DE102016104300A1 - Security element and a method for producing a security element - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a security element (1) having a volume hologram layer (11) which spans a coordinate system with the coordinate axes x and y (3, 4) perpendicular to one another in a non-bent state of the security element (1), wherein the volume hologram layer (11 a first volume hologram is formed such that a first information (21-30) in a first predefined bent state of the security element (1) for a viewer (7) in a first viewing situation is visible and is not visible in the non-bent state of the security element (1) in the first viewing situation or vice versa.

Description

The invention relates to a security element, a method for producing a security element and a security document with a security element.

Optically effective security elements are used in particular on security documents such as banknotes, passports, ID cards, check cards, credit cards, visas or certificates, both for informative and decorative purposes. On the one hand, such security elements increase counterfeit protection, for example compared with modern color copiers and other reproduction systems, and on the other hand are easily and clearly recognizable to the layman, so that the layman can clearly determine the authenticity of a security document equipped with such a security element and thus recognize forgeries or manipulations.

For this purpose, security elements often have light-diffractive, diffractive structures such as holograms. These security elements offer the viewer optically variable effects when tilting the security element. Frequently used as security elements and optically variable thin-film elements that convey a different color impressions, especially as a color change in a tilting for the viewer. However, such security elements are today found on a variety of security documents, such as banknotes, so that the layman hardly noticed in everyday use, whereby counterfeiting or manipulation are recognized less frequently, especially by lay people.

The invention is now based on the object to provide a security element and a method for producing a security element, which is characterized by a novel optically variable effect, which differs from the previously described known optically variable effects.

This object is achieved by a security element having a volume hologram layer which spans a coordinate system with the coordinate axes x and y perpendicular to one another in a non-bent state of the security element, wherein a first volume hologram is introduced into the volume hologram layer in at least a first region, wherein the first volume hologram is formed such that a first information in a first predefined bent state of the security element is visible to a viewer in a first viewing situation and is not visible in the unbent state of the security element in the first viewing situation or vice versa. This object is further achieved by a method for producing a security element having a volume hologram layer, in particular according to one of claims 1 to 33, the method comprising the following steps: a) providing the volume hologram layer; b) arranging a master having a surface structure on the volume hologram layer; c) exposing the master and the volume hologram layer by means of coherent light, wherein the first volume hologram thus introduced into the volume hologram layer is formed so that a first information in a first predefined bent state of the security element is visible to a viewer in a first viewing situation; the non-bent state of the security element in the first viewing situation is not visible or vice versa. This object is also achieved by a security document with a security element according to one of claims 1 to 33.

The invention is based on the finding that an optically variable effect, which differs from the aforementioned known optically variable effects, can be generated by shaping the volume hologram layer specified above. While in previous security elements an optically variable effect has been shown when tilting the security elements, here an optically variable effect is produced by bending the security element, so that, for example, information is only visible to the viewer in the bent state of the security element. This creates in a viewer a surprising novel impression, which differs from the known optically variable effects. In particular, the optically variable effect seen in bending clearly differs from an optical effect of the volume hologram when tilted. Depending on the configuration of the volume hologram, the optically variable effect according to the invention can occur, for example, both during a "bending over" and during a "bending away". This awakens the viewer's curiosity, as a result of which the security element is viewed more frequently and thus counterfeits are detected more frequently. Due to the fact that the optically variable effect occurs only when the security element is bent (and not when tilted), the layman in particular is able to clearly identify the effect, which is further characterized by a high degree of memorability. The viewer can intuitively check by bending, for example, the authenticity of a security document with the security element according to the invention. It is advantageous that, in particular, security documents such as identity documents, Passport documents, visas, banknotes or securities are flexible or bendable and are bent frequently in everyday use, so that the attention to this visual effect for users of security documents with the security element according to the invention is further increased. Next, the security against counterfeiting is increased by the security element according to the invention, since a counterfeiter must now also take into account a bent state of the security element in a possible imitation. Furthermore, due to the volume hologram, the security element can not be copied by molding a surface relief.

By "bending" is meant here the deformation of an object in a certain way by exerting a force. The term "bending" of a security element is therefore understood as the exertion of force on the security element, wherein the shape of the security element is changed by the action of force or is changeable. A bent security element thus has an altered geometry compared to the unbent security element. Further, "bending" is also understood to mean buckling, so that a bent security element can have one or more break points or fold lines on which the security element is bent sharply or abruptly.

By "bent state" of the security element is here understood a bent security element. That is, the shape of a security element in a bent state was changed by the force. Preferably, the security element is curved or bent in the bent state and flat or flat when not bent.

In this case, "predefined" is understood to be a predetermined value or value range or a predetermined shape or geometry. Thus, for example, a security element in a predefined bent state follows the shape of a parabola, wherein the parameters describing the parabola for the predefined bent state are defined within tolerance limits.

The term "viewing situation" here means the relative positional relationships of the observer, a lighting device and the security element to one another. This means that in a given viewing situation, the positional relationships do not change. Thus, for example, the distances or angular relationships of the observer, the illumination device and the security element to each other in a particular viewing situation remain substantially the same.

"Visible" here means that the information for the viewer, especially under normal lighting conditions and at a normal viewing distance, is recognizable. By "not visible" is meant here that the information for the viewer, especially under normal lighting conditions and at a normal viewing distance, is not recognizable. Preferably, "not visible" is understood to be only slightly visible. So it is possible that the "invisible" information for the viewer, especially in comparison to the "visible" information, is only slightly recognizable.

In this case, "area" is understood in each case as meaning a defined area of a layer which, when viewed perpendicularly to a plane spanned by the volume hologram layer, is assumed. Preferably, the defined area occupied by the area is determined in the non-bent state of the security element.

Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are designated in the subclaims.

It is possible that the first volume hologram is formed in such a way that at least one second information in at least one second predefined bent state of the security element is visible to the viewer in the first viewing situation and is not visible in the unbent state of the security element in the first viewing situation or the other way around. This ensures that in a second predefined bent state of the security element, a second information for the viewer in the first viewing situation is visible. In this case, the first and the second information preferably complement one another, so that for an inexperienced observer, a logically expected image or a logically expected image sequence arises from the combination of the first and the second information. In this case, the first information may be visible in the first and in the second predefined bent state. For example, the viewer can see a closed flower in the first bent state of the security element and see an opened flower in the second curved state of the security element. Thus, it is possible that a recognizable for the viewer in the first bent state of the security element motif changes in bending of the security element in the second bent state. As a result, for example, a picture story can be generated for the viewer, which is also intuitive and self-explanatory for the layman. The viewer is "rewarded" by bending through the discovery of the story of the picture. Furthermore, the security against counterfeiting is further increased, since a counterfeiter now has to observe several bent states. An example of such a pictorial story is an image that is itself bending like a puzzle piece by piece.

Advantageously, the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state is bent about the x-axis and / or the y-axis. Thus, it is possible that the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state is bent about a horizontal and / or vertical axis of the security element. A bend about the x-axis and / or y-axis is also understood to mean a bend to a parallel to one of these axes.

Preferably, the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state is bent toward the viewer, in particular such that the security element has a concave shape in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state, and / or that the security element is bent away from the viewer, in particular such that the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state has a convex shape.

Furthermore, it is possible for the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element to follow approximately the shape of a half parabola or a parabola.

Preferably, the security element has at least one bending line around which the security element is bent in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element. The bending line preferably lies in the at least one first region, in which the first volume hologram is introduced into the volume hologram layer.

Furthermore, it is possible that the thickness of the security element is reduced in a region of the bending line. Thus, it is possible for the thickness of the volume hologram layer in the region of the bending line to be reduced, preferably by at least 1 μm, preferably by at least 2.5 μm, more preferably by at least 5 μm, even more preferably by at least 10 μm. It is also possible that the thicknesses of one or more further layers of the security element, in particular a carrier layer and / or a protective lacquer layer, are reduced in the region of the bending line. Furthermore, it is possible that at least one of the layers of the security element is not present in the region of the bending line, so that the thickness of the security element is thereby reduced. Furthermore, it is possible for perforations or other local perforations of the security element and / or the security document to be arranged in the region of the bending line. The width of the area with reduced thickness of the security element is preferably between 5 μm and 10 mm, preferably between 50 μm and 5 mm, more preferably between 100 μm and 5 mm. This makes it possible that the security element is bent along a bending line whose position is predetermined on the security element by the reduction in thickness.

Furthermore, it is possible that the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state is bent symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the bending line.

By "symmetrical" is here preferably understood a geometric symmetry, so that in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state symmetrically curved security element can be imaged by motion on itself. Thus, it is possible for the security element, which is symmetrically bent in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state, to be bent mirror-inverted relative to the bending line. As "asymmetrical" is preferably referred to a bend in the first and / or the at least one second bent state, which is not symmetrical.

It is also possible that the plane defined in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element when viewing the security element parallel to a plane spanned by the coordinate axes x and y between a surface of the security element and one of the coordinate axes x or y Angle on both sides of the bend line are different.

Preferably, in the non-bent state of the security element when viewing the security element parallel to a plane spanned by the coordinate axes x and y between a surface of the security element and one of the coordinate axes x or y included angle on both sides of the bending line are substantially the same, in particular the differ Angle less than 5 °, preferably less than 2.5 °, more preferably less than 1 °.

Furthermore, it is possible that in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element, a predefined limit value is exceeded on application of the Laplace operator Δ to a surface of the security element described by a function F (x, y), and the unbent State is not exceeded, wherein the function F (x, y) describes the distance of the surface of the security element to one of the coordinate axes x and y spanned two-dimensional reference surface. It is also possible that in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element, a further predefined limit value is not exceeded when applying the Laplace operator Δ to the function F (x, y), so that when using the Laplace operator Δ on the function F (x, y) of the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state is determined by a range of values which lies between the predefined limit value and the further predefined limit value.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the bending radius in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element is between 1 mm and 100 mm, preferably between 2 mm and 50 mm, more preferably between 4 mm and 30 mm.

By "bending radius" is here understood the radius r of the largest circle, which rests tangentially on the bending line or the bending point and at the same time has no intersections with the security element and / or security document. An unbent, flat security element consequently has an infinite bending radius.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the bending radius in the first and the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element differs by at least 2 mm, preferably 5 mm, more preferably 10 mm.

