DE102014110833A1 - Circuit-level LED light source - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for providing circadian LED light sources are disclosed. A light source is configured to emit a first LED emission (eg, one or more LEDs that emit a first spectrum) and a second LED emission (eg, one or more LEDs that emit a second spectrum wherein the first and second LED emissions are combined in a first ratio and a second ratio such that the relative circadian stimulation is changed when changing from the first ratio to the second ratio while maintaining a color rendering index greater than 80.

Description

TERRITORY

The disclosure relates to the field of lighting products and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for providing circadian LED light sources.

BACKGROUND

The identification of non-visual photoreceptors in the human eye (so-called "photosensitive retinal ganglion cells" or "ipRGCs"), which are associated with the circadian system, has considerable interest in the effects on health of various light spectra and the well-being of people awakened. Strong circadian stimulation can have beneficial effects, such as resolution of sleep disorders, mood lift, increased attention and cognitive performance, and relief of seasonal affective disorder (winter depression). On the other hand, circadian stimulation at an inopportune time can be associated with disruption of the internal biological clock and inhibition of melatonin and associated with diseases such as cancer, heart disease, obesity and diabetes.

Circadian stimulation is associated with an increase in glucocorticoid levels and a decrease in melatonin levels, and is particularly sensitive to light from the blue wavelength range. Since light emitting diode (LED) containing lighting products are predominantly based on LEDs that emit white light created by conversion of blue primary light using phosphors, most LED based lighting sources now have higher circadian stimulation levels than the conventional sources provided by them should be replaced.

In addition, lighting products are rarely (other than by mere dimming) adjustable and older lighting products also have no effect on the daytime or circadian cycles of humans. To make matters worse, seemingly adjustable older lighting products in the entire adjustable range do not have good color rendering quality.

There is therefore a need for a technology or technologies for manufacturing lighting products in which the light emission (eg, the LED light emission) can be controlled to provide different circadian stimulation levels while providing desired light quality characteristics, such as For example, similar color temperature (CCT = Correlated Color Temperature) and Color Rendering Index (CRI = Color Rendering Index) are met. Further, there is a need for an illumination system in which a first composition of light emission and a second composition of light emission are configured such that a change from the first composition to the second composition correspondingly alters the circadian stimulation but at the same time maintains a color rendering index greater than 80, and keeps the closest color temperature within a given range.

The aforementioned older technologies do not provide a way to efficiently realize a circadian LED light source. There is therefore a need for better approaches.

SUMMARY

The stimulation of the human circadian system may have a positive effect in avoiding adverse health effects when stimulating a circadian light cycle in a similar way to the natural light cycle (daytime course of sunlight), i. H. High levels of lighting combined with high levels of blue in the morning and at noon as well as low levels of lighting with greatly reduced levels of blue in the evening.

The embodiments disclosed herein describe the preparation and use of various combinations of different LED emission spectra, as well as the manufacture of white light sources that can be tuned to cycle through regions ranging from high circadian stimulation light to low circadian stimulation light , while maintaining adequate color reproduction (color rendering index> 80 and R9> 0) and a white point.

In a first embodiment, light sources are specified which have at least one first emission source marked by a first emission and at least one second emission source characterized by a second emission, wherein the first emission and the second emission are for generating a first combined emission A second combined emission is formed, and wherein the first combined emission is characterized by a first spectral power density (SPD) and fractions Fv1 and Fc1 and the second combined emission is characterized by a second SPD and fractions Fv2 and Fc2, Fv1 represents the fraction of the power of the first SPD in the wavelength range of 400 to 440 nm, Fc1 represents the fraction of power of the first SPD in the wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm, Fv2 represents the fraction of the power of the second SPD in the wavelength range of 400 to 440 nm, Fc2 the proportion of the power of z represents wide SPD in the wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm, the first SPD and the second SPD have a color rendering index of greater than 80, Fv1 is at least 0.05, Fc2 is at least 0.1, and Fc1 is at least 0.02 smaller than Fc2 ,

In a second embodiment, display systems are provided which have a first emission source labeled by a first emission and a display adapted to emit an SPD characterized by a first power fraction Fv1 in the range of 400 to 435 nm, the display system being characterized by Gamut of at least 70% of which is characterized by NTSC, the first SPD is substantially white with a most similar color temperature in the range of 3000 to 9000 K and Fv1 is at least 0.05.

In a third embodiment, light sources are provided that have an LED device configured to emit a primary emission and one or more wavelength-converting materials coupled to the primary emission, wherein a portion of the primary emission is absorbed by the wavelength-converting materials to produce a secondary emission, wherein a combination of the Primary emission and secondary emission produces white light characterized by an SPD with a similar color temperature and a color rendering index, with at least 5% of the SPD power in a wave range of 400-435 nm, with a circadian stimulation of the SPD less than 80% a circadian stimulation of a reference illumination of the same color temperature and wherein the white light is characterized by a color rendering index of more than 80.

In a fourth embodiment, illumination systems are specified which have an LED component designed to emit a primary emission characterized by a primary SPD and at least one phosphor optically coupled to the primary emission, wherein the at least one phosphor is characterized by a saturable absorption within a cyan wavelength range, wherein the LED device is designed to be driven by a power signal designed to dim the primary emission, the system emitting at a first power level a first SPD characterized by a first portion fc1 of the spectral power in a wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm and a first color temperature wherein, at a second power level, the system emits a second SPD characterized by a second portion fc2 of spectral power in a wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm and a second color temperature, and wherein d the second power level is less than the first power level and the second level fc2 is less than 80% of the first level fc1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the figures illustrated in this specification are for illustrative purposes only. The figures are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

1A FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a circadian stimulation wavelength range used to adjust a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments; FIG.

1B shows the influence of a light source on the circadian system in different measurements.

1C FIG. 12 shows the relative circadian stimulation of 3300K white light sources according to some embodiments formed from a primary LED (having violet to blue emission) combined with a green emitting and red emitting phosphor and having circadian wavelength ranges with different half widths and a maximum at 465 nm.

1D FIG. 12 shows 600 nm normalized spectral power densities (SPDs) of 3300 K white light sources according to some embodiments formed from a primary LED (having violet to blue emission) combined with a green emitting and red emitting phosphor.

1E Figure 3 shows the circadian stimulation of a two-phosphor based LED white light source at 3300K, as a function of the emission maximum wavelength of the primary LED, in accordance with some embodiments.

1F 12 shows the course of the predicted melatonin inhibition as a function of the illuminance on the eye with a lighting duration of 90 minutes, according to some embodiments.

2A FIG. 12 shows spectral power densities (SPDs) of LEDs having wavelength combinations used to form a circadian LED light source, in accordance with some embodiments.

2 B FIG. 12 illustrates an SPD corresponding to a first LED emission, as used to form a circadian LED light source, in accordance with some embodiments.

2C FIG. 12 shows an SPD corresponding to a second LED emission as used to form a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments.

3A FIG. 10 illustrates a diagram showing the color rendering characteristics of a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments at three different color temperatures. FIG.

3B FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram showing relative circadian stimulation at three different color temperatures resulting from a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments. FIG.

4A shows an example of a light band that is capable of realizing an LED white light source that is adjustable based on measurable quantities and / or changes in the environment according to some embodiments.

4B shows a narrowband (Gaussian) circadian stimulation region with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm and a maximum at 465 nm.

4C1 and 4C2 show an emission of a first violet-pumped LED with two phosphors and a second violet-pumped LED with blue phosphor according to some embodiments.

4D1 shows the individual LED-based spectra and the combined LED-based spectrum of 4C1 and 4C2 ,

4D2 shows differences in color characteristics and levels of circadian stimulation according to some embodiments.

4E1 and 4E2 show an emission of a first violet-pumped LED having two phosphors and a second blue emitting LED according to some embodiments.

4F1 shows the individual LED-based spectra and the combined LED-based spectrum of 4D1 and 4D2 ,

4F2 shows differences in color characteristics and levels of circadian stimulation according to some embodiments.

4G shows the circadian stimulation as a function of the color temperature of certain light sources.

4H FIG. 12 shows a light band having two different LED sets, which is controlled by a timer for adjusting the composition of the LED emission wavelength to realize a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments.

4I Figure 12 shows SPDs of white screens of two display systems according to some embodiments.

4J Figure 12 shows a predicted melatonin inhibition according to some embodiments.

4K shows the spectrum emitted by a white screen according to some embodiments.

4L1 and 4L2 illustrate the circumstances present in a conventional LED illuminated liquid crystal display according to some embodiments.

4M shows the calculated relative circadian stimulation and the calculated relative screen brightness.

4N1 and 4N2 illustrate situations in which the phosphor system, according to some embodiments, is set to better cooperate with a selected primary wavelength of the emission maximum.

5A FIG. 12 illustrates a diagram showing a linear chroma curve in an xy color space as generated by a circadian LED light source, in accordance with some embodiments.

5B FIG. 12 illustrates a graph showing the shape of a white light bounding region as generated by a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments. FIG.

5C1 to 5C4 show characteristics of two independently controlled LED sets according to some embodiments.

6A FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of an LED lamp using a circadian LED light source according to some embodiments; FIG. 6B in a representation of the assembled form.

7 FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a multi-channel control system according to some embodiments used in an LED lamp employing a circadian light LED light source. FIG.

8th FIG. 12 shows a nested arrangement of two LED strands to form a two-channel, circularly-matched arrangement as used in an LED lamp according to some embodiments.

9A illustrates a selection of lamp shapes according to some embodiments that meet different standards.

9B to 9I illustrates a selection of differently shaped recessed luminaires according to some embodiments.

10A to 10I 10 show pictorial representations of embodiments of the present disclosure in the form of lamp designs according to some embodiments.

11A FIG. 12 shows an original SPD of an LED white light source and a filtered SPD after removal of the blue light according to some embodiments. FIG.

11B Figure 4 shows an original SPD of an LED white light source and a converted SPD after blue light was absorbed by a phosphor and converted to yellow light according to some embodiments.

12 FIG. 12 shows an emission spectrum of an LED white light source having a most similar color temperature of 3000K and a color rendering index of about 90 as well as the emission and absorption spectra of a saturable red phosphor in accordance with some embodiments.

13 FIG. 12 illustrates one possible way to combine an LED white light source with such a saturable phosphor according to some embodiments.

14A and 14B show spectral or colorimetric characteristics of an LED lighting system according to some embodiments.

15A1 to 15I show pictorial representations of concrete illuminations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will now be discussed in detail on specific embodiments. The disclosed embodiments are not to be considered as limiting the claims.

Non-visual photoreceptors in the human eye (called photosensitive ganglion cells) are associated with the circadian system. While details of the circadian excitation band are still known, there is agreement that the excitation band has a maximum around 465 nm in the blue region.

The diagram 1A00 from 1A shows a wavelength range for circadian stimulation (CSWR of circadian stimulation wavelength range) used to set a circadian LED light source 102 , like Brainard et al. in The Journal of Neuroscience, Aug. 15, 2001, 21 (16): 6405-6412 (Brainard) compared to the field of photopic vision 104 , With such a broad spectrum of efficacy, it seems that changing the circadian stimulation in a white light source can do little other than altering the relatively short wavelength, that is, the most similar color temperature. However, recent results suggest that the relevant CSWR is actually much narrower than Brainard et al. presented. In Rahman et al., Endocrinology, 7 August 2008, 149 (12): 6125-6135 For example, it is shown that an increase in glucocorticoid levels and melatonin inhibition can be avoided by filtering the blue light in a wavelength range of only 450 to 480 nm. These are important in that a narrower CSWR means that there should be more flexibility in designing white light sources of desired quality of light, and at the same time, control the amount of circadian stimulation. It is also noteworthy that Brainard et al. have adapted a symmetrically shaped spectrum of activity to their experimental data. Careful analysis of the experimental points in 5 by Brainard et al. shows, however, that the experimental response at a short wavelength (eg, 420 nm) is significantly less than that obtained with the fitted curve. In other words, there is evidence that the CSWR is not precisely known, especially at short wavelengths, and may be narrower than shown in some impact spectra.

wobei c(λ) das circadiane Stimulationsspektrum darstellt. Bei zwei Beleuchtungen A und B mit gleichem Lichtstrom (bei Beleuchtungsanwendungen relevant) ist die relative circadiane Stimulation (CS) von A gegenüber B:

wobei LE das Lumenäquivalent der spektralen Leistungsverteilung darstellt.An ipRGC-mediated circadian stimulation (CS) of illumination with a spectral power distribution SPD as a function of wavelength λ can be modeled as follows:

where c (λ) represents the circadian stimulation spectrum. For two illuminations A and B with the same luminous flux (relevant in lighting applications), the relative circadian stimulation (CS) of A versus B is:

where LE represents the lumen equivalent of the spectral power distribution.

1B shows the influence of a light source on the circadian system as a function of light intensity. The influence of a light source on the circadian system depends on the relative CS, the light intensity (eg illuminance or Lux level) and the illumination time. One can combine the relative CSs with the data of the monochromatic excitation disclosed by Brainard. You get then 1B showing the melatonin inhibition at different illuminances and different light sources.

1B shows melatonin inhibition as a function of illuminance (lux) on the human eye after ninety-minute illumination. The curve 111 shows the response to monochromatic irradiation at 460 nm and is taken directly from Brainard. The curve 112 shows the reaction to a standard light D65. The curve 113 shows the reaction to illumination with a standard light A. The curves 112 and 113 be done by moving the curve 111 obtained according to their relative CS.

1B shows that there is significant melatonin inhibition in a conventional living room lighting situation (300 lx with a CIE A bulb that is representative of a light bulb): approximately 50% at 90 min. Therefore, the circadian system can be affected even in this common situation. For light sources having a larger relative CS than for a lighting means A, the effect can be greater.

