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first region (2) is constructed in such a way that at least two strands (7) in the first region (2) have different transparent materials, in particular wherein the materials have different optical properties, preferably one have different refractive index. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the laminar structure of the optical component (1) is configured such that the strands (7) in the coating layers (8) of the first region (2) and / or the second area (3 ) are applied spaced apart, in particular wherein the distance (9) between the layer layers (8), preferably between the strands (7) of the layer layers (8), a height of 0.1% to 600%, preferably 1% to 300% , more preferably 1% to 100%, the layer height of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) and / or that at least two immediately adjacent strands (7) in a layer layer (8) of the first region (2 ) are applied spaced apart, in particular wherein the distance (11) from 0.1% to 500%, preferably 1% to 100%, more preferably 10% to 50%, of the diameter of a directly adjacent to the distance (11) adjacent strand and / or that the strands (7) in the S Chichtlagen (8) of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) over the entire strand length are arranged one above the other such that in the height (12) of the optical component (1) immediately adjacent strands (7) of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) parallel to each other, in particular over the entire strand length, and / or at least substantially the same strand shape, and / or that strands (7) of the first region (2) and / or of the second region (3) at least substantially parallel to each other, in particular at least substantially parallel to the boundary line (6) between the first region (2) and the second region (3) applied. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the material of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) is applied such that the strands (7) in the first region (2) and / or in the second region (3) have at least substantially the same diameter and / or at least substantially the same cross-sectional area and / or that the strands (7) in the first region (2) another, preferably larger, more preferably twice larger, diameter and / or have another, preferably larger, more preferably twice larger, cross-sectional area than the strands (7) in the second region (3). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the strands (7) of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) are applied such that they are at least substantially in relation to the length (13) and / or Width (14) and / or height (12) of the component (1) from its inlet opening (25) to its outlet opening (16) are formed continuously and / or at least substantially over their strand length have a uniform diameter and / or that between a Strand (7) of the first region (2) and an immediately adjacent strand (7) of the second region (3), a distance (17) having a width of at least substantially more than a quarter to five times, preferably from a quarter to threefold, more preferably more than half to 1.5 times, of Diameter of the immediately adjacent to the distance (17) adjacent strand (7) of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3), preferably the width of the distance (17) at least substantially equal to the diameter of the immediately adjacent strand ( 7) of the first area (2). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one strand (7), preferably the strands (7), of the first region (2) is applied in a loop shape. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an optical sensor (18), in particular having an outer sensor housing (19) and / or provided with in the sensor housing (15), sensor components (20) as at least one seismic mass (21) and / or interference structures (22), as an optical component (1) is produced. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the first region (2) at least one release agent (23), in particular between the transparent strands (7) of the first region (2) is introduced, in particular wherein the release agent (23) comprises a non-transparent material and / or for spacing the strands (7) and / or for filling the first region (2) is formed. Optical component (1) having at least one first region (2) with a transparent material and at least one second region (3) with a non-transparent material, in particular produced using a method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first Region (2) and / or the second region (3) of individual strands (7) is constructed in layers and that the strands (7) of the first region (2) at least substantially parallel, in particular with respect to the height (12) and / or the width (14) and / or the length (13) of the optical component (1) to one another, in particular at least substantially parallel to the boundary line (6) between the first region (2) and the second region (3), run and / or from its inlet opening (15) to its outlet opening (16) are formed continuously. Optical component after Claim 11 , characterized in that at least two strands (7) in the first region (2) have different transparent materials, in particular wherein the materials have different optical properties, preferably a different refractive index Optical component after Claim 11 and 12 , characterized in that the strands (7) of the first region (2) have at least substantially the same diameter and / or that the strand (7) in the first region (2) at least substantially a uniform diameter and / or that the material of the first region (2) has different thermal, in particular a different melting temperature, and / or different mechanical and / or optical properties than the material of the second region (3). Optical component after Claim 11 to 13 Characterized in that the first region (2) is adjoined by at least one of the component (1) bounding wall (24) and / or orders, in particular wherein the first region (2) on the walls (24) at least one light-entry region (25 ) and / or forms at least one Lichtausleitungsbereich (26). Optical component after Claim 11 to 14 , characterized in that the material of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) comprises a thermoplastic, in particular polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and / or PC (polycarbonate). Optical component after Claim 11 to 15 , characterized in that the material of the first region (2) and / or the second region (3) comprises reinforcing fibers, in particular carbon fibers and / or glass fibers and / or polyamide fibers. Use of the optical component (1) according to one of Claims 11 to 16 and / or produced by a method according to one of Claims 1 to 10 as an optical sensor (18), in particular transmission light barrier, reflection light barrier and / or for analyzing the absorption spectrum, in particular of liquids and / or gases, and / or for irradiation and / or illumination with light.

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