DE102016107693A1 - Method for triggering stagnation purging - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method with at least one information provider and at least one information receiver which triggers at least one stagnation rinse by decoding the information by demodulating the backscatter.

Description

The invention relates to a method with at least one information provider and at least one information receiver which triggers at least one stagnation rinse by decoding the information by demodulating the backscatter.

Water installations are systems of supply technology for the provision and distribution of water and consist of components, in particular fittings, pipelines and systems for the treatment of water, by way of example for its heating.

Fittings are components in water installations, in particular for distributing, shutting off, throttling or regulating the flow and / or temperature of the water.

Removal fittings are fittings for removing water, especially for showers, baths, sinks, sinks, bidets, urinals and toilets.

Cold water is unheated drinking water, intended for human consumption, meets the requirements of the Drinking Water Ordinance and is distributed in cold water pipes.

Hot water is heated drinking water intended for human consumption and distributed in hot water pipes.

In contrast, service water is not intended for human consumption and is distributed in service water pipes. Although process water does not have to comply with the requirements of the German Drinking Water Ordinance, it nevertheless complies with process and application-specific minimum hygienic standards. For service water, the terms service water and utility water are common.

Dead pipes are part of an installation where there is no regular flow of water. While there is no flow in functional deadlines due to usage behavior, absolute deadlines are parts of installations where there is no flow of water because there is no flow-through capability.

Stagnation is the retention of water in an installation in the event of missing or poor removal; Stagnation water is therefore water, which lingers in parts of an installation in the absence or low removal.

A stagnation purging is a purging in which the stagnant water is purged from areas of the installation and replaced by incoming fresh water.

A biofilm is a habitat with a high concentration of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) on water-wetted surfaces.

List of abbreviations:

• EM

  electromagnetic

  EMF

  Electromagnetic field

  BSC

  Backscattering

  NPW

  Operating, service or utility water Non-potable water

  PWC

  Cold water (Potable water cold)

  PWH

  Hot water (Potable water hot)

In particular, installations for cold and hot water involve the risk that in stagnation, for example, during the closing times of a business or when not occupying hotel rooms, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or amoeba, in stagnant residual water can propagate and form biofilms.

In hygienically particularly sensitive areas, for example in living rooms and treatment facilities for immunocompromised patients, these bacteria, fungi and amoebae lead to a particularly high risk of disease and even death.

Microorganisms multiply exponentially through cell division and under ideal environmental conditions. Apart from these ideal conditions, the propagation proceeds more slowly; outside certain limits, the propagation is stopped or the microorganisms are killed. The ambient temperature also has a significant influence on the multiplication of microorganisms. Thus, the number of diarrhea and vomiting-inducing Escherichia coli doubles at about every 20 minutes at 37 ° C, while the number of legionella causing Legionnaires' disease doubles, even at their ideal temperature of about 40 ° C, relatively slowly every 3 hours. Especially stagnant water with a temperature of 25 to 40 ° C offers good living conditions for many microorganisms.

It is known that in times of stagnation in microorganisms propagating in installations can be flushed out by manually opening valves. A regular manual operation when not in use is very complex for the operator and has a significant impact on the operating costs.

Terminal fittings with a sensor device for contactless detection of an object, such as the hand of a user or a person who is in front of the valve, and an electronic circuit unit for controlling the flow of water discharge and a triggering device for the water flowing through, inter alia, from AT404150B . AT412824B . DE19651132A1 . DE10148675C1 . EP2169123A1 . EP0813636A1 and the US5961095A known. In addition, the reveals US2005150556A1 a fitting that can be additionally operated by hand.

From the DE 10 2009 030 534 A1 . US2004254746A1 and the AT506792B1 Devices are known which automatically trigger a hygiene flush after a certain period of stagnation and thus flush out the microbiologically contaminated water.

The EP2500475A2 discloses a flushing system for automatic flushing of pipes. The purge system includes temperature sensors and electronic components for acquiring, storing, and evaluating data such as temperature, frequency of use, and the like. After evaluation of the determined measured values, a flushing of the line up to the flushing system is triggered if necessary. A disadvantage of this system is that the pipes are not flushed by the flushing system to the terminal fittings and the terminal fittings themselves.

In the AT514160 a terminal sanitary fitting with at least one temperature sensor and a Stagnationsspüleinheit for demand-controlled flushing of stagnation water is disclosed. Since the at least one temperature sensor is arranged in the sanitary fitting, only a change in the water temperature in the terminal fitting itself, but not detected at another point of the installation and used to trigger the flushing of stagnation water.

The EP2439173A1 discloses a flushing system for water pipes. The flushing system has facilities such as sensors, processors, memory and control software. Via radio or data line, the detected parameters and rinses carried out can be transmitted to an information exchange device. A disadvantage of this system is that only the hot water pipe is flushed through a bypass directly into the outlet and possibly located in the cold water pipe and the fitting itself microorganisms are not flushed out and they can multiply unhindered. In addition, the production of a suitable power supply for all named facilities and / or laying the data lines increases the installation costs and makes it difficult to retrofit existing facilities where hygienic operation without automatic flushing of stagnation water is not possible.

From the DE 20 2012 104 942 U1 a valve for hot water systems is known, which regulates the temperature of the consumer leading water outlet for a thermal disinfection without bypassing the mixing valve to another temperature range. A disadvantage of this system is that the rinsing out of the stagnation water in the course of a thermal disinfection leads to a high energy requirement for the provision of the required hot water.

In the DE 10 2010 055 176 A1 a drinking water system of a building with several supply lines is disclosed, in which the rinsing of supply lines takes place automatically as a function of the measured values of temperature and / or volume flow sensors. From the GB2452311A is a arranged on a line temperature monitoring unit is known, which triggers a flushing of this liquid from the line depending on the temperature of a liquid in the line. In the US2006230772A1 For example, there is disclosed a system for providing hot water having an electrical switching output in Dependence of a temperature change in a flow-through line activated within a certain time. A disadvantage of these solutions is the installation effort for the sensors and their wiring.

The US2005274812A1 shows a flushing system for automatic flushing of stagnant water. A disadvantage of this system is that the stagnation water is flushed out via a bypass and thus the water located in the water dispenser remains in this.

In the Publication "Wi-Egg Backscatter: Internet Connectivity for RF-Powered Devices", Bryce Kellogg, Aaron Parks, Shyamnath Gollakota, Joshua R. Smith and David Wetherall, University of Washington, SIGCOMM'14, August 17-22, 2014, Chicago, IL, USA is a communication published by impedance change of an antenna with an analog switch and evaluation of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) as an indicator of the reception field strength. A disadvantage of this system is the low data transmission rate of about 1 kb / s and the short range of about 2 m.

