DE102014014875A1 - Apparatus for operating a fixed PWM frequency DC / DC converter and a spectrum modification spreading code method - Google Patents
Apparatus for operating a fixed PWM frequency DC / DC converter and a spectrum modification spreading code method Download PDFInfo
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- DE102014014875A1 DE102014014875A1 DE102014014875.0A DE102014014875A DE102014014875A1 DE 102014014875 A1 DE102014014875 A1 DE 102014014875A1 DE 102014014875 A DE102014014875 A DE 102014014875A DE 102014014875 A1 DE102014014875 A1 DE 102014014875A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/44—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0025—Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
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- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur DCDC-Wandlung mittels eines modulierten PWM-Signals. Ein erstes periodisches Signal (Isum) wird mit einer Periode (T1) erzeugt. Zu dem ersten periodischen Signal (Isum) wird ein periodisches Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig) mit einer Spreiz-Code-Signalperiode (Tsp) hinzuaddiert. Hierdurch wird ein moduliertes periodisches Signal (Isum + Isig) erzeugt. Eine Integrationskapazität (C1) integriert das modulierte periodische Signal (Isum + Isig) als Integrationsvorrichtung auf und erzeugt als Kondensatorspannung (Vc) an der Integrationskapazität (C1) ein moduliertes Rampensignal (Vmrp). Dabei ist die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig) mit einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) periodisch. Außerdem ist die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig) zwischen t = 0 s und t = Tsp zu mindestens zu einem Zeitpunkt von Null verschieden. Insbesondere hebt sie sich über das Systemrauschen ab, was bedeutet, dass sie betragsmäßig oberhalb eines Schwellwertes liegt, der selbst oberhalb des Rauschens liegt. Eine Vergleichseinrichtung, insbesondere ein Komparator, vergleicht das modulierte Rampensignal (Vmrp) mit einem ersten Schwellwert. Eine Schaltvorrichtung ändert in Abhängigkeit von dem Vergleichsergebnis der Vergleichseinrichtung ihren Schaltzustand. Dabei hängen verschiedene Zeitpunkte der Schaltzustandsänderung, die das PWM-Signal charakterisieren, von diesem Vergleichsergebnis ab, ohne dass die PWM-Frequenz oder die PWM-Periodendauer davon abhängt.The invention relates to a device for DCDC conversion by means of a modulated PWM signal. A first periodic signal (Isum) is generated with a period (T1). To the first periodic signal (Isum), a periodic spread code signal (Isig) is added with a spread code signal period (Tsp). This generates a modulated periodic signal (Isum + Isig). An integration capacitance (C1) integrates the modulated periodic signal (Isum + Isig) as an integration device and generates a modulated ramp signal (Vmrp) as the capacitor voltage (Vc) at the integration capacitance (C1). At this time, the auto-correlation function of the spread code signal (Isig) with a spread code period (Tsp) is periodic. In addition, the autocorrelation function of the spreading code signal (Isig) is different from zero at least at one time between t = 0 s and t = Tsp. In particular, it stands out from the system noise, which means that its magnitude is above a threshold, which is itself above the noise. A comparison device, in particular a comparator, compares the modulated ramp signal (Vmrp) with a first threshold value. A switching device changes its switching state as a function of the comparison result of the comparison device. In this case, different times of the switching state change, which characterize the PWM signal, depend on this comparison result, without the PWM frequency or the PWM period being dependent thereon.
Description
Einleitungintroduction
Für die Ansteuerung von DC/DC-Wandlern zur Gleichspanungsumsetzung werden seit mehreren Jahrzehnten PWM-modulierte Quellen eingesetzt, die dann typischerweise durch eine nachgeschaltete Induktivität in ihrem Ausgangsstrom geglättet werden. Hierbei entstehen EMV-Spektren, die in verschiedensten Anwendungen störend wirken können.For the control of DC / DC converters for Gleichspanungsumsetzung PWM modulated sources have been used for several decades, which are then typically smoothed by a downstream inductance in their output current. This creates EMC spectra that can be disruptive in a wide variety of applications.
Aus der Patent- und Nichtpatentliteratur ist eine fast unüberschaubare Menge an Varianten von PWM-Modulationsfverfahren bekannt, die dieses Problem adressieren.From the patent and non-patent literature, an almost unmanageable set of variants of PWM modulation methods are known which address this problem.
Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Offenbarung sei daher vorab auf folgende Literaturstellen verwiesen:
- 1.
Stankovic, A. M.; Verghese, George C.; Perreault, D. J, ”Randomized modulation of power converters via Markov chains”, Stankovic, A. M.; Verghese, George C.; Perreault, D. J., IEEE Transactions an Control Systems Technology, Volume: 5, Issue: 1, 1997, Page(s): 61–73 - 2.
Stankovic, A. M.; Verghese, George C.; Perreault, D. J., ”Analysis and synthesis of randomized modulation schemes for power converters”, IEEE Transactions an Power Electronics, Volume: 10, Publication Year: 1995, Page(s): 680–693 - 3.
Stankovic, A. M.; Verghese, G. C.; Perreault, D. J., ”Randomized modulation schemes for power converters governed by Markov chains” Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference an Control Applications, 1995, Page(s): 372–377 - 4.
Stankovic, A. M.; Verghese, G. C.; Perreault, D. J., ”Analysis and synthesis of random modulation schemes for power converters”; 24th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993. PESC'93 Record., 1993, Page(s): 1068–1074 - 5.
Boudjerda, N.; Boudouda, A.; Melit, M.; Nekhoul, B.; El Khamlichi Drissi, K.; Kerroum, K., ”Optimized dual randomized PWM technique for reducing conducted EMI in DC-AC converters”, EMC Europe 2011 York, 2011, Page(s): 701–706 - 6.
Melit, M.; Nekhoul, B.; Boudjerda, N.; Kerroum, K.; EL KHAMLICHI DRISSI, K., ”Computation of electromagnetic field radiated by power electronic converters”, 2008 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, 2008, Page(s): 1–6 - 7.
Boudjerda, N.; Melit, M.; Nekhoul, B.; El Khamlichi Drissi, K.; Kerroum, K., ”Spread spectrum in DC-DC full bridge voltage converter by a dual randomized PWM scheme”, 2008 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, 2008, Page(s): 1–6 - 8.
Boudouda, A.; Boudjerda, N.; Melit, M.; Nekhoul, B.; El Khamlichi Drissi, K.; Kerroum, K., ”Optimized RPWM technique for a Variable Speed Drive using induction motor”, 2012 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC EUROPE), 2012, Page(s): 1–6 - 9.
El Khamlichi Drissi, K.; Luk, P. C. K.; Bin Wang; Fontaine, J, ”Effects of symmetric distribution laws on spectral power density in randomized PWM”, IEEE Power Electronics Letters, Volume: 1, Issue: 2, 2003, Page(s): 41–44 - 10.
Rousset, Y.; Arnautovski-Toseva, V.; Luk, P. C. K.; Drissi, K. E. K., ”Three-dimension method of moments analysis of radiated field from DC-DC converters”, IEEE Compatibility in Power Electronics, 2005, Page(s): 172–177 - 11.
Luk, P. C. K.; Drissi, K. E. K., ”Experimental investigations into the dual-randomization PWM scheme for power converters”, IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04, 2004, Page(s): 4209–4213 Vol. 6 - 12.
El Khamlichi Drissi, K.; Luk, P. C. K.; Wang, B.; Fontaine, J., ”A novel dual-randomization PWM scheme for power converters”, IEEE 34th Annual Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003. PESC'03. 2003, Volume: 2, 2003, Page(s): 480–484 vol. 2 - 13.
Khan, H.; Miliani, E.; Ouzaarou, H.; Drissi, K. E. K., ”Random discontinuous space vector modulation for variable speed drives”, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2012, Page(s): 985–990 - 14.
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Hui, S. Y. R.; Oppermann, I.; Pasalic, F.; Sathiakumar, S., ”Microprocessor-based random PWM schemes for DC-AC power conversion”, 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1995. PESC'95 Record., Volume: 1, 1995, Page(s): 307–312 - 17.
Tse, K. K.; Chung, H. S.-H.; Hui, S. Y. R.; So, H. C., ”Spectral characteristics of randomly switched PWM DC/DC converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume: 47, Issue: 4, 2000, Page(s): 759–769 - 18.