Furthermore, it is expedient that the security element is bendable, preferably is easily and reversibly bendable, in particular that the shape of the security element by force, preferably low force, is changeable.

Preferably, the security element in the direction of the coordinate axis x or y, about which the security element is bent in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state, has a length of at least 5 mm, preferably of at least 10 mm, more preferably of at least 20 mm , even more preferably of at least 50 mm.

Advantageously, in the non-bent state of the security element, the security element has a surface area of at least 5 mm × 1 mm, preferably of at least 10 mm × 2 mm, even more preferably of at least 50 mm × 10 mm

According to a further preferred embodiment, the first volume hologram has two or more first zones in the at least one first area, wherein the two or more first zones in the first predefined bent state of the security element provide the first information to the viewer in the first viewing situation. This makes it possible for the first information to be generated by the two or more first zones of the at least one first area in the first viewing situation.

Furthermore, it is possible that the first volume hologram has two or more second zones in the at least one first area, wherein the two or more second zones in the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element for the viewer in the first viewing situation, the at least one second Provide information. This makes it possible that the at least one second information is generated by the two or more second zones of the at least one first area in the first viewing situation.

It is advantageous if the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones in the non-bent state of the security element in the direction of one of the coordinate axes x and / or y a length of at least 5 microns, preferably 50 microns, even further preferably have 500 microns.

Furthermore, it is possible for the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones in the undeflected state of the security element to have a surface area of at least 5 μm × 5 μm, preferably 50 μm × 50 μm, even more preferably 500 μm × 500 μm.

It is also expedient if the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones are arranged according to a grid.

In this case, it is possible for the raster to be a one-dimensional raster, in particular a line raster, or a two-dimensional raster, in particular a dot raster. Dot grid is also understood here as meaning a pixel grid of quadrangular, in particular rectangular or square areas.

It is further possible that the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones are interlaced. So it is possible that the two or more first zones alternate with the two or more second zones are arranged and that the two or more first zones are arranged adjacent to the two or more second zones.

Furthermore, it is possible that the raster width is smaller than the resolution limit of the unarmed human eye, in particular that the raster width is smaller than 300 μm, preferably smaller than 150 μm.

Advantageously, the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones are arranged on both sides of the bending line. For example, it is possible for at least one of the first zones to lie on a first side of the bending line and for at least one of the first zones to lie on a second side of the bending line.

Preferably, the two or more first zones in the first predefined bent state of the security element and / or the two or more second zones in the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element in the first viewing situation are visible to the viewer at different illumination angles and viewing angles.

The viewing angle is understood to be the angle enclosed between the plane spanned by the volume hologram layer in the non-bent state and the viewing direction of an observer. Likewise, the angle of illumination is understood as the angle enclosed between the plane spanned by the volume hologram layer in the non-bent state and the illumination direction of an illumination device. If the security element is bent, the viewing angle and the illumination angle for the respective zone change in the two or more first and / or second zones.

According to another preferred embodiment, the volume hologram layer has Bragg planes formed by refractive index variations.

Advantageously, at least one of the parameters differs from the Bragg planes and the orientation of the Bragg planes in the two or more first zones and / or in the two or more second zones. This makes it possible, for example, for the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones to appear in different colors for the viewer. Further, it is determined, for example, by the orientation of the Bragg planes, whether the two or more first zones and / or the two or more second zones in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state are visible to the viewer.

It is advantageous here if the distance of the Bragg planes differs by more than 5 nm, preferably more than 10 nm, even more preferably by more than 20 nm, and / or if that of the Bragg planes and of the volume hologram layer included angle differs by more than 2 °, preferably by more than 5 °, more preferably by more than 10 °, even more preferably by more than 20 °.

Preferably, in the first predefined bent state of the security element, the orientation of the Bragg planes in the two or more first zones is substantially equal to each other. In this way, it can be achieved that each of the two or more first zones contributes to the generation of the first information in the first predefined bent state of the security element in the first viewing situation.

Furthermore, it is possible that in the second predefined bent state of the security element, the orientation of the Bragg planes in the two or more second zones is substantially equal to one another. It can hereby be achieved that each of the two or more second zones contributes to the generation of the at least one second information in the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element in the first viewing situation.

Furthermore, in the first predefined bent state of the security element in the two or more first zones and / or in the at least one second predefined bent state in the two or more second zones of the security element, it is possible that between the normals to the Bragg planes and angles included in the direction of the incident light are substantially equal to the angles included between the normals on the Bragg planes and the direction of the light reflected and / or diffracted by the Bragg planes.

Preferably, to produce a security element, a master is used, which is created on the basis of a curved intermediate master, wherein the bend of the curved intermediate master of the bend of the first and / or of the at least a second predefined bent state of the security element corresponds. The intermediate master may for example be a film with a holographically exposed photoresist, wherein the film is bent in the holographic exposure in accordance with the bending of the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element.

Furthermore, it is possible to use a master which is produced by means of distorting optics, in particular cylindrical lenses. The distorting optics expose the master in such a way that the first volume hologram introduced into the volume hologram layer by means of the master is shaped such that the first and / or the at least second information in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element is visible to a viewer in a first viewing situation and is not visible in the unbent state of the security element in the first viewing situation, or vice versa.

Further, it is possible to use a master containing a computer-generated hologram (CGH) to produce a security element, this CGH calculating a curved area corresponding to the bend of the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element is. The curvature of the bent security element is thus precompensated in the calculated CGH.

It is also possible that a master is used, its surface structure ^®, a kinegram, a symmetric grating is an asymmetric grating, in particular a blazed grating, a binary grating, a multi-level phase gratings, isotropic or anisotropic matt structures, free-form surfaces or combinations thereof. In addition, grating structures with statistically varying parameters (grating period, profile shape, grating depth, azimuth orientation) can advantageously be provided here. In particular, blaze gratings whose flank angles are designed for the illumination and viewing angles of the corresponding zones of the security element in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state are suitable. Here, the depth t of the blazed gratings is preferably optimized to the wavelength for which the first volume hologram is designed, according to the following formula: t = n × λ / 2 with: n ∈ N
At the same time, however, the depth t should preferably not be greater than the period of the blaze gratings.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that a master is used which has at least two partial regions which reflect or diffract incident light into at least two different zones of the volume hologram layer.

Preferably, the surface structure of the master differs in the at least two subregions, in particular in at least one of the parameters profile shape, grating depth, grating period and azimuth angle.

It is possible for the master to have a symmetrical grid structure in a first partial area and to have a first asymmetrical grid structure in a second partial area, the grid periods and / or grid depths of the grid structures differing in the first and second partial areas.

Furthermore, it is possible for the master to have a second asymmetrical lattice structure in a third partial region, wherein the lattice periods and / or lattice depths of the first and second asymmetric lattice structures differ.

It is advantageous that the volume hologram layer and the master are exposed by coherent light beams of different wavelengths and / or different directions of incidence.

Advantageously, the coherent light beam passes through the volume hologram layer and is diffracted or reflected at the surface structure of the master.

It makes sense that the master is arranged directly or with the interposition of a transparent optical medium to the Volumenhologrammschicht.

Preferably, the exposure is effected with laser light with a power density in the range of 0.5 to 5 W / cm ² or with an energy density in the range of 5 to 50 mJ / cm ² , particularly preferably with a power density in the range of 1 to 3 W / cm ² or with an energy density in the range of 10 to 30 mJ / cm ² .

Furthermore, it is expedient that, after exposure, the volume hologram layer is fixed by curing, in particular by means of UV radiation. is fixed

According to a further preferred embodiment, a second volume hologram is introduced into the volume hologram layer in at least one second area.

Preferably, the second volume hologram is formed such that third information is visible in the unbent state of the security element in the first viewing situation. This makes it possible that the viewer in the first viewing situation in the non-curved State of the security element, the third information, for example, perceives an image of a sun, and in the first bent state of the security element perceives the first information, for example, perceives an image of a cloud and a sun.

Advantageously, the at least one first region and the at least one second region are scanned into one another, in particular the at least one first region is arranged alternately with the at least one second region and the at least one first region is arranged adjacent to the at least one second region.

It is furthermore advantageous if the security element in at least a third region of a relief structure selected from the group diffractive grating, Kinegram ^® or hologram, blazed grating, binary grating, multilevel phase gratings, linear grating, cross grid, hexagonal grid, asymmetrical or symmetrical lattice structure, retroreflective structure, in particular binary or continuous freeform surfaces, diffractive or refractive macrostructure, in particular lens structure or microprism structure, microlens, microprism, zero-order diffraction structure, moth-eye structure or anisotropic or isotropic matte structure, or an overlay or combinations of two or more of the aforementioned relief structures. Furthermore, grating structures with statistically varying parameters (grating period, profile shape, grating depth, azimuth orientation) may additionally be provided.

This makes it possible to combine the first and / or at least one second information, which are visible as a function of a bending of the security element, in particular in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state of the security element, with optical effects generated by the relief structures whose visibility shows little or no dependence on a bend. As a result, the effect is achieved, for example, that an optical effect produced by the relief structures, in particular by diffractive lenses and / or by binary or continuous free-form surfaces and / or by a retroreflective structure, is visible in the undeflected state of the security element, and by the first information in FIG first curved state is added, wherein the characteristic appearance of the optical effect generated by the relief structure in the first predefined bent state does not change or only slightly.

Furthermore, it is possible in this case for the security element to comprise a replication lacquer layer. The replication lacquer layer consists for example of a thermoplastic lacquer in which a relief structure is formed by means of heat and pressure by the action of a stamping tool. Furthermore, it is also possible for the replication lacquer layer to be formed by a UV-crosslinkable lacquer and for the relief structure to be shaped into the replication lacquer layer by means of UV replication. In this case, the relief structure is molded onto the uncured replication lacquer layer by the action of an embossing tool and the replication lacquer layer is cured by irradiation with UV light before and / or immediately during and / or after the impression. The relief structure is preferably shaped into the replication lacquer layer in the at least one third area. Furthermore, it is advantageous that the replication lacquer layer has a layer thickness between 0.2 μm and 4 μm, preferably 0.3 μm and 2 μm, more preferably 0.4 μm and 1.5 μm.