The object underlying the invention is to provide a method for triggering a Stagnationsfrepülung EMF.

The object of the invention is achieved in a method of the type mentioned above in that the information receiver by decoding the information sent by at least one information provider by demodulating a backscatter in at least one EMF at least one Stagnationsfreispülung ( 51c ) triggers.

Advantageously, it can be provided that the information provider has at least two switches and at least one amplifier and connects the amplifier with the antenna with a switch, with another switch adapts the impedance of the amplifier to the antenna and feeds the information for active transmission of the antenna.

In a further embodiment, it can be provided that the information provider connects the amplifier to the antenna when a minimum field strength of the EMF is undershot with a switch, adjusts the impedance of the amplifier to the antenna with a further switch and feeds the information for actively emitting the antenna.

In a particular embodiment, it may be provided that the information provider connects the amplifier with the antenna when falling below a minimum achievable transmission rate with a switch, with another switch, the impedance of the amplifier adapts to the antenna and feeds the information for active transmission of the antenna.

In a further embodiment, it can be provided that the transmission of the information takes place via at least one EMF client, at least one EMF repeater and / or at least one EMF gateway.

Advantageously, it may be provided that an information provider changes the reflection behavior of one of its antennas as a function of a temperature and an information receiver detects the change in the reflection behavior by demodulating the backscatter and determines the temperature therefrom.

In a special arrangement with at least one EMF client and at least two EMF providers, it can be provided that the EMF client determines the nearest EMC provider.

In an arrangement with at least three EMF clients, provision can be made for one of the EMF clients to determine the closest of the other ones.

In a particular embodiment with an EMF client and a device for exchanging information, it can be provided that the EMF client communicates with the device for exchanging information via at least one EMF gateway.

The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to embodiments according to the drawings, wherein

1a a simplified circuit diagram of an EMF information transmission;

1b a transceiver;

1c an EMF energy harvester as power supply;

1d an array of EMF clients and EMF providers;

1e the information exchange of EMF clients by means of an EMF repeater;

1f the exchange of information via an EMF gateway;

1g an array of two EMF providers and one EMF client;

1h an array of at least one mobile EMF client;

1i the information transfer between an EMF client and an information exchange device;

2a manual bleed valves;

2 B Components of an installation;

2c Versions of wall disks;

2d an electronic withdrawal fitting;

2e a temperature sensor;

3 a network of fittings and information exchange devices;

4a a method for detecting the complete replacement of all water content in a stagnation line;

4b a method for detecting the complete replacement of all water content in a part of a water installation;

5a the relationship between temperature and microbiological growth and

5b a method for determining the risk of microbiological growth in stagnant water
represents.

1a shows a simplified circuit diagram of an EMF information transmission without active emission of EM waves by the information provider 10 , The information provider has access to this 10 via an antenna 12 consisting of the antennas 12a and 12b , The electronic control unit 16 carries the information to be transmitted 13a the switching element 11 to, which causes the reflection behavior of the antenna 12 changes. The communication is therefore purely passive - without active transmission - only by modulated backscatter 15 by changing the reflection behavior of the antenna 12 , The reflection behavior of the antenna 12 is with the impedance change of the antenna 12 opposite the EMF 14 produced. The impedance change is exemplified by the switching element designed as an electronic switch 11 between the antennas 12a and 12b realized. The modulation takes place directly in the baseband frequency range of the switching frequency of the switching element 11 , The energy supply 43a provides the required power for the drive unit 16 and the switching element 11 ready.

The antenna 12 is illustratively designed as a dipole or patch antenna with low bandwidth. The information is based on the existing EMF in the environment 14 exemplified by the natural EMF 14 , modulated. The existing EMF in the environment 14 may also be generated by radio stations, television masts, mobile phone masts, DCF-77 transmission towers, mobile telephones or WLAN access points by way of example.

In the information receiver 17 will that be from the antenna 12c received signal amplified and the electronic evaluation unit 18 fed. This evaluates in the amplified received signal both the signal itself and the changes in the antenna reflection of the information provider 10 off and demodulated the received information 13b , Furthermore, the information recipient includes 17 the energy supply 43b for providing the required energy for the evaluation unit 18 ,

In order to enable a position-independent installation, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, a circular polarization is preferred for the communication.

The power supplies 43a and 43b are designed as a battery. In another embodiment, at least the power supply 43a or the power supply 43b designed as a rechargeable battery, power supply or as a fuel cell.

In an alternative embodiment, the information provider has 10 over one as an amplifier 11a trained transmitting unit with the antenna 12 connected is. Before sending the information, the electronic control unit checks 16 the field strength of the EMF 14 , Reaches the field strength of the EMF 14 not for a reliable information transfer, so connects the drive unit 16 with the switch 11c the amplifier 11a with the power supply 43a , with the switch 11b with the antenna 12 , fits with the switching element 11 the impedance of the antenna 12 to the amplifier 11a and leads the information 13a not the switching element 11 but the amplifier 11a to and sends these actively over the antenna 12 out. In another embodiment, the amplifier includes 11a an unillustrated coupling network for the antenna 12 ,

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the electronic drive unit determines 16 from the field strength of the EMF 14 the achievable transmission rate for reliable information transmission and carries the information 13a not the switching element 11 too, but connects to the switch 11c the amplifier 11a with the power supply 43a , with the switch 11b with the antenna 12 , fits with the switching element 11 the impedance of the antenna 12 to the amplifier 11a and leads the information 13a the amplifier 11a if the achievable transmission rate falls below a certain predetermined minimum value of, for example, 115 kilobits per second.

1b shows a transceiver to provide and receive information 13 suitable EMF client 19 , The EMF client 19 consists essentially of the components of the information provider 10 and the information recipient 17 , When providing information, the information to be transmitted becomes 13a the switching element 11 fed and thereby changes the reflection behavior of the antenna 12 ,

Further includes the EMF client 19 the energy supply 43 for providing the required energy for the evaluation unit 18 , the drive unit 16 and the switching element 11 ,

In order to enable operation even in places where there is no sufficiently strong EMF in the environment, is in 1b the EMF supplier 20 represented as EMF transmitter and the EMF 14 sending out. Preferably, the EMF provider contains 20 also all components of the EMF client 19 and thus can also exchange information.