Tse, K. K.; Chung, H. S.-H.; Hui, S. Y. R.; So, H. C., ”A comparative investigation on the use of random modulation schemes for DC/DC converters”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume: 47, Issue: 2, 2000, Page(s): 253–263 - 19.
Tse, K. K.; Chung, H. S.-H.; Hui, S. Y. R.; So, H. C., ”A comparative study of carrier-frequency modulation techniques for conducted EMI suppression in PWM converters”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume: 49, Issue: 3, 2002, Page(s): 618–627 - 20.
Tse, K. K.; Chung, H. S. H.; Hui, S. Y. R.; So, H. C., ”A comparative study of using random switching schemes for DC/DC converters”, Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1999. APEC'99., Volume: 1, 1999, Page(s): 160–166 vol. 1 - 21.
Kirlin, R. L.; Kwok, S.; Legowski, S.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”Power spectra of a PWM inverter with randomized pulse position” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume: 9, Issue: 5, 1994, Page(s): 463–472 - 22.
Zigliotto, M.; Trzynadlowski, A. M. ”,Effective random space vector modulation for EMI reduction in low-cost PWM inverters”, Seventh International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, 1998, Page(s): 163–168 - 23.
Bin Huo; Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Panahi, I.; Mohammed, A.; Zhenyu Yu, ”Novel random pulse width modulator with constant sampling frequency based on the TMS320F240 DSP controller”, The 25th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 1999. IECON'99 Proceedings. Volume: 1, 1999, Page(s): 342–347 vol. 1 - 24.
Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Blaabjerg, F.; Pedersen, J. K.; Kirlin, R. L.; Legowski, S., ”Random pulse width modulation techniques for converter fed drive systems-a review”, Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1993., Page(s): 1136–1143 vol. 2 - 25.
Bech, M. M.; Pedersen, J. K.; Blaabjerg, F.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectra in random PWM converters”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, 1999, Page(s): 578–586 - 26.
Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Bech, M. M.; Blaabjerg, F.; Pedersen, J. K., ”An integral spacevector PWM technique for DSP-controlled voltage-source inverters”, The 1998 IEEE industry Applications Conference, 1998. Thirty-Third IAS Annual Meeting., Volume: 2, 1998, Page(s): 1215–1221 vol. 2 - 27.
Borisov, K.; Ginn, H.; Trzynadlowski, A., ”Mitigation of Electromagnetic Noise in a Shunt Active Power Filter Using Random PWM”, 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 2007, Page(s): 1886–1891 - 28.
Kirlin, R.; Legowski, S. F.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”An optimal approach to random pulse width modulation in power inverters”, 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1995. PESC'95 Record., Volume: 1, 1995, Page(s): 313–318 vol. 1 - 29.
Kirlin, R. L.; Bech, M. M.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”IEEE Transactions on Analysis of power and power spectral density in PWM inverters with randomized switching frequency”, Volume: 49, Issue: 2 Industrial Electronics, 2002, Page(s): 486–499 - 30.
Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Kirlin, R. L.; Legowski, S., ”Space vector PWM technique with minimum switching losses and a variable pulse rate ”International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation, 1993. Proceedings of the IECON '93., 1993, Page(s): 689–694 vol. 2 - 31.
Kirlin, R. L.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”A unified approach to analysis and design of random pulsewidth modulation in voltage-source inverters” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, Volume: 44, Issue: 8, 1997, Page(s): 763–766 - 32.
Kirlin, R. L.; Kwok, S.; Legowski, S.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”Power spectra of a PWM inverter with randomized pulse position” 24th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993. PESC'93 Record., 1993, Page(s): 1041–1047 - 33.
Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Bech, M. M.; Blaabjerg, F.; Pedersen, J. K., ”An integral spacevector PWM technique for DSP-controlled voltage-source inverters”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Volume: 35, Issue: 5, 1999, Page(s): 1091–1097 - 34.
Kirlin, R. L.; Bech, M. M.; Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Bin Huo, ”Power and power spectral density in PWM inverters with randomized switching frequency”, 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC., Volume: 1, 2001, Page(s): 188–192 vol. 1 - 35.
Kirlin, R. L.; Bech, M. M.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”Power spectral density analysis of randomly switched pulse width modulation for DC/AC converters”, Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing, 2000., 2000, Page(s): 373–377 - 36.
