DE102017000486B4 - System and method for ballistic testing of projectiles - Google Patents

Abstract

A system (1) for the ballistic examination of projectiles (4), which has the following: - a bombardment medium (2), wherein the bombardment medium (2) is made of a homogeneous material that can be analyzed by X-ray technology; - a bombardment device (3); first light barrier (11) for determining the entry speed of a projectile (4) into the bombardment medium (2); - a tomographic unit (5) for detecting a bombardment effect in the bombardment medium (2); - an analysis unit (6) for calculating and processing the tomographic data for generating a 3-D model (8); and- a 3-D display unit (9a) and/or a 3-D output unit (9a), wherein the 3-D display unit (9a) and/or the 3-D output unit (9b) has a positive spatial image, a positive spatial image provides an image with projectile fragments, a spatially positive fragment image or a negative image with cracks, cavities, channels and any residual projectiles of the 3-D model (8) that have arisen in the bombardment medium (2) as a result of being bombarded with a projectile (4), different channels created in a bombardment medium (2) by being hit with a projectile (4) are stored as 3-D models (8) in the analysis unit (6).

Description

field of invention

The invention relates to a system and a method for ballistic testing of projectiles. A spatially positive image, a spatially positive image with bullet splinters, a spatially positive splinter image or a negative image of the cracks, cavities, channels and any remaining bullets that have arisen in a bombardment medium as a result of being hit by a bullet are available as a 3-D model placed.

State of the art

From the DE 10 2014 009 151 A1 high-speed radiography for determining the energy emitted by projectiles is known, in which the speeds and positions of the projectile and the projectile fragments within a gelatine block are determined to determine the energy delivered. For this purpose, the measuring arrangement for determining the total energy emitted by projectiles in a soft target has a gelatine block in the firing axis of the projectile. It is also proposed that the gelatine block be arranged in the beam path of an X-ray source, the beam path of which runs perpendicular to the shot axis, and that an X-ray detector or a scintillator be arranged in the beam path behind the gelatine block.

In contrast to the present invention, neither the volume generated by the projectile in the bombardment medium is recorded, nor is a connection made between kinetic energy and penetration depth or between kinetic energy and volume. Also, no projectiles with different penetration velocities are fired from one projectile type.

Also known in the prior art are glycerine soap and gelatin from "Irrelations in Wound Balistics" by M.A. Rothschild and B.P. known to Kneubuehl.

Due to the homogeneity of the simulants listed above, shots can be reproduced, regularities can be recognized through targeted variation of parameters and the results of shot tests can be transferred to humans and animals by comparing real cases of injury with damage to the simulant. Even if the simulation material behaves almost constantly in terms of elasticity, plasticity, viscosity, energy absorption capacity, resistance, etc. along the entire length of the shot channel, whereas in the human body tissues with very different properties (e.g. muscles, lungs) follow one another, this has no significant influence on the ballistic behavior of the projectile. The main reason for this lies in the high speeds at which physical ballistic processes take place. For this reason, even materials that are inherently different, such as gelatine and soap, behave in the same way when fired, both with regard to the energy that the projectile transfers to the simulant and with regard to the deformation behavior of the projectile. The choice of the simulant to be used is determined by the purpose of the experiment: because of its transparency, the elastic gelatine is suitable for a. for recording motion sequences, e.g. B. with high-speed cameras. In addition, gelatine is comparatively easy to produce yourself and therefore inexpensive; the authors have good experience with gelatine "Type Ballistic 3 Photographic Grade" (Gelita AG; gel strength 245-275 Bloom, viscosity 3.4-4.6 mPa s, pH 4.7-5.7).

Furthermore, “Target Ballistic Investigation Methods on Hunting Rifle Projectiles” by Dr. Ing. Gawlick and Jürgen Knappworst the use of gelatine in target ballistic research. In particular, the crack length method was explained here and made clear using various examples of ammunition. The crack length method described there has been used in technical projectile developments and routine technical production monitoring and quality assurance from 1971 to the present day.

In the methods known from the prior art, a bombardment medium or a body made of ballistic soap or gelatine, which consists predominantly of glycerine, is generally subjected to a bombardment with a projectile.

The bombardment medium is then cut open and/or sawed and the cracks and cavities that have formed are determined and measured. This method not only requires a lot of time but is also not very precise. In addition, this body is usually not dimensionally stable and temperature-resistant and can no longer be used as a reference for checking the firing behavior within a very short time.

Furthermore, the EP 2 682 071 B1 a method for generating a 3D model of a patient's anatomical features from two-dimensional medical images, wherein the two-dimensional medical images can be loaded via a web application on a server, which could then generate a 3D model.

Finally, KUNZ, SN, wound ballistic studies on the effect and effectiveness of projectiles after penetrating a car side window made of laminated glass from different firing angles, dissertation, medical faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich, 2007 discloses a system for wound ballistic study of projectiles after penetrating Laminated glass side windows. From the title it is clear that the bullets used include not only the simulants mentioned, but also side windows made of laminated glass and polyurethane. Therefore, no bombardment medium formed from a homogeneous material is disclosed. In contrast, a bombardment device and a first light barrier for determining the entry speed of a projectile into the bombardment medium are disclosed. Furthermore, it is described that polyurethane skulls were examined using a magnetic resonance tomograph in order to calculate the volumes of the resulting wound channels.

It is also not possible to automate the above steps.

Presentation of the invention

The object of the invention is therefore to provide a system and a method which avoid the disadvantages of the prior art and at the same time can be used variably and reproducibly. Furthermore, automation should be possible.

In addition, the solution according to the invention is intended to establish a connection between the energy released by a projectile and the penetration depth of the projectile into a shelling medium and, by determining the volume of the 3-D model, a connection between the calculated energy release of a projectile in a shelling medium and the volume generated by the shell in the shelling medium .