1c shows one as an EMF energy harvester 21 executed energy supply 43 , This converts parts of the EMF 14 Existing energy into electrical energy to power the EMF client 19 around. An appropriate matching network 22 to adapt the antenna 12 to the Energy Harvester 21 and a rectifier 23 in the Energy Harvester ensure a function of the electronics up to a reception power of exemplarily -20 dBm (= 10 μW). The required power density is 400 nW / cm ² . The usable power scales with the antenna dimension. The rectifier 23 includes a charging capacitor C _v and a control circuit that regulates the supply voltage U _v to a preselected value. In an extended embodiment, the charging capacitor C _{v is designed} as a buffer battery.

1d shows the EMF clients 19b and 19c using the natural EMF 14a information 13 can exchange. The field strength of the EMF 14a is in the area of the EMF client 19a for exchanging information 13 unsatisfactory. The route between EMF client 19a and 19b is with 24ab that is between EMF client 19b and 19c With 24BC and the between EMF client 19a and 19c With 24ac designated. The EMF provider 20 increased with the artificial EMF 14b the field strength of the EMF 14 formed as a superposition of natural EMF 14a and that of the EMF provider 20 generated EMF 14b and thus allows transmission over the track 24ac which is longer than either of the two routes 24ab and 24BC , whose maximum achievable length in the open field is between 5 and 10 meters and which strongly depends on the field strengths of the EMF 14a , b, the antennas 12 as well as obstacles, for example a wall.

1e shows an arrangement of two EMF clients 19a and 19b in which the track 24ab the maximum communication range between the EMF clients 19a and 19b exceeds. Between the two EMF clients 19a and 19b is as an EMF repeater 25 executed further EMF client arranged. Both the track 24a between the EMF client 19a and the EMF repeater 25 as well as the track 24b between the EMF client 19b and the EMF repeater 25 are shorter than the maximum communication range. The EMF repeater 25 receives from the EMF client 19a provided information 13 , demodulated with the evaluation unit 18 the information content and modulates this with the drive unit 16 and the switching element 11 turn on the antenna 12 on, in turn, from the EMF client 19b received and demodulated. In the reverse direction, the EMF repeater receives 25 those from the EMF client 19b provided information 13 , demodulated with the evaluation unit 18 the information content and modulates this with the drive unit 16 and the switching element 11 turn on the antenna 12 on, in turn, from the EMF client 19a received and demodulated. Through the use of EMF repeaters 25 the spatial arrangement of the EMF clients is significantly extended.

In a particularly advantageous, in 1e not shown embodiment includes the EMF repeater 25 an EMF provider 20 ,

1f shows the EMF gateway 28a that with EMF client 19a in a first EMF 14a information 13 exchanges and spatially separated the EMF gateway 28b that with the EMF client 19b in at least one other EMF 14b information 13 exchanges. The EMF gateway 28a transmits the information 13 from the EMF client 19a over the communication network 26 to the EMF gateway 28b that the information 13 to the EMF client 19b in another EMF 14b forwards. Conversely, the EMF gateway transmits 28b the information 13 from the EMF client 19b over the communication network 26 to the EMF gateway 28a that the information 13 to the EMF client 19a forwards. The communication network 26 is exemplified as a LAN, WLAN, mobile network (in particular UMTS, LTE), Bluetooth, ZigBee or fiber to bridge larger distances with widely distributed sanitary facilities executed.

In an alternative embodiment, the information exchange takes place between the EMF gateways 28a and 28b by ultrasound 27 using the sound transmission characteristics of the water contained in the installation.

It also includes the EMF Gateway 28a the energy supply 43a and the EMF gateway 28b the energy supply 43b , In particularly advantageous embodiments, the power supplies 43a and or 43b as an EMF energy harvester for converting energy from the EMF 14a and or 14b , as an EMF energy harvester for converting energy from EM-based communication networks 26 , as a converter for converting energy from LAN-based communication networks 26 and / or as a sound energy harvester for converting the kinetic energy of the ultrasound 27 into electrical energy to power the EMF gateways 28a and or 28b executed.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment is in the EMF gateways 28a and or 28b an EMF client 19 , an EMF provider 20 and / or an EMF repeater 25 integrated.

1g shows the EMF client 19 and at least two EMF suppliers 20a and 20b , The power at the receiver typically decreases in the far field of the utility antenna as the distance between the EMF suppliers increases 20a , b and the EMF client 19 by 20 dB per decade of the distance r _a , r _a ', r _b , r _b '. The distance r _A, R _a ', R _b, R _b' between the individual subscribers can thus based on the received power between the EMF utilities 20a , b and the EMF client 19 Approximately be determined without regard to the attenuation caused by items that are between the EMF providers 20a , b and the EMF client 19 located, for example, a wall. In its starting position, the EMF client rates 19 the field strength of the EMF supplier 20a emitted EMF 14a and determines from this the distance r _a and the field strength of the EMF supplier 20b emitted EMF 14b and determines from this the distance r _b . In the position 19 ' determines the EMF client 19 the distances r _a 'and r _b ' in the same way. From the relationship that r _a 'greater than r _a and r _b ' is smaller than r _b , the EMF client detects 19 a move away from the EMF provider 20a to the EMF supplier 20b ,

1h shows an arrangement of at least one mobile EMF client 19 and the fixed EMF clients 19a c. The EMF clients 19 . 19a -C are in a range of sufficient field strength of in 1h for clarity, not shown EMF 14 , The mobile EMF client 19 determined from the field strengths of the backscattering 15a -C from the EMF clients 19a -C the distances r _a , r _b and r _c and after the movement into the position 19 ' the distances r _a ', r _b ' and r _c '.

The mobile EMF client 19 is exemplarily worn by a user, is integrated in a bracelet and transmits the distances and its identification number to the fixed EMF clients 19a -C, which are exemplary integrated in different fittings. This allows the fixed EMF clients 19a -C determine which the mobile EMF client 19 spatially closest. An approximate position estimate is already with two of the fixed EMF clients 19a -C possible; The accuracy of the position determination increases with the number of stationary EMF clients.

1i shows a simplified scheme of information transfer between the EMF client 19 and an information exchange device 29 , for example, a smartphone 29a a computer 29b , a mobile phone, a tablet or a component of a building management system.

The EMF gateway 28 includes an EMF utility, not shown, to generate the EMF 14 with sufficiently high field strength for the exchange of information 13 , Because the distance between the EMF client 19 and the EMF gateway 28 exceeds the maximum communication range is spatially between the EMF client 19 and the EMF gateway 28 the EMF repeater 25 arranged. The information 13 is sent via an unillustrated control line to the EMF client 19 transmit this information 13 via the EMF repeater 25 to the EMF gateway 28 forwards. The EMF gateway 28 finally transfers the information 13 over the communication network 26 to the device for information exchange 29 , for example, the smartphone 29a that the information 13 on his display.