Trzynadlowski, A. M.; Kirlin, R. L.; Legowski, S. F., ”Space vector PWM technique with minimum switching losses and a variable pulse rate [for VSI]”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume: 44, Issue: 2, 1997, Page(s): 173–181 - 37.
Kirlin, R. L.; Lascu, C.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”Shaping the Noise Spectrum in Power Electronic Converters”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume: 58, Issue: 7, 2011, Page(s): 2780–2788 - 38.
Legowski, S.; Bei, J.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”Analysis and implementation of a greynoise PWM technique based on voltage space vectors”, Seventh Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1992. APEC'92. Conference Proceedings 1992., 1992, Page(s): 586–593 - 39.
Bech, M. M.; Pedersen, J. K.; Blaabjerg, F.; Trzynadlowski, A. M., ”A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectra in random PWM converters”, 29th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1998. PESC 98 Record. Volume: 1, 1998, Page(s): 36–43 vol. 1 - 40.
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Datenblatt MAX16984, Maxim Integrated Products Inc., Doc. No. 19-6627, 2013
- 1.
Stankovic, AM; Verghese, George C .; Perreault, D.J, "Randomized modulation of power converters via Markov chains", Stankovic, AM; Verghese, George C .; Perreault, DJ, IEEE Transactions to Control Systems Technology, Volume: 5, Issue: 1, 1997, Page (s): 61-73 - Second
Stankovic, AM; Verghese, George C .; Perreault, DJ, "Analysis and synthesis of randomized modulation schemes for power converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 10, Publication Year: 1995, pp. 680-693 - Third
Stankovic, AM; Verghese, GC; Perreault, DJ, "Randomized modulation schemes for power converters governed by Markov chains" Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Control Applications, 1995, Page (s): 372-377 - 4th
Stankovic, AM; Verghese, GC; Perreault, DJ, "Analysis and synthesis of random modulation schemes for power converters"; 24th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993. PESC'93 Record., 1993, Page (s): 1068-1074 - 5th
Boudjerda, N .; Boudouda, A .; Melit, M .; Nekhoul, B .; El Khamlichi Drissi, K .; Kerroum, K., "Optimized Dual Randomized PWM Technique for reducing Conductors EMI to DC-AC Converters", EMC Europe 2011 York, 2011, pp. 701-706 - 6th
Melit, M .; Nekhoul, B .; Boudjerda, N .; Kerroum, K .; EL KHAMLICHI DRISSI, K., "Computation of electromagnetic field radiated by electronic power converters", 2008 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC Europe, 2008, Page (s): 1-6 - 7th
Boudjerda, N .; Melit, M .; Nekhoul, B .; El Khamlichi Drissi, K .; Kerroum, K., "Spread spectrum in DC-DC full bridge voltage converter by a dual randomized PWM scheme", 2008 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC Europe, 2008, Page (s): 1-6 - 8th.
Boudouda, A .; Boudjerda, N .; Melit, M .; Nekhoul, B .; El Khamlichi Drissi, K .; Kerroum, K., "Optimized RPWM Technique for a Variable Speed Drive Using Induction Motor," 2012 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC EUROPE), 2012, pp. 1-6 - 9th
El Khamlichi Drissi, K .; Luk, PCK; Bin Wang; Fontaine, J, "Effects of symmetric distribution laws on spectral power density in randomized PWM", IEEE Power Electronics Letters, Volume: 1, Issue: 2, 2003, Page (s): 41-44 - 10th
Rousset, Y .; Arnautovski-Toseva, V .; Luk, PCK; Drissi, CEC, "Three-dimension method of moment analysis of radiated field from DC-DC converters," IEEE Compatibility in Power Electronics, 2005, pp. 172-177 - 11th
Luk, PCK; Drissi, CEC, "Experimental investigations into the dual-randomization PWM scheme for power converters", IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04, 2004, Page (s): 4209-4213 Vol. 6 - 12th
El Khamlichi Drissi, K .; Luk, PCK; Wang, B .; Fontaine, J., "A novel dual-randomization PWM scheme for power converters", IEEE 34th Annual Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003. PESC'03. 2003, Volume: 2, 2003, Page (s): 480-484 vol. 2 - 13th
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Datasheet MAX16984, Maxim Integrated Products Inc., Doc. No. 19-6627, 2013
Schutzrechte, die sich auf eine zufallsgesteuerte PWM-Modulation beziehen, sind beispielsweise