The security element preferably has a reflection layer in at least a fourth area. The reflection layer is preferably a metal layer of aluminum, chromium, gold, copper, silver or an alloy of such metals, which is vapor-deposited in vacuo in a layer thickness of 0.01 μm to 0.15 μm.

Advantageously, reflective layer is applied over the entire surface or even in regions (partial metallization). The reflection layer can for example be applied over the entire area and then be removed by means of known structuring methods (for example by means of etching resist, by means of photoresist, by means of a washing process) area by area. Such a partial metallisation may be for example a KINEGRAM ^® or a metallic nano text.

Preferably, the at least one first and / or second and / or third and / or fourth area are aligned register-accurate. In this case, the information supplementing the respective areas particularly preferably complements each other.

Register or register or register accuracy or registration accuracy is to be understood as a positional accuracy of two or more elements and / or layers relative to one another. In this case, the register accuracy should move within a predetermined tolerance and be as small as possible. At the same time, register accuracy of multiple elements and / or layers to each other is an important feature in order to increase process reliability. The positionally accurate positioning can be effected in particular by means of sensor-based, preferably optically detectable registration marks or register marks. These register marks or register marks can either represent special separate elements or regions or layers or themselves be part of the elements or regions or layers to be positioned.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the partially metallized reflection layer forms a grid. In this case, a transparent spacer layer is preferably arranged between the volume hologram layer and the partially metallized reflection layer.

The first volume hologram in the volume hologram layer is also preferably not full-surface, but raster-shaped, so only partially, trained. Thus, it is possible that the first volume hologram is arranged according to a grid. Advantageously, the first volume hologram is arranged such that the respective regions of the first volume hologram are arranged congruently in register with the metallized regions of the reflection layer. The first volume hologram is preferably arranged below, in particular with respect to the viewing direction of the security element, the reflection layer. It is also advantageous if the grid of the first volume hologram is designed as a line grid. In the non-bent state of the security element, the reflection layer thus hides the first volume hologram, as a result of which the first volume hologram is substantially invisible. By contrast, in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state of the security element, the reflection layer no longer completely covers the first volume hologram, so that the first volume hologram becomes visible or at least partially visible.

Advantageously, the grid of the reflection layer and / or the first volume hologram is a regular grid. However, it is also possible that it is an irregular grid.

Preferably, the grid of the reflection layer is formed as a line grid, wherein line widths, line spacings and layer thickness of the transparent spacer layer are selected such that the effect of the visibility of the first volume hologram in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state, for example at a predetermined bending radius, of the security element is maximized. Preferably, the lines of the line grid run parallel to the bending line of the security element.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the security element has two partially metallized, raster-shaped reflection layers, between which a transparent spacer layer is arranged. The two reflection layers are arranged offset relative to one another such that the transparent regions of the one reflection layer are covered by the metallized regions of the other reflection layer, in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the volume hologram layer in the non-bent state of the security element. The two reflection layers are positioned so to speak "gap" relative to each other. The two reflection layers are thus arranged in relation to one another in such a way that they completely cover the underlying, full-surface first volume hologram in the unbent state of the security element, so that the first volume hologram is therefore substantially invisible to the viewer. By contrast, in the first and / or at least one second predefined bent state of the security element, the reflection layers no longer cover the first volume hologram, so that it becomes visible or at least partially visible.

Preferably, the screens of the two reflection layers are formed as a line grid, wherein line widths, line spacings and layer thickness of the transparent spacer layer are chosen such that the effect of the visibility of the first volume hologram in the first and / or at least a second predefined bent state, for example at a predetermined bending radius , the security element is maximized.

It is also advantageous if the layer thickness of the transparent spacer layer essentially corresponds to the raster period of the line grid of the reflection layers. The line widths and / or the line spacings are preferably between 1 μm and 50 μm, preferably between 2 μm and 10 μm. It is also possible that the line widths and / or line distances vary, in particular as a function of the bending of the first and / or the at least one second bent state of the security element. It is also advantageous if the spacer layer has a layer thickness between 1 μm and 50 μm, preferably between 2 μm and 10 μm. Preferably, the lines of the line grid of the two reflection layers run parallel to the bending line of the security element.

Furthermore, it is also possible that the reflection layer is formed by a transparent reflection layer, preferably a thin or finely structured metallic layer or a dielectric HRI or LRI layer (high refraction index - HRI, low refraction index - LRI). Such a dielectric reflection layer consists, for example, of a vapor deposited layer of a metal oxide or metal sulfide, e.g. Titanium oxide, etc. with a thickness of 10 nm to 150 nm.

Advantageously, the at least one third and / or fourth area forms a graphic element, in particular a motif, an image, a symbol, a logo and / or an alphanumeric character.

Furthermore, it is possible for the at least one first area to form a frame around the at least one third and / or fourth area. It is also possible that the at least one first region completely surrounds the at least one third and / or fourth region. Alternatively, it is also possible that the at least one third and / or fourth area completely surrounds the at least one first and / or second area.

Furthermore, it is expedient that the first and / or the at least one second and / or the third information represents one or more symbols, logos, motifs, images, characters or alphanumeric characters.

The volume hologram layer preferably has a layer thickness between 3 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 10 μm and 30 μm.

Furthermore, it is expedient if the volume hologram layer is formed from a photopolymer, in particular from Omni DX 796 (DuPont), silver halide emulsions or dichromated gelatin.

At least prior to application to a substrate, for example the security document, the security element preferably comprises a carrier layer, in particular a transparent carrier layer. Preferably, the carrier layer consists of a self-supporting film of PET (= polyethylene terephthalate), PEN (= polyethylene naphthalate) or BOPP (= biaxially oriented polypropylene) and has a thickness between 5 .mu.m and 250 .mu.m, preferably between 10 .mu.m and 50 .mu.m. After application to the substrate, for example the security document, it is possible to remove the carrier layer.

Furthermore, it is possible for the security element to comprise at least one protective lacquer layer and / or at least one sealing layer and / or at least one adhesive layer, in particular comprising acrylates, PVC, polyurethane or polyester.

By using such a security element, a security document can be provided, which is designed in particular as a passport document, passport document, visa, credit card, banknote, security or the like.

In the following, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be explained by way of example with the aid of the attached, not to scale, figures.

1 schematically shows a security document with a security element in plan view

2a to 2c show schematically a tilting of a security element

3a to 3d show schematically a bending of a security element

4 schematically shows a bent security element

5a , Federation 6a , b show schematically bending variants of a security element

7 schematically shows the function of a bent security element

8th shows a diagram which specifies bending variants

9 schematically shows a bent security element

10a to 10d schematically show method steps for producing a security element

11 schematically shows an application example of a security element

12a to 12j show schematically application examples of security elements

13 schematically shows an application example of a security element

14a to 14c schematically show a bent security document with a security element

15a , Federation 16a , b show schematically a bent security document with a security element

1 shows the top view of a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security document 2 is in the in 1 example illustrated a banknote. However, it is also possible that it is the security document 2 is an identity document, passport document, visa, credit card, security or the like.

The security document 2 consists of a flexible, elastic or inelastic substrate 17 on which the security element 1 is arranged. At the substrate 17 is it? preferably a substrate made of paper material, which is provided with a print and in the other security features, such as watermarks or security threads, introduced and / or applied. However, it is also possible that it is the substrate 17 is a plastic film or a laminate consisting of one or more paper and / or plastic layers. The thickness of the carrier substrate is, in particular, if it is a banknote, between 6 .mu.m and 150 .mu.m, preferably between 15 .mu.m and 50 .mu.m.

The security document 2 is like in 1 shown in the xy plane and is thus in the in 1 state shown flat or flat. The security element 1 points as in 1 shown, the dimensions .DELTA.x and .DELTA.Y.

Preferably, the security element becomes 1 on the security document 2 applied by embossing, in particular by cold or hot stamping. In this case, it has proven useful if the security element 1 is provided on a transfer film, so that an application of the security element 1 on a security document 2 can be done by means of embossing. Such a transfer film has at least one security element 1 on, wherein the at least one security element 1 is arranged detachably from a carrier layer in the form of a carrier film of the transfer film. Starting from the carrier layer of the transfer film here usually a release layer is present to the security element 1 to be able to solve after embossing of the carrier layer. The security element 1 can by means of an adhesive layer, in particular from a cold or hot glue, on the security document 2 be fixed. Alternatively, the security element can also be provided on a laminating film, wherein the application is effected by lamination and the carrier layer remains on the security element.

That on the security document 2 fixed security element 1 is so on the security document 2 applied that it is shape and / or geometry changes of the security document 2 adapts. In particular, the security element 1 bendable, so that the shape of the security element 1 is changed by force or is changeable. So for example, the in 1 shown security document 2 in the middle of the security document 2 bent symmetrically about the x-axis, so performs the applied security element 1 essentially the same shape change as the security document 2 in the area of the security element 1 ,

The following is the difference between tilting and bending the security element 1 based on 2a to 2c and the 3a to 3d illustrated. In the following, for the sake of simplicity, only a tilting or bending of the security element 1 spoken and not as usually shown in the figures of a tilting or bending of the security document 2 together with the security element arranged thereon 1 ,

2a to 2c show schematically a tilting of a security element 1 around the x-axis. By tilting is meant here that the security element 1 is brought into an inclined position, wherein the shape of the security element 1 not changed. The security element 1 is therefore rigid when tilted. 2a shows the security document 2 along the in 1 shown section AB in a side view. The security document 2 and the security element attached to it 1 is located in 2a in the xy plane and is illuminated by the lighting device 8th , for example, the sun, illuminated. As in 2a shown, light passes from the security element 1 Here, under the different viewing angles α ₁ , α ₂ and α ₃ in the eye of a viewer 7 , Becomes the security element 1 , as in 2 B shown to the tipping point 6 tilted out of the xy plane by the angle Ψ, the viewing angles α ₁ , α ₂ and α ₃ , under which the light from the security element 1 in the eye of the beholder 7 passes, such that the angle α ₁ ', α ₂ ' and α ₃ 'in the tilted state of the security element 1 all are smaller. When tilted about the horizontal axis, which here corresponds to the x-axis, away from the viewer, thus reducing all viewing angles, as in 2 B shown in comparison to the original untilted state in 2a , Becomes the security element 1 Also tilted about the horizontal x-axis towards the viewer, all viewing angles increase, among which light from the security element 1 in the eye of the beholder 7 arrives. The same applies to tilting about the vertical y-axis. Thus, tilting will change both the horizontal axis and the vertical axis of the security element 1 all viewing angles in the same direction, regardless of which side of the tipping point 6 the light comes out. As in 2c shown, shows the entire security document and thus also all areas of the security element 1 in the tilted state the same angle Ψ with respect to the y-axis.