The transmission of information from the information exchange device 29 to the EMF client 19 takes place analogously in reverse order.

2a shows a manual removal fitting 30 with a flow meter 32 , With the adjusting device 49 becomes the valve 33 actuated and the volume flow and the mixing ratio of water from the water connection 47a for hot water PWH and from the water connection 47b for cold water PWC through the valve 33 , the flow meter 32 and the water route 31 to the water outlet 47d certainly. Via the control line 48 is the flow meter 32 with the EMF client 19 for transmitting the flow values to the communication network, not shown 26 connected.

The flow meter 32 is designed as a back pressure switch, which detects whether the valve 33 is open or closed. In alternative embodiments, the flow meter 32 designed as a pressure surge switch, as a turbine, as an ultrasonic flowmeter or as an inductive flow meter. In another embodiment, the flow meter detects 32 the flow noise of the water flowing through and determines the volume flow in liters per minute.

The manual removal fitting 30a shows a particularly advantageous embodiment of the removal fitting 30 with one in the removal fitting 30a integrated EMF client 19 ,

In a special version, the manual removal valves included 30 . 30a a temperature sensor 37 which determines the temperature of the flowing or still water in the water range 31 detected and via a control line, not shown, to the EMF client 19 for transmitting the temperature values to the communication network, not shown 26 forwards.

In an advantageous embodiment, the EMF client comprises 19 a microprocessor, not shown, and at least one program memory containing the software that the microprocessor executes. In special versions includes the EMF client 19 Furthermore, a data memory for storing operating and / or configuration data and / or a diagnostic memory for storing error messages. Advantageously, the program memory, the data memory and / or the diagnostic memory are integrated directly in the microprocessor or designed as an exchangeable storage medium, bepielhaft as a USB stick or SD card.

2 B shows different components of an installation.

The pipe 35 includes the water connections 47a and 47b passing through the water route 31 with the adjoining, designed as a thermometer temperature sensor 37 are connected. The temperature sensor 37 detects the temperature of the flowing or stationary water in the water section 31 ,

The pipe 35a includes the water connections 47a and 47b passing through the water route 31 with the temperature sensor attached to it 37 are connected. Via the control line 48 is the temperature sensor 37 with the EMF client 19 for transmitting the temperature values to the communication network, not shown 26 connected.

The temperature sensor 37 is exemplarily designed as PTC PTC thermistor, NTC thermal conductor, thermocouple, Pt100, Pt1000, pyrometer, passive infrared sensor, thermopile or thermal imager with image evaluation.

The pipe 35b shows a particularly advantageous embodiment of the tube 35a with one in the pipe 35a integrated EMF client 19 ,

The tee 36 includes the water connections 47a . 47b and 47c passing through the water route 31 with the screwed temperature sensor 37 are connected. Via the control line 48 is the temperature sensor 37 with the EMF client 19 for transmitting the temperature values to the communication network, not shown 26 connected.

The tee 36a shows a particularly advantageous embodiment of the T-piece 36 with integrated EMF client 19 ,

2c shows various versions of wall writing for connection of not shown removal valves.

The wall disk 38 with double connection includes the water connection 47a for connection to the water supply, not shown, the water connection 47c for connecting a non-illustrated removal fitting and the water connection 47b for forwarding the water to a further wall plate, not shown, for connecting a further removal fitting, not shown. The water connections 47a -C are through the water route 31 with the calorimetric flow meter 32a connected. Via the control line 48 is the calorimetric flow meter 32a with the EMF client 19 for transmitting the measured values for flow and temperature to the communication network, not shown 26 connected.

The calorimetric flowmeter 32a includes the temperature sensor 37 and a heater, not shown, for example, a heating wire perpendicular to the flow direction in the waterway 31 mounted, with the temperature sensor 37 includes two temperature measuring cells in the immediate vicinity of the heating element, one in the flow direction before and one in the direction of flow after the heating element. With this arrangement, the flow is detected in both directions. According to King's law for calculating the flow velocity in liquids, the heating element is deprived of a certain amount of heat per unit of time, which is dependent on the mean flow velocity of the water. The calorimetric flowmeter 32a includes an electronic unit for measuring, controlling and regulating the heating power of the heating element and for detecting the temperature values of the temperature sensor 37 , When water flows through the heating power of the heating element to a constant power operation or to a constant differential temperature between the temperature of the heating element and one of the temperature measuring cells of the temperature sensor 37 regulated and calculated from the measured values of the differential temperature and / or the heating power, the flow velocity of the water. From the given flow profile of the water determines the calorimetric flowmeter 32a the flow.

In an alternative embodiment, the wall plate 38 contrary to in 2c flow direction shown flows through. In this case, the water connection is used 47b to connect the water supply, not shown, and the water connection 47a for forwarding the water to a further wall plate, not shown, for connecting a further removal fitting, not shown.

The wall disk 38a shows a particularly advantageous embodiment of the wall plate 38 with integrated EMF client 19 ,

2d shows an electronic removal fitting 39 , The electronic circuit unit 42 detected with the proximity sensor 41 the response range 41a and indicates when approaching an object, for example, the hand of a user, not shown, with the valve 33 the flow of water from the water connection 47a for hot water PWH and from the water connection 47b for cold water PWC through the water line 31 to the water outlet 47d free. The electronic removal fitting 39 furthermore has the temperature sensor 37 , a locating device 40 and the EMF client 19 for communication via the non-communication network 26 , The temperature sensor 37 is how in 2e described for detecting the temperature after the backscatter temperature measuring method. The EMF client 19 includes the information provider 10 and the information recipient 17 , The locating device 40 captures the position an unillustrated mobile EMF client 19 as in 1h described. The energy supply 43 is as EMF Energy Harvester 21 educated.

In an advantageous embodiment, the electronic circuit unit comprises 42 a microprocessor, not shown, and at least one program memory containing the software that the microprocessor executes. In special embodiments, the electronic circuit unit comprises 42 furthermore a storage medium 42a for storing operating and / or configuration data and / or a diagnostic memory for storing error messages. Advantageously, the program memory, the data memory and / or the diagnostic memory directly in the microprocessor or on the storage medium 42a integrated. The storage medium 42a can also be designed as a memory card, as a USB stick, as a hard disk, as a CD, DVD or Blueray drive. In an advantageous embodiment, the storage medium 42a removable. In a particular embodiment, the electronic circuit unit checks 42 when inserting the storage medium 42a its contents and performs a firmware update if the storage medium contains a corresponding image.