Furthermore, the 3D models stored in a computing unit can be used to draw conclusions about the nature of the projectile being examined, such as full metal jacket, half jacket, shaped charge, jacket materials, core material, penetration speed, mass, etc., based on characteristic configurations of these 3D models.

Ultimately, it should be possible to archive clear evidence of proof of fire for later verification.

• • positives Abbild und / oder
• • Splitterabbild und / oder
• • negatives Abbild der die in dem Beschussmedium durch einen Beschuss mit einem Geschoss entstandenen Risse, Hohlräume und Kanäle und etwa vorhandener Geschossreste als 3-D Modell zur Verfügung gestellt werden.

This object is achieved by a system and a method for the ballistic examination of projectiles with the features of claim 1 and 9, respectively, in which the cracks, cavities, channels and any remaining projectile residues that have occurred in a bombardment medium as a spatial

• • positive image and / or
• • Splinter image and/or
• • Negative image of the cracks, cavities and channels created in the bombardment medium by a bullet and any remaining bullets are made available as a 3-D model.

Advantageous embodiments and developments of the invention are described in the dependent claims.

• • ein Beschussmedium, wobei das Beschussmedium aus einem röntgentechnisch verwendbaren, homogenen Material ausgebildet ist;
• • ein Beschussgerät;
• • eine erste Lichtschranke zur Bestimmung der Eintrittsgeschwindigkeit des Geschosses in eine Seite des Beschussmediums;
• • eine tomografische Einheit zur Bestimmung einer Beschusswirkung in dem Beschussmedium;
• • eine Analyseeinheit, insbesondere zur Berechnung und Aufbereitung der tomografischen Daten für ein 3-D Modell;
• • eine Recheneinheit zur Erzeugung des 3-D Modells und
• • eine 3-D Anzeigeeinheit und oder eine 3-D Ausgabeeinheit, wobei

die 3-D Anzeigeeinheit und / oder 3-D Ausgabeeinheit ein räumliches positives Abbild, ein räumliches positives Abbild mit Geschosssplittern, ein räumlich positives Splitterabbild oder ein negatives Abbild der die in dem Beschussmedium durch einen Beschuss mit einem Geschoss entstandenen Risse, Hohlräume, Kanäle und etwa vorhandener Geschossreste des 3-D Modells zur Verfügung stellt.For this purpose, a system for the ballistic examination of projectiles is provided according to the invention, which has the following:

• • a bombardment medium, wherein the bombardment medium is made of a homogeneous material that can be used in X-ray technology;
• • a firing device;
• • a first light barrier for determining the entry speed of the projectile into one side of the bombardment medium;
• • a tomographic unit for determining a bombardment effect in the bombardment medium;
• • an analysis unit, in particular for calculating and processing the tomographic data for a 3D model;
• • a computing unit for generating the 3-D model and
• • a 3-D display unit and/or a 3-D output unit, where

the 3-D display unit and / or 3-D output unit a spatial positive image, a spatial positive image with projectile fragments, a spatial positive fragment image or a negative image of the cracks, cavities, channels and any remaining projectiles of the 3-D model.

3D models that have already been generated are stored in the processing unit in order to be able to draw conclusions about the properties of the projectile, such as full metal jacket, half metal jacket, shaped charge, jacket materials, core material, penetration speed, mass, etc., based on the characteristic formations of these 3D models. According to the invention, a database with the stored 3D models is also used here.

By determining the volume of the 3-D model, a connection is established between the calculated energy output of a bullet in the bullet medium and the volume generated by the bullet in the bullet medium.

Furthermore, a connection between the kinetic energy of the bullet and the penetration depth within the bullet medium is established. Here, the connection is referred to as effectiveness and given in joules/cm.

Finally, the 3-D models stored in a computing unit can be used to draw conclusions about the properties of the examined projectile, such as full metal jacket, half jacket, shaped charge, jacket materials, core material, penetration speed, mass, etc., based on characteristic configurations of these 3-D models.

In addition, suitable predictors for the projectile-specific purpose, for example the animal welfare-friendly killing of hoofed game, are determined based on data and a measurement-based procedure for testing the target ballistic suitability of projectiles for the intended purpose, for example hunting projectiles and the derivation of limiting shooting distances to avoid field tests on living animals animals justified. The results of this procedure allow for a more precise assessment of individual killing actions in hoofed game hunting operations. In addition to the "when" (hunting and closed seasons), "where" (hunting districts) and by "who" (experts, i.e. hunters), the "animal protection law" and the federal hunting law also regulate the "how" of such a killing. The method of killing "rifle shot" for hunting hoofed game is defined more precisely by the present procedure.

So far, computed tomography has only been used in human medicine for diagnostics and occasionally also in veterinary medicine. Sectional images are generated by computer-based evaluation of a large number of X-ray images of an object taken from different directions. Alternative names are CT scan, CAT scan (from computer-assisted tomography or computed axial tomography) or tomography.

Because of these possibilities, an automated method for generating 3D images or 3D models is also possible.

It is conceivable that the computing unit for generating 3D data or the 3D model is designed as an integral part of the tomographic unit, the analysis unit or the 3D display unit.

The bombardment medium is advantageously made of a homogeneous material that can be analyzed by X-ray technology, in particular a gelatine and/or a soap, in particular glycerin. Other materials such as natural materials and plastics are also conceivable.

The bombardment medium can be standardized with regard to dimensions and material properties, for example, in order to enable the results to be reproduced exactly. Due to the standardized dimensions, automation with changing systems is also easy to implement.

The homogeneity of the bombardment medium is a prerequisite for the bombardment. However, calibration is carried out in a different way - not via the CT - an ex-ante scan of unfired blocks would be too expensive; but as an instrument of quality assurance that is recorded ex-post anyway, a review is possible and makes sense.