3a to 3d show schematically a bending of a security element 1 , By "bending" is meant here the deformation of an object in a certain way by exerting a force. Under "bending" a security element 1 Therefore, the application of force to the security element 1 understood, the shape of the security element 1 is changed by the force or is changeable. A curved one security element 1 Thus, in comparison to the unbent security element 1 an altered geometry. Further, "bending" is also understood to mean buckling, so that a bent security element 1 may have one or more break points or fold lines, where the security element 1 sharp or abruptly bent. 3a again shows the security document in the xy plane 2 along the in 1 shown section AB in a side view as in 2a , taking light of that on the security document 2 arranged security element 1 Here, under the different viewing angles α ₁ , α ₂ and α ₃ in the eye of a viewer 7 arrives. Becomes the security element 1 , as in 3b shown to the bending point 9 from the viewer 7 Bent away, the viewing angles α ₁ 'and α ₃ ' change, among which light from the security element 1 in the eye of the beholder 7 gets on different sides of the bend point 9 in different ways. For example, the viewing angle α ₁ 'becomes smaller, whereas the viewing angle α ₃ ' becomes larger in comparison to the unbent state of the security element 1 in 3a , The viewing angle α ₂ at the bending point 9 however, it remains the same. Becomes the security element 1 against the viewer 7 bent so that a concave shape of the security element 1 arises, the viewing angles change inversely. 3b shows here the extreme case of bending, namely the buckling. 3c also shows the changed viewing angles α ₁ 'and α ₃ ' in a bent state of the security element 1 , wherein the bent state of the 3c can be described approximately by a parabola. Again, the viewing angles α ₁ 'and α ₃ ' on different sides of the bending point change 9 similar to the above. As in 3d In particular, as compared to a tilted security element, as shown in FIG 2c shown with a curved security element 1 the angles Ψ with respect to the y-axis in the area of the security element 1 differently. Thus, the angles Ψ ₁ and Ψ ₂ differ on both sides of the bending point 9 whereas the angle Ψ, as in 2c shown on both sides of the tipping point 6 is equal to. Further, the difference in the bending point 9 removed angles Ψ, as in 3d shown by the angles Ψ ₁ and Ψ ₂ . As in 3d is shown, the angle Ψ in the bending point 9 equals zero. The bending point 9 lies in the area of the security element 1 like that 3a to 3d can be seen.

Again 2a to 2c and the 3a to 3d As can be seen from the above, the geometrical relationships of illumination and viewing angles differ in a tilted and a bent state of the security element 1 from each other.

Furthermore, it is possible to have the bent state of the security element described above in particular via geometric characteristics 1 describe the mathematical Laplace function. So it is possible that in the bent state of the security element 1 a predefined limit G on application of the Laplace operator Δ to a surface of the security element described by a function F (x, y) 1 is exceeded and in the unbent state is not exceeded, wherein the function F (x, y) the distance of the surface of the security element 1 describes a two-dimensional reference surface spanned by the coordinate axes x and y. For example, a security element applies 1 in a non-bent state ΔF (x, y) <G and for a security element 1 in the bent state .DELTA.F (x, y)> G. In this case, the amount of .DELTA.F (x, y) is preferably compared with the predefined limit value G.

4 schematically shows the representation of a curved security element 1 , As in 4 shown, the bent state of a security element 1 be described by the bending radius r. By "bending radius" is here understood the radius r of the largest circle, which is tangent to the bending point 9 is present and at the same time no intersections with the security element 1 having. Preferably, the bending radius is in the bent state of the security element 1 between 1 mm and 100 mm, preferably between 2 mm and 50 mm, more preferably between 4 mm and 30 mm and even more preferably between 10 mm and 25 mm.

5a , Federation 6a , b show schematically bending variants of a security element 1 , 5a , b show the bending about the horizontal axis, which here corresponds to a parallels to the x-axis, of the security element 1 , This shows 5a a security document 2 with a security element arranged thereon 1 in the unbent state. Regarding the design of the security document 2 Reference is made here to the above statements. As already explained, light passes from the security element 1 Here, under the different viewing angles α ₁ , α ₂ and α ₃ in the eye of a viewer 7 , 5b now shows the security document 2 where the security element 2 and the security element disposed thereon 1 bent around the horizontal axis. The security element 1 and the security document 2 are around the bendline 9 bent, as in 5b shown. As already explained change here in the bent state of the security element 1 the viewing angles α ₁ 'and α ₃ ' on different sides of the bending line 9 , The viewing angle α ₂ around the bend line 9 however, remains the same.

6a , b show the bending of the security element 1 around the vertical axis, which is here corresponds to a parallel to the y-axis. This shows 6a a security document 2 with a security element arranged thereon 1 in the unbent state. Regarding the design of the security document 2 Reference is made here to the above statements. As already explained, light passes from the security element 1 Here, under the different viewing angles α ₁ , α ₂ and α ₃ in the eye of a viewer 7 , 6b now shows the security document 2 where the security element 2 and the security element disposed thereon 1 bent around the vertical axis. The security element 1 and the security document 2 are around the bendline 9 bent, as in 6b shown. As already explained change here in the bent state of the security element 1 the viewing angles α ₁ 'and α ₃ ' on different sides of the bending line 9 whereas the viewing angle α _{2 is} around the bendline 9 stays the same.

7 schematically shows the function of a bent security element 1 with a volume hologram layer 11 into which a volume hologram is introduced. As in 7 As shown, the volume hologram is formed such that information in the bent state of the security element 1 for a viewer 7 is visible in a viewing situation and in the unbent state of the security element 1 is not visible in the same viewing situation. The security element in 7 has a length of 30 mm in the direction of the coordinate axis y. It is also possible that the security element 1 in the direction of the coordinate axis x or y, around which the security element 1 bent in the bent state has a length of at least 5 mm, preferably of at least 10 mm, more preferably of at least 20 mm, even more preferably of at least 50 mm.

In the volume hologram layer 11 it is preferably a layer of a photopolymer, especially from Omni DX 796 DuPont, Wilmington, United States of America. Further, it is also possible that the volume hologram layer 11 is formed of a silver halide emulsion or dichromated gelatin. The layer thickness of the volume hologram layer 11 is preferably between 3 .mu.m and 100 .mu.m, in particular between 10 .mu.m and 30 .mu.m.

Into the volume hologram layer 11 is a volume hologram introduced. The volume hologram has a periodic modulation of the refractive index, which in 7 by the alternately arranged dark lines in the enlarged representations of the security element 1 is indicated. In the enlarged schematic illustrations, refraction of light at the interface between the volume hologram layer and adjacent paint layer or air was neglected. Due to the refractive index variations are in the volume hologram layer 11 a plurality of nodes are formed, which diffracts the incident light 13 cause and thus form an optically active element. In the individual zones 10a . 10b and 10c are the nodes, as in 7 shown arranged in substantially mutually parallel planes. The nodes have a refractive index n ', that of a refractive index n of the remaining volume hologram layer 11 differs by δ: n '= n + δ. The volume hologram layer 11 thus has a location-dependent refractive index n ', the one in the Volumenhologrammschicht 11 stored three-dimensional refractive index pattern describes. These planes formed by refractive index variations are also called Bragg planes 12 designated.

This three-dimensional refractive index pattern can be generated by a holographic interference arrangement, for example by a construction in which a coherent light beam, in particular a laser source, is connected to the volume hologram layer 11 arranged master is deflected with a surface structure. The for introducing the volume hologram on the Volumenhologrammschicht 11 incident light beam is first at the volume hologram layer 11 broken and then deflected at the master by diffraction at the surface structure. The deflected beams represent the object wave, which interferes with the reference wave embodied by the incident light beam and thereby in the volume hologram layer 11 triggers a local polymerization. As a result of the polymerization, the refractive index of the volume hologram layer is 11 changed locally. The refractive index variations are in the Bragg planes 12 localized. 10 shows this process by way of example.

As in 7 Shown are the Bragg planes 12 in the zones 10a . 10b and 10c in this case aligned such that these in the bent state of the security element 1 incident light 13 so bow and / or reflect that of the Bragg planes 12 diffracted and / or reflected light 14 gets into the eye of the beholder, allowing for the viewer 7 an information is perceptible. Regarding the bent state of the security element 1 Reference is made here to the above statements. That into the volume hologram layer 11 introduced volume hologram is thus designed for a predetermined bent state of the security element. For this purpose, the volume hologram has the zones 10a . 10b and 10c on, with the zones 10a . 10b and 10c in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 for the viewer 7 provide information in a viewing situation.

As in 7 are shown in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 in the zones 10a . 10b and 10c between the normals on the Bragg planes 12 and the direction of the incoming light 13 included angles substantially equal to those between the normals on the Bragg planes 12 and the direction of the light reflected and / or diffracted by the Bragg planes 14 enclosed angles. Preferably, therefore, in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 the orientation of the Bragg planes 12 in the zones 10a . 10b and 10c essentially equal to one another.

By the parameter distance of the Bragg levels in the zones 10a . 10b and 10c For example, the color of the respective zone 10a . 10b and 10c diffracted and / or reflected light 14 for the viewer 7 be determined. This allows, for example, that of the zones 10a . 10b and 10c diffracted and / or reflected light for the viewer 7 appears in the same color or in different colors. It is advantageous for different colors if the distance of the Bragg planes differs by more than 2 nm, preferably more than 10 nm, even more preferably by more than 20 nm. Is the distance of the Bragg planes in the zone 10a For example, about 260 nm that appears from the zone 10a diffracted and / or reflected light green to the viewer. At a distance of Bragg levels in the zone 10b for example, XX about 320 nm appears from the zone 10b diffracted and / or reflected light the viewer, however, red.

The zones 10a . 10b and 10c can generate a common piece of information for the viewer, such as an image, with each zone 10a . 10b and 10c created a part of the picture. However, it is also possible that the zones 10a . 10b and 10c each generates a single piece of information for the viewer. For example, the zone 10a a letter for the viewer 7 in one color and create the zone 10b another letter for the viewer 7 produce in another color.