2e shows a particularly advantageous embodiment of the temperature sensor 37 for detecting the temperature after the backscatter temperature measuring method. The temperature sensor 37 is as an antenna 12 made of a material with a known, high thermal expansion coefficient. If the material has a positive coefficient of thermal expansion, the material expands as the temperature rises and contracts again as the temperature falls. If, on the other hand, the material has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion, the material contracts as the temperature increases and expands again as the temperature decreases. With the size expansion of the material change with the geometry of the as a temperature sensor 37 executed antenna 12 the impedance and thus also the backscatter 15 . 15a c. In another version is the temperature sensor 37 from the antennas 12a and 12b educated. The antenna 12a consists of a conductive structure on a material with a known, high thermal expansion coefficient. In contrast, the antenna is 12b formed as a conductive structure on a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Starting from the room temperature, the antenna expands 12a and takes the position at a temperature of exemplarily 30 ° C 12a ' at. If the temperature continues to increase, then at a certain temperature of 45 ° C in the position, for example 12a '' the conductive structure of the antenna 12a the conductive structure of the antenna 12b , thus abruptly changes the impedance of the antennas 12a and 12b existing antenna 12 and thus also the backscatter 15 . 15a c. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the antenna 12 so arranged that at water flow the antenna 12a heated by the hot water PWH and the antenna 12b cooled by the cold water PWC. Touch the warmer antenna 12a the cooler antenna 12b , cools it and takes over the position 12a ' back to their original position 12a one. From the frequency or the time course of the impedance change, taking into account the typical heat transfer losses, the temperature difference between the cold and hot water is determined. This accomplishes on the one hand the electronic circuit unit, not shown 42 the electronic sampling device, not shown 39 that with the antennas 12a and 12b coupled impedance, or on the other hand, the device for information exchange, not shown 29 , in the simplest case, via the EMF client, not shown 19 the backscatter 15 . 15a -C as a temperature sensor 37 trained antenna 12 evaluates.

In alternative, not shown, the antenna is made 12a of a conductive structure on a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion and the antenna 12b as a conductive structure of a material with a known, high coefficient of thermal expansion, and / or the antenna 12 is arranged so that when water flows the antenna 12a cooled by the cold water PWC and the antenna 12b is heated by the hot water PWH.

3 shows an exemplary network with valves and devices for information exchange. The electronic removal fitting 39a with the pipe 35a and the EMF repeater 25 are located in an area where the already existing in the area EMF 14a has a sufficient field strength for information exchange. The manual removal fitting 30a , the electronic withdrawal fitting 39b and the EMF gateway 28 are locally located in an area where the field strength of the existing in the environment EMF 14a insufficient to exchange information. The EMF gateway includes an EMF utility 20 and thus generates the EMF 14b , which is an information exchange with the manual removal fitting 30a , the electronic removal fitting 39b and the EMF repeater 25 has sufficient field strength. The exchange of information between the manual removal fitting 30a , the electronic removal fitting 39b and the EMF gateway 28 thus takes place directly, while the exchange of information between the manual removal fitting 30a and the electronic removal fitting 39a , between the electronic removal fitting 39a and the electronic removal fitting 39b , between the EMF gateway 28 and the electronic removal fitting 39b and between the EMF gateway 28 and the tube 35a as in 1e described via the EMF repeater 25 he follows.

The EMF gateway 28 again exchanges over the communication network 26 Information exemplified as a pipe 35a , as a manual removal fitting 30a and as an electronic withdrawal fitting 39a and 39b executed components of the installation with example as a smartphone 29a and as a computer 29b executed devices for information exchange 29 out. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the computer 29b integrated into an unillustrated building management system.

The exchange of information between the manual removal fitting 30a , the electronic removal fittings 39a and or 39b , the pipe 35a , the smartphone 29a and / or the computer 29b serves for transmitting data, for example the on and off times of the valves, the temperatures and / or volume flows of the water flowing through.

In a particular embodiment, the information exchange is used for configuring, remote control, for reading a program, data and / or diagnostic memory and / or software update of the components of the installation by the device for information exchange 29 ,

In an alternative embodiment, the information exchange is used to balance the time between the components of the installation and the devices for information exchange 29 ,

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the EMF gateway comprises 28 a web server, not shown. This allows the devices to exchange information 29 using a standard web browser to access the components of the installation.

4a describes a method for detecting the complete replacement of all water content V in the stagnation line 44 , The stagnation line 44 includes at least the one at the position 1 arranged temperature sensor 37a and at another position 2 arranged another temperature sensor 37b , The stagnation line 44 between the positions 1 and 2 has the length L with the water content V. In times of stagnation, the temperatures of the stagnation water approach 50 in the field of position 1 from the temperature sensor 37a and in the area of the position 2 from the temperature sensor 37b be detected, the respective ambient temperatures. The flow direction of the water is exemplary of position 1 in the direction of position 2 shown and can be done in other arrangements in the opposite direction.

The stagnation diagram 46a shows the temperature profile during the removal of hot water PWH, from the hot water supply, not shown in the range of position 1 that flows in the stagnation line 44 lingering stagnant water 50 in the direction of position 2 displaced and at the with the temperature sensor 37a detected temperature of hot water PWH in the area of the position 1 to the temperature profile 45a T _a1 at time t _a1 to _a2 T at time t _a2 leads. The temperature profile 45a followed by a time delay of the temperature profile 45b the one with the temperature sensor 37b detected temperature in the range of position 2 from T _b1 at time t _b1 to T _b2 at time t _b2 . Due to different environmental conditions and heat losses, neither are the same with the temperature sensor 37a detected temperature T _a1 and Tat exactly the _same with the temperature sensor 37b detected temperatures T _b1 and T _b2 , still with the temperature sensor 37a recorded temperature profile 45a from T _a1 to T _a2 exactly the _same with the temperature sensor 37b recorded temperature profile 45b from T _b1 to T _b2 . By comparing the corresponding temperature profiles 45a and 45b the times t _a1 , t _a2 , t _b1 and t _{b2 are} determined.

At the time t _a1 , the inflow of fresh hot water PWH from the hot water supply becomes the position 1 detects, at time t _b2, the complete flushing out of the stagnant water at the position 2 and thus the complete water exchange of the entire volume V of the stagnation line 44 ,

In one possible embodiment of the invention, the comparison of the temperature profiles 45a and 45b the value ΔT _{a is} calculated as an amount of the difference of T _a1 and T _a1 and ΔT _b as an amount of the difference of T _b1 and T _b2 . The temperature gradients 45a and 45b are then rated as corresponding if the amount of the difference of ΔT _a and ΔT _b falls below predetermined limit values of, for example, 1 ° C.