Allen diesen Schriften ist gemeinsam, dass eine Puls-Weiten-Modulation (PWM) mit Hilfe von Zufallssignalen und/oder Zufallsprozessen oder ersatzweise Pseudozufallssignalen und/oder Pseudozufallsprozessen durchgeführt wird. Ein echtes Zufallssignal, das das Ergebnis eines zugehörigen Zufallsprozesses ist, ist dabei dadurch charakterisiert, dass seine Autokorrelationsfunktion nur im Bereich von t = 0, also im Zeitursprung von Null verschieden ist. (Siehe
Die besagten Pseudozufallssignale unterscheiden sich nun von echten Zufallssignalen dadurch, dass deren Autokorrelationsfunktion nur für einen gewissen Zeitraum ΔT dem Verhalten eines idealen Zufallssignals gleicht. Dann wiederholt sich der t = 0-Spike bei t = n*ΔT mit n als ganzer Zahl. In der Realität gibt es letztlich nur Pseudozufallssignale. (
Ein Zufallssignal erzeugt ein weißes Spektrum. Das bedeutet, dass alle Frequenzen in gleicher Weise in dem Zufallssignal vorhanden sind. In der Realität wird jedoch nur ein begrenztes Spektrum an Frequenzen betrachtet und alle über eine maximale Frequenz hinausgehenden Frequenzen, werden entweder in der jeweiligen Anwendung ausgefiltert oder treten aufgrund der besagten Energiebegrenzung nicht auf.A random signal produces a white spectrum. This means that all frequencies are present in the same way in the random signal. In reality, however, only a limited spectrum of frequencies is considered and all frequencies exceeding a maximum frequency are either filtered out in the respective application or do not occur due to said energy limitation.
Ein typischer, einfacher PWM-Gesteuerter DC/DC-Wandler aus dem Stand der Technik (
An dieser Stelle werden die verschiedenen möglichen Konfigurationen eines solchen DC-DC-Wandlers aus dem Stand der Technik nicht wiederholt, da mannigfache Patent- und Nichtpatentliteratur hierzu vorhanden ist.At this point, the various possible configurations of such a DC-DC converter of the prior art are not repeated, since there are manifold patent and non-patent literature for this purpose.
In den oben angegebenen Schriften werden verschiedene Vorrichtungen und Verfahren offenbart, die verschiedene Parameter einer PWM durch Zufallssignale modulieren.The above references disclose various apparatus and methods that modulate various parameters of a PWM by random signals.
Die möglichen zufällig modulierten Parameter (siehe
- T1
- die Pulsperiode (invers, die Pulsfrequenz),
- T2
- die Pulsmittenperiode (invers, die Pulsmittenfrequenz),
- Td
- die Pulsverzögerung bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode,
- Td2
- die Dauer der Ausschaltzeit nach Ende des Pulses,
- Td3
- der Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode,
- TP
- die Pulsposition in einer Pulsperiode,
- TW
- die Pulsweite,
- TW1
- die Position des Einschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist, und
- TW2
- die Position des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist,
- T 1
- the pulse period (inverse, the pulse rate),
- T 2
- the pulse center period (inverse, the pulse center frequency),
- T d
- the pulse delay with respect to the beginning of the pulse period,
- T d2
- the duration of the switch-off time after the end of the pulse,
- T d3
- the time of the switch-off time relative to the beginning of the pulse period,
- T P
- the pulse position in a pulse period,
- T W
- the pulse width,
- T W1
- the position of the switch-on with respect to the "pulse center", where Pulse center here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always on, and
- T W2
- the position of the switch-off time with respect to the "pulse center", where the pulse center here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always switched on,
Dementsprechend spricht man unter anderem von zufälliger Puls-Positions-Modulation (RPPM), zufälliger Puls-Weiten-Modulation (RPWM), zufälliger Pulsfrequenzmodulation (RPFM) etc. Auch Mischformen und mehrdimensionale Zufallsmodulationen wurden mit verschiedenen Zufalls- und Pseudozufallssignal basierenden Ansteuersignalen untersucht.Accordingly one speaks among other things of random pulse position modulation (RPPM), random pulse width modulation (RPWM), random pulse frequency modulation (RPFM) etc. Also mixed forms and multi-dimensional Random modulations were examined with various random and pseudorandom signal based drive signals.