In the 7 shown zones 10a . 10b and 10c in the non-bent state of the security element 1 in the direction of one of the coordinate axis y has a length of 200 microns. Preferably, the zones 10a . 10b and 10c in the unbent state of the security element 1 in the direction of one of the coordinate axes x and / or y, a length of at least 10 μm, preferably 500 μm, more preferably 2000 μm. In particular, the zones can 10a . 10b and 10c also be quasi-continuous and not discretely distributed or present.

8th shows a diagram which specifies bending variants. As already explained, the volume hologram is designed for one or more bent states of the security element. For example, it is possible that as in 7 shown an information for the viewer 7 only with one of the viewer 7 bent away state of security element 1 is visible.

8th now shows a possible classification of bending variants of a security element. The volume hologram is here for a predetermined bending variant 801 created so that the information for the viewer is visible only when bending the security element in this predetermined bending variant. As in 8th the division of the bent state of the security element can first be shown after a horizontal bending direction 802 and / or a vertical dressing direction 803 be differentiated. Advantageously, the security element in the predefined bent state is thus bent about the x-axis and / or the y-axis. A bend about the x-axis and / or y-axis is also understood to mean a bend to a parallel to one of these axes. A further classification of the bent state of the security element can be distinguished according to whether the security element is bent in the predefined bent state towards the viewer, in particular whether the security element in the predefined bent state has a concave shape 804 . 806 and / or whether the security element is bent away from the viewer, in particular whether the security element in the predefined bent state has a convex shape 805 . 807 having. Next, the bent state of the security element, as in 8th shown after a symmetrical bending form (referring to a bending line) 808 . 810 . 812 . 814 or an asymmetrical bending form (related to the bending line) 809 . 811 . 813 . 815 be differentiated. The individual in 8th shown bending variants 801 can be specified further. So can the bending variants 801 For example, as stated above, the bending radius, the above-described geometric characteristics of the curved state of the security element or by means of the mathematical Laplace function further specified. The predetermined bending variant now determines the orientation of the Bragg planes in the zones such that the desired information is visible to the viewer in the predefined bent state. For example, it can first be determined that the information in the case 805 of the 8th should be visible to the viewer, ie the information should be visible in a horizontal bending direction away from the viewer. The exact angular sizes for this case can be determined, for example, by the geometric characteristics in this case, as in FIG 3d shown. The orientation of each zone, which then the information corresponding to the viewer in this curved Generate state can then be defined using the angles Ψ, Ψ ₁ and Ψ ₂ . Zones which are not aligned accordingly are not or hardly visible in the predefined bent state or do not contribute to the information for the viewer. However, it is possible that the Bragg planes in these zones are oriented so that they become visible in further predefined bent states. For example, upon further bending of the security element or upon a change from a concave curved security element to a convexly curved security element of further zones, further information can be generated or the existing information can be supplemented. Here, as already explained, the Bragg planes are aligned in the further zones such that the further information is only visible to the viewer in the further predefined bent state of the security element. Further, it is also possible that the distance of the Bragg planes in the zones and / or the other zones differs, so that different color impressions can be generated for the viewer.

8th represents only a possible classification, further classifications are possible. The divisions can thus determine the predetermined curved state of the security element, in which, as described above, information for a viewer is visible in a viewing situation and is not visible in the non-curved state of the security element in the viewing situation, or vice versa

9 schematically shows a bent security element 1 , The security element 1 is here, as explained above, on a security document 2 , For example, a banknote applied. The security element 1 includes a volume hologram layer into which a volume hologram is inserted. The volume hologram is in this case designed such that it is in the in 9 shown predefined bent state of the security element 1 for the viewer 7 in the in 9 shown viewing situation generates information. The in 9 shown bent state is characterized by the fact that the security element 1 to the left of the bend point 9 is not bent, because it rests on a flat surface, such as a table surface, and the security element 1 right of the bending point 9 to the viewer 7 is bent too. The in 9 shown bent state thus corresponds to the bending variant 809 of the 8th , The shape of the security element in such a bent state 1 can be further described approximately by half a parabola. The volume hologram here has the zones 10d . 10e and 10f on, with the Bragg levels in the zones 10d . 10e and 10f are oriented such that for the viewer 7 in the in 9 shown viewing situation and in the 9 shown bent state information is visible. In the unbent state and in the same viewing situation is for the viewer 7 only that of the zone 10d reflected and / or diffracted light can be seen from the zones 10e and 10f however, reflected and / or diffracted light is not directed to the viewer's eye.

10a to 10d schematically show method steps for producing a security element 1 , 10a shows a transparent carrier layer 16 in the form of a self-supporting carrier film, for example made of PET (= polyethylene terephthalate), PEN (= polyethylene naphthalate) or BOPP (= biaxially oriented polypropylene) with a thickness between 10 .mu.m and 50 .mu.m. The layer thickness of the transparent carrier layer 16 in 10a is for example 15 microns. On the transparent carrier layer 16 is a volume hologram layer 11 applied. The volume hologram layer 11 is preferably by printing or knife coating on the carrier layer 16 applied. The volume hologram layer 11 consists for example of Omni DX 796 from DuPont, Wilmington, United States of America and has a layer thickness between 3 .mu.m and 100 .mu.m. The layer thickness of the volume hologram layer 11 in 10a is for example 25 microns. Further, it is possible that first a release layer on the carrier layer 16 is applied before the volume hologram layer 11 is printed. The release layer may be provided to facilitate later release of the carrier layer from the volume hologram layer.

As in 10b is shown below the volume hologram layer 11 one, preferably opaque, master 18 with a surface texture to the volume hologram layer 11 arranged. The volume hologram layer 11 can in this case directly or with the interposition of a transparent optical medium in contact with the surface structure having the side of the master 18 to be brought.

The master 18 is here designed such that the means of the master 18 into the volume hologram layer 11 is to make a volume hologram to be written visible information in a predefined bent state of the security element for a viewer in a viewing situation and does not make visible in the non-bent state of the security element in the first viewing situation, or vice versa.

Such a master 18 can be created, for example, starting from a curved intermediate master, wherein the bending of the curved intermediate master of the bend of the predefined bent state of the security element 1 equivalent. Thus, an intermediate master is initially created by means of holographic exposure, the intermediate master being present in the predefined bent state. Starting from this curved intermediate master then becomes a flat master 18 created with the surface texture attached to the volume hologram layer 11 is arranged.

Further, it is also possible to use the master 18 by means of distorting optics, in particular by means of cylindrical lenses. In this case, the beam path is distorted during the holographic production of a flat master by means of distorting optics in such a way that the volume hologram layer 11 to be written volume hologram visible only in the bent state for the viewer.

As in 10c shown, the construction is off 10b then with a coherent light beam 19 exposed. The coherent light beam 19 For example, a laser beam of the wavelength 640 nm, passes through the carrier layer 16 and the volume hologram layer 11 through and becomes the surface structure of the opaque master 18 distracted or reflected back and / or bent back. The deflected or diffracted light rays 20 interfere in the volume hologram layer 11 with the incident light beam 19 , so that in the volume hologram layer 11 a volume hologram is introduced. The volume hologram points in the zones 10g Bragg planes 12 on, which are aligned in different angular position to each other. The different orientation of the Bragg planes 12 in the zones 10g arises here by the surface structure caused by the deflection of the light 20 in different directions. The distances of the Bragg planes are essentially determined by the wavelength of the exposure. Subsequently, the volume hologram is formed by curing the volume hologram layer 11 fixed. This can be done for example by irradiation with UV light.

Next, it is possible that the master 18 has at least two subregions, the incident light in at least two different zones of the Volumenhologrammschicht 11 reflect or bend. The subregions are in this case designed such that they reflect and / or diffract the incident light in a predetermined angular position, which is determined such that the desired alignment of the Bragg planes in the volume hologram layer 11 arises. The angular position, in which the at least two subregions reflect and / or diffract the incident light beam, are so different on the one hand and also depend on the angular position in which the coherent light beam 19 is blasted on the at least two sections. The desired orientation of the Bragg planes 12 in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 and the structure of a given holographic exposure device determines the deflection angle of the at least two subregions. By deflection angle is here to be understood the angle by which the surface structure of the master 18 deflects a perpendicularly incident light beam in the respective subregion by reflection and / or diffraction from the surface normal.

Preferably, the surface structures of the master include 18 a Kinegram ^®, linear or crossed sine grating, anisotropic or isotropic matt structures, lens structures, free-form surfaces, kinoform structures or computer-generated holograms, a symmetric grating is an asymmetric grating, in particular a blazed grating, a binary grating, a multi-level phase gratings, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, grating structures with statistically varying parameters (grating period, profile shape, grating depth, azimuth orientation) can be provided here. In particular, blaze gratings are suitable whose flank angles are designed for the illumination and viewing angles of the corresponding zones of the security element in the predefined bent state.

It can be provided that the volume hologram layer 11 and the master 18 by coherent light rays 19 be exposed in particular by a laser generated light rays, different wavelengths and / or different directions. In this way it can be achieved that the information generated by the volume hologram in the bent state of the security element appear in different colors and / or are visible in different viewing situations.

It can be provided that the surface structures of the master 18 partially provide no information. The areas of the master 18 that do not provide information can be used as a background structure, for example. Such background structures may for example be designed so that stray light and / or disturbing reflections are reduced. This can be achieved by having the areas of the master 18 , which contain no image information, as moth-eye structure, in particular cross-lattice structures (square or hexagonal) or statistical structures with high line numbers or Spatialfrequenzen (for example, more than 2000 lines / mm, in particular more than 3000 lines / mm) and / or as a mirror and / or are formed as a matt structure and / or as a scatter grid. It is also possible to use antireflection structures or structures specially optimized for this purpose.

The surface structure of the master preferably differs 18 in the at least two partial areas, in particular the surface structure of the master differs 18 in at least one of the parameters profile shape, grid depth, grating period and azimuth angle in the at least two subregions, wherein these parameters can also be defined via statistical distribution functions.