• • klassische” Röntgentomografie,
• • Ultraschalldiagnostik (Sonografie),
• • Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT, Kernspintomografie),
• • Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (PET),
• • Einzelphotonen-Emissionscomputertomografie (SPECT),
• • optische Kohärenztomografie (OCT) und
• • die Elektrische Impedanz-Tomografie (EIT).

According to a further advantageous embodiment, the tomographic unit is designed to carry out a computed tomographic scan. Other tomographic methods such as the

• • classic” X-ray tomography,
• • Ultrasound diagnostics (sonography),
• • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, magnetic resonance imaging),
• • Positron Emission Tomography (PET),
• • Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT),
• • optical coherence tomography (OCT) and
• • Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT).

• • Quantentomographie, die mit ähnlichen mathematischen Methoden wie in der Medizin die vollständige Vermessung des Quantenzustandes eines Objektes (z. B. seine Dichtematrix oder seine Ort- und Impulsverteilung) ermöglicht,
• • Elektronentomografie, bei der die einzelnen Schnittbilder (Projektionen) mit dem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop (TEM) erzeugt werden,
• • Neutronentomografie,
• • Tomografische Atomsonde, atom-probe tomography (APT) oder dreidimensionale Atomsonde (3DAP),
• • Photoakustische Tomografie (PAT) und die Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS).

But other tomographic methods are also conceivable, such as the

• • Quantum tomography, which enables the complete measurement of the quantum state of an object (e.g. its density matrix or its position and momentum distribution) using mathematical methods similar to those used in medicine,
• • Electron tomography, in which the individual sectional images (projections) are generated with the transmission electron microscope (TEM),
• • neutron tomography,
• • Tomographic atom probe, atom-probe tomography (APT) or three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP),
• • Photoacoustic Tomography (PAT) and the Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS).

Of course, other optical and tomographic analysis methods are also conceivable. The resolution should be in the range from 0.01 mm to 1 mm layer thickness, for example, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

Advantageously, the system for the ballistic examination of projectiles has a bombardment medium made of a specified material, in particular with a constant density, in particular made of a gelatine or a ballistic soap, in particular made of glycerin. The specified density of the bullet medium is of crucial importance for kinematic/ballistic investigations and evaluation. For this purpose, the density is usually verified before a bombardment: either by a specified bombardment with an air gun and subsequent determination of the penetration depth and / or determination of the weight and displacement of the volume of the bombardment medium in a container with liquid.

In order to regulate the entry speed of the projectile into the bombardment medium in a range between 1 m/s and 5000 m/s, in particular in a range between 400 m/s and 900 m/s for hunting rifle projectiles, a different propellant charge is used in the present invention placed within a specified cartridge type.

• • dem Geschoss,
• • der Treibladung,
• • der Hülse und
• • dem Zündelement (Biertümpel, 2002).

A cartridge usually consists of four different elements:

• • the projectile,
• • the propellant charge,
• • the sleeve and
• • the ignition element (Bürümpel, 2002).

The projectile is the later moved (fired) component that is supposed to reach the target. The propellant charge, nitrocellulose powder in modern hunting cartridges, is the energy carrier for accelerating the projectile by pressure in the form of hot gases from its combustion. The ignition element (ignition cap) enables the targeted ignition of the combustion of the propellant charge. The case holds the bullet, powder and primer together in a suitable form. The case neck holds the bullet, the powder chamber holds the powder and the primer pocket holds the primer. An ignition channel represents the connection between the primer bell and the powder chamber and enables the powder to be ignited through the primer.

In the present invention, the propellant charge within a cartridge for a specified projectile is modified to allow different entry velocities in a range between 1 m/s to 5000 m/s, in particular in a range between 400 m/s to 900 m/s, into the To achieve bombardment medium and thereby obtain a connection between the kinetic energy of the projectile and the depth of penetration of the projectile in the bombardment medium. Of course, this is also a prerequisite for establishing a relationship between kinetic energy and the volume generated by the bullet or other changes within the bullet medium.

In a further advantageous embodiment, threshold values can be defined in the system and method for the ballistic examination of projectiles for the analysis unit for the calculation and processing of the tomographic data, e.g. B. to exclude pores of the bombardment medium from the analysis. In this case, not only minimum threshold values but also maximum threshold values are conceivable.

Advantageously, the analysis unit can also analyze fragments of the projectile and the resulting channels, process them as 3D data and output them. A colored representation of the channels etc. depending on the diameter is also conceivable here. It is also conceivable to display the projectile splinters in their own color. It is also conceivable to create a positive image of the projectile fragments

According to a further advantageous embodiment, the 3D output unit is designed as a 3D printer. Other 3D output units are also conceivable, such as a casting unit, multi-axis machining center (CNC), etc. Plastics, in particular thermoplastics, metal or wood can be used as the material of the 3D model. In this image, e.g. the cavity and the channels within the bombardment medium could be shown colorless and only the splinters could be colored in a recognizable color.

During its manufacture, the ballistic plastic advantageously has a layer thickness of 0.01 mm to 1 mm, preferably 0.1 mm, particularly preferably 0.3 mm. Due to the low layer thicknesses that can be achieved, even subtleties can be represented well.

Advantageously, the ballistic plastic has a material that is dimensionally stable and/or dimensionally stable between -120°C to 120°C, preferably 0°C to 90°C, particularly preferably 10°C and 40°C. Through this there are no special climatic requirements for storing ballistic plastic.

According to a further advantageous embodiment, the ballistic plastic has a material such as polylactide (PLA) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which is colorfast and/or food safe and/or impact resistant and insensitive to hand perspiration or cleaning agents.