The following figures and texts serve to compare the relative CS of different LED white light sources. 1C Figure 3 shows a relative circadian stimulation (CS) of 3300 K white light sources formed from a primary LED (having violet to blue emission) combined with a green emitting and red emitting phosphor. In 1C the x-axis gives the central emission wavelength of the primary LED and the y-axis the relative circadian stimulation (normalized to CIE A). The circadian stimulation was seen in different as in the figure (see 1A ) are calculated assuming a circadian stimulation wavelength range having a maximum at 465 nm and a Gaussian distribution. As for obtaining the white-light source suitable phosphors can Eu ^{2 +} doped materials are used. An example of a green emitter is BaSrSiO: Eu ²⁺ . An example of a red emitter is CaAlSiN: Eu ^{2 +} . In 1C the ratio of the green and red wavelengths of the emission maxima to the half width are 530/100 and 630/100, respectively. As will be described below, other phosphors may also be used. In addition to phosphors, other light-wavelength converting materials may also be used, such as organic materials or semiconductors such as nanoparticles, also known as "quantum dots." In other embodiments, the green and / or red emission may be realized by LEDs. As in 1C shown lie at broad CSWRs (eg 90 nm width 123 and 70 nm width 124 ), if the wavelength becomes too short, only a slight sensitivity to the wavelength of the primary LED or even a loss before. For narrower CSWRs (eg 10 nm 121 and 30 nm 122 However, a reduction in the wavelength of the primary LED can bring a great deal of profit. For a CSWR 122 With 30 nm half width, the relative CS for a 3300 K LED primarily excited in violet (≈ 405 to 425 nm) is about half that of a CIE A illuminant (2856 K) 125 , The circadian stimulation by a light source 122 is therefore lower than many incandescent lamps and drastically lower than that of a 3300 K LED 123 based on 425 nm (blue), which has about 20% higher CS than CIE A. In 1D are SPDs of various LED light source emissions, including those of 1C normalized to emission at 600 nm. The SPDs are for example characterized by different violet proportions. Each SPD maintains a color rendering index of 80 or greater and R9 is greater than zero (approximately 10).

For example, non- or weakly circadian stimulating light sources are desirable for evening lighting to avoid increasing glucocorticoid levels and lowering melatonin levels, thus preparing people for a healthy night's sleep. Regarding the CSWR of 1C with a half width of 30 nm 1E the CS of a 3300 K LED white light source based on two phosphors as a function of the wavelength of the emission maximum of the primary LED. The lumen equivalent of the SPD is high at a primary emission of 455 nm (about 320 lm / Wopt), with the CS also being high (about twice that of CIE A). With a decrease in the peak wavelength of the primary LED to below 455 nm, the CS drops dramatically. Furthermore, as the peak wavelength of the primary LED is reduced below 420 nm, the LE also decreases. Thus, there is a range of emission maxima wavelengths of primary LEDs where the LE is still relatively high but the CS is lower than CIE A. In particular, the wavelength range of 405 to 435 nm enables a reduced CS and a reasonable LE. Several standard LED sources having this most similar color temperature have an LE of about 300, so embodiments having a LE of about 200 or about 250 can be considered acceptable because they have much lower CS than standard sources.

1F further illustrates the advantages of such light sources. 1F shows the progression of the predicted reduction in melatonin levels over eye level at 90 minutes of exposure. The curve 151 refers to an LED source with a maximum of the primary emission at 415 nm and the curve 152 refers to an LED source with a maximum of the primary emission at 455 nm. Due to the lower relative CS, the 415 nm primary LED results in a lower decrease in melatonin levels. Lowering the light level to about 100 lux results in very small subsidence (less than 10% of the upper limit of the signal), whereas for the 455 nm primary LED, lowering the melatonin levels at the same illuminance is significant (about 40% at 90%) min). The change of circadian stimulation has therefore a significant influence in a realistic environment.

In principle, another approach can be used to reduce the circadian stimulation of a light source: setting the most similar color temperature of the light source - a warmer most similar Color temperature actually results in lower relative CS. Various LED-based products provide this function. However, these products use blue primary LEDs (range of emission peak wavelengths of about 445 to 460 nm). Therefore, the relative CS remains quite high even at a lower most similar color temperature (at such as in 1C 3000 K LED source approximately twice a CIE A illuminant).

For significant modulation of the CS, therefore, careful selection of the emission wavelength of the primary LED and the total emission spectrum of the primary LED is important.

Embodiments of various circadian white LED light sources may be designed so that the respective emission spectra can be set to stimulate a circadian cycle as a more or less daily daily cycle.

2A shows spectral power distributions (SPDs) of different wavelength combinations 2A00 as used to form a circadian white LED light source.

As in 2A is shown for the morning circadian stimulation (see curve 202 ) emits a stimulating blue peak. Another curve shows a low circadian stimulation (see curve 206 ) for evenings and a third curve ( 204 ) shows an intermediate possibility.

In certain embodiments, a circadian white LED light source (see, for example, the light of FIG 4A or the lamp of 6A and 6B ) a first LED (see 2 B ), in which, for example, a violet (or UV) primary LED is combined with a green, red and (optionally) blue phosphor to form a spectrum 208 essentially corresponding to a spectrum with low circadian stimulation at a similar color temperature (CCT) of 2500 K (see LED emission spectrum 208 in 2 B ). Such an LED-phosphor combination can have an acceptable white point and acceptable color rendering properties. Depending on the specifics such as the emission spectra of the primary LED and the phosphors, a combination of a blue phosphor with a first LED may be unnecessary.

To realize a circadiangerechten LED light source, a second LED (see 2C ) to be added. The emission 210 ( 2C ) may be generated by using a second LED having, for example, a purple (or UV) LED to excite only a blue phosphor. The blue phosphor can be selected based on absorption characteristics of the photons from the primary (violet or UV) LED. In particular, the blue phosphor can be chosen so that excitation with moderate phosphor loading can be done so that there is sufficient efficiency of the system assembly. A blue phosphor can also be selected based on the emission characteristics of the combination to blend with the emission of the first LED, and thus to shift or adjust the chrominance in a controlled manner (eg, in one direction increasing the most similar color temperatures along Planck's curve to maintain a white light appearance). In addition, the wavelength of the emission maximum and half-width of a blue phosphor can be selected so that certain color rendering properties are achieved even if the contribution of the second LED to the overall spectrum (combination of first and second LED) is increased ( 2A ). In some instances, the desired color rendering properties may be expressed in terms of a CRI greater than 50, a CRI greater than 80, or, in certain embodiments, a CRI greater than 90. Other measurement systems such as R9, which is another color measurement system, and / or a gamut measurement system may also be used. In some embodiments, a blue phosphor may consist of a mixture of different phosphors that combine to give the desired excitation and emission characteristics including the desired dominant emission wavelength for the spectral adjustment described herein.

For an SPD with a CCT of 2500 K, the power fraction in the spectral range from 400 to 440 nm is 0.03 and the power fraction in the range from 440 to 500 nm is 0.06. For an SPD with a CCT of 5000 K, the power fraction in the spectral range from 400 to 440 nm is 0.02 and the power fraction in the range from 440 to 500 nm is 0.20.

In 3A For example, certain color rendering characteristics of white LED light sources according to the present disclosure are illustrated for various LED color temperatures. The one on Brainard ( 102 in 1A , approximately 95 nm half-width) modeled CSWR-based circadian stimulation (relative to a CIE A illuminant) is in 3B illustrated.

In certain embodiments, a blue phosphor characterized by a wavelength of the emission maximum at 477 nm and a half-value width of 80 nm is used. Corresponding blue phosphors having a maximum emission wavelength at 477 nm are only one embodiment, with other embodiments using other phosphors and phosphor combinations. In particular, the phosphors and / or compositions of wavelength converting materials referred to in the present disclosure may comprise various wavelength converting materials.

Wavelength-converting materials may be particulate ceramic or semiconductor phosphors, plate-shaped ceramic or semiconductor phosphors, organic or inorganic down-converters, anti-stokes, nanoparticles, combinations of any of the foregoing or other materials that enable wavelength conversion. Some examples are listed below:
(Srn, Ca _1-n ) 10 (PO ₄ ) ₆ * B ₂ O ₃ : Eu ²⁺ (where 0 ≦ n ≦ 1)
(Ba, Sr, Ca) ₅ (PO ₄ ) ₃ (Cl, F, Br, OH): Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) BPO ₅ : Eu ^{2 +} , Mn ²⁺
Sr ₂ Si ₃ O ₈ · ₂ SrCl ₂ : Eu ²⁺
(Ca, Sr, Ba) ₃ MgSi ₂ O ₈ : Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
BaAl ₈ O ₁₃ : EU ²⁺
2SrO x _0.84 P ₂ O ₅ x _0.16 B ₂ O ₃ : Eu ²⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) MgAl ₁₀ O ₁₇ : Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
K ₂ SiF ₆ : Mn ⁴⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) Al ₂ O ₄ : Eu ²⁺
(Y, Gd, Lu, Sc, La) BO _3: Ce ^3+, Tb ³⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) ₂ (Mg, Zn) Si ₂ O ₇ : Eu ²⁺
(Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn) ₂ Si _1-x O _4-2x : Eu ^{2 +} (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2)
(Ca, Sr, Ba) MgSi ₂ O ₆ : Eu ²⁺
(Sr, Ca, Ba) (Al, Ga) ₂ S ₄ : Eu ²⁺
(Ca, Sr) ₈ (Mg, Zn) (SiO ₄ ) ₄ C ₁₂ : Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
Na ₂ Gd ₂ B ₂ O ₇ : Ce ³⁺ , Tb ³⁺
(Sr, Ca, Ba, Mg, Zn) ₂ P ₂ O ₇ : Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
(Gd, Y, Lu, La) ₂ O ₃ : Eu ³⁺ , Bi ³⁺
(Gd, Y, Lu, La) ₂ O ₂ S: Eu ³⁺ , Bi ³⁺
(Gd, Y, Lu, La) VO ₄ : Eu ³⁺ , Bi ³⁺
(Ca, Sr) S: Eu ²⁺ , Ce ³⁺
(Y, Gd, Tb, La, Sm, Pr, Lu) ₃ (Sc, Al, Ga) _5-n O _{12-3 / 2n} : Ce ³⁺ (where 0≤n≤0.5)
ZnS: Cu ⁺ , Cl ^-
(Y, Lu, Th) ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ : Ce ³⁺
ZnS: Cu ^+, Al ³⁺
ZnS: Ag ⁺ , Al ³⁺
ZnS: Ag ⁺ , Cl ^-
The group:
Ca _1-x Al _{x -xy} Si _{1-x + xy} N _{2 -x-xy} C _xy : A
Ca _1-xz Na _z M (III) _x-xy-z Si _{1-x + xy + z} N _{2 -x-xy} C _xy : A
M (II) _1-xz M (I) _z M (III) _x-xy-z Si _{1-x + xy + z} N _{2 -x-xy} C _xy : A
M (II) _1-xz M (I) _z M (III) _x-xy-z Si _{1-x + xy + z} N _{2 -x-xy-2w / 3} C _xy O _{wv / 2} H _v : A
M (II) _1-xz M (I) _z M (III) _x-xy-z Si _{1-x + xy + z} N _{2-x-xy-2w / 3-v / 3} C _xy O _w H _v : A
where 0 <x <1, 0 <y <1, 0 ≦ z <1, 0 ≦ v <1, 0 <w <1, x + z <1, x> xy + z and 0 <x - xy - z <1,
M (II) is at least one divalent cation, M (I) is at least one monovalent cation, M (III) is at least one trivalent cation, H is at least one monovalent anion and A is a luminescent activator doped into the crystal structure.
LaAl (Si _6-z Al _z ) (N ₁₀ -z O _z ): Ce ³⁺ (where z = 1)
(Ca, Sr) Ga ₂ S ₄ : Eu ²⁺
AlN: Eu ²⁺
SrY ₂ S ₄ : Eu ²⁺
CaLa ₂ S ₄ : Ce ³⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) MgP ₂ O ₇ : Eu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺
(Y, Lu) ₂ WO ₆ : Eu ³⁺ , Mo ⁶⁺
CaWO ₄
(Y, Gd, La) ₂ O ₂ S: Eu ³⁺
(Y, Gd, La) ₂ O ₃ : Eu ³⁺
(Ba, Sr, Ca) _n Si _n Nn: Eu ²⁺ (where 2n + 4 = 3n)
Ca ₃ (SiO ₄ ) Cl ₂ : Eu ²⁺
(Y, Lu, Gd) _2-n Ca _n Si ₄ N _{6 + n} C _1-n : Ce ³⁺ (where 0 ≦ n ≦ 0.5)
(Lu, Ca, Li, Mg, Y) alpha-SiAlON doped with Eu ²⁺ and / or Ce ³⁺
(Ca, Sr, Ba) SiO ₂ N ₂ : Eu ²⁺ , Ce ³⁺
Ba ₃ MgSi ₂ O _8: Eu ^2+, M ²⁺
(Sr, Ca) AlSiN _3: Eu ²⁺
CaAlSi (ON) ₃ : Eu ²⁺
Ba ₃ MgSi ₂ O ₈ : Eu ²⁺
LaSi ₃ N ₅ : Ce ³⁺
Sr ₁₀ (PO ₄ ) ₆ Cl ₂ : Eu ²⁺
(BaSi) O ₁₂ N ₂ : Eu ²⁺
M (II) _a Si _b O _c NdCe: A where 6 <a <8, 8 <b <14.13 <c <17.5 <d <9.0 <e <2 and M (II) is a divalent cation of (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Co, Ni, Pd, Tm, Cd) and A of
(Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi, Sb)
SrSi ₂ (O, Cl) ₂ N ₂ : Eu ²⁺
SrSi ₉ Al ₁₉ ON ₃₁ : Eu ²⁺
(Ba, Sr) Si ₂ (O, Cl) ₂ N ₂ : Eu ²⁺
LiM ₂ O ₈ : Eu ³⁺ where M = W or Mo

For purposes of this application, a phosphor having two or more dopant ions (eg, the ions following the semicolons in the above phosphors) means that this phosphor has at least one (but not necessarily all) of these dopant ions within the material , That is, this notation, as understood by those skilled in the art, means that the phosphor may contain any ion or all of the ions indicated in the formulation as dopants.