It can also be provided that the master 18 in a first partial region has a symmetrical lattice structure, and in a second partial region has a first asymmetric lattice structure, in particular a blazed lattice, the lattice periods and / or lattice depths of the lattice structures differing in the first and second partial regions. Next, the master 18 in a third subregion, a second asymmetric lattice structure, in particular a blazed lattice, wherein the lattice periods and / or the lattice depths of the first and second asymmetric lattice structures differ. For example, it is possible that the grating period in the first subregion is 600 lines / mm, the grating period in the second subregion is 300 lines / mm and in the third subregion 100 lines / mm.

After curing of the volume hologram layer 11 will, as in 10d shown, the master 18 removed and then an adhesive layer 15 on the support layer 16 opposite side of the volume hologram layer 11 be applied, by means of which the security element 1 with that into the volume hologram layer 11 introduced volume hologram on a substrate, in particular a flexible substrate, can be applied. This makes it possible, for example, the security element 1 on a security document, such as a banknote to apply. Before the application of the adhesive layer, a further, sealing layer formed as a transparent layer is preferably applied to the volume hologram layer 11 applied.

11 schematically shows an application example of a security element 1 , The security element 1 is here, as explained above, on a security document 2 , For example, a banknote applied. The security element 1 includes a volume hologram layer into which a volume hologram is inserted. The volume hologram is in this case designed such that when bending in the in 11 shown predefined bent final state E of the security element 1 for the viewer 7 in the in 11 shown viewing situation sequentially information is completed. In the 11 shown bent states Z, E are characterized in that the security element 1 to the left of the bend point 9 not bent and the security element 1 right of the bending point 9 to the viewer 7 is bent to the predefined bent end state E. Part of the information is from a zone 10h of the volume hologram generated, the left of the bending point 9 lies. This part of the information is thus for the viewer 7 in the in 11 shown viewing situation always visible and remains unchanged. Therefore, that of the zone 10h generated part of the information in the unbent state U for the viewer 7 visible, noticeable. If the security element is to the right of the bend point 9 , as in 11 shown bent on the viewer, so appear to the viewer 7 Sequentially, further parts of the information, until in the predefined bent final state, the complete information for the viewer 7 is visible. This further subinformation is from zones 10i . 10j right of the bending point 9 generated. So the viewer can 7 For example, when bending to the predefined final state E piece by piece a building, as a skyscraper appear, in the unbent state of the security element U, for example, only the ground floor for the viewer is recognizable, in the bent intermediate state Z, for example, 60% of the building visible and in the bent end state E, the building is completely visible.

12a to 12i show schematically application examples of security elements 1 , As in the 12a to 12i shown are the security elements 1 on the security documents 2 arranged. The 12a to 12i show here possible optically variable effects of security elements 1 in bent and unbent states.

So shows 12a an optical effect for the viewer when bending the security element 1 around the horizontal axis in a convex shape is perceptible. The bending variant thus corresponds to the bending variant 810 of the 8th , The security element 1 has, as described above, a volume hologram layer in which a volume hologram is introduced, wherein the volume hologram is formed such that information 21 in a predefined bent state of the security element 1 is visible to a viewer in a viewing situation and in the unbent state of the security element 1 is not visible in the viewing situation. In the non-bent state of the security element 1 is the viewer only the letter B recognizable. The reason for this is that the letter B in a zone of the security element 1 is arranged, which does not change the shape during the bending in the predetermined bent state of the security element 1 experiences. The Bragg planes are thus oriented in the zone of the volume hologram layer forming the letter B in such a way that the letter B is not shown to the observer either bent state is visible as well as in the predefined bent state. Becomes the security element 1 bent into the predetermined bent state, are more information to the viewer 21 imperceptible. The Bragg levels are in the information 21 forming zones so aligned that the letters A and C are visible to the viewer.

12b also shows an optical effect for the viewer when bending the security element 1 around the horizontal axis in a convex shape is perceptible. Again, the letter B can be seen in the unbent and in the predefined bent states. In contrast to 12a Appears to the viewer in a first predefined bent state of the security element 1 in addition to the letter B, only the information 22 which represents the letter A. Upon further bending into a second predefined state of the security element 1 the information disappears 22 However, in addition to the letter B, the viewer now has the information 40 , which represents the letter C, recognizable. The volume hologram thus has two pieces of information in this case 22 . 40 which are visible to the viewer in two different curved states.

12c equals to 12b with the difference that now the letter A is recognizable to the viewer both in the unbent state and in the two bent states. In contrast to 12b lie the information 23 . 41 here on the same side of the bending line of the security element 1 , Next in the first predefined bent state is now the information 23 , which represents the letter B, recognizable and in the second predefined state is the information 41 , which represents the letter C, recognizable. Such a security element 1 can be generated for example by means of a master whose surface structure has symmetrical and asymmetric Blazegitter. The azimuth angle of the gratings may be, for example, 0 °, the line density corresponding to the curvature of the security element 1 adjusted in the bent states. For example, the line density in the portion which is to represent the letter A in the volume hologram to be written may be 600 lines / mm, and 1000 lines / mm in the portion which is to later represent the letter B. In the partial area which is to represent the letter C later in the volume hologram to be written in by means of the master, the line density can be for example 1400 lines / mm.

12d corresponds to 12b with the difference that the information 24 and 42 light up in different colors. As already explained, this can be done during the manufacture of the security element 1 be achieved for example by exposure by coherent light beams of different wavelengths. It is also possible for the surface structure of the master used for the production to have different grating structures in the corresponding subregions, which differ in particular in the parameters grating depth, grating period, profile shape and azimuth angle, these parameters also being able to be defined via statistical distribution functions.

12e shows an optical effect for the viewer when bending the security element 1 around the horizontal axis in a convex shape is perceptible. As in 12e shown here, change the information here 25 , which here represent the letters A and C, when bending the security element 1 the color. It does not change the subject or it does not appear to the viewer a new motive in a bending for the viewer, but only the color impression of the perceptible information changes. Such an effect can be achieved for example by two nested volume holograms. As explained above, the first volume hologram is shaped such that the information 25 in the bent state of the security element 1 is visible to the viewer in a different color than in the unbent state. The second volume hologram is a volume hologram configured such that the information 25 in the unbent state of the security element 1 already visible. However, the information is generated 25 in the unbent state of the security element 1 a different color perception for the viewer than in the bent state. The first volume hologram is preferably arranged in at least one first area of the volume hologram layer and the second volume hologram is arranged in at least one second area of the volume hologram layer, wherein the at least one first and second area are scanned into one another.

12f corresponds to 12e with the difference that not the color impression of the information changes, but rather the motive of the information 26 changes. As in 12f is shown from the recognizable to the viewer in the unbent state letters A and C, a portrait or a geometric figure. It is also possible that in addition the color perception changes as explained above.

12g corresponds to 12a with the difference that the security document 2 a pressure 60 which is at a bending of the security element 1 in a predefined bent state through the then for the viewer visible information 27 of the volume hologram is added. The volume hologram and the print are aligned register exactly with each other. Also it is possible that the pressure 60 the information shows which, when bent, in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 becomes visible to the viewer. Next, it is possible that the security element 1 on one already on the security document 2 applied pressure 60 is applied. The pressure 60 In this case again the information can show, which in a bending in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 becomes visible to the viewer or the information of the pressure and the volume hologram complement each other. In the two latter cases, the pressure thus forms a reference for the first in the bent state of the security element 1 recognizable information for the viewer. Preferably, the pressure and volume hologram are designed to complete a word as the security document is flexed. For example, the word "banknote" is created from the string "ban ... ote".

12h shows a security document 2 with a security element 1 where the security element 1 in two different bent states, two different pieces of information 28 . 43 shows. In a first bent state, a bend of the security element 1 The information for the viewer is the horizontal axis in a concave shape for the viewer 28 recognizable. In a second bent state of the security element, a bend of the security element 1 To the observer, the information corresponds to the horizontal axis in a convex shape for the viewer 43 recognizable, again here as described above, the colors of the letters A and C change between the first and second bent state. Alternatively, of course, the motifs can change when changing from concave to convex bending form. In the 12h shown bent states correspond to the bending variants 808 and 809 of the 8th ,

12i shows a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security element 1 creates in the unbent state for the viewer a design with two dark rectangles, the rectangles appear, for example, in the color blue against a white background. In the bent state of the security element 1 On the other hand, both the design recognizable to the viewer and the color impression change. In the in 12i As shown, the dark rectangles vanish and a strip-shaped color impression, for example of two red and one white strip, is produced for the viewer. With regard to the design of the security element 1 , in particular the volume hologram layer of the security element 1 , here is referred to the above statements. Next points the security element 1 in the square areas 50 a reflection layer. The reflection layer is preferably a metal layer of aluminum, chromium, gold, copper, silver or an alloy of such metals, which is vapor-deposited in vacuo in a layer thickness of 0.01 μm to 0.15 μm. The reflection layer is first applied over the entire surface. Subsequently, the reflective layer by means of known structuring method (by means of etching resist, by means of photoresist, by means of washing process) surface area removed again, so that a partial metallization in the areas 50 arises. As in 12i shown, form the areas 50 a motif, for example in the form of squares. The areas 50 are thus independent of the bending of the security element 1 visible to the viewer and thus complement each other with the effects of the security element 1 which is a function of the bending of the security element 1 demonstrate.

12j shows a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security element 1 shows here optical effects, which are both a dependence on a tilting of the security element 1 and a dependency on bending the security element 1 demonstrate. Becomes the security element 1 in the unbent state about the vertical axis, as in 12i shown, tilted, is always an information for the viewer 29u recognizable in the form of a two-dimensional motif. Becomes the security element 1 bent around the horizontal axis and around the vertical axis, as in 12i Tilted, an information is created for the viewer 29 in the form of a three-dimensional impression of the motif. Thus, the motif has a dependence on the tilting of the security element only in the bent state 1 on. With regard to the configuration of such a security element is here on the above statements, in particular in the context of 12d and 12e referenced, in particular, the first volume hologram is configured such that it has a parallax and thus before that of the security element 1 spanned plane for the viewer appears and the second volume hologram is designed such that it has no parallax and thus in the of the security element 1 spanned level for the viewer appears. The volume hologram, which in the bent state the information 29 generated in the form of the three-dimensional impression of the motif, may be, for example, a CGH calculated for a curved surface as it is in the bent state. Alternatively, this volume hologram can also be a 3D hologram, which is based on a master, which, as explained above, is based on a curved-exposed intermediate master.