Die mit einem weißen Rauschen aus einem Zufallsgenerator oder quasi-weißen Rauschen aus einem Pseudozufallsgenerator erzielbaren Spektren sind aber begrenzt und können nicht immer alle Anforderungen erfüllen.However, the spectrums obtainable with a white noise from a random or quasi-white noise from a pseudo-random generator are limited and may not always meet all requirements.
Dies wurde beispielsweise in der
In nicht allen Anwendungen ist es jedoch gewünscht, dass die Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder die Pulsmittenperiode (T2) moduliert werden. Vielmehr existieren Vorrichtungen und Anwendungen, die eine wohldefinierte die Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder die Pulsmittenperiode (T2) zwingend erfordern.However, in all applications, it is desired that the pulse period (T 1 ) and / or the pulse center period (T 2 ) be modulated. Rather, there are devices and applications requiring a well-defined, the pulse period (T 1) and / or the pulse mid-period (T 2) imperative.
Aus dem Stand der Technik ist derzeit kein Spreiz-Code basierendes Verfahren bekannt, das diese Anforderung erfüllt.At present, no spreading code based method is known from the prior art that meets this requirement.
Aufgabe der ErfindungObject of the invention
Es ist die Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Spreiz-Code basierendes Verfahren zur PWM-Modulation anzugeben, das eine wohldefinierte Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder eine wohldefinierte Pulsmittenperiode (T2) ermöglicht, also bei festen Pulsfrequenzen und/oder Pulsmittenfrequenzen arbeiten kann.It is the object of the invention to specify a spread-code-based method for PWM modulation, which allows a well-defined pulse period (T 1 ) and / or a well-defined pulse center period (T 2 ), ie can operate at fixed pulse frequencies and / or pulse center frequencies.
Diese Aufgabe wird mittels eines Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1 und/oder Anspruch 2 gelöst.This object is achieved by means of a method according to
Beschreibung der ErfindungDescription of the invention
Die möglichen Grundstrukturen der Erfindung werden anhand der
Fig. 7 (Stand der Technik)Fig. 7 (prior art)
In analogen PWM-Schaltungen wird typischerweise eine sägezahn- oder dreiecksförmige Rampe erzeugt. Dies geschieht im Fall einer sägezahnförmigen Rampe, einem Rampensignal (Vrp) (
Fig. 8 (Stand der Technik)Fig. 8 (prior art)
Bei einem Dreieckssignal basierenden System schaltet beispielsweise ein dritter Schalter (SW3) von einer ersten Stromquelle (I1) bei Erreichen der zweiten Spannung (Vc2) auf eine Entladestromquelle (I2) mit einem definierten Entladestrom (I2) um, der die Kapazität (C1) so lange entlädt, bis der besagte erste Spannungspegel (Vc1) wieder erreicht ist. Dann schaltet der dritte Schalter (SW3) wieder auf den schon beschriebenen Ladevorgang zurück. Der Vergleich wird typischerweise durch ein oder zwei Komparatoren (CPMA, CPMB) durchgeführt. Eine erste Logik (LG) wertet die Vergleichsergebnisse, insbesondere der besagten Komparatoren (CMPA, CMPB), aus und steuert den dritten Schalter (SW3) der zwischen der ersten Stromquelle (I1) und der Entladestromquelle (I2) umschaltet. Hierdurch entsteht abwechselnd eine steigende und fallende Flanke. (
Fig. 9 (Stand der Technik)Fig. 9 (prior art)
Ein Komparator (CMP1) außerhalb des beschriebenen Rampengenerators (RG1) wertet nun die so erzeugten Dreiecks und/oder Sägezahnspannung, also das Rampensignal (Vrp) als Kondensatorspannung (Vc, an der besagten Integrationskapazität (C1), die sich innerhalb des Rampengenerators (RG1) befindet, aus. Dabei vergleicht er den Spannungswert der Kondensatorspannung (Vc) an der Integrationskapazität (C1), also den aktuellen Wert des Rampensignals (Vrp), mit einem Schaltpegel (Vsw1) und ändert typischerweise den Schaltzustand des ein Schaltelements (M) von „ein” nach „aus”, wenn dieser Schaltpegel (Vsw1) überschritten wird und von „aus” nach „ein”, wenn dieser Schaltpegel (Vsw1) unterschritten wird. Dieses Schaltverhalten kann natürlich auch invertiert werden. (