In an alternative embodiment, the comparison of the duration of the temperature curves 45a and 45b The value Δt _{a is} calculated as the difference between t _a2 minus t _a2 and Δt _b as the difference between t _b2 minus t _b1 . The temperature gradients 45a and 45b are then rated as corresponding if the amount of the difference of Δt _a and Δt _b falls below predetermined limit values of, for example, 5 s.

In another embodiment of the invention, the comparison of the temperature profiles 45a and 45b evaluated a constant temperature stability after an increase. The temperature gradients 45a and 45b are then rated as corresponding if after the temperature rise 45b from T _b1 to T _b2 that of the temperature sensor 37b detected temperature at the position 2 remains approximately constant at T _b2 for a given minimum duration of, for example, 10 s.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the comparison of the temperature profiles 45a and 45b by pattern matching with methods of image processing.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, several of the aforementioned comparison methods are combined.

In a particular advantageous embodiment of the method as automatic rinsing a stagnation rinsing is triggered and the stagnant hot water PWH from the stagnation line 44 flushed out when the dwell time in the stagnation line 44 stagnant water exceeds a limit of, for example, 72 hours. The limit for the residence time of 72 hours corresponds to the specification of the VDI / DVGW 6023 for a hygienic operation of drinking water installations. In another embodiment, the limit for the residence time is 168 hours and corresponds to the specification of EN 806 , which provides a maximum downtime of 7 days. In versions for hygienically sensitive areas, the limit value for the residence time is, for example, in the range between 30 minutes and 48 hours.

In an alternative embodiment, a Stagnationsfreis purge is triggered when the temperature of the stagnant hot water PWH drops below a threshold temperature of example 55 ° C.

The stagnation diagram 46b shows the temperature profile during the removal of cold water PWC, from the cold water supply, not shown, in the area of the position 1 that flows in the stagnation line 44 lingering stagnant water 50 in the direction of position 2 displaced and at the with the temperature sensor 37a detected temperature of the cold water PWC in the area of the position 1 to the temperature profile 45c from T _c1 at time t _c1 to T _c2 at time t _c2 . The temperature profile 45c followed by a time delay of the temperature profile 45d the one with the temperature sensor 37b detected temperature of the cold water PWC in the area of the position 2 from T _d1 at time t _d1 to T _d2 at time t _d2 . Due to different environmental conditions and heat losses, neither are the same with the temperature sensor 37a detected temperature T _c1 and T _c2 exactly with the temperature sensor 37b detected temperature T _d1 and T _d2 , nor with the temperature sensor 37a recorded temperature profile 45c from T _c1 to T _c2 exactly the _same with the temperature sensor 37b recorded temperature profile 45d from T _d1 to T _d2 .

By comparing the corresponding temperature profiles 45c and 45d become - as with stagnation diagram 46a described - the times t _c1 , t _c2 , t _d1 and t _d2 determined.

At the time t _c1 , the inflow of fresh cold water PWC from the cold water supply becomes the position 1 detects, at time t _d2, the complete flushing of the stagnant water at the position 2 and thus the complete water exchange of the entire volume V of the stagnation line 44 ,

In a particular advantageous embodiment of the method as automatic irrigation a Stagnationsfreis purge is triggered and the stagnant cold water PWC from the stagnation line 44 flushed out when the dwell time in the stagnation line 44 stagnant water exceeds a limit of, for example, 72 hours. In an alternative embodiment, a stagnation purging is triggered when the temperature of the stagnant cold water PWC rises above a limiting temperature of 20 ° C by way of example.

4b describes a method for detecting the complete replacement of the entire water content V in a part of a water installation, exemplified as a branched stagnation line 44a is trained. The stagnation line 44a includes at least the ones at the positions 3 - 5 arranged temperature sensor 37c e. The flow direction of the water is exemplary of position 3 in the direction of the position 4 and 5 and may be in other directions in other arrangements.

The stagnation diagram 46c shows the temperature profile during the removal of hot water PWH, from the hot water supply, not shown in the range of position 3 that flows in the stagnation line 44a lingering stagnant water 50 in the direction of the positions 4 and 5 displaced and at the with the temperature sensor 37c detected temperature of hot water PWH in the area of the position 3 to the temperature profile 45e from T _e1 at time t _e1 to T _e2 at time t _e2 . The temperature profile 45e follow the temperature gradients delayed in time 45f the one with the temperature sensor 37d detected temperature of hot water PWH in the area of the position 4 from T _f1 at time t _f1 to T _f2 at time t ₂ and 45g the one with the temperature sensor 37e detected temperature of hot water PWH in the area of the position 5 from T _g1 at time t _g1 to T _g2 at time t _g2 .

By comparing the corresponding temperature profiles 45e . 45f and 45g become - as with the stagnation diagram 46a described - the times t _e1 , t _e2 , t _f1 , t _f2 , t _g1 and t _g2 determined.

At the time t _e1 , the flow of fresh hot water PWH from the hot water supply becomes the position 3 detects, at time t _f2, the complete flushing out of the stagnant water at the position 4 and at time t _g2, the complete flushing of the stagnant water at the position 5 , At the later of the two times t _f2 and t _g2 is thus the complete exchange of water of the entire volume V of the branched stagnation line 44a trained part of the water installation.

The stagnation diagram for the temperature history when removing cold water PWC corresponds to the difference between the stagnation diagram 46a and 46b essentially the stagnation diagram 46c , but with decreasing temperature.

5a shows the relationship between temperature and microbiological growth. In addition to the available nutrient supply, especially the temperature is a crucial factor for the multiplication of microorganisms.

curve 51a shows the typical growth curve for Legionella pneumophilia. A positive slope of the characteristic 51a shows a population growth, a negative slope a population decline. The y-axis shows the number of colony-forming units (CFU) as the size for the quantification of microorganisms without value data, since the actual population depends on the temperature in addition to numerous other environmental conditions.

Below the temperature T ₀ of about 5 ° C is no increase takes place, about a low growth is possible, the starting from a temperature T ₁ in the range of 15 to 20 ° C in a linear growth and from a temperature T ₂ in the range of 25 to 30 ° C in an exponential growth. At a temperature T ₃ in the range of 35 to 40 ° C, the microorganisms find optimal propagation conditions, above the temperature T ₄ of about 50 ° C is no longer detectable Legionella growth and above the temperature T ₅ of about 60 ° C die Legionella from.