The cracks and cavities caused by the shelling with the bullet and any remaining bullets are measured volumetrically by the tomographic unit after the computer tomographic scan and made available in a data format for controlling the 3-D output unit, in particular in DICCOM format and/or as STL files. Other 3-D CAD data formats are also conceivable, such as DXF, STEP, IGES, etc.

Advantageously, the cracks and cavities caused by the projectile being fired are processed graphically by the tomographic unit after the computer tomographic scan by means of an image and/or video and/or a conversion is carried out based on the volume formation in the projectile's energy release.

According to a further advantageous embodiment, the cracks and cavities caused by the shelling with the shell, which also result from the formation of splinters from the shell penetrating the shelling medium, can be displayed in different colors both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally depending on their diameter.

To further increase the reproducibility and more precise determination of the energy output, the system and method for the ballistic examination of projectiles in a further advantageous embodiment has a first light barrier for determining the entry speed of the projectile into one side of the bombardment medium, which has a distance L2 between the first light barrier and the side of the bombardment medium facing the bombardment device, in particular at a distance L2 of 0.5 m to 5 m, in particular at a distance L2 of 2.5 m.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the system for the ballistic examination of projectiles has a second light barrier 12 for determining the exit speed of the projectile 4 from a side 2b of the bombardment medium 2, which has a distance L3 between the second light barrier 12 and the side 2b of the bombardment medium 2, in particular at a distance L3 of 0.5 m to 5 m, in particular at a distance L3 of 0.8 m Entry speed v ₁ , the exit speed v ₂ and the mass of the projectile 4 feasible. There is also a bullet trap on side 2b. As a result, the projectile 4 can be weighed again after being shot at, in order to be able to draw conclusions about the weight of the fragments arranged in the projectile medium 2 based on the weight difference of the projectile 4 when it enters and exits the projectile medium 2 .

In addition, the kinetic energy released can be calculated precisely and very easily: E _kin = ½ m (v ₃ -v ₂ ) ²

Finally, it is also advantageous to attach a high-speed camera and/or a thermal imaging camera to precisely determine the deformation of the projectile and the bullet medium. As a result, dynamic processes occurring when the projectile penetrates into the shelling medium can also be represented.

• • erster Schritt: Beschießen eines Beschussmediums mit einem Geschoss durch ein Beschussgerät;
• • zweiter Schritt: Bestimmung der Eintrittsgeschwindigkeit des Geschosses in das Beschussmedium mit einer ersten Lichtschranke;
• • dritter Schritt: Scannen des Beschussmediums mit einer tomografischen Einheit;
• • vierter Schritt: Analysieren, Berechnen und Aufbereiten der tomographischen Daten für ein 3-D Modell;
• • fünfter Schritt: Erzeugen eines 3-D Modells und Bestimmung des Volumens mittels einer Recheneinheit als
  • ◯ positives Abbild und / oder
  • ◯ Splitterabbild und / oder
  • ◯ negatives Abbild;
• • sechster Schritt: Anzeigen des 3-D Modells mittel einer 3-D Anzeigeeinheit und / oder Ausgeben des 3-D Modells mittel einer 3-D Ausgabeeinheit 9b;

siebter Schritt: Projektierung der Treibladung einer Patrone des Geschosses zum Beschleunigen des Geschosses und zum Erreichen unterschiedlicher Eindringgeschwindigkeiten des gleichen Geschosstyps in das Beschussmedium zwischen 400 m/s bis 900 m/s; dazu weiter mit dem ersten Schritt;According to the invention, a method for ballistic testing of projectiles is provided, the method having the following steps:

• • first step: bombarding a bombardment medium with a projectile by a bombardment device;
• • second step: determination of the entry speed of the projectile into the bombardment medium with a first light barrier;
• • third step: scanning of the bombardment medium with a tomographic unit;
• • fourth step: analysis, calculation and processing of the tomographic data for a 3-D model;
• • Fifth step: Creation of a 3-D model and determination of the volume using a computing unit as
  • ◯ positive image and / or
  • ◯ fragment image and / or
  • ◯ negative image;
• sixth step: displaying the 3D model using a 3D display unit and/or outputting the 3D model using a 3D output unit 9b;

seventh step: projecting the propellant charge of a cartridge of the projectile to accelerate the projectile and to achieve different penetration speeds of the same projectile type in the bullet medium between 400 m/s and 900 m/s; continue with the first step;

Here, by changing the mass of the propellant charge within a cartridge case, a different muzzle velocity or entry velocity of the projectile into the bullet medium is achieved.

• • Herstellung eines Zusammenhangs zwischen abgegebener kinetischer Energie des Geschosses und Eindringtiefe entlang der Achse A des Volumenkörpers innerhalb des Beschussmediums, wobei dieser Zusammenhang als Wirksamkeit bezeichnet und in Joule/cm angegeben wird und / oder
• • Herstellung eines Zusammenhangs zwischen dem durch das Geschoss 4 erzeugten Volumens im Beschussmedium und rechnerischer Energieabgabe des Geschosses 4 im Beschussmedium 2 anwendbar.

Advantageously, by changing the propellant charge, the kinetic energy delivered by the projectile to the bombardment medium can be changed and thus the

• • Creation of a relationship between the kinetic energy released by the projectile and the depth of penetration along the axis A of the volume within the bullet medium, this relationship being referred to as effectiveness and given in joules/cm and/or
• • Creation of a connection between the volume generated by the bullet 4 in the bombardment medium and the calculated energy output of the bullet 4 in the bombardment medium 2 applicable.