Further, it is believed that nanoparticles, quantum dots, semiconductor particles, and other types of materials can be used as wavelength converting materials. The above list is merely representative and should not be understood to include all materials that may be used within the embodiments described herein.

Lamp designs may include any of the aforementioned wavelength converting materials and have various light quality characteristics. Some of these lighting quality features are in 3A and 3B shown.

The color rendition chart 3A00 from 3A shows the color rendering index (Ra) and the red color rendering (R9) corresponding to a circadian white LED light source 2A at three different color temperatures (eg 5000 K, 3500 K and 2500 K).

By combining first and second LED emissions at comparable levels, a 5000K color point with acceptable color rendition (Ra, R9 of 80, and 65, respectively) can be achieved. In addition, the emission spectrum may have a relatively high circadian stimulation (as defined above) similar to that achieved with a D65 reference illuminant (daylight). When the emission of the second LED is reduced (or turned off) to a very low level, the emission of the first LED dominates and a spectrum of low circadian stimulation at 2500 K with Ra, R9 of 93 and 65, respectively, is reached. At an intermediate point, a color temperature of 3500 K with a Ra, R9 of 85, or 88 and a stimulation of the circadian system at a medium level is made possible. Therefore, this white LED light source can be used to deliver a highly stimulating 5000K light in the morning, mid-stimulatory 3500K lighting in the afternoon and 2500K low-stimulation light in the evening while maintaining acceptable white light quality (Ra ≥80 , R9 ≥ 50). The total power of the first and second LEDs can be adjusted to produce the desired total illumination level.

The diagram 3B00 from 3B shows the relative circadian stimulation caused by a circadian LED light source.

3B shows the relative circadian stimulation of in 2A illustrated a circadian light source using a Brainard modeled CSWR with a half width of 95 nm. By combining the emissions of the first and second LEDs to achieve a color temperature of 5000K 202 in 2A ) a very high circadian stimulation effect is achieved. As in 3B The relative circadian stimulation at 5000 K is approximately 2.8 times higher than that of the CIE A reference illuminant. This circadian stimulation level is close to that achieved with a daylight illuminant (e.g., D65 illuminant as shown) having a relative circadian stimulation that is 3.1 times higher than that of the CIE A reference illuminant. The 2500 K spectrum ( 206 in 2A ), which has very little circadian stimulation (within 10% of that of the CIE A reference illuminant), is achieved by reducing the brightness of the second LED (or turning off the LED) so that the emission of the first LED dominates. An intermediate spectrum at 3500 K ( 204 in 2A ), which allows relative circadian stimulation about twice that of the CIE A reference illuminant, is achieved with comparable intensity of first and second LED emissions.

The color can be changed dynamically (either continuously or incrementally) throughout the day via a timer-controlled drive scheme. Or, the desired color point can be selected using a switching mechanism provided to the end user. Many other automatic and / or human interface control systems may be used, such as a carrier frequency system, WiFi, Zigby, DALI, etc. Different target CCTs are also possible. It is expected that such light sources have enormous health and well-being benefits compared to non-circadian light sources such as conventional blue-based LEDs.

4A shows an example of a light band, which is adjustable to realize a white light source based on measurable variables (eg, time of day) and / or changes in the environment. Such white light sources can be formed by, for example, mixing at least two LED-based sources; z. Example, a first, in which a suitable mixture of red, green and (optionally) in the blue emitting phosphors are used with violet primary LEDs and a second, are used in the either violet excited LEDs with blue phosphor or blue primary LEDs , The two sources can be mixed to form a circadian LED white light source throughout the entire day cycle. A corresponding light band can be used, for example, as a light generator for a linear recessed luminaire.

In other embodiments, the CSWR may be narrower than that of Brainard (curve 401 in 4B ). For example, one may assume a Gaussian CSWR having its maximum at 465 nm and a half width of 30 nm, such as curve 402 in 4B shows. For this narrower CSWR, LED white light sources can be designed whose CCT is higher than that of CIE A, but which have less circadian stimulation.

4C1 shows a first LED emission 4C100 a purple primary LED holding a green and red phosphor 403 stimulates. The emission is at 3286 K, but has a CS of 50% relative to CIE A. The LED white light source thus has a higher CCT than CIE A, but less circadian stimulation. The second LED emission 4C200 ( 4C2 ) is that of a primary violet LED, which is a blue phosphor with a wavelength of emission maximum 404 excited at 477 nm. The emissions based on the first and second LEDs may be as in 4D1 can be combined to be set between about 5000 K and about 3300 K, thereby changing the CS from about 300% to less than 50% of that of CIE A and simultaneously a white point within four points of Planck's curve with a CRI> 80 and a R9> 10 as in the table of 4D2 is maintained.

This change in the CS can also be quantified taking into account the relative spectral content (eg fraction of the SPD) of specific spectral regions. The relative spectral content in the "violet blue" (VB) region of 400 to 440 nm and in the blue cyan (BC) region of 440 to 500 nm form two of the regions of interest. The first region has relatively less circadian stimulation, while the latter region has relatively higher circadian stimulation. The table of 4D2 shows the relative spectral components of these wavelength ranges. The proportion of total SPD power in the VB range increases slightly (from 0.19 to 0.23) when adjusting from 5000 K to 3300 K, while the proportion in the BC range increases significantly (from 0.20 to 0.05 ) decreases. This redistribution of the spectral content from the BC region to the VB region contributes to the low CS in the 3300 K SPD. It should also be noted that the presence of violet light leaves the SPD on the Planckian curve.

In certain embodiments, a large proportion Fv corresponds to the SPD in the VB range or a narrow fraction Fc in the BC range to a low CS and vice versa. An SPD characterized by Fc> 0.1 may have high stimulation and SPD characterized by Fc <0.06 and Fv> 0.05 may have lower stimulation. Similarly, one characterized by an Fc / Fv> 0.5 SPD have a relatively high stimulation and a Fc / Fv> 1 characterized SPD have a high stimulation. An SPD characterized by an Fc / Fv <0.4 may have a relatively low stimulation and an SPD characterized by an Fc / Fv <0.2 may have a low stimulation. These ranges correspond to certain embodiments of LED white light sources indicated by the present disclosure, including those of US Pat 4A - 4N2 and the 5A - 5C4 ,

In general, therefore, the CS may be proportional to the ratio Fc / Fv, with higher values associated with higher circadian stimulation. The CS can also be proportional to the Fc share in general. In addition, in certain embodiments, increasing the VB content of an LED white light source results in a reduction of the BC content, and conversely, an increase in the BS content results in a decreased VB content.

Fv and Fc represent the power contributions of the SPD within the VB wavelength range and the BC wave range, respectively. For example, Fv is 0.1 when the total power of the SPD is 1 and the VB wavelength range is 10% of the power of the SPD; Fc is 0.1 when 10% of the power of the SPD is in the BC wavelength range.

In certain embodiments, Fv is less than 0.2, less than 0.15, less than 0.1, less than 0.08, and less than 0.05 in certain embodiments.

In certain embodiments, Fv is greater than 0.2, greater than 0.15, greater than 0.1, greater than 0.08, and greater than 0.05 in certain embodiments.

In certain embodiments, Fc is less than 0.2, less than 0.15, less than 0.1, less than 0.08, and less than 0.05 in certain embodiments.

In certain embodiments, Fc is greater than 0.2, greater than 0.15, greater than 0.1, greater than 0.08, and greater than 0.05 in certain embodiments.

Various combinations of Fv and Fc are possible which are consistent with the LED white light sources indicated by the present disclosure. Importantly, Fv, d. H. the spectral content in the VB range of 400 to 440 nm, using the devices and methods indicated by the present disclosure, can be controlled so that a desired white light emission can be produced and the desired properties such as CCT, CRI, Ra, Duv and others can be maintained. Use of violet emitting LEDs and selected phosphors, and optional additional LEDs emitting at other wavelengths provides the ability to more accurately control the content in the VB range from 400 to 440 nm.

In certain embodiments, Fc / Fv ranges from 0.1 to 1, from 0.1 to 0.8, from 0.1 to 0.6, and in certain embodiments from 0.1 to 0.4.

In certain embodiments, Fc / Fv is less than 0.1, less than 0.2, less than 0.3, less than 0.4, less than 0.5, and in some embodiments, less than 0.6.

In certain embodiments, Fc / Fv ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, from 0.5 to 1.3, from 0.5 to 1.1, and in certain embodiments from 0.5 to 0.9.

In certain embodiments, Fc / Fv is greater than 0.5, greater than 0.6, greater than 0.7, greater than 0.8, greater than 0.9, and greater than 1 in certain embodiments.

It should be noted that it is not trivial to achieve the high quality of light available by the embodiments of the present invention. Although the CS of a light source can be reduced by simply removing all (or almost all) blue and cyan emissions without supplementing them with violet radiation, the resulting color rendering index would be deficient due to the lack of short wavelength light in the spectrum. In addition, it may be difficult to keep the color of a source close to the Planckian curve (resulting in a source with a low CCT and / or a green cast). The embodiments of the present disclosure, on the other hand, compensate for the levels of blue and violet light, thereby facilitating modulation of the CS while maintaining high quality light (e.g., CRI, Ra, Duv).

For adjustment along the Planckian curve, a blue emitting primary LED with a suitable dominant wavelength can be used for a second LED emission. Like in 4E1 and 4E2 can be shown instead of the blue fluorescent based LED of 4C2 a LED with an emission maximum at about 480 nm can be used. E1 shows an emission spectrum of a first LED based source 420 , 4E2 shows a spectrum 421 a blue emitting LED. By combining the in 4E1 and 4E2 emissions shown in the 4F1 shown combined spectrum 422 similar effect, with small differences in color characteristics and levels of circadian stimulation, as in the table of 4F2 is shown.

By way of illustration, a comparison is made of the relative CSs of conventional light sources with white LED light sources indicated by the present disclosure for the case of a Gaussian CSWR having a half width (FWHM) of 30 nm and an emission maximum at 465 nm. 4G shows the CS (normalized to the CIE A) of conventional light sources such as candlelight (1850 K), CIE A (2856 K), D50 daylight standard lighting (5000 K), and D65 daylight standard lighting (6500 K) as a function of color temperature. The CS varies between about 25% (candlelight) and about four times (D65) that of CIE A. Also applied are the CS for a 3000 K LED with two phosphors and a 455 nm blue primary LED, and for a 3000 K LED with two phosphors and a 425 nm violet primary LED. The difference in circadian stimulation is remarkable, with the white light source based on a 455 nm LED being more than 1.5 times that of CIE A and more than three times that of the white light source based on a 425 nm LED. It should here be noted that Ce ^{3 +} -Granatleuchtstoffe (z. B. "YAG") do not absorb strongly in the violet range, so that it may be advisable for an LED with a 425 nm excitation, Eu ²⁺ phosphors for both to use green as well as red emissions.

4H Figure 11 shows a band of light having two different sets of LED based emitters, as well as a timer, control circuitry 4H01 and a driver to control the ratio of emissions of the two different sets of LED-based emitters to realize a circadian white-light LED source, in accordance with some embodiments.

As shown, a first group of violet emitting primary LEDs and a suitable mixture of red, green, and (optionally) blue emitting phosphors may be used 4H02 with a second group of blue phosphors provided in the violet emitting primary LEDs or blue emitting primary LEDs 4H04 be combined.

The first and second group of LED-based emitters may, on the one hand, be housed in separate assemblies, the light of which being combined by means of mixing optics, and, on the other hand, the LED-based emitters may be housed in a single assembly, such as a bare-chip package (chip-on-board (COB) package (see, for example, the arrangement of 8th )) or linear COB assemblies. COB assemblies can be in a like in 6A and 6B used lamp assembly can be used.

In addition, while the above-described embodiment describes a dual channel adjustment method for allowing for varying levels of circadian stimulation while maintaining high quality light, which may be useful for minimizing cost and complexity, three or more channels may also be constructed using the devices specified by the disclosure and concepts are used. Multiple channels provide more freedom in selecting light sources and adjusting along arbitrary (eg, nonlinear) curves in the standard color space, but at the expense of increased luminaire design complexity, LED sourcing, mixing, and control.

Except the in 4H For example, one or more light mixing optics (not shown) for mixing the LED emissions from the first and second groups may be used to provide a uniform or other desired light color appearance. Furthermore, secondary optics may be used to achieve a desired light distribution pattern.

The foregoing explanations have focused on lighting systems and the benefits that result from reduced CS. However, display systems can also benefit from reduced CS.

4I shows the measured SPDs 4I00 two display systems with a white screen - a laptop screen 402 and an smbphone screen 404 , Examples of other display systems are in the 15D1 to 15E2 illustrated. Both of them in 4I displayed ads have a CCT of about 6500 K, as is typical for display screens. Both are illuminated with blue primary LEDs and the emission spectra are characterized by a large blue maximum. The relative circadian stimulation is about 330% for the laptop and about 470% for the smartphone display.