The characteristic 51a forms the basis for the evaluation of the risk for the propagation of Legionella pneumophilia. It can also be applied to all other microorganisms, but different values apply to different species for the temperatures T ₀ to T ₅ .

5b shows a method for determining the risk for microbiological growth. curve 51b shows the temperature profile of the stagnation water 50 in the stagnation lines 44 and 44a , The determination of the risk takes place continuously, here by way of example every minute, on the basis of the temperature of the stagnation water 50 according to the characteristic 51a , curve 51b ' indicates the course of the R value for the integrated risk of microbial proliferation, which depends on the temperature of the stagnant water 50 increases. At time t ₀ , a rinse ends with water at a temperature of 10 ° C, for example, and that in the stagnation line 44 . 44a remaining stagnant water 50 warms slowly to the ambient temperature T _U of example 22 ° C. At time t ₁ , the integrated risk factor for microbial growth R exceeds the predetermined threshold value R _G by way of example 30 and the stagnant water 50 is in the course of stagnation rinse 51c with water at a temperature of exemplarily 10 ° C from the stagnation line 44 . 44a rinsed out. As shown in this example, at time t _1, the temperature of the stagnant water 50 not yet reached the ambient temperature.

In alternative methods, the stagnation purging becomes 51c after exceeding a maximum residence time of the stagnation water 50 , below a minimum limit temperature of stagnation water 50 or when a maximum limit temperature of the stagnation water is exceeded 50 carried out.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Position ( 4a )

2

Position ( 4a )

3

Position ( 4b )

4

Position ( 4b )

5

Position ( 4b )

10

Information provider ( 1a . 2d )

11

Switching element ( 1a . 1b . 1e )

11a

Amplifier ( 1a )

11b

Switch ( 1a )

11c

Switch ( 1a )

12

Antenna ( 1a . 1b . 1c . 1e . 2e )

12a

Antenna ( 1a . 1b . 1e . 2e )

12a '

Position ( 2e )

12a ''

Position ( 2e )

12b

Antenna ( 1a . 1b . 1e . 2e )

12c

Antenna ( 1a )

13

Information ( 1b . 1d . 1e . 1f . 1i )

13a

information to be transmitted ( 1a . 1b )

13b

received information ( 1a . 1b )

14

EMF ( 1a . 1b . 1c . 1d . 1e . 1i )

14a

EMF ( 1d . 1f . 1g . 3 )

14b

EMF ( 1d . 1f . 1g . 3 )

15

Backscatter BSC ( 1a . 1b )

15a

Backscatter BSC ( 1h )

15b

Backscatter BSC ( 1h )

15c

Backscatter BSC ( 1h )

16

Drive unit ( 1a . 1b . 1e )

17

Information recipient ( 1a . 2d )

18

Evaluation unit ( 1a . 1b . 1e )

19

EMF client ( 1b . 1c . 1g . 1h . 1i . 2a . 2 B . 2c . 2d )

19 '

position 19 ' from EMF client 19 ( 1g . 1h )

19a

EMF client ( 1d . 1e . 1f . 1h )

19b

EMF client ( 1d . 1e . 1f . 1h )

19c

EMF client ( 1d . 1h )

20

EMF supplier ( 1b . 1d . 3 )

20a

EMF supplier ( 1g )

20b

EMF supplier ( 1g )

21

EMF Energy Harvester ( 1c . 2d )

22

Adaptation network ( 1c )

23

Rectifier ( 1c )

24a

Route ( 1e )

24b

Route ( 1e )

24ab

Route ( 1d . 1e )

24ac

Route ( 1d )

24BC

Route ( 1d )

25

EMF repeater ( 1e . 1i . 3 )

26

Communication network ( 1f . 1i . 3 )

27

Ultrasound ( 1f )

28

EMF gateway ( 1i . 3 )

28a

EMF gateway ( 1f )

28b

EMF gateway ( 1f )

29

Device for information exchange ( 1i . 3 )

29a

Smartphone ( 1i . 3 )

29b

Computer ( 1i . 3 )

30

manual removal fitting ( 2a )

30a

manual removal fitting ( 2a . 3 )

31

Water route ( 2a . 2 B . 2c . 2d )

32

Flow meter ( 2a )

32a

calorimetric flowmeter ( 2c )

33

Valve ( 2a . 2d )

35

Pipe ( 2 B )

35a

Pipe ( 2 B . 3 )

35b

Pipe ( 2 B )

36

Tee ( 2 B )

36a

Tee ( 2 B )

37

Temperature sensor ( 2a . 2 B . 2c . 2d . 2e )

37a

Temperature sensor ( 4a )

37b

Temperature sensor ( 4a )

37c

Temperature sensor ( 4b )

37d

Temperature sensor ( 4b )

37e

Temperature sensor ( 4b )

38

Wall plate ( 2c )

38a

Wall plate ( 2c )

39

electronic withdrawal fitting ( 2d )

39a

electronic withdrawal fitting ( 3 )

39b

electronic withdrawal fitting ( 3 )

40

Locating device ( 2d )

41

Proximity sensor ( 2d )

41a

Response range ( 2d )

42

electronic circuit unit ( 2d )

42a

Storage medium ( 2d )

43

Power supply ( 1b . 1c . 2d )

43a

Power supply ( 1a . 1f )

43b

Power supply ( 1a . 1f )

44

Stagnation line ( 4a )

44a

Stagnation line ( 4b )

45a

Temperature course ( 4a )

45b

Temperature course ( 4a )

45c

Temperature course ( 4a )

45d

Temperature course ( 4a )

45e

Temperature course ( 4b )

45f

Temperature course ( 4b )

45g

Temperature course ( 4b )

46a

Stagnation diagram ( 4a )

46b

Stagnation diagram ( 4a )

46c

Stagnation diagram ( 4b )

47a

Water connection ( 2a . 2 B . 2c . 2d )

47b

Water connection ( 2a . 2 B . 2c . 2d )

47c

Water connection ( 2 B . 2c )

47d

Water outlet ( 2a . 2d )

48

Control line ( 2a . 2 B . 2c )

49

Adjusting device ( 2a )

50

Stagnation water ( 4a )

51a

Curve ( 5a )

51b

Curve ( 5b )

51b '

Curve ( 5b )

51c

Stagnation rinse ( 5b )

C _v

Charging capacitor ( 1c )

L

Length ( 4a )

PWC

Cold water ( 2a . 2d )

PWH

Hot water ( 2a . 2d )

R

Risk ( 5b )

R _G

Risk ( 5b )

r _a

Distance ( 1g . 1h )

r _a '

Distance ( 1g . 1h )