Advantageously, full automation for the system and method for ballistic testing of projectiles is made possible. This is conceivable by means of a changing device, control of a robot, automatic scanning and evaluation, etc.

character list

• 1: eine schematische Übersicht des Systems zur ballistischen Untersuchung von Geschossen mit einer ersten Lichtschranke;
• 2: eine schematische Übersicht des Systems zur ballistischen Untersuchung von Geschossen mit einer ersten und zweiten Lichtschranke;
• 3: eine 3D-Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten erstellt wurde;
• 4: eine 3-D Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten als positive Kaverne erstellt wurde;
• 5: eine 3-D Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten als positive Kaverne mit Splittern erstellt wurde;
• 6: eine 3-D Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten aus Splittern ohne positive Kaverne erstellt wurde;
• 7: eine 3-D Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten als negative Kaverne im Beschussmedium erstellt wurde;
• 8: eine 3-D Darstellung eines Schusskanals, welche aus Computertomografiedaten als positive Kaverne im Beschussmedium erstellt wurde und
• 9: ein Flussdiagramm, welches ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren zur ballistischen Untersuchung von Geschossen eines Beschussmediums zeigt.

The invention is described below together with the accompanying figures. show in it

• 1 : a schematic overview of the system for ballistic testing of projectiles with a first light barrier;
• 2 : a schematic overview of the system for ballistic testing of projectiles with a first and second light barrier;
• 3 : a 3D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data;
• 4 : a 3-D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data as a positive cavern;
• 5 : a 3-D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data as a positive cavern with splinters;
• 6 : a 3-D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data from fragments without a positive cavern;
• 7 : a 3-D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data as a negative cavern in the shot medium;
• 8th : a 3-D representation of a shot channel, which was created from computed tomography data as a positive cavern in the shot medium and
• 9 1: a flow chart showing a method according to the invention for the ballistic examination of projectiles in a bombardment medium.

Detailed description of a preferred embodiment

• • Ein System zur ballistischen Untersuchung von Geschossen 1, welches Folgendes aufweist:
  • ◯ ein Beschussmedium 2, wobei das Beschussmedium 2 aus einem röntgentechnisch verwendbaren, homogenen Material ausgebildet ist;
  • ◯ ein Beschussgerät 3;
  • ◯ eine erste Lichtschranke 11 zur Bestimmung der Eintrittsgeschwindigkeit eines Geschosses 4 in eine Seite 2a des Beschussmediums 2;
  • ◯ eine tomografische Einheit 5 zur Bestimmung einer Beschusswirkung in dem Beschussmedium 2;
  • ◯ eine Analyseeinheit 6, insbesondere zur Berechnung und Aufbereitung der tomografischen Daten für ein 3-D Modell 8;
  • ◯ eine Recheneinheit 7 zur Erzeugung des 3-D Modells 8 und
  • ◯ eine 3-D Anzeigeeinheit 9a und / oder eine 3-D Ausgabeeinheit 9b.

In 1 the most important devices of the present invention are shown schematically in an overview:

• • A projectile ballistics analysis system 1 comprising:
  • ◯ a bombardment medium 2, wherein the bombardment medium 2 is made of a homogeneous material that can be used in X-ray technology;
  • ◯ a firing device 3;
  • ◯ a first light barrier 11 for determining the entry speed of a projectile 4 in a side 2a of the bombardment medium 2;
  • ◯ a tomographic unit 5 for determining a bombardment effect in the bombardment medium 2;
  • ◯ an analysis unit 6, in particular for calculating and processing the tomographic data for a 3-D model 8;
  • ◯ a computing unit 7 for generating the 3-D model 8 and
  • ◯ a 3D display unit 9a and/or a 3D output unit 9b.

• ◯ ein Gewehr,
• ◯ eine Pistole,
• ◯ eine Zwille,
• ◯ ein Bogen,
• ◯ ein Beschussapparat oder auch
• ◯ ein Wurfarm sein.

In this case, the firing device 3 can be freely selected and is therefore not specifically defined. It can

• ◯ a gun,
• ◯ a gun,
• ◯ a slingshot,
• ◯ a bow,
• ◯ a bombardment device or also
• ◯ be a throwing arm.

The only task is to convey the projectile 4 through the first light barrier into the bombardment medium 2. The projectile 4 penetrates into the bombardment medium 2 via the side 2a of the bombardment medium 2 . Depending on the energy of the projectile 4, it emerges from the bombardment medium 2 on the opposite side 2b of the bombardment medium 2.

By measuring the bullet velocity v ₁ in the first light barrier 11, the impact velocity of the bullet 4 on the bombardment medium 2 on side 2a of the bombardment medium can be deduced.

Furthermore, the muzzle velocity v ₀ of the bullet can be inferred from the bullet velocity v ₁ in the first light barrier 11 . These two speeds are almost the same (for handguns and long guns and a distance of L1 = 10 m). The muzzle velocity v ₀ of the projectile is the velocity at which a projectile fired from a barrel weapon moves on its trajectory relative to the barrel when exiting the barrel.

Furthermore, a second light barrier 12 can be arranged in the system and method for hit or shot evaluation 1 of a bombardment medium 2 (cf. 2 ). Here, the projectile 4 is conveyed through the light barrier 11, the bombardment medium 2 and the light barrier 12 (depending on the energy of the projectile).

Furthermore, a bullet trap (not shown) is arranged at a distance >L3, which picks up the bullet 4 after it has been fired upon. After the bullet 4 has been removed from the bullet trap, the bullet 4 is weighed. Based on a weight difference, bullet weight before the shelling / after the shelling, the mass of the fragments in the shelling medium 2 can be inferred.

The bombardment distance L1 can also be chosen freely in order to ensure high reproducibility and an exact penetration position in the bombardment medium 2, the bombardment distance L1=10 m is selected by default.

The projectile velocities are determined individually in each test and therefore cannot be standardized

As bullet 4 (caliber, type, mass, etc. - examples), for example, all cartridges of the TDCC (Tables of Dimensions of Cartridges and Chambers) Tables of the Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives (CIP) for the inventive procedures are used. More information was available at the time of registration at:
http://www.cip-bobp.org/tdcc.