4J shows the predicted reduction in melatonin levels 406 (after 90 min exposure to the white screen of a smartphone) as a function of the brightness of the smartphone screen. In practice, the brightness values for displays may be high, from one hundred to several hundred lux in some cases (for example, when the device is held close to the face). The resulting impact on the circadian system may therefore be significant, leading to sleep disturbances even with a relatively short exposure time.

There are already software solutions for screens aimed at reducing the circadian disturbance. Software such as "f.lux" can adjust the CCT of the screen to the time: during the day the CCT is about 6500 K, with nightfall, the CCT is brought to warmer about 3400 K.

4K shows an example of a spectrum emitted from a white screen using this software: the curve 410 gives the standard emission (6500 K) and the curve 408 indicates the warmer emission (nominally about 3400 K).

Reduction of CCT is beneficial because relative circadian stimulation is lower at lower CCT. The relative circadian stimulation relative to the illuminant A is about 330% for the standard emission and about 210% for the warm screen (assuming equal brightness). Despite this improvement, warm screen stimulation is still high due to the use of blue-emitting LEDs. In addition, it would be useful to reduce the CS and at the same time to achieve a more typical for electronic displays white point (typically 6000 K to 7000 K).

As with lighting systems, careful choice of the emission wavelength and profile of the primary LED and the total SPD is therefore important for obtaining a low circadian stimulation display system.

4L1 Figure 4 illustrates the spectra relevant to typical LED illuminated liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used in a variety of applications including televisions, monitors, laptop and notebook computers, gaming systems, and portable devices such as tablets, phones, MP3 players, etc. be used. 4L1 shows the spectra for a blue color filter 412 , a green color filter 414 and a red color filter 416 (collectively referred to as CFs (color filters)) used in an LCD color control display. A typical LED spectrum (eg LED spectrum 418 ) results from an LED based on a blue primary emission, which excites a yellow (and / or red) emitting phosphor system. The filtering by red, green and blue filters gives a transmission spectrum which, for example, when all three filters are completely transmissive, gives a white transmission spectrum 419 results. A typical gamut of this system (in 4L2 through the triangle 426 shown) is limited to green and red and covers about 79% of the gamut standard in the xy color space 422 the National Television System Committee (NTSC, 1953). As explained above, such an LED-based source (with a maximum of the primary wavelength typically in the range of 440 to 460 nm) inherently has a high circadian stimulation, which is undesirable especially in the evening or at night. 4L2 also shows the Planckian curve 424 and the boundaries of the (xy) color space 420 ,

4M shows the calculated relative CS (curve 430 ) and the relative screen brightness (curve 428 ) when the "blue" LED primary peak wavelength (using the same phosphor emission while maintaining the same screen white point) is reduced using a Gaussian CSWR with a half width of 30 nm and a maximum at 465 nm. For wavelengths below 440 nm, the CS drops significantly, with a minimum at about 410 nm. The brightness also decreases with decreasing peak wavelength, but much slower, so that for a display with reduced CS, a peak wavelength range between 410 and 440 nm or between 420 and 430 nm is recommended as optimal.

4N1 Figure 5 shows embodiments in which the phosphor system is set to better cooperate with a selected primary wavelength of the emission maximum at 425 nm. In 4N1 83% of the NTSC gamut is achieved using maxima / full width (emission) phosphors of 530nm / 85nm and 605nm / 80nm, with the brightness penalty compared to a 450nm base source at 79%. of the NTSC gamut is only about 10%. In 4N2 90% of the NTSC gamut is achieved using maxima / full width (emission) phosphors of 530nm / 85nm and 630nm / 80nm, the brightness penalty compared to a 450nm base source of 79%. of the NTSC gamut is only about 20%. Those skilled in the art will be able to identify various combinations of phosphors to achieve the desired balance between gamut and brightness. By using a primary LED with a wavelength of 425 nm, the CS can be reduced by about fivefold, which is extremely significant. As 4J For example, a five-fold reduction in a 100 lux reading may decrease melatonin lowering from about 50% to about 20% at 90-minute exposure.

The application of the present disclosure is not limited to displays based on LCDs. Direct emitting LED displays using both organic and inorganic LEDs were presented. In these displays, the individual picture elements are formed by active LEDs, which have blue, green and red emitters and are selectively controlled. Based on embodiments of the present disclosure, the "blue" emitters may be provided with a shorter wavelength to reduce the CS as described. In certain embodiments, for a reduced CS display, a Gaussian CSWR having a half width of 30 nm and a maximum at 465 nm may be used, with an optimum range of the peak wavelength for the "blue" emitter between 410 and 440 nm, and preferably between 420 and 430 nm can lie.

It is also possible to mix "blue" primary LEDs with longer and shorter wavelengths to get displays where the CS can be controlled. For example, in the morning, high CS stimulation may be desired (eg, primary "blue" from 440 to 460 nm), which shifts to shorter wavelengths (eg, 420 to 430 nm) during the evening. This can be realized by using two sets of "blue" primary LEDs in the display and implemented on both LCDs and direct LED emission based displays.

In some cases, the color point (or more generally, the spectrum) of embodiments may be automatically adjusted as a result of an end user's behavior. Examples of such triggering events include the presence of an end user in a room (or part of the room) over a period of time, a user's movement through a room, a user's general level of activity, certain words or gestures, and / or operations on a device (for example, a smartphone). Corresponding responses can be used to tailor the spectrum to the user's condition (for example, decreasing the circadian cycle when the user becomes drowsy or preparing for sleep) or modifying the user's condition (eg, detecting drowsiness and drowsiness) increase circadian stimulation to reduce this). In some cases, the response may be determined from the user's behavior in combination with other measurable conditions or indications such as time of day, weather and / or weather change, proportion of outside light, etc. In some cases, the cues may be obtained from another "smart" system (another device, a smartphone, or other electronic device) that monitors the behavior of the user, the cues then being transmitted over a network (wired or wireless) the smart system and lighting system, such as a network enabled via a smart home hub. For example, in some instances, indications of past user behavior relate to, for example, the time the user was awake or his or her past sleep pattern recorded by a system such as the user's smartphone.

In some cases, a response may be dictated by the manufacturer of the system so that a particular set of hints leads to a particular reaction. In other cases, the lighting system "learns" from the user. For example, the user (or another person) may manually adjust the spectrum in a learning phase. The system learns to associate these settings with specific hints so that the setting is then made automatically in response to the hints (eg, instead of being manually triggered). The learning can be accomplished with various machine learning techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example, by means of a neural network and / or using Bayesian statistics.

A typical example of the previous scenario is as follows: the user follows a routine a few hours before going to bed (eg, a series of actions repeatedly performed with a certain regularity). Such a routine may include leaving the dining table, brushing one's teeth, watching TV, and so on. Indications of this routine are collected by various devices (TV, toothbrush, motion sensors) and transmitted via a wireless protocol to the lighting system. In the In the learning phase, the user also adjusts the spectrum of the illumination system to reduce circadian stimulation - for example, a few hours before he goes to bed, the user sets the illumination system to a non-stimulating setting. Once the system has associated these settings with one or more clues to the routine and for an approximate time, the adjustment will be made automatically to reduce the circadian stimulation before the user goes to bed. Conversely, the adjustment can also be made in the morning to stimulate the circadian system.

Such automated behavior can be used in a variety of light-emitting systems, including lighting devices as well as display systems (eg, TV and computer screens, tablets, telephones, etc.). For example, appropriate lighting systems can adjust their spectrum to accommodate circadian stimulation a certain amount of time before the user goes to bed. In the case of display systems, the change in the LED spectrum may be combined with software-based changes (for example, the color point of the screen) to further reduce circadian stimulation. Such automated behavior can be implemented in a wide variety of lighting situations. By way of example only, a band of light may be provided with sensors to record and / or learn from measurable quantities and / or changes in the environment and to set a circadian-like emission in response thereto.

In the previous examples, a home environment was assumed. Corresponding embodiments with an automatic or smart setting can also be used in a different context, such as in a business environment. For example, the lighting system can adapt to observed user activities and increase the CS accordingly; however, the CS can also be increased in the morning and reduced towards the end of the working day, or adjusted to complement outside lighting conditions (which change with the weather and season). The system setting can follow a simple time schedule, but also take into account the behavior of the workforce. Embodiments may also be used in other contexts that affect sleep behavior, such as night shift workers, long haul travel (e.g., air travel), and geriatric care facilities.

In addition, to further influence the CS, in various cases the intensity of the light emitted by the system may be adjusted together with its spectrum. For example, the intensity in adjusting the spectrum can be reduced to a lower CS. In the case of a display, the brightness of the display may be diminished and its CS reduced as the ambient light in the room decreases - this can be detected via a simple light sensor connected to the display.

The diagram 5A00 from 5A shows a linear chromaticity curve 502 as generated by a circadian LED white light source in xy standard color space. In 5A is also the Planckian curve 510 as well as a curve 512 with minimal hue shift, as shown by Rea and Freyssinier, Color Research and Application 38, 82-92 (2013) has been described.

Planck's Curve represents a curve in the standard color space that leads to the widespread view that with a linear two-channel adjustment, it is not possible to correctly reproduce white emission over a wide range of color temperatures. However, recent psychological experiments show that the definition of "white" may differ from Planck's curve. Especially with color points below the Planckian curve, people can recognize color casts less strongly.

From this observation there are two consequences: 1) the perception of "white" by a person is in some sense arbitrary and 2) color casts below the Planckian curve may not only be permissible but perhaps also favorable. The development of this area in the standard color space enables the development of a two-channel adjustable white emission. The color values for the three color temperatures used for a circadian light source ( 2A ) are superimposed on Planck's curve and the "minimum hue shift" curve (see, for example, point 504 , Point 506 and point 508 ). Due to the above arguments, these three color points (and the intervening ones) can provide an acceptable white appearance, as well as good color rendering properties.

Again, this is not trivial because the most obvious way to reduce the CS of a light source is to remove the blue or cyan portions of light, thereby reducing the chromaticity in the area above the Planckian curve (and away from the in-plane) 5A shown preferred Farbartkurve 502 ) is moved.

The diagram 5B00 from 5B shows the shape of an area 514 which indicates the white light frame as produced by a circadian LED white light source according to some embodiments. The white light frame area 514 is the range that is out of the range limits of Planck's curve 510 and the curves "minimum hue shift" extended by a ± 0.005 boundary in the xy standard color space.

The white light frame area is in 5B highlighted by underlay. The highlighted area 514 embodies diverse color mixing and framing a white light area.

In yet other embodiments, the change in circadian stimulation is not associated with a change in CCT or chromaticity. This is useful for those situations where a particular CCT (eg, 3000K or 6500K) is desired at all times, but the stimulation should change throughout the day. This may be useful with lights and displays where the CS can be changed without the user perceiving a change in lighting. Such embodiments can be achieved, for example, by combining two LED-based channels that emit light with a CCT of 3000K. One channel may have a high relative circadian stimulation while the other has low circadian stimulation. More specifically, the first channel may include blue excitation LEDs and phosphors, while the second channel may include purple LEDs and phosphors. The emission spectrum of each channel, as disclosed in this document, can also be designed to allow a high quality of light (eg with a CRI of over 80). In such a system it may be desirable to arrange the spectra so that their color values are more perceptual than nominally similar. Alternatively, it may be desirable to compute the color values with appropriate spectral value functions (CMFs), such as the 1964 CMFs or other modern CMFs, rather than the conventional 1931 2 ° CMFs. This is because the 1931 2 ° CMFs sometimes reflect poor user perceptions. Furthermore, color value calculations may be made for a particular demographic group (taking into account, for example, the reduced sensitivity to shortwave light in older users).

The 5C1 to 5C4 illustrate such embodiments with a stable CCT in which two sets of LED-based sources are independently controlled: 1) a blue primary excitation based white LED light source of 3300 K with a CRI of about 80 and an R9 greater than 0 ( "BLED" 502 ) and 2) a 3300 K white LED light source based on violet primary excitation with a CRI of about 80 and an R9 greater than 0 ("VLED"). With BLED devices switched on and VLED off, circadian stimulation is high (210% of that of CIE A). Otherwise, circadian stimulation will be low with VLED devices on and BLEDs off (54% of CIE A). In mixed combination, circadian stimulation varies between these two levels, but the chromaticity is nominally unchanged. In other embodiments, the blue primary LEDs may be replaced by blue phosphors excited by shorter wavelength LEDs. 5C2 shows the CIE 508 an LED-based white light source as described above and 5C3 shows an example of the spectrum combined from VLED and BLED 506 , The CS for representative BLED shares is in 5C4 shown.

Again, the change in the CS can in turn be seen with a change in the spectral content (eg, fraction of SPD) Fv in the 'violet blue' (VB) range from 400 to 440 nm and Fc in the 'cyan' (CB) range from 440 to 500 nm can be related. As 5C1 can be seen for the SPD 502 Fv = 0.01 and Fc = 0.014 and for the SPD 504 Fv = 0.24 and Fc = 0.05.

In certain embodiments, an LED emission source having a color rendering index of greater than 80, an Fv of at least 0.01, at least 0.05, at least 0.1, at least 0.15, at least 0.2, and in certain embodiments at least 0.025 and an Fc of at least 0.01, at least 0.05, at least 0.1, at least 0.15, at least 0.2, at least 0.25, at most 0.01, at most 0.05, at most 0.10, at most 0 , 15, at most 0.20 or at most 0.25, or any combination of the foregoing.

6A shows an exploded view 6A00 and 6B shows an assembly diagram 6B00 an LED lamp, which forms a circadiangerechte LED light source.