13 schematically shows an application example of a security element 1 with a volume hologram layer. In the volume hologram layer is in one area 51 introduced a volume hologram, which is formed such that a complete image information only in a bent state of the security element 1 is visible. As in 13 shown is part of the information 30u already in the unbent state of the security element 1 visible, noticeable. Next points the security element 1 in the area 52 a relief structure on. The area 52 is designed here pattern-shaped in the form of a flame motif. The relief structure is, for example, a binary or continuous free-form surface, which is distinguished, in particular, by its characteristic appearance when the security element is bent 1 not or only slightly changed.

Preferably, the security element has 1 a replicate varnish layer into which the relief structure is molded. The replication lacquer layer consists for example of a thermoplastic lacquer in which the relief structure is shaped by means of heat and pressure by the action of an embossing tool. Furthermore, it is also possible for the replication lacquer layer to be formed by a UV-crosslinkable lacquer and for the relief structure to be shaped into the replication lacquer layer by means of UV replication. In this case, the relief structure is formed by the action of an embossing tool on the uncured Replizierlackschicht and hardened the Replizierlackschicht immediately during or after the impression by irradiation with UV radiation. Such a replication lacquer layer has, in particular, a layer thickness between 0.1 μm and 20 μm, preferably 0.2 μm and 10 μm, more preferably 0.4 μm and 5 μm. It is further possible that the security element 1 especially in the field 50 has a reflection layer. The reflection layer is preferably a metal layer of aluminum, chromium, gold, copper, silver or an alloy of such metals, which is vapor-deposited in vacuo in a layer thickness of 0.01 μm to 0.15 μm.

Becomes the security element 1 now like in 13 shown brought into the predefined bent state, the information appears to the viewer 30 which the information 30u added and a frame around the area 52 forms.

14a to 14b show schematically the bending of a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security element 1 is like in 14a shown on the substrate 17 by means of the adhesive layer 15 applied. At the substrate 17 it is preferably a substrate 17 of paper material provided with an imprint and incorporating other security features, such as watermarks or security threads. The security element 1 further has a volume hologram layer 11 on, in which a volume hologram is introduced. The volume hologram here has the zones 10j and 10k on, with the zones 10j in the 14b shown predefined bent state of the security element 1 for the viewer 7 provide a first piece of information and the zones 10k in the 14c shown predefined bent state of the security element 1 for the viewer 7 provide second information. The viewer 7 sees the security element here 1 each in the same viewing situation, where only as in the 14b and 14c shown differs the bending of the security element. In the in 14a shown not bent state of the security element 1 the viewer does not recognize any information. Becomes the security element 1 in the in 14b As shown, the viewer recognizes 7 one of the zones 10j generated first information. For example, the first information may be the subject of a closed flower of a flower. As already explained here are the Bragg levels in the zones 10j aligned such that the first information in the first predefined bent state for the viewer 7 is visible. Becomes security element 1 , as in 14c shown, now bent over, disappears for the viewer 7 the first information, however, the viewer can 7 now recognize a second piece of information, which of the zones 10k is produced. The second information may be, for example, an open flower of a flower. As already explained here are the Bragg levels in the zones 10k aligned such that the second information in the second predefined bent state for the viewer 7 is visible. Preferably, the bending radii differ in the first and the second predefined bent state of the security element 1 by at least 2 mm, preferably 5 mm, more preferably 10 mm.

15a and 15b show schematically the bending of a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security document 2 consists of a flexible substrate 17 on which the security element 1 by means of an adhesive layer 15 is applied. The security element 1 further comprises a volume hologram layer 11 , a reflection layer 17r as well as the paint layers 17l1 and 17l2 ,

In the paint layer 17l1 it is preferably a protective lacquer layer. The lacquer layer is preferred 17l1 transparent and has a layer thickness between 0.1 .mu.m and 10 .mu.m, preferably between 0.3 .mu.m and 1 .mu.m, more preferably between 0.5 .mu.m and 1 .mu.m. In the paint layer 17l2 it is preferably a transparent spacer layer that is sandwiched between the volume hologram layer 11 and the reflective layer 17r is arranged. The paint layers 17l1 and 17l2 preferably include PMMA (= polymethyl methacrylate), PVC, acrylate or carnauba wax.

In the reflection layer 17r it is preferably a metal layer of aluminum, chromium, gold, copper, silver or an alloy of such metals, which is vapor-deposited in a vacuum in a layer thickness of 0.01 .mu.m to 0.15 .mu.m. The reflection layer 17r is how in 15a and 15b shown, applied only partially, so that there is a partial metallization. For this purpose, the reflection layer 17r initially be applied over the entire surface and then by means of known structuring methods (for example by means of Ätzresist, by means of photoresist, by means of washing process) surface area removed again. As in 15a and 15b shown is the partially metallized reflection layer 17r arranged according to a grid. The grid is preferably a line grid.

Into the volume hologram layer 11 is a volume hologram 11v brought in. The volume hologram 11v is like in the 15a and 15b shown, arranged in regions according to a grid, wherein the areas in which the volume hologram 11v into the volume hologram layer 11 are introduced congruent with the metallized areas of the reflective layer 17r are arranged. The areas with the volume hologram are preferred 11v arranged in the register with the reflection layer. The grid is thus preferably also a line grid, which in particular register with the line grid of the reflection layer 17r is arranged. With regard to the further embodiment of the volume hologram layer 11 and the volume hologram 11v Reference is made here to the above statements.

The adhesive layer 15 preferably comprises acrylates, PVC (= polyvinyl chloride), PUR (= polyurethanes) or polyester and further preferably has a layer thickness between 0.1 .mu.m and 20 .mu.m, preferably between 0.1 .mu.m and 10 .mu.m, more preferably between 0.5 .mu.m and 5 μm, more preferably between 0.8 μm and 3 μm. In the 15a and 15b shown adhesive layer has a layer thickness of 2 microns.

With regard to the design of the substrate 17 Reference is made here to the above statements.

In the in 15a shown not bent state of the security element 1 hides the reflection layer 17r now the volume hologram arranged in the register 11v so that the volume hologram 11v is largely invisible to a viewer, especially under normal lighting conditions and / or at a normal viewing distance. light 14 that of the volume hologram 11v is diffracted and / or reflected, can now due to the reflection layer 17r Now do not get to the viewer, so that the volume hologram 11v is not visible to the viewer.

In the in 15b shown predefined bent state of the security element 1 covers the reflection layer 17r on the other hand, in particular due to the deformation of the layers of the security element caused by the bending of the security element, the volume hologram 11v no longer completely off, so now from the volume hologram 11v diffracted and / or reflected light 14 at the reflection layer 17r can get past the viewer. For the viewer, the volume hologram is 11v then in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 visible, noticeable. On the security element 1 incident light 19e passes through the partially metallized reflection layer 17r to the volume hologram 11v , is reflected and / or diffracted there and can now due to the bending of the security element 1 now at the reflection layer 17r pass to the viewer.

Preferably, the line widths and line spacings of the raster of the reflection layer 17r and / or the volume hologram 11v and the layer thickness of the transparent spacer layer 17l2 chosen such that the visibility of the volume hologram 11v in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 is maximized. Preferably, the lines of the line grids are as shown in FIG 15a and 15b shown, parallel to the bending line of the security element 1 ,

16a and 16b show schematically the bending of a security document 2 with a security element 1 , The security document 2 consists of a flexible substrate 17 on which the security element 1 by means of an adhesive layer 15 is applied. The security element 1 further comprises a volume hologram layer 11 , the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 as well as the paint layers 17l1 and 17l2 ,

Between the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 is how in 16a and 16b shown the varnish layer 17l2 , which serves as a transparent spacer layer. The transparent spacer layer 17l2 preferably has a layer thickness between 1 .mu.m and 50 .mu.m, preferably between 2 .mu.m and 10 .mu.m. In the 16a and 16b shown transparent spacer layer 17l2 has a layer thickness of 5 microns. With regard to the further embodiment of the layers 17l1 and 17l2 Reference is made here to the above statements.

The reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 are, as in 16a and 16b shown, each area and raster shaped. The grid is preferably a line grid with line widths and / or line spacings between 1 μm and 50 μm, preferably between 2 μm and 10 μm. This in 16a and 15b shown line grid has line widths and line spacing of 5 microns. The grid of the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 are offset from each other such that, particularly when viewed perpendicular to one of the volume hologram layer 11 spanned plane in the unbent state of the security element 1 , the non-metalized areas of the reflective layer 17R1 from the metallized areas of the reflective layer 17R2 are covered and vice versa. The two reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 are, so to speak, positioned "in a gap" relative to each other. The two reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 are therefore arranged to each other such that they are in the unbent state of the security element 1 the underlying, full-scale introduced volume hologram 11v completely cover.

Im in the 16a shown not bent state of the security element 1 is the volume hologram 11v therefore essentially invisible to the viewer.

In the in 16b shown predefined bent state of the security element 1 cover the reflective layers 17R1 and 17R2 whereas the volume hologram 11v no longer completely off, so that now, in particular due to the deformation of the layers of the security element caused by the bending of the security element in the predefined bent state, of the volume hologram 11v diffracted and / or reflected light 14 at the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 can get past the viewer. For the viewer, the volume hologram is 11v then in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 visible, noticeable.