Fig. 10 (Stand der Technik)Fig. 10 (prior art)
Natürlich ist es denkbar, zwei Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) vorzusehen, bei denen der erste Komparator (CMP1) ein erstes Schaltsignal von „ein” nach „aus” schaltet, wenn ein erster Schaltpegel (Vsw1) überschritten wird und von „aus” nach „ein”, wenn dieser erste Schaltpegel (Vsw1) unterschritten wird und der zweite Komparator (CMP2) ein zweites Schaltsignal von „ein” nach „aus” schaltet, wenn ein zweiter Schaltpegel (Vsw2) überschritten wird und von „aus” nach „ein”, wenn dieser zweite Schaltpegel (Vsw2) unterschritten wird. Eine zweite Logik (LG2) kann das erste und zweite Schaltsignal des ersten und zweiten Komparators (CMP1, CMP2) nun so auswerten und in Abhängigkeit vom Schaltergebnis das besagte Schaltelement (M) so ein- bzw. -ausschalten, dass das Schaltelement (M) erst nach einer Pulsverzögerung (Td) eingeschaltet wird und zu einem Zeitpunkt (Td3) bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (T1) ausgeschaltet wird. Natürlich kann das ganze auch invertiert betrieben werden, so dass die Zeitpunkte des Einschaltens und des Ausschaltens des Schaltelements (M) innerhalb einer Pulsperiode (T1) vertauscht werden. (
Im Folgenden wird zur Vereinfachung der Beschreibung nur auf positive Pulse eingegangen. Welche Ausgangsspanungspegel der Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) „ein” und „aus” darstellen ist hierbei jedoch innerhalb dieser Beschreibung irrelevant, solange sie verschieden sind und das Ergebnis, das Schaltverhalten des Schaltelements (M), reproduziert wird. Statt analoger Elemente, können diese und die zuvor erläuterten Funktionen auch durch Signalprozessoren und/oder digitale Schaltungen ganz oder teilweise emuliert werden. Letztlich führt die Integrationskapazität (C1) des jeweiligen Rampengenerators (RG1, RG2) nur eine integrierende oder auf/abwärtszählende Funktion aus, die auch digital realisiert werden kann, wobei jedoch Quantisierungseffekte auftreten, die sich im Spektrum des durch das Schaltelement gesteuerten Laststroms (IL) wiederfinden.In the following, to simplify the description, only positive pulses will be discussed. However, what output voltage levels of the comparators (CMP 1 , CMP 2 ) represent "on" and "off" is irrelevant within this description as long as they are different and the result, the switching behavior of the switching element (M), is reproduced. Instead of analog elements, these and the previously described functions can also be completely or partially emulated by signal processors and / or digital circuits. Finally, the integration capacitance (C 1 ) of the respective ramp generator (RG1, RG2) only performs an integrating or counting-up function, which can also be implemented digitally, but with quantization effects occurring in the spectrum of the load current controlled by the switching element (I L ) find again.
Bis hierhin ist all dieses hinlänglich aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt.So far, all of this is well known in the art.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Gleichspannungswandlung mittels eines modulierten PWM-Signals zeichnet sich nun dadurch aus, dass zunächst ein erstes periodisches Rampensignal (Vrp) mit einer Rampensignalperiode (Trp) erzeugt wird. Dies geschieht typischerweise durch integrierende Vorgänge, Beispielsweise das Laden oder Entladen einer Integrationskapazität (C1) mit einem Konstantstrom oder das Aufwärts- oder Abwärtszählen durch eine Zählvorrichtung oder durch einen Prozessor. Wird ein vorgegebener Maximalwert überschritten, so wird entweder der Integrator, also beispielsweise die besagte Integrationskapazität, oder die Zählvorrichtung oder der Speicherwert im Speicher des besagten Prozessors wieder auf einen typischerweise vorbestimmten Wert zurückgesetzt. In einer alternativen Ausprägung wird statt des Rücksetzen im Falle der Integrationskapazität (C1) eine Umkehrung des Lade- und/oder Entladevorgangs in einen Entlade- oder Ladevorgang vorgenommen und im Falle der Zähleinheit