All bombardment media that can be processed using X-ray technology can be used as the bombardment medium 2 . The two most common ballistic media in the world are ballistic soap and gelatin.

After the bombardment medium 2 has been bombarded by a projectile 4 , the bombardment medium 2 is introduced into a computer tomograph 5 .

The computer tomograph (CT) records the entire spatial representation within the bombardment medium 2 after the bullet 4 has penetrated the bombardment medium 2. The volume generated by the penetration of the bullet 4 in the bombardment medium 2 is also recorded.

• • das Beschussmedium 2,
• • Geschosspartikel und
• • Luft.

We find there:

• • the bombardment medium 2,
• • bullet particles and
• • Air.

• • Dichte,
• • Homogenität und
• • äußeren Form unterscheiden,

kann in der Wiedergabe (.stl-Datensatz) eine trennscharfe Unterscheidung getroffen werden.The components within the bombardment medium after the bombardment clearly in their

• • density,
• • Homogeneity and
• • distinguish outer form,

a clear distinction can be made in the playback (.stl data set).

• • bei Luft: Volumen und Außenwand. Jeglicher, weiterer später gesuchte Wert (z. B. Durchmesser der Kaverne bei Eindringtiefe 17.47 mm) kann am erzeugten Datensatz auf zur Zeit 0,3 mm (künftig sicher noch schärfer) abgemessen werden.
• • bei Metall: Lage im Beschussmedium 2, äußere Form. Damit werden Metallpartikel ihrer Ausbreitung im Raum nach dargestellt. Distanzen zum Schusskanal und zu anderen Partikeln werden erfasst. Einzelne Partikel werden erfasst und gezählt. Die Partikelgröße und Oberflächenstruktur werden ebenfalls entsprechend der Auflösung des Gerätes erfasst.
• • beim Beschussmedium 2: Homogenität und etwaige Einschlüsse.

To do this, the following are measured:

• • for air: volume and outer wall. Any other value sought later (e.g. diameter of the cavern with a penetration depth of 17.47 mm) can currently be measured at 0.3 mm on the generated data set (certainly even sharper in the future).
• • for metal: position in bombardment medium 2, outer shape. In this way, metal particles are represented according to their propagation in space. Distances to the shot channel and to other particles are recorded. Individual particles are detected and counted. The particle size and surface structure are also recorded according to the resolution of the device.
• • for bombardment medium 2: homogeneity and any inclusions.

The data obtained in the CT 5 is transferred to an analysis unit 6 for the calculation and processing of the tomographic data for a 3-D model 8, the analysis unit 6 forwards the processed data to the processing unit 7, in the processing unit 7 the data for a 3rd -D model 89 is generated, in particular in DICCOM format and/or as STL files and then forwarded to the 3D display unit 9a and/or to the 3D output unit 9b, with the 3D output unit 9b acting as a 3D printer for creating a 3-D plastic 10 is formed.

The output unit 9b generates a spatially positive and/or negative image of the cracks, cavities, channels, any remaining bullets present in the bombardment medium 2 as a result of the bombardment with the projectile 4 and all other changes compared to the state of the bombardment medium 4 before the bombardment as a 3- D Model 8, or ballistic plastic 10. When using a transparent, colorless plastic for the positive cavern and a colored plastic for the fragments, a positive image of the fragments can also be generated as ballistic plastic in the 3-printer without depicting a cavern .

The corresponding brackets of the system for fixing the firing device and firing medium are not shown in the figures.

3 shows a three-dimensional representation of a shot channel K1, which was created from computed tomography data. More precisely shows 3 the computer-generated 3-D model 8 of a positive cavity, ie the actual cavity within the bombardment medium 2 is represented as a body. A ballistic plastic 10 is then created from the CAD data generated from this using a 3-D printer. The firing channel has the bullet entry K2 on the right-hand edge of the representation and the bullet exit K3 on the left-hand edge of the representation. Bullet remnants K4 can also be seen at the bullet outlet K3.

A ballistic missile test according to the present invention can be divided into the following sections.

• • Hersteller
• • Typenbezeichnung des Herstellers
• • Nominalkaliber in Millimeter [mm] und/oder Zoll [in.]
• • Geschossmasse in Gramm [g] und/oder Grains [gr.]
• • Materialdatenblatt
• • Bestimmung der Materialanteile, wenn vorgeschrieben/gewünscht

In a first step, the bullet to be tested can be specified using the following information:

• • Manufacturer
• • Manufacturer's type designation
• • Nominal caliber in millimeters [mm] and/or inches [in.]
• • Bullet mass in grams [g] and/or grains [gr.]
• • Material data sheet
• • Determination of material percentages, if required/desired

• • Jagd nach Tierart, Jagdform, Entfernungen, Patronen und Rechtsrahmen;
• • Militär bei Einsatzmunition nach Entfernungen, Patronen und Rechtsrahmen;
• • Militär bei Übungsmunition nach Patronen;
• • Polizei bei Einsatzmunition nach Entfernungen, Patronen und Rechtsrahmen;
• • Polizei bei Übungsmunition nach Patronen;

In the following, the projectile can be divided according to its use for hunting, military or police, whereby it is further subdivided according to its use, at

• • Hunt by species, type of hunt, distances, cartridges and legal framework;
• • military for operational ammunition by distance, cartridge and legal framework;
• • military in practice ammunition by cartridge;
• • Police for operational ammunition by distance, cartridge and legal framework;
• • Police for practice ammunition by cartridge;

To determine the ballistic coefficient (BC) of the bullet to be tested, the bullet velocities (n>= 10) are measured in the range spectrum depending on the intended use or alternatively, if available, a value determined by the manufacturer is used. The measurement of the bullet velocity v ₂ before entering the bombardment medium 2 and after exit v ₃ from the bombardment medium 2 can be carried out by means of the light barriers 11, 12 or by means of a Doppler wheel.