As in 6A and 6B shown includes the exploded view 6A00 a GU10 (10 mm "twist-lock") socket for connection to a 120/130 V source. Such an embodiment can be used as a replacement 6B00 used for a MR16 halogen light of 35/50 watt halogen lamps in use since the middle of the first decade of the 21st century.

In the 6A and 6B The lamp shown is merely an embodiment of a lamp adapted to one or more of a set of mechanical and electrical standards.

The above list is for representation only and is not intended to cover all standards or standard designs that may be used with the embodiments described herein.

7 shows a wiring diagram for a multi-channel drive system, as used in an LED lamp, which uses a circadiangerechte LED light source. As in 7 As shown, the emissions of the multiple LEDs are separately altered to vary the ratio of the output power of one strand to that of another strand based on a time function. For example, the timer may mimic the sunrise and sunset times over a 24-hour period, and during the 24-hour period, a blue fluorescent LED in the violet emitting LED may be muted in the afternoons and evenings. For two-channel systems, a linear chromaticity curve can be used 502 be applied. With three or more channels (eg the three LED groups shown), non-linear chrominance curves can be used. Suitable drive systems are disclosed in US patent application 62/026899 filed on Jun. 25, 2014, which patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Any of the technologies known in the art, including current limiting based on current or voltage sensing and / or based on temperature sensing, may be used for the control circuitry (eg, control modules). More specifically, one or more current limiters (eg, current limiters 704 ) are controlled by any known technology. The controller and / or current limiter can in turn modulate the current flowing through any single LED group (eg, LED group 1 706 , LED group 2 708 , LED Group N 709 , etc.), wherein a current flowing through the individual groups using FETs or switches (eg, SW1 710 , SW2 712 , SW3 714 , etc.) can be increased or decreased individually.

The illustrated control circuits 719 have environmental sensors and a timer / clock, each with inputs to the controller 721 which, in turn, serves to modulate the current flowing through any single LED group (eg, LED group 1 706 , LED group 2 708 , LED Group N 709 , etc.).

8th shows two LED strands, which form a two-channel, circadiangerechten arrangement 800 , as used in an LED lamp, in a geometrically nested arrangement 802 are arranged. As shown, the control circuitry may use any technology known in the art to control the current flow of the two illustrated LED groups (eg, LED group 1 706 , LED group 2 708 ) independently of each other.

LED group 1 and LED group 2 each have individually structured phosphor chips, so that the circadiangerechte source, for example, for direct lighting, can be packed in a small space. For mixing the two LED light emission types (eg for homogenization) a mixing optics can be added. The arrangement shown is only illustrative, although other arrangements may be suitable. Methods for patterning phosphors are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 135,098 filed December 19, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In 9A A selection of lamp designs is shown that conform to state-of-the-art standards. Said lamps are merely selected embodiments of lamps that conform to one or more of a set of mechanical and electrical standards. In Table 1 lists standards (see "Identification") and related characteristics. Table 1 ID Base diameter (outer diameter English name IEC 60061-1 standard sheet E05 5 mm Lilliput Edison Screw (LES) 7004-25 E10 10 mm Miniature Edison Screw (MES) 7004-22 E11 11 mm Mini-Candelabra Edison Screw (mini-can) (7004-06-1) E12 12 mm Candelabra Edison Screw (CES) 7004-28 E14 14 mm Small Edison Screw (SES) 7004-23 E17 17 mm Intermediate Edison Screw (IES) 7004-26 E26 26 mm [Medium] (one-inch) Edison Screw (ES or MES) 7004-21A-2 E27 27 mm [Medium] Edison Screw (ES) 7004-21 E29 29 mm [Admedium] Edison Screw (ES) E39 39 mm Single-contact (Mogul) Giant Edison Screw (GES) 7004-24-A1 E40 40 mm (Mogul) Giant Edison Screw (GES) 7004-24

The base of a lamp may further be designed in any standard type designed to allow electrical connection, the electrical connections corresponding to any one of a number of types or standards. For example, Table 2 sets forth standards (see "Type") and associated properties, including the physical distance between a first pin (eg, a power supply pin) and a second pin (eg, a ground pin). Table 2 Type standard Pen distance center-center Pin diameter use G4 IEC 60061-1 (7004-72) 4.0 mm 0.65-0.75 mm MR11 and other small 5/10/20 watt and 6/12 volt halogen bulbs GU4 IEC 60061-1 (7004-108) 4.0 mm 0.95-1.05 mm GY4 IEC 60061-1 (7004-72A) 4.0 mm 0.65-0.75 mm GZ4 IEC 60061-1 (7004-64) 4.0 mm 0.95-1.05 mm G5 IEC 60061-1 (7004-52-5) 5 mm T4 and T5 fluorescent tubes G5.3 IEC 60061-1 (7004-73) 5.33 mm 1.47-1.65 mm G5.3-4.8 IEC 60061-1 (7004-126-1) gu5.3 IEC 60061-1 (7004-109) 5.33 mm 1.45-1.6 mm GX5.3 IEC 60061-1 (7004-73A) 5.33 mm 1.45-1.6 mm MR16 and other small halogen lamps with 20/35/50 watts and 12/24 volts GY5.3 IEC 60061-1 (7004-73B) 5.33 mm G6.35 IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) 6.35 mm 0.95-1.05 mm GX6.35 IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) 6.35 mm 0.95-1.05 mm GY6.35 IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) 6.35 mm 1.2-1.3 mm Halogen lamps 100 W 120 V. GZ6.35 IEC 60061-1 (7004-59A) 6.35 mm 0.95-1.05 mm G8 8.0 mm Halogen lamps 100 W 120 V. GY8.6 8.6 mm Halogen lamps 100 W 120 V. G9 IEC 60061-1 (7004-129) 9.0 mm Halogen lamps 120 V (US) / 230 V (EU) G9.5 9.5 mm 3.10-3.25 mm Common in theater, several variants GU10 10 mm Twistlock 120/230 volt MR16 halogen lighting with 35/50 watts, since the middle of the first decade in 2000 G12 12.0 mm 2.35 mm Used in theaters and single-ended metal halide lamps G13 12.7 mm T8 and T12 fluorescent tubes G23 23 mm 2 mm GU24 24 mm Twistlock for compact fluorescent lamps with built-in ballast, since the year 2000 G38 38 mm Mainly used for theater lamps with high wattage GX53 53 mm Twistlock for puck-shaped compact fluorescent lamps under wall cabinets, since 2000

The above list is purely representative in nature and should not be construed to include any standards or standard forms that may be used within the scope of the embodiments described herein.

9B to 9I show a selection of recessed luminaires of different shapes (e.g., substantially square, substantially rectangular) and different installation options (e.g., recessed, flush mounted, suspended, etc.). Combinations of the above multi-channel drive systems (see 7 ) and nested LED strands (see 8th ) can be used in these recessed lighting examples and / or any other types of general lighting fixtures.

Other luminaires, such as suspended luminaires, can emit the light upwards rather than downwards or emit light in both directions.

10A to 10I Embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated in the form of lamp designs. In these lamp designs, one or more light emitting diodes are used in the lamps and lights. Such lamps and luminous bodies comprise directional lighting fixtures as replacement and / or conversion products.

• – eine Schraubfassung 1028
• – ein Ansteuerungsgehäuse 1026
• – eine Ansteuerplatine 1024
• – einen Kühlkörper 1022
• – eine Metallkernleiterplatte 1020
• – eine LED-Lichtquelle 1018
• – eine Staubabdeckung 1016
• – eine Linse 1014
• – eine Spiegelscheibe 1012
• – einen Magneten 1010
• – eine Magnetabdeckung 1008
• – einen Klemmflansch 1006
• – ein erstes Zubehör 1004
• – ein zweites Zubehör 1002

In some embodiments, embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in an assembly. As in 10A the assembly has the following:

• - a screw socket 1028
• - A drive housing 1026
• - a drive board 1024
• - a heat sink 1022
• - a metal core board 1020
• - an LED light source 1018
• - a dust cover 1016
• - a lens 1014
• - a mirror pane 1012
• - a magnet 1010
• - a magnetic cover 1008
• - a clamping flange 1006
• - a first accessory 1004
• - a second accessory 1002

The components of the assembly 10A00 can be shown in great detail. Some components are 'active' components and some are 'passive' components, which may be variously represented based on the influence of the particular component on the overall design and / or the impact on the objective optimization function. A component may be represented using a CAD / CAM drawing or a CAD / CAM model, wherein the CAD / CAM model may be analyzed to obtain performance numbers pertaining to the influence of a particular component on the overall design, and / or influence the objective optimization function. To give just an example, in one of the drawings of 10A2 corresponding model a CAD / CAM model of a clamping flange specified.

The components of the assembly 10B100 and the assembly 10B200 can be assembled to form a lamp. 10B1 FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a perspective view. FIG 1030 and 10B2 FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a plan view. FIG 1032 on such a lamp. As in 10B1 and 10B2 to see, points the lamp 10B100 and 10B200 a match with a standard design known as PAR30L. The PAR30L standard design is also in the main views (eg left 1040 , right 1036 , behind 1034 , in front 1038 and above 1042 ) shown in the arrangement 10C00 in the 10C are reproduced.

The components of the assembly 10D100 and the assembly 10D200 can be assembled to form a lamp. 10D1 represents a perspective view 1044 and 10D2 a top view 1046 on such a lamp graphically. As in 10D1 and 10D2 shown the lamp is right 10D100 and 10D200 with a known as PAR30S standard design. The PAR30S standard design is also available via the main views (eg left 1054 , right 1050 , behind 1048 , in front 1052 and above 1056 ) shown in the arrangement 10E00 from 10E are reproduced.

The components of the assembly 10A00 can be assembled to form a lamp. 10F1 represents a perspective view 1058 and 10F2 a top view 1060 on such a lamp graphically. As in 10F1 and 10F2 shown the lamp is right 10F100 and 10F200 with a known as PAR38 standard design. The PAR38 standard design is also available via the main views (eg left 1068 , right 1064 , behind 1062 , in front 1066 and above 1070 ) shown in the arrangement 10G00 from 10G are playing.

The components of the assembly 10A00 can be assembled to form a lamp. 10H1 represents a perspective view 1072 and 10h2 a top view 1074 on such a lamp graphically. As in 10H1 and 10h2 shown the lamp is right 10H100 and 10H200 with a known as PAR111 standard design. The PAR111 standard design is also available via the main views (eg left 1082 , right 1078 , behind 1076 , in front 1080 and above 1084 ) shown in the arrangement 10I00 from 10I are reproduced.

In addition to the above-mentioned lamps and lamp designs, filters or so-called 'circadian phosphors' can be used. Use of filters or phosphors

Various implementations may be considered to alter the influence of an SPD on the circadian system. As explained above, a multi-channel system may be used which uses violet and blue stimulating LEDs, balancing the contributions of the two channels. In addition, a particular spectral region (for example, the blue, cyan, or violet region) may be physically blocked, for example, by using absorbent or reflective filters that are fixed or moveable. The advantage of filters is that a significant amount of light (or even all light) can be blocked in a given spectral range, which can be significant. For example, it may be desirable to block nearly all blue-cyan (or narrower) light to obtain very little circadian stimulation; This is because standard spectra (such as a dimmed filament lamp) still have a fairly high circadian stimulation. Such filters may be, for example, reflective dichroic filters or absorptive filters containing dye filters housed in a matrix (glass, plastic or other).

Another possibility, however, is to use a light-converting material with a carefully chosen absorption range in the system. For example, one can use a phosphor that absorbs blue light and converts it to green or red light. This approach may be desirable since, as in blocking, a significant amount of the light in the absorption region can be removed, but a higher system efficiency is achieved since the radiation is converted to a different wavelength and not just blocked. For simplicity, this phosphor is referred to in this document as a 'circadian phosphor', since its absorption property has an influence on the circadian effect of the light source.

The two approaches are in 11A and 11B facing each other. 11A shows the original SPD of a white LED source 1101 as well as the filtered SPD 1102 obtained by blocking blue light by means of a filter. The filtered SPD 1102 can be used in many embodiments, it has a low level of blue, which can reduce the disturbance of the circadian system; In addition, the width and general shape of the filter can be used to control this effect. However, since the filtered light is lost, the filtering leads to a reduction in the efficiency.

11B shows the original SPD of a white LED light source 1103 as well as the converted SPD 1104 After a "circadian phosphor" absorbs blue light and turns it into yellow light 1105 has converted. In this case, the same desirable effect on the circadian system is obtained, but the effect on the efficiency due to the blue light conversion is lower. Again, various aspects of the design approach can be controlled, such as the position and amplitude of the absorption depression, where the absorption reduction can be controlled by the choice and amount of phosphor and the position and amplitude of the luminescence. For example, absorption may be chosen to substantially block the blue light, but to allow transmission of violet light to some extent.

The circadian phosphor may be stationary so that the emitted SPD does not change, but it may also be on a moving part to dynamically control the SPD. The movable member may be a phosphor containing plate that can be mechanically moved in and out of the light emission path of the system.

The embodiments of 11A and 11B are designed to remove light in the range of 440 to 460 nm. This range can be adjusted by selecting other filters or other phosphors, for example, in a range of 450 to 480 nm or other target range, thereby reducing the spectral power in the range. In some embodiments, a particular circadian spectrum of effects is assumed in which the SPD is designed to have a low amount of light in the region where the spectrum of activity is high.

In yet another embodiment, the circadian phosphor has a saturation behavior: low light fluxes are absorbed, at high light fluxes absorption is saturated. Such an approach is in the 12 to 14 illustrated.