_b

Distance ( 1g . 1h )

r _b '

Distance ( 1g . 1h )

r _c

Distance ( 1h )

r _c '

Distance ( 1h )

T ₀

Temperature ( 5a )

t ₀

Time ( 5b )

T ₁

Temperature ( 5a )

t ₁

Time ( 5b )

T ₂

Temperature ( 5a )

T ₃

Temperature ( 5a )

T ₄

Temperature ( 5a )

T ₅

Temperature ( 5a )

T _a1

Temperature ( 4a )

t _a1

Time ( 4a )

T _a2

Temperature ( 4a )

t _a2

Time ( 4a )

T _b1

Temperature ( 4a )

t _b1

Time ( 4a )

T _b2

Temperature ( 4a )

t _b2

Time ( 4a )

T _c1

Temperature ( 4a )

t _c1

Time ( 4a )

T _c2

Temperature ( 4a )

t _c2

Time ( 4a )

T _d1

Temperature ( 4a )

t _d1

Time ( 4a )

T _d2

Temperature ( 4a )

t _d2

Time ( 4a )

T _e1

Temperature ( 4b )

t _e1

Time ( 4b )

T _e2

Temperature ( 4b )

t _e2

Time ( 4b )

T _f1

Temperature ( 4b )

t _f1

Time ( 4b )

T _f2

Temperature ( 4b )

t _f2

Time ( 4b )

T _g1

Temperature ( 4b )

t _g1

Time ( 4b )

T _g2

Temperature ( 4b )

t _g2

Time ( 4b )

T _U

Ambient temperature ( 5b )

U _v

Supply voltage ( 1c )

V

Water content ( 4a )

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• AT 404150 B [0016]
• AT 412824 B [0016]
• DE 19651132 A1 [0016]
• DE 10148675 C1 [0016]
• EP 2169123 A1 [0016]
• EP 0813636 A1 [0016]
• US 5961095 A [0016]
• US 2005150556 A1 [0016]
• DE 102009030534 A1 [0017]
• US 2004254746 A1 [0017]
• AT 506792 B1 [0017]
• EP 2500475 A2 [0018]
• AT 514160 [0019]
• EP 2439173 A1 [0020]
• DE 202012104942 U1 [0021]
• DE 102010055176 A1 [0022]
• GB 2452311 A [0022]
• US 2006230772 A1 [0022]
• US 2005274812 A1 [0023]

Cited non-patent literature

• Publication "Wi-Egg Backscatter: Internet Connectivity for RF-Powered Devices", Bryce Kellogg, Aaron Parks, Shyamnath Gollakota, Joshua R. Smith and David Wetherall, University of Washington, SIGCOMM'14, August 17-22, 2014, Chicago, IL, USA [0024]
• VDI / DVGW 6023 [0114]
• EN 806 [0114]

Claims (9)

Procedure with at least one information provider ( 10 ) with at least one antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) to send at least one piece of information ( 13 . 13a -B) and at least one information recipient ( 17 ) with at least one antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) for receiving at least one piece of information ( 13 . 13a -B), characterized in that at least one information recipient ( 17 ) by the decoding of at least one information provider ( 10 ) information ( 13 . 13a B) by demodulating a backscatter ( 15 . 15a -C) in at least one EMF ( 14 . 14a -B) at least one stagnation purging ( 51c ) triggers. Method according to claim 1 with at least one information provider ( 10 ) with a switching element ( 11 ), a switch ( 11b ) and an amplifier ( 11a ), characterized in that the information provider ( 10 ) with the switch ( 11b ) the amplifier ( 11a ) with the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C), with the switching element ( 11 ) the impedance of the amplifier ( 11a ) to the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) and the encoded information ( 13 . 13a -B) for actively transmitting the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) feeds. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the information provider ( 10 ) falls below a minimum field strength of the EMF ( 14 . 14a B) for information transmission by modulation of backscatter ( 15 . 15a -C) with the switch ( 11b ) the amplifier ( 11a ) with the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C), with the switching element ( 11 ) the impedance of the amplifier ( 11a ) to the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) and the encoded information ( 13 . 13a -B) for actively transmitting the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) feeds. Method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the information provider ( 10 ) falls below a minimum achievable transmission rate for information transmission by modulation of the backscatter ( 15 . 15a -C) with the switch ( 11b ) the amplifier ( 11a ) with the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C), with the switching element ( 11 ) the impedance of the amplifier ( 11a ) to the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) and the encoded information ( 13 . 13a -B) for actively transmitting the antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) feeds. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the transmission of the information ( 13 . 13a -B) by the information provider ( 10 ) to the information recipient ( 17 ) via at least one EMF client ( 19 . 19a -C), at least one EMF repeater ( 25 ) and / or at least one EMF gateway ( 28 . 28a -B). Method according to one of claims 1 to 5 for determining a temperature, characterized in that at least one antenna ( 12 . 12a -C) at least one information provider ( 10 ) the reflection behavior as a function of a temperature (T ₀ -T ₅ , T _a1 , T _a2 , T _b1 , T _b2 , T _c1 , T _c2 , T _d1 , T _d2 , T _e1 , T _e2 , T _f1 , T _f2 , T _g1 , T _g2 ), at least one of the information recipients ( 17 ) by demodulating the backscatter ( 15 . 15a -C) in the EMF ( 14 . 14a B) the change in the reflection behavior of the antenna ( 12 . 12a C) and from the change of the reflection behavior the temperature (T ₀ -T ₅ , T _a1 , T _a2 , T _b1 , T _b2 , T _c1 , T _c2 , T _d1 , T _d2 , T _e1 , T _e2 , T _f1 , T _f2 , T _g1 , T _g2 ). Method according to one of claims 1 to 6 with at least one EMF client ( 19 . 19a -C) and at least two EMF suppliers ( 20a B) characterized in that at least one of the EMF clients ( 19 ) from the distances (r _a , r _a ', r _b , r _b ') the nearest EMC supplier ( 20a -B). Method according to one of claims 1 to 7 with at least three EMF clients ( 19 . 19a C) characterized in that at least one of the EMF clients ( 19 ) from the distances (r _a , r _a ', r _b , r _b ', r _c , r _c ') the nearest of the other EMF clients ( 19a -C). Method according to one of claims 1 to 8 with at least one EMF client ( 19 . 19a -C) and at least one information exchange device ( 29 ) characterized in that at least one of the EMF clients ( 19 . 19a -C) via at least one EMF gateway ( 28 . 28a -B) to at least one of the information exchange devices ( 29 ) at least one piece of information ( 13 . 13a -B) transfers.

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