Thereafter, the purpose of use of the projectile 4 can be determined on the basis of shot distances, cartridges in which the projectile is to be loaded and target characterizations. For this purpose, the shortest expected shooting distance (SEmin) and the furthest expected shooting distance (SEmax) are determined for the shooting distances. Biological structures such as body dimensions, masses and resistances are analyzed to determine the target characterizations. Furthermore, requirements for overcoming obstacles are specified.

• • maximale zu erwartende Auftreffgeschwindigkeit;
• • minimale zu erwartende Auftreffgeschwindigkeit;
• • Die Differenz zwischen maximaler zur erwartender und minimaler zu erwartender Auftreffgeschwindigkeit, ausgedrückt in Meter/Sekunde [m/s], ist der Prüfbereich der Auftreffgeschwindigkeiten des Geschosses und
• • Festlegung der Abstufung der Testgeschwindigkeiten innerhalb des Prüfbereiches.

The following parameters can also be defined to determine the test range for the impact velocities of the projectile according to the intended use.

• • maximum impact speed to be expected;
• • minimum impact speed to be expected;
• • The difference between the maximum expected and the minimum expected impact velocity, expressed in meters/second [m/s], is the test range of the projectile impact velocities and
• • Determination of the gradation of the test speeds within the test area.

To determine the maximum impact velocity to be expected, the most powerful cartridge to be used is used to determine the muzzle velocity in m/s (MVmax) and the next expected shot distance in m (SEmin).

To determine the minimum expected impact velocity, the least powerful cartridge to be used is used to determine the muzzle velocity in m/s (MVmin) and the furthest expected shot distance in m (SEmax). This allows the minimum impact speed to be expected to be calculated.

Finally, the gradation of the test speeds within the test area is determined by examining the legal basis for the bullet test (if there are specifications for grading, these provide the framework), coordination with the client, weighing up accuracy and costs and a checked size of 100 m/s.

How 3 shows 4 a positive cavern, but with a completely different geometric progression of the positive cavern. This indicates a completely different type of ammunition. It is thus possible to deduce the type of ammunition used and the released kinetic energy of the projectile from stored 3-D models 8 in a comparison database.

5 shows how 4 a positive cavern, but additionally with splinters.

As opposed to 5 shows 6 only the splinters of 5 , i.e. without the positive cavern.

From the 7 shows a 3-D representation of a shot channel that was created as a negative cavern in shot medium 2.

In contrast, the 8th a 3-D representation of a shot channel that was created as a positive cavern in bombardment medium 2.

Subsequent steps are in 9 presented as a flow chart. According to 9 the shelling is carried out first. Ballistic soap (glycerin) is preferably used as the bombardment medium 2 in this case. As a rule, the bombardment medium 2 has an end face with an edge length of approximately 25 cm×25 cm and a length of approximately 40 cm. The penetration depth of a test projectile of 0.51 g at v ₀ of 300 m/s +/- 8 m/s from a distance of about 20 cm is between 60 and 90 mm to verify the density. The shooting distance for the bullet tests is L1 = 10 m when carried out under laboratory conditions, in which case a closed shooting range with a defined temperature and wind speed and a shooting apparatus are used. Firing under real conditions is also conceivable, ie for example on an open shooting range with a rifle over the full distance. At least two evaluable shots per stage are required under both laboratory and real conditions. Fires cannot be evaluated if the projectile exits the block from the side and the exit velocity cannot be measured.

• • Verbringung der beschossenen Blöcke in die Radiologie unter Vermeidung von Stößen und Temperaturschwankungen;
• • Durchführung eines computertomografischen Scans mit einer Schichtdicke von 0,3 mm;
• • Vermessung des Schusskanals, d. h. Feststellung jeglicher Strukturveränderungen (Risse, Splitter, Kavernenbildung) als Folge des Beschusses durch das Aufnahmeverfahren. Charakterisierung der Eindringtiefe (Weg des Geschosses vom Eintrittspunkt bis Ruhepunkt), Verlauf des Schusskanals (Winkel zur Schussachse als gedachte Verlängerung der Geschossflugbahn vor Eindringen in das Beschussmedium entlang der Eindringtiefe im Beschussmedium), Volumenbildung entlang des Schusskanals in hoher technisch möglichen Auflösung (Schichtstärke) und Ablagerungen von Geschossmaterial nach Anzahl und Oberfläche;
• • Umrechnung Volumenbildung in Energieabgabe;

The determination of target ballistic parameters now requires the following steps:

• • Transporting the shelled blocks to the radiology department, avoiding shocks and temperature changes;
• • Performing a computer tomographic scan with a slice thickness of 0.3 mm;
• • Measurement of the shot channel, ie determination of any structural changes (cracks, splinters, cavern formation) as a result of the shelling by the recording procedure. Characterization of the penetration depth (path of the bullet from the point of entry to the resting point), course of the bullet channel (angle to the bullet axis as an imaginary extension of the bullet trajectory before penetrating the bullet medium along the penetration depth in the bullet medium), volume formation along the bullet channel in high technically possible resolution (layer thickness) and Bullet material deposits by number and surface area;
• • Conversion of volume generation into energy release;

After that, a graphic processing in graphics and/or videos can take place.

The plastic processing is carried out by generating 3D CAD files, here e.g. stl files, and a subsequent 3D printing of the three-dimensional positive ballistic plastics with a resolution of approx. 0.3 mm layer thickness, with the material being dimensionally stable between 10° C and 40° C, colorfast, food-safe, impact-resistant and insensitive to hand perspiration and cleaning agents such as e.g. B. polylactide (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or similar. This means that the cuboid of the bullet medium with the shot channel is not reproduced here, but the shot channel is generated as a volume model.