12 shows different spectra. spectrum 1201 represents an emission spectrum of a white LED source with a CCT of 3000K and a CRI of about 90. This spectrum can be achieved by combining a violet-exciting LED with multiple phosphors (e.g., a green phosphor, a red phosphor, and possibly a blue phosphor ). The curve 1202 does that Absorption spectrum of a saturable red circadian phosphor, and the curve 1203 the associated luminescence spectrum. The spectrum 1202 and the spectrum 1203 can be achieved, for example, with the aid of Mn-doped phosphors such as K ₂ [TiF ₆ ]: Mn ⁴⁺ .

13 shows a way to combine such a white LED source with such a saturable phosphor. In 13 is the saturable circadian phosphor 1302 above the LED source 1301 arranged so that of the device 1303 emitted white light can be absorbed by the circadian phosphor. Various other configurations are also possible - for example, the circadian phosphor may be mixed with the phosphors of the white LED or disposed at a distance therefrom.

14A and 14B show the resulting spectral and colorimetric properties of in 13 illustrated system. 14A shows the spectrum emitted by the system at different LED operating currents. At low operating current, the saturable phosphor does not saturate and absorbs most of the light (eg, blue-cyan light) within its absorption range, giving rise to the spectrum 1401 results. At a higher operating current, the phosphor absorption is partially saturated, whereby a portion of the blue-cyan light passes through and the spectrum passes 1402 results. At even higher operating current, the phosphor absorption is fully saturated and the original spectrum of the white LED 1403 is emitted with very little interference by the circadian phosphor. 14B shows the associated color values in the (x, y) space for each of the operating currents. At low operating current, the CCT is about 2000 K 1405 , at higher operating current it is about 2500 K. 1406 and at the highest operating current it is about 3000K 1407 , In all these cases, the color values are close to the Planckian curve 1404 ,

With the embodiments of the 12 to 14 Several desirable properties are achieved. At high operating current (see for example curve 1402 ), the embodiments behave like a conventional high CRI halogen retrofit (eg, circadian stimulation is 128% relative to standard illuminant A). For a current reduction (see eg curves 1403 and 1401 ) shifts the color value towards a lower CCT (from 1407 to 1406 to 1405 ) and thus simulates the behavior of a dimmed halogen or incandescent lamp. In addition, the spectrum is modified so that the circadian stimulation decreases. At lowest operating current, only a very low radiation is in the range of 440 to 490 nm (see, for example, curve 1401 ) and thus a very low stimulation of the circadian system (the circadian stimulation is only 8% compared to that of a standard source of light A).

As with other embodiments, the properties of in 14A SPDs are characterized by their relative power component Fv in the range of 400 to 440 nm and their power content Fc in the range of 440 to 500 nm. At the SPD 1401 are Fv = 0.06 and Fc = 0.01; at the SPD 1402 are Fv = 0.08 and Fc = 0.12. The value for Fc is at the SPD 1401 particularly low and can be linked to very little circadian stimulation. This is in contrast to conventional LED sources, where there is a significant power component in the 440 to 500 nm range (even for low CCT sources with CCT below 2700 K).

Although sources of varying CCT are known in the art and may be useful for modulating circadian stimulation, this embodiment has better characteristics. Circadian stimulation is extremely low at low operating currents; in fact, it is less than that achieved with conventional LED sources using a blue-excited LED or that achieved by dimming a conventional bulb / halogen lamp. A dimmed incandescent light emitting black body radiation with a CCT of 2000 K still has a circadian stimulation of about 54% with respect to a bulb A. In addition, the present embodiment is 'passive' because it does not require multi-channel controls to modulate the spectrum. Therefore, such an embodiment can be integrated into a conversion lamp or, more generally, into a lighting system without more advanced control circuitry. In some cases, the control of standard dimmers is sufficient.

The presence of a violet excitation is important in this embodiment because the violet light allows the low operating current color values to be close to the Planckian curve even when no blue-cyan light is present.

Various embodiments of this embodiment can be advantageously controlled. For example, the optical properties of the excitation LED may be varied, the choice of phosphors varied, and the relative charge of the phosphors varied to meet an optimization requirement. The optimization criteria can adjust the CRI of the source at various dimming levels whose color value is at different levels of dimming and associated with their circadian effect values at different dimming levels. By way of example only, the optimization criteria may include aspects of an integrated circadian spectrum of activity. The charge of the circadian phosphor can be selected to achieve its saturation at a desired operating current, such as at ten percent dimming. Other embodiments use more than one circadian phosphor.

In another embodiment, the white LED is obtained using a plurality of LED chips, for example, using a purple LED, a green LED, and a red LED rather than a phosphor converting LED. In other embodiments, the color values of the source do not follow the Planckian curve - they may, for example, be below the Planckian curve, which, as already explained, is sometimes preferred in terms of perception.

The embodiments can be integrated into different systems. These include lighting systems (eg, lamps, recessed lights, and others) and non-lighting systems (eg, display systems).

The 15A1 to 15I illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure that may find application in lighting designs. In these embodiments, as in FIGS 15A1 to 15A3 is shown, one or more light-emitting diodes 15A10 as taught by this disclosure, are mounted on a support member or housing for providing electrical connection. Like that 15B1 to 15B3 can be seen, the support member or housing of ceramic, oxide, nitride, semiconductor, metal or combinations thereof may be formed, which has a possibility for electrical connection 15A20 include the various LEDs. The support member or housing may have a thermal intermediate member on a heat sink element 15B50 be attached. The LEDs may be designed to emit a desired spectrum by either mixing the primary emissions of different LEDs or by photonically exciting materials that cause the light to be converted to longer wavelengths, such as phosphors, semiconductors or semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots"). ), or a combination of any of these.

The entire light-emitting surface (LES) of the LEDs and any down-converting materials can be a light source 15A30 form. One or more light sources may become an assembly 15B20 connected, in turn, with the connections 15B10 is in electrical contact and in an arrangement 15B30 can be introduced. To the light source, one or more lens elements 15B40 be optically coupled. The design and properties of the lenses may be selected to achieve the directional radiation distribution desired for a lighting product for a given LES. The directional lighting product can be an LED module, a conversion lamp 15B70 or a light 15C30 , In the case of a conversion lamp, an electronic control in a receiving element 15B60 be provided, wherein the driver prepares the supplied from an external source of electricity so that it is suitable for the LED light source. The control can be integrated in the conversion lamp. In the case of a luminous body receptacle, an electronic actuation is provided which processes an electricity originating from an external source in a fashion suitable for the LED light source, wherein the actuation is integrated either into the luminous body receptacle or is available externally to the luminous element receptacle. A module may be provided with an electrical drive that prepares electricity from an external source into one suitable for the LED light source, the driver being either integrated into the module or available externally to the module. Examples of suitable external sources of electricity include AC line voltage (eg, 120 V RMS or 240 V RMS voltage), low AC voltage (eg, 12 V AC), and low DC voltage (eg, 12 V DC). In the case of conversion lamps, the entire lighting product can be designed to fit in standard designs (eg ANSI types). Examples of conversion lamp products include LED-based MR16, PAR16, PAR20, PAR30, PAR38, BR30, A19, and various other lamp types. Examples of illuminant receptacles include replacement products for halogen-based and ceramic halide metal halide lamp based receptacles for filaments for emitting directional light.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure may be applied to omni-directional light emitting lamp designs. In these embodiments, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as taught by the disclosure may be mounted on a support member or housing to provide electrical connectivity. The support member or housing may be formed, for example, of ceramic, oxide, nitride, semiconductor, metal, or combinations of the foregoing, which include a means for electrically connecting the various LEDs. The support member or housing may be attached via a thermal intermediate member on a heat sink element. The LEDs may be designed to emit a desired spectrum by either mixing the primary emissions of different LEDs or by photonically exciting materials that cause the light to be converted to longer wavelengths, such as phosphors, semiconductors or semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots"). ), or a combination of these. The LEDs may be distributed to form a desired shape of a light source. A common shape, for example, is a linear light source for replacement with conventional rectilinear fluorescent tubes. To form a desired non-directional light distribution, one or more optical elements may be coupled to the LEDs. The undirected light lighting product may be an LED module, a conversion lamp, or a light. In the case of a conversion lamp, an electronic control can be provided which processes the electricity supplied by an external source in such a way that it is suitable for the LED light source, the control being integrated in the conversion lamp. In a luminaire, an electronic control is provided, which prepares an originating from an external source of electricity in a suitable for the LED light source, wherein the driver is either integrated into the lamp or externally available to the light. A module may be provided with an electrical drive that prepares electricity from an external source into one suitable for the LED light source, the driver being either integrated into the module or available externally to the module. Examples of suitable external sources of electricity include AC line voltage (eg, 120 V rms voltage or 240 V rms voltage), low AC voltage (eg, 12 V AC), and low DC voltage (eg, 12 V DC). In the case of conversion lamps, the entire lighting product can be designed to fit in standard designs (eg ANSI types). Examples of provided lighting products are in the 15C1 . 15C2 , and 15C3 shown. Such a lighting fixture may be replacement lights for fluorescent tube based recessed lighting 15C30 include. In this embodiment, the LEDs are mechanically in a housing 15C10 fastened, wherein a plurality of housings in a suitable form, for example in the linear arrangement 15C20 , can be arranged.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure may be used for backlighting flat panel displays. In these embodiments, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as taught by the disclosure may be mounted on a support member or housing to provide electrical connectivity. The support member or housing may be formed, for example, of ceramic, oxide, nitride, semiconductor, metal, or combinations of the foregoing, which include a means for electrically connecting the various LEDs. The support member or housing may be attached via a thermal intermediate member on a heat sink element. The LEDs may be designed to emit a desired spectrum by either mixing the primary emissions of different LEDs or by photonically exciting materials that cause the light to be converted to longer wavelengths, such as phosphors, semiconductors or semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots"). ), or a combination of these. The LEDs may be distributed to provide a light source having a desired shape. A linear light source is a common shape. The light source can be optically coupled to a light guide for backlighting. This can be achieved by coupling to the edge of the light guide (edge-lit) or by coupling light into the light guide from the back (directly illuminated). The light guide uniformly distributes the light through a controllable screen display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD screen). The screen converts the LED light into the desired images by means of electronic control of the light transmission and its color. One way to control color is to use filters (eg, color filter substrate 15D40 ). As an alternative, multiple LEDs may be used, which can be used to sequence the desired primary emission colors (eg, using a red LED 15D30 , a green LED 15D10 and a blue LED 15D20 ) are controlled in the pulse mode. The backlight "stack" may optionally have brightness enhancing layers. The brightness enhancement layers narrow the emission of the flat panel display to increase the brightness at the expense of the viewing angle. An electronic driver may be used to condition the electricity from an external source into one suitable for the LED backlight source, including any color sequences or brightness changes per LED location (eg, one-dimensional or two-dimensional dimming). Examples of suitable external sources of electricity include AC line voltage (eg, 120 V rms voltage or 240 V rms voltage), low AC voltage (eg, 12 V AC), and low DC voltage (eg, 12 V DC). Examples of backlighting products are in the 15D1 . 15D2 . 15E1 and 15E2 shown.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented, for example, in US Pat 15F1 to 15f3 is shown (see, for example, the example of a front light product 15F30 ), used in automotive front light applications. In these embodiments, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) may be mounted on a support member or a rigid or semi-rigid housing 15F10 appropriate be to create an electrical connection option. The support member or housing may be formed of ceramic, oxide, nitride, semiconductor, metal, or combinations thereof that include a means for electrically connecting the various LEDs. The support member or housing may be mounted on a heat sink member via a thermal link. The LEDs may be designed to emit a desired spectrum by either mixing the primary emissions of different LEDs or by photonically exciting materials that cause the light to be converted to longer wavelengths, such as phosphors, semiconductors or semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots"). ), or a combination of these. The entire light-emitting surface (LES) of the LEDs and any down-converting materials form a light source. To the light source, one or more lens elements 15F20 be optically coupled. The lens design and lens characteristics may be selected to produce a directional light distribution desired for front automotive lighting. An electronic driver may be used to condition the electricity from an external source into one suitable for the LED light source. Electricity sources for automotive applications include low DC voltage (eg, 12 VDC). An LED light source may perform a high beam function, a low beam function, a cornering light function, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure may be useful in digital imaging applications, such as, for example, cellular phone and digital camera lighting (see, eg, FIG. 15g1 to 15g4 ) are used. In these embodiments, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) as taught by the disclosure may be mounted on a support member or housing 15G10 be applied to create an electrical connection option. The support member or housing may be formed, for example, of ceramic, oxide, nitride, semiconductor, metal, or combinations of the foregoing, which include a means for electrically connecting the various LEDs. The support member or housing may be mounted on a printed circuit board and with a mounting housing 15G20 equipped or fitted in this. The LEDs may be designed to emit a desired spectrum by either mixing the primary emissions of different LEDs or by photonically exciting materials that cause the light to be converted to longer wavelengths, such as phosphors, semiconductors or semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots"). ), or a combination of these. The entire light-emitting surface (LES) of the LEDs and any down-converting materials form a light source. One or more lens elements can be optically coupled to the light source. The lens design and lens properties may be selected for a given LBS to achieve a directional light distribution desired for an imaging application. An electronic driver may be used to condition the electricity from an external source into one suitable for the LED light source. Examples of external power sources suitable for imaging applications include low DC voltage (eg, 5V DC). An LED light source can be a low-intensity function 15G30 , a high-intensity function 15G40 or exercise any combination of these.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in mobile device applications. The graphic representation of 15H illustrates a mobile device (see smartphone architecture 15H00 ). As shown, the smartphone 15H06 a housing, a display and an interface device, which may comprise a button, a microphone and / or a touch-sensitive screen. In certain embodiments, the phone has a high-definition camera device that can be used in various ways. As an example of a smartphone, an iPhone can be specified by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California. As an alternative smartphone, a Galaxy can be specified by Samsung or others.