Preferably, the line widths and line spacings are the rasters of the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 and the layer thickness of the spacer layer 17l2 chosen such that the visibility of the volume hologram 11v in the predefined bent state of the security element 1 is maximized. It is advantageous if the layer thickness of the spacer layer 17l2 essentially the halftone period of the line grids of the reflection layers 17R1 and 17R2 equivalent. Furthermore, it is possible for the line widths and / or line distances to vary, in particular as a function of the predefined bent state of the security element 1 , Preferably, the lines of the line grids are as shown in FIG 16a and 16b shown, parallel to the bending line of the security element 1 ,

With regard to the further embodiment of the layers 17R1 and 17R2 and the design of the layers 11 . 15 and 17 Reference is made here to the above statements.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

security element

2

The security document

3, 4, 5

Coordinate axes x, y, z

6

Tilt line, tipping point

7

observer

8th

lighting device

9

Bending line, bending point

10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 10e, 10f, 10g, 10h, 10i

zones

11

Volume hologram layer

11v

volume hologram

12

Bragg planes

13

incident light

14

diffracted and / or reflected light

15

adhesive layer

16

backing

17

substratum

17l1, 17l2

paint layers

17r, 17r1, 17r2

reflection layers

18

master

19

coherent light beam

19e

incident light

20

deflected light rays

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

 first information

40, 41, 42, 43

second information

50, 51, 52

areas

Claims (49)

Security element ( 1 ) with a volume hologram layer ( 11 ), which has a coordinate system with the mutually perpendicular coordinate axes x and y ( 3 . 4 ) in a non-bent state of the security element ( 1 ), wherein in the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) a first volume hologram in at least a first area ( 51 ), wherein the first volume hologram is formed in such a way that a first information ( 21 - 30 ) in a first predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) for a viewer ( 7 ) in a first Viewing situation is visible and in the non-bent state of the security element ( 1 ) is not visible in the first viewing situation or vice versa. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the first volume hologram is formed such that at least a second information ( 40 - 43 ) in at least a second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) for the viewer ( 7 ) is visible in the first viewing situation and in the unbent state of the security element ( 1 ) is not visible in the first viewing situation or vice versa. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the security element ( 1 ) is bent about the x-axis and / or the y-axis in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state to the viewer ( 7 ), in particular such that the security element ( 1 ) has a concave shape in the first and / or the at least one predefined second bent state, and / or that the security element ( 1 ) by the viewer ( 7 ) is bent away, in particular such that the security element ( 1 ) has a convex shape in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element ( 1 ) at least one bend line ( 9 ) to which the security element ( 1 ) in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) is bent. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 5, characterized in that the security element ( 1 ) in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the bending line ( 9 ) is bent. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 5 or 6, characterized in that in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) when considering the security element ( 1 ) parallel to a plane spanned by the coordinate axes x and y and which extends between a surface of the security element ( 1 ) and one of the coordinate axes x or y ( 3 . 4 ) included angle on both sides of the bend line are different. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that in the non-bent state of the security element ( 1 ) when considering the security element ( 1 ) parallel to one of the coordinate axes x and y ( 3 . 4 ) between a surface of the security element ( 1 ) and one of the coordinate axes x or y ( 3 . 4 ) included angle on both sides of the bend line ( 9 ) are substantially the same, in particular differ by less than 5 °, preferably by less than 2.5 °, more preferably by less than 1 °. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) a predefined limit value when the Laplace operator Δ is applied to a surface of the security element described by a function F (x, y) ( 1 ) is exceeded and in the unbent state is not exceeded, wherein the function F (x, y) the distance of the surface of the security element ( 1 ) to one of the coordinate axes x and y ( 3 . 4 ) spanned two-dimensional reference surface describes. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bending radius (r) in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) is between 1 mm and 100 mm, preferably between 2 mm and 50 mm, more preferably between 4 mm and 30 mm. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 2 to 10, characterized in that the bending radius (r) in the first and the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) differs by at least 2 mm, preferably 5 mm, more preferably 10 mm. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element ( 1 ) in the direction of the coordinate axis x or y ( 3 . 4 ) to which the security element ( 1 ) is bent in the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state, has a length of at least 5 mm, preferably of at least 10 mm, more preferably of at least 20 mm, even more preferably of at least 50 mm. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first volume hologram in the at least one first area ( 51 ) two or more first zones ( 10a -J), the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) in the first predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) for the viewer in the first viewing situation, the first information ( 21 - 30 ) provide. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 2 to 13, characterized in that the first volume hologram comprises two or more second zones ( 10k ) in the at least one first area ( 51 ), wherein the two or more second zones ( 10k ) in the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element for the viewer in the first viewing situation, the at least one second information ( 40 - 43 ) provide. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 13 or 14, characterized in that the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) in the non-bent state of the security element ( 1 ) in the direction of one of the coordinate axes x and / or y ( 3 . 4 ) have a length of at least 5 μm, preferably 50 μm, even more preferably 500 μm. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 13 or 14, characterized in that the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) in the non-bent state of the security element ( 1 ) have a surface area of at least 5 μm × 5 μm, preferably of 50 μm × 50 μm, even more preferably of 500 μm × 500 μm. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) are arranged according to a grid. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 17, characterized in that the grid is a one-dimensional grid, in particular a line grid, or a two-dimensional grid, in particular a dot grid. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 5 and one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) on both sides of the bending line ( 9 ) are arranged. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 13 to 19, characterized in that the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) in the first predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) in the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) in the first viewing situation for the viewer ( 7 ) are visible under different illumination angles and viewing angles. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) Bragg planes formed by refractive index variations ( 12 ) having. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 21 and one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that at least one of the parameters distance of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) and orientation of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) in the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) and / or the two or more second zones ( 10k ) is different. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 22, characterized in that the distance of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) differs by more than 5 nm, preferably more than 10 nm, even more preferably by more than 20 nm and / or that of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) and that of the first volume hologram layer ( 11 ) enclosed angle by more than 2 °, preferably by more than 5 °, further preferably by more than 10 °, even more preferably by more than 20 °, untersc. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 21 to 23 and one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that in the first predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) the orientation of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) in the two or more first zones ( 10a -J) is substantially equal to each other. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 21 to 24 and one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that in the second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) the orientation of the Bragg planes ( 12 ) in the two or more second zones ( 10k ) is substantially equal to each other. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) a second volume hologram is introduced in at least a second area. Security element ( 1 ) according to claim 25, characterized in that the second volume hologram is formed such that a third information in the unbent state of the Security elements ( 1 ) is visible in the first viewing situation. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of claims 26 and 27, characterized in that the at least one first region ( 51 ) and the at least one second region are scanned into each other, in particular that the at least one first region ( 51 ) is arranged alternately with the at least one second region and that the at least one first region ( 51 ) is arranged adjacent to the at least one second region. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element in at least a third area ( 52 ) A relief structure selected from the group diffractive grating, Kinegram ^® or hologram, blazed grating, binary grating, multilevel phase gratings, linear grating, cross grid, hexagonal grid, asymmetrical or symmetrical lattice structure, retroreflective structure, in particular binary or continuous free-form surfaces, diffractive or refractive macrostructure, especially lens structure or Microprism structure, microlens, microprism, zero-order diffraction structure, moth-eye structure or anisotropic or isotropic matte structure, or an overlay or combinations of two or more of the aforementioned relief structures. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first ( 21 - 30 ) and / or the at least one second ( 40 - 43 ) and / or the third information represents one or more symbols, logos, motifs, images, characters or alphanumeric characters. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the volume hologram layer has a layer thickness between 3 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 10 μm and 30 μm. Security element ( 1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the volume hologram layer of a photopolymer, in particular from Omni DX 796 (DuPont), silver halide emulsions or dichromated gelatin is formed. Security element ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security element ( 1 ) is bendable, in particular that the shape of the security element ( 1 ) is variable by force. Method for producing a security element ( 1 ) with a volume hologram layer ( 11 ), in particular according to one of claims 1 to 33, the method comprising the following steps: a) providing the volume hologram layer ( 11 ); b) Arranging a master ( 18 ) having a surface structure at the volume hologram layer ( 11 ); c) exposing the master ( 18 ) and the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) by means of coherent light ( 19 ), in this way into the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) first volume hologram is formed such that a first information ( 21 - 30 ) in a first predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) for a viewer ( 7 ) is visible in a first viewing situation and in the unbent state of the security element ( 1 ) is not visible in the first viewing situation or vice versa. A method according to claim 34, characterized in that the first volume hologram introduced in step c) is formed in such a way that at least a second information ( 40 - 43 ) in at least a second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) for the viewer ( 7 ) is visible in the first viewing situation and in the unbent state of the security element ( 1 ) is not visible in the first viewing situation or vice versa. Method according to one of claims 34 or 35, characterized in that in step b) a master ( 18 ), which is created starting from a bent intermediate master, wherein the bend of the curved intermediate master of the bending of the first and / or the at least one second predefined bent state of the security element ( 1 ) corresponds. Method according to one of claims 34 or 35, characterized in that in step b) a master ( 18 ), which is produced by means of distorting optics, in particular cylindrical lenses. Method according to one of claims 34 to 37, characterized in that in step b) a master ( 18 ) Is used, its surface structure, a Kinegram ^®, a symmetric grating is an asymmetric grating, in particular a blazed grating, a binary grating, a multi-level phase grating isotropic or anisotropic matt structures, free-form surfaces or combinations thereof. Method according to one of claims 34 to 38, characterized in that in step b) a master ( 18 ), which has at least two partial regions, which divide incident light into at least two different zones of the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) reflect or bow. A method according to claim 39, characterized in that the surface structure of the master ( 18 ) differs in the at least two sub-areas, in particular differs in at least one of the parameters profile shape, grid depth, grating period and azimuth angle. Method according to one of claims 39 or 40, characterized in that the master ( 18 ) has a symmetrical lattice structure in a first partial region, and has a first asymmetric lattice structure in a second partial region, the lattice periods and / or lattice depths of the lattice structures differing in the first and second partial regions. Method according to claim 41, characterized in that the master ( 18 ) has a second asymmetric lattice structure in a third partial region, wherein the lattice periods and / or lattice depths of the first and second asymmetric lattice structures differ. Method according to one of claims 34 to 42, characterized in that in step c) the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) and the master ( 18 ) by coherent light beams ( 19 ) of different wavelengths and / or different directions of incidence are exposed. Method according to one of claims 34 to 43, characterized in that in step c) the coherent light beam ( 19 ) through the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) and at the surface structure of the master ( 18 ) is bent or reflected. Method according to one of claims 34 to 44, characterized in that in step b) the master ( 18 ) directly or with the interposition of a transparent optical medium to the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) is arranged. Method according to one of claims 34 to 45, characterized in that the exposure with laser light with a power density in the range of 0.5 to 5 W / cm ² , preferably in the range of 1 to 3 W / cm ² , takes place. Method according to one of claims 34 to 46, characterized in that after exposure the volume hologram layer ( 11 ) is fixed by curing, in particular by means of UV radiation. Security document ( 2 ) with a security element ( 1 ) according to any one of claims 1 to 33. Security document ( 2 ) according to claim 48, characterized in that the security document ( 2 ) is designed as a passport document, passport document, visa, credit card, banknote, security or the like.

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