Finally, a corresponding report is prepared and handed over to the customer, including a test report and, if necessary, other products.

Other embodiments

The features described in the exemplary embodiment mentioned above can also be combined with the additional or alternative features claimed in the claims. In a modified embodiment that is not shown, optical methods and other radiological examinations are also conceivable for detecting the shot channel.

In further embodiments, all casting methods are also conceivable for the formation of the positive image of a shot channel.

The bombardment medium is also not just imaginable as ballistic soap or gelatine, which consist mainly of glycerine. Other compositions are also conceivable.

The use of other recording devices (high-speed camera, thermal imaging camera) is possible, but not part of the procedure.

The complete automation of the firing, changing the firing medium, analysis, etc. is also conceivable.

Reference List

1

System for ballistic testing of projectiles

2

bombardment medium

2a

the side 2a of the bombardment medium 2 facing the bombardment device 3

2 B

the side 2b of the bombardment medium 2 facing away from the bombardment device 3

3

firing device

4

bullet

5

tomographic unit

6

analysis unit

7

unit of account

8th

3D model

9a

3-D display unit

9b

3-D output unit

10

ballistic plastic

11

first light barrier

12

second light barrier

L1

Firing distance Distance of first light barrier - bombardment medium or target ballistic

L2

Simulant medium distance bombardment medium or target ballistic simulant medium - second

L3

Photoelectric barrier

LE

penetration depth

V0

Bullet muzzle velocity 4

V1

Entry speed of bullet 4 in page 2a

v2

Exit velocity of bullet 4 from page 2b

K1

shot channel

K2

bullet entry

K3

projectile exit

K4

fragments of bullets

Claims (11)

A system (1) for the ballistic examination of projectiles (4), which has the following: - a bombardment medium (2), the bombardment medium (2) being formed from a homogeneous material which can be analyzed by X-ray technology; - a firing device (3); - A first light barrier (11) for determining the entry speed of a projectile (4) into the bombardment medium (2); - a tomographic unit (5) for detecting a bombardment effect in the bombardment medium (2); - An analysis unit (6) for calculating and processing the tomographic data for generating a 3-D model (8); and - a 3D display unit (9a) and/or a 3D Output unit (9a), wherein the 3-D display unit (9a) and/or the 3-D output unit (9b) contains a positive spatial image, a positive spatial image with projectile fragments, a positive spatial fragment image or a negative image in the bombardment medium ( 2) makes available cracks, cavities, channels and any remaining bullet residue of the 3-D model (8) caused by being hit with a projectile (4), wherein different values caused by being hit with a projectile (4) Channels created in a bombardment medium (2) are stored as 3-D models (8). The system (1) after claim 1 , wherein the bombardment medium (2) has predefined material properties or is standardized. System (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 2 , wherein the tomographic unit (5) is designed to carry out a computer tomographic scan with a resolution in the range from 0.01 mm to 1 mm layer thickness, or in the range from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. System (1) after any of the previous ones Claims 1 until 3 , wherein threshold values can be defined in the analysis unit (6) for the calculation and processing of the tomographic data in order to exclude pores of the bombardment medium (2) from the analysis. System (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 4 , wherein the analysis unit (6) makes the 3-D model (8) available as a digital data format, in DICCOM format or as STL files and/or, wherein the 3-D output unit (9b) for producing ballistic plastics as 3-D Printer is trained. System (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 5 , whereby the cracks, cavities, channels and any remains of the bullets of the 3-D model (8) caused by the bullet (4) are shown in different colors depending on their diameter, both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally. System (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 6 , wherein the first light barrier (11) for determining the speed at which the projectile (4) enters the bombardment medium (2) has a distance (L2) between the first light barrier (11) and the side (2a) of the bombardment medium ( 2), wherein the distance (L2) is 0.5 m to 5 m, or 2.5 m and/or, wherein the system for the ballistic examination of projectiles has a second light barrier (12) for determining the exit velocity of the projectile (4 ) from the bombardment medium (2), which has a distance (L3) between the second light barrier (12) and the side (2b) of the bombardment medium (2) facing away from the bombardment device (3), in particular with a distance (L3) of 0 .5 m to 5 m, in particular with a distance (L3) of 0.8 m. System (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 7 , The system (1) having a high-speed camera and/or a thermal imaging camera for precisely determining the dynamic processes within the bombardment medium (2) and the projectile (4) when the projectile (4) penetrates into the bombardment medium (2). A method for ballistic testing of projectiles (4), preferably automated, the method having the following steps: • first step: bombarding a bombardment medium (2) with a projectile (4) by a bombardment device (3); • second step: determination of an entry speed of the projectile (4) into the bombardment medium (2) with a first light barrier (11); • third step: scanning of the bombardment medium (2) with a tomographic unit; • fourth step: analysis, calculation and processing of the tomographic data for a 3-D model (8); • fifth step: generating a 3-D model (8) and/or determining a volume generated by the projectile (4) in the bombardment medium (2) by means of a computing unit (7); • sixth step: displaying the 3D model (8) using a 3D display unit (9a) and/or outputting the 3D model using a 3D output unit (9b); • Seventh step: Analysis based on 3-D models stored in the analysis unit (6) of different channels created in a bombardment medium (2) by being hit with a projectile (4). procedure after claim 9 , the method comprising the following step: • Establishing a relationship between kinetic energy and penetration depth along the axis (A) of the volume within the bombardment medium, this relationship being referred to as effectiveness and expressed in joules/cm and/or • Establishing a relationship between the volume generated by the projectile (4) in the bombardment medium (2) and the calculated energy output of the projectile (4) in the bombardment medium (2). Ballistic plastic (10) produced by means of a 3-D output unit (9b) using a method according to claim 9 or 10 .

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