• – GSM Modell: UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
• – CDMA Modell: CDMA EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1900 MHz)
• – 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi (802.11n nur 2,4 GHz)
• – Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Funktechnologie
• – GPS-Unterstützung
• – Digitaler Kompass
• – Wi-Fi
• – mobilfunknetzfähig
• – Retina Display
• – 3,5-Zoll (diagonal) Breitbild-Mehrfingerberührungsanzeige
• – 800:1 Kontrastverhältnis (typisch)
• – 500 cd/m2 maximale Helligkeit (typisch)
• – Fingerabdruckfeste oleophobe Beschichtung von Vorder- und Rückseite
• – Unterstützung einer gleichzeitigen Anzeige von mehreren Sprachen und Zeichensätzen
• – 5-Megapixel-iSight-Kamera
• – Videoaufzeichnung, HD (720p) bis zu 30 Bildern pro Sekunde mit Audio
• – mit der vorderen Kamera Fotos in VGA-Qualität und Videos mit bis zu 30 Bildern pro Sekunde
• – Antippen zum Fokussieren von Video- oder Standbildern
• – LED-Blitz
• – Georeferenzierung (geotagging) von Foto und Video
• – Eingebaute wiederaufladbare Lithiumionenbatterie
• – Laden über USB an Computersystem oder Netzteil
• – Sprechzeit: Bis zu 20 Stunden bei 3G, bis zu 14 Stunden bei 2G (GSM)
• – Zeit im Stand-by-Betrieb: bis zu 300 Stunden
• – Internetnutzung: bis zu 6 Stunden bei 3G, bis zu 10 Stunden bei Wi-Fi
• – Videowiedergabe: bis zu 10 Stunden
• – Audiowiedergabe: bis zu 40 Stunden
• – Frequenzbereich: 20 Hz bis 22.000 Hz
• – Unterstützte Audioformate: AAC (8 bis 320 Kbps), geschütztes AAC (von iTunes Store), HE-AAC, MP3 (8 bis 320 Kbps), MP3 VBR, Audio (Formate 2, 3, 4, audible enhanced audio, AAX, und AAX+), Apple lossless, AIFF, und WAV
• – Benutzereinstellbare Begrenzung der maximalen Lautstärke
• – Videoausgabe mit bis zu 1620p mit dem digitalen AV-Adapter von Apple oder dem VGA-Adapter von Apple; 576p und 480p mit dem AV-Komponentenkabel von Apple; 576i und 480i mit dem AV-Compositkabel von Apple (Kabel werden separat vertrieben)
• – Unterstützte Videoformate: H.264-Video bis zu 1080p, 30 Bilder pro Sekunde, Main Profile Level 3.1 mit AAC-LC Audio bis zu 160 Kbps, 48 kHz, Stereo Audio in .m4v-, .mp4-, und .mov- Datenformaten; MPEG-4-Video bis zu 2,5 Mbps, 640 mal 480 Bildpunkte, 30 Bilder pro Sekunde, Simple Profile mit AAC-LC-Audio bis zu 160 Kbps pro Kanal, 48 kHz, Stereo Audio in .m4v-, .mp4-, und .mov-Dateiformaten; Motion-JPEG (M-JPEG) bis zu 35 Mbps, 1280 mal 1020 Bildpunkte, 30 Bilder pro Sekunde, Audio in ulaw-, PCM-Stereo Audio in .avi-Datenformat
• – dreiachsiges Gyroskop
• – Beschleunigungssensor
• – Näherungssensor
• – Umgebungslichtsensor, usw.

In one example, the smartphone has one or more of the following features (which are found on an Apple Inc. iPhone, which may have many variations in all), see www.apple.com:

• - GSM model: UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM / EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
• - CDMA Model: CDMA EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1900 MHz)
• - 802.11b / g / n Wi-Fi (802.11n only 2.4GHz)
• - Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR wireless technology
• - GPS support
• - Digital compass
• - Wi-Fi
• - Mobile network enabled
• - Retina display
• - 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen multi-finger touch display
• - 800: 1 contrast ratio (typical)
• - 500 cd / m2 maximum brightness (typical)
• - Fingerprint resistant oleophobic coating on front and back
• - Supports simultaneous display of multiple languages and fonts
• - 5 megapixel iSight camera
• - Video recording, HD (720p) up to 30 frames per second with audio
• - With the front camera, VGA-quality photos and videos at up to 30 frames per second
• - Touch to focus on video or still images
• - LED flash
• - geo-referencing (geotagging) of photo and video
• - Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery
• - Charge via USB to computer system or power supply
• - Talk time: Up to 20 hours on 3G, up to 14 hours on 2G (GSM)
• - Time in stand-by mode: up to 300 hours
• - Internet usage: up to 6 hours on 3G, up to 10 hours on Wi-Fi
• - Video playback: up to 10 hours
• - Audio playback: up to 40 hours
• - Frequency range: 20 Hz to 22,000 Hz
• - Supported audio formats: AAC (8 to 320 Kbps), protected AAC (from iTunes Store), HE-AAC, MP3 (8 to 320 Kbps), MP3 VBR, audio (formats 2, 3, 4, audible enhanced audio, AAX, and AAX +), Apple lossless, AIFF, and WAV
• - User adjustable limit of the maximum volume
• - Video output up to 1620p with Apple's digital AV adapter or Apple's VGA adapter; 576p and 480p with the Apple AV Component Cable; 576i and 480i with the Apple AV composite cable (cables sold separately)
• - Supported video formats: H.264 video up to 1080p, 30 frames per second, Main Profile Level 3.1 with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48 kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov- data formats; MPEG-4 video up to 2.5 Mbps, 640 x 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps per channel, 48 kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4 , and .mov file formats; Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) up to 35 Mbps, 1280 by 1020 pixels, 30 frames per second, audio in ulaw, PCM stereo audio in .avi data format
• - three-axis gyroscope
• - acceleration sensor
• - Proximity sensor
• - Ambient light sensor, etc.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in conjunction with other electronic devices. Examples of such suitable devices include a portable electronic device such as a media player, a mobile phone, a personal data organizer, or the like. A portable electronic device in such embodiments may include a combination of the functionalities of such devices. In addition, an electronic device may allow a user to connect to or communicate over the Internet or other networks such as local area networks or wide area networks. For example, a portable electronic device may enable a user to access the Internet and communicate using e-mail, text messaging, instant messaging, or other forms of electronic communication. For example, the electronic device may resemble an iPod having a display screen or an Apple Inc. iPhone.

In certain embodiments, the device may be powered by one or more rechargeable and / or replaceable batteries. Such embodiments are highly suitable for carrying so that a user can carry the electronic device while traveling, working, exercising and so on. In this way, and depending on the functionality available on the device, a user may, among other things, listen to music, play games or play videos, record videos or pictures, make or receive phone calls, communicate with others, control other devices (eg via a remote control - and / or Bluetooth functionality), etc., while he or she can move freely with the device. In addition, the size of the device may be sized to fit relatively easily in a user's pocket or hand. Although some embodiments of the present disclosure have been described with reference to portable electronic devices, it should be understood that the presently disclosed methods are applicable to a variety of other, less portable electronic devices and systems adapted to render graphical data, such as a desktop computer.

As shown 15H a system diagram with a smartphone having an LED according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The smartphone 15H06 is for connecting to a server 15H02 trained, which is in electronic communication with any type of electronic hand-held devices. Illustrative examples of such electronic hand-held devices may include functional components such as a processor 15H08 , a store 15h10 , a graphics accelerator 15H12 , an acceleration sensor 15H14 , a communication interface 15H11 (which may be an antenna 15H16 has), a compass 15H18 , a GPS chip 15h20 , a screen display 15H22 and an input device 15H24 exhibit. The individual devices are not limited to the illustrated components. The components may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

In some examples, the electronic handset may be accessed via an input device 15H24 Instructions are entered that indicate the processor 15H08 instructs to perform functions of an electronic imaging application. One of the possible instructions may be to generate a summary information of an image captured by a portion of a human user. In this case, the processor instructs 15H08 the connection interface 15H11 on, with the server 15H02 to communicate (possibly, for example, via or using a cloud 15H04 ) and data (e.g., image data). The data is transmitted via the connection interface 15H11 and either immediately after the image is captured by the processor 15H08 edited or for later use in memory 15h10 filed, or both are performed. The processor 15H08 also receives information regarding the screen properties and can calculate the orientation of the device, e.g. B. using information from the acceleration sensor 15H14 and / or other external data such as a compass bearing of the compass 15H18 or a GPS location of the GPS chip 15h20 The processor then uses the information to determine an orientation in which the image is to be displayed, depending on the example.

The captured image can be viewed using the processor 15H08 , a graphics accelerator 15H12 or a combination of both. In some embodiments, the processor forms the graphics accelerator 15H12 , The image may initially be in memory 15h10 can be stored or the memory, if available, directly to the graphics accelerator 15H12 be assigned. The methods described in this document for generating an image and an associated brief information can be done by means of the processor 15H08 , the graphics accelerator 15H12 or a combination of both. An image or a brief information may appear on the screen 15H22 are displayed.

15I illustrates a connection of components of an electronic device 15I00 , In addition to the aforementioned component connections, examples of electronic devices include a chassis or housing, a display, user input structures, and input / output ports. The housing may be formed of plastic, metal, composites or other suitable materials or any combination thereof. The housing can protect the components located inside the electronic device from mechanical damage and can also shield the components arranged in the interior against electromagnetic interference (EMI).

The display may be a liquid crystal display (LCD screen), a light emitting diode (LED) based display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) based display, or other suitable display. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the display may represent a user interface and various images such as logos, avatars, photos, album illustrations, and the like. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the display may include a touch screen through which a user may interact with the user interface. The display may also include various functional and / or system displays to provide the user with feedback such as power state, call state, memory state, or the like. These displays may be integrated with the user interface shown on the display.

In certain embodiments, one or more input structures may be configured to control the device, for example, to control the operating mode, the output level, a Output type, etc. The user input structures may include, for example, a button for turning on and off the device. Further, the user input structures may allow the user to interact with the user interface on the display. Embodiments of the portable electronic device may include any number of user input structures that include buttons, switches, a control panel, a scroll wheel, or any other suitable input structures. The user input structures may interact with the user interface displayed on the device to control functions of the device and / or any interfaces or devices connected to or used by the device. The user input structures may enable a user to navigate through a displayed user interface or to reset such a displayed user interface to a default or home screen.

Certain devices may also have various input and output ports for connecting additional devices. For example, a connector may be configured as a headphone jack that allows connection to headphones. A port may also have both output and input properties for enabling connection to a headset (eg, a combination of headset and microphone). Embodiments of the present disclosure may include any number of input and / or output ports, such as headset or headset jacks, universal serial bus (USB) ports, IEEE 1394 connectors and AC and / or DC power supply terminals. A device may also use the input and output ports to connect to and send or receive data to and from any other devices such as portable electronic devices, personal computers, printers, or the like. For example, in one embodiment, the device may have one IEEE-1394 connection connect to a PC computer to send and receive files such as media files.

The description of an electronic device 15I00 FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a smartphone system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. The description of an electronic device 15I00 illustrates computer hardware, software, and firmware that may be used to implement the disclosures set forth above. The illustrated system includes a processor 15I26 representative of any number of physically and / or logically distinguishable resources adapted to execute software and firmware, as well as hardware adapted to perform certain calculations. A processor 15I26 communicates with a chipset 15I28 , the input and output of the processor 15I26 can control. In this example, the chipset gives 15I28 Information to the display screen 15I42 off and off the non-volatile memory 15I44 which may include, for example, magnetic media as well as solid state media and / or other durable media, reading information and writing to it. The chipset 15I28 can also get data from the RAM 15I46 read out and write in this. As an interface for the chipset 15I28 can be a bridge 15I32 be provided, which serves as an interface to various user interface components. Corresponding user interface components may be a keyboard 15I34 , a microphone 15I36 , a touch detection and processing circuit 15I38 , a pointing device 15I40 such as a mouse, and so on. Generally, inputs to the system may be from any of a variety of machine and / or human sources.

The chipset 15I28 can also work with one or more data network interfaces 15I30 be coupled, which may have physically different interfaces. Such data network interfaces 15I30 may include interfaces for local wired and wireless networks, for broadband wireless networks, as well as for personal networks. Some applications of the methods for creating, displaying, and using the GUI (graphical user interface) disclosed herein may include receiving data via a physical interface 15I31 , or data included by the machine itself by means of a processor 15I26 generated in a non-volatile memory 15I44 and / or a memory or RAM 15I46 stored data analyzed. Further, the machine may provide user input via devices such as a keyboard 15I34 , a microphone 15I36 , a touch detection and processing circuit 15I38 and a pointing device 15I40 received and by interpreting these inputs using the processor 15I26 perform suitable functions such as browsing functions.

The assessment of the impact of a light-emitting system on the circadian cycle can be made in a variety of ways, including medical or clinical studies. In such studies, various circadian system-related physiological signals may be monitored by subjects exposed to the light-emitting system. For example, one can measure the reduction in melatonin levels in the saliva or blood of the test subjects. Other physiological signals comprising various hormones can be measured in saliva or blood samples or in other tests become. Such experimental protocols are known to those skilled in the art and scientific publications deal with them. Such tests may focus on a particular physiological response (e.g., certain hormone levels), particularly those reactions known to be correlated to a particular disease state and / or condition that is known or believed to be involved; that it is linked to the spectral composition of the light.

• – Es werden Probanten mit normalem Sehvermögen ausgewählt.
• – Um Mitternacht betreten die Probanten einen schwach beleuchteten Raum, wobei deren Pupillen erweitert sind und sie zwei Stunden lang ausharren.
• – Es wird eine Blutprobe entnommen.
• – Die Probanten werden neunzig Minuten lang dem Testlicht ausgesetzt, woraufhin eine zweite Blutprobe entnommen wird.
• – Der Melatoninspiegel im Blut wird bestimmt, sowie die im Vergleich zu einem Kontrollversuch (z. B. ohne Lichtexposition) relative Abnahme des Melatoninspiegels.

For example, Brainard has published a trial protocol for measuring the lowering of melatonin levels upon exposure to light. Below are some steps of the experiment log.

• - Probants with normal vision are selected.
• At midnight, the subjects enter a dimly lit room with their pupils dilated and held for two hours.
• - A blood sample is taken.
• - The subjects are exposed to the test light for ninety minutes, after which a second blood sample is taken.
• - The level of melatonin in the blood is determined, as well as the relative decrease of the melatonin level compared to a control experiment (eg without exposure to light).

Other test protocols can be found in various publications, such as in West et al .; in "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dosedependent suppression of melatonin in humans" J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 619-626 (2011) be looked up.

While the present disclosure focuses on light emitting diode devices, it will be appreciated that the invention also extends to laser diode based lighting and display systems.

In certain embodiments specified by the present disclosure, light sources include at least a first LED emission source characterized by a first emission and at least a second LED emission source characterized by a second emission, wherein the first and second emissions are formed by being capable of providing a first combined emission and a second combined emission, the first combined emission being characterized by a first SPD having fractions Fv1 and Fc1, the second combined emission being characterized by a second SPD having fractions Fv2 and Fc2, and wherein Fv1 the power fraction of the first SPD in the wavelength range of 400 to 440 nm, Fc1 the power fraction of the first SPD in the wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm, Fv2 the power fraction of the second SPD in the wavelength range of 400 to 440 nm, Fc2 the power fraction of the second SPD in the wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm, the first SPD and the second SPD have a color rendering index of greater than 80, Fv1 is at least 0.05, Fc2 is at least 0.1, and Fc1 is at least 0.02 smaller than Fc2.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first combined emission is characterized by a first circadian stimulation and the second combined emission by a second circadian stimulation, wherein the second circadian stimulation is at least twice the first circadian stimulation.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first LED emission source has at least one LED characterized by a maximum emission in the range of 405 to 430 nm.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first emission and the second emission are arranged to provide a third combined emission, wherein the third combined emission is characterized by a third SPD, a fraction Fv3, a fraction Fc3 and a third circadian stimulation, and wherein Fv3 represents the power fraction of the third SPD in the wavelength range of 400 to 440 nm, Fc3 the power fraction of the third SPD in the wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm, the third SPD has a color rendering index greater than 80, and the first circadian stimulation and the third circadian stimulation of each other are different.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the second emission comprises a blue emission from a larger wavelength converting material.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the second emission comprises a direct blue emission from an LED.

In certain embodiments of a light source, one of the combined emissions causes circadian stimulation similar to circadian stimulation of a D65 reference illuminant.

In certain embodiments of a light source, one of the combined emissions results in a circadian stimulation that is less than a circadian stimulation by a CIE A reference illuminant.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the at least one first LED emission source and the at least one second LED emission source are arranged in a nested geometry.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first SPD and the second SPD are each characterized by a color value that is within the white light frame area 514 from 5B lies.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first SPD and the second SPD are each characterized by a color value bounded by a ± 0.005 broadened Planckian curve and a ± 0.005 broadened minimum hue shift curve in a CIE standard color chart.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the first SPD and the second SPD are each bounded by a color value located within +/- five Du'v 'points of a Planckian curve.

In certain embodiments of a light source, exposing a subject to the second SPD having an illuminance of 100 lx over ninety minutes results in a lowering of the melatonin level in the subject's blood of at least 20%.

In certain embodiments of a light source, exposing a subject to the first SPD having an illuminance of 100 lx over ninety minutes results in a decrease in the melatonin blood level in the subject of at most 20%.

In certain embodiments of a light source, Fc1 is at most 0.06.

In certain embodiments, a display system includes a first LED emission source characterized by a first emission, and a display configured to emit a first SPD characterized by a first power component Fv1 in the range of 400 to 435 nm, wherein the display system is characterized by a gamut of at least 70% of the NTSC gamut, the first SPD is substantially white with a CCT in the range of 3000 K to 9000 K, and Fv1 is at least 0.05.

In certain embodiments of a display system, the display has an emission spectrum characterized by a circadian stimulation that is less than a circadian stimulation of a reference illuminant of the same CCT.

In certain embodiments of a display system, the display system further includes a color filter set and a liquid crystal display.

In certain embodiments of a display system, the first SPD is characterized by a maximum at the wavelength w in the wavelength range of 400 to 435 nm, the color filter set having a blue filter characterized by a maximum transmission Tm and a transmission Tw at the wavelength w with Tw / Tm > 0.8.

In certain embodiments, the display system further includes a second LED emission source characterized by a second emission, wherein the ratio of the first emission and the second emission is adapted to be adjusted to alter a circadian stimulation.

In certain embodiments of a display system, the display system is adapted for use with a television, a desktop PC, a notebook PC, a laptop PC, a tablet, a smartphone, an MP3 player.

In certain embodiments of a display system, less than 5% of the power of the first SPD is in a wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm.

In certain embodiments, a light source comprises an LED device configured to emit a primary emission and one or more wavelength-converting materials are optically connected to the primary emission, a portion of the primary emission being absorbed by the wavelength converting material to produce a secondary emission, and a combination of primary emission and secondary emission producing white light by an SPD having a CCT and a color rendering index and wherein at least 5% of the SPD is in a wavelength range of 400-435 nm, and wherein the circadian stimulation of the SPD is less than 80% of a circadian stimulation of a reference illuminant of equal color temperature, and wherein the white light is represented by a color rendering index characterized by more than 80.

In certain embodiments of a light source, the primary emission is characterized by a peak wavelength between 405 and 425 nm.

In certain embodiments, an illumination system comprises an LED device configured to emit primary emission characterized by a primary SPD, and at least one phosphor optically coupled to the primary emission, wherein the at least one phosphor is characterized by saturable absorption within a blue-cyan Wavelength range is characterized, and wherein the LED device is designed such that it can be controlled by a power signal designed to attenuate the primary emission, and wherein the system emits at a first power level, a first SPD, which by a first spectral power component Fc1 in a Wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm and a first CCT is characterized, and wherein the system emits at a second power level, a second SPD, by a second power spectral component Fc2 in a wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm and a second CCT g wherein the second power level is less than the first power level and the second level Fc2 is less than 80% of the first level Fc1.

In certain embodiments of a lighting system, the second CCT is at least 500 K lower than the first CCT.

In certain embodiments of an illumination system, at least 5% of the primary SPD is in a wavelength range of 400 to 435 nm.

Finally, it should be noted that alternative possibilities for implementing the embodiments disclosed in this document still exist. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the claims are not limited to the details given herein, but may be varied within the scope and range of equivalency.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• Brainard et al. in The Journal of Neuroscience, Aug. 15, 2001, 21 (16): 6405-6412 [0058]
• Rahman et al., Endocrinology, 7 August 2008, 149 (12): 6125-6135 [0058]
• Rea and Freyssinier, Color Research and Application 38, 82-92 (2013) [0127]
• IEC 60061-1 [0146]
• 7004-25 [0146]
• 7004-22 [0146]
• (7004-06-1) [0146]
• 7004-28 [0146]
• 7004-23 [0146]
• 7004-26 [0146]
• 7004-21A-2 [0146]
• 7004-21 [0146]
• 7004-24-A1 [0146]
• 7004-24 [0146]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-72) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-108) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-72A) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-64) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-52-5) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-73) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-126-1) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-109) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-73A) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-73B) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-59) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-59A) [0147]
• IEC 60061-1 (7004-129) [0147]
• IEEE 1394 connections [0192]
• IEEE 1394 connection [0192]
• West et al .; in "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dosedependent suppression of melatonin in humans" J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 619-626 (2011) [0197]

Claims (27)

A light source comprising: at least one first LED emission source characterized by a first emission, at least one second LED emission source characterized by a second emission, in which the first emission and the second emission are designed to create a first combined emission and a second combined emission, the second combined emission is characterized by a first spectral power distribution (SPD) and fractions Fv1 and Fc1, the first combined emission is characterized by a second SPD and fractions Fv2 and Fc2, Fv1 represents the power fraction of the first SPD in the wavelength range from 400 to 440 nm, Fc1 represents the power fraction of the first SPD in the wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm, Fv2 represents the power fraction of the second SPD in the wavelength range from 400 to 440 nm, Fc2 represents the power fraction of the second SPD in the wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm, the first SPD and the second SPD have a color rendering index greater than 80, Fv1 is at least 0.05, Fc2 is at least 0.1 and Fc1 is at least 0.02 smaller than Fc2. A light source according to claim 1, wherein the first combined emission is characterized by a first circadian stimulation, the second combined emission is characterized by a second circadian stimulation and the second circadian stimulation is at least twice the first circadian stimulation. A light source according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first LED emission source comprises at least one LED characterized by a maximum emission in the range of 405 to 430 nm. A light source according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the first emission and the second emission are designed to produce a third combined emission, the third combined emission is characterized by a third SPD, a fraction Fv3, a fraction Fc3 and a third circadian stimulation, Fv3 represents the power fraction of the third SPD in the wavelength range from 400 to 440 nm, Fc3 represents the power fraction of the third SPD in the wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm, the third SPD has a color rendering index greater than 80 and the first circadian stimulation and the third circadian stimulation are different from each other. The light source of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the second emission comprises a blue emission from a light to larger wavelength converting material. A light source according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the second emission has a blue emission directly emitted by an LED. A light source as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein one of the combined emissions induces a circadian stimulation that corresponds to a circadian stimulation of a D65 reference illuminant. The light source of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein one of the combined emissions induces a circadian stimulation that is less than a circadian stimulation of a CIE A reference illuminant. The light source of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one first LED emission source and the at least one second LED emission source are arranged in a nested geometry. A light source according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first SPD and the second SPD are each characterized by a color value within the white light frame area (Fig. 514 ) from 5B lies. The light source of claim 10, wherein the first SPD and the second SPD are each characterized by a color value framed in a CIE chromaticity diagram by the ± 0.005 extended Planckian curve and the ± 0.005 extended minimum hue shift curve. A light source according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first SPD and the second SPD are each characterized by a color value lying within +/- five Du'v 'points on a Planckian curve. A light source according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein when a subject is exposed for 90 minutes to a second SPD having an illuminance of 100 lx, the melatonin blood level in the subject is lowered by at least 20%. A light source as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein when a subject is exposed for 90 minutes to a first SPD having a illuminance of 100 lux, the melatonin blood level in the subject is lowered by at most 20%. A light source according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein Fc1 is at most 0.06. A display system comprising: a first LED emission source characterized by a first emission and a display adapted to emit a first SPD characterized by a first power component Fv1 in the range of 400 to 435 nm, wherein the display system is characterized by a gamut of at least 70% of the NTSC gamut, the first SPD is essentially white with a CCT in a range of 3000 to 9000 K and Fv1 is at least 0.05. The display system of claim 16, wherein the display has an emission spectrum characterized by a circadian stimulation that is less than a circadian stimulation of a reference illuminant having the same CCT. A display system according to claim 16 or 17, further comprising a color filter set and a liquid crystal display. A display system according to claim 18, wherein the first SPD is characterized by a maximum at a wavelength w in the wavelength range from 400 to 435 nm, the color filter set has a blue filter characterized by a maximum transmission Tm and at the wavelength w by a transmission Tw and Tw / Tm> 0.8. A display system according to any one of claims 16 to 19, further comprising a second LED emission source characterized by a second emission, wherein a ratio of the first emission to the second emission is adapted to be adapted for changing a circadian stimulation. A display system according to any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the display system is adapted for use with a television, a desktop PC, a notebook PC, a laptop PC, a tablet, a smartphone, and an MP3 player. A display system according to any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein less than 5% of the total power of the first SPD is contained in a wavelength range of 400 to 500 nm. A light source comprising: an LED device designed to emit a primary emission, one or more wavelength-converting materials optically coupled to the primary emission, wherein a portion of the primary emission is absorbed by the wavelength-converting materials to produce a secondary emission, wherein a combination of primary emission and secondary emission produces a white light characterized by an SPD having a CCT and a color rendering index, wherein at least 5% of the SPD are in a wavelength range of 400 to 435 nm, wherein a circadian stimulation of the SPD is less than 80% of a circadian stimulation of a reference illuminant of equal color temperature, and wherein the white light is characterized by a color rendering index of greater than 80. A light source according to claim 23, wherein the primary emission is characterized by a maximum at a wavelength between 405 and 425 nm. An illumination system comprising: an LED device configured to emit a primary emission characterized by a primary SPD, at least one phosphor optically coupled to the primary emission, said at least one phosphor being saturable by a within a blue-cyan wavelength range Characterized in that the LED device is adapted to be controlled by means of a power signal designed to attenuate the primary emission, the system emitting at a first power level a first SPD represented by a first spectral power component fc1 in a wavelength range from 440 to 500 nm and a first CCT, the system emitting at a second power level a second SPD characterized by a second spectral power component fc2 in a wavelength range of 440 to 500 nm and a second CCT, and wherein the second power level is less than the first level of performance and the second level fc2 is less than 80% of the first level fc1. The illumination system of claim 25, wherein the second CCT is at least 500 K lower than the first CCT. The illumination system of claim 25 or 26, wherein at least 5% of the primary SPD is in a wavelength range of 400 to 435 nm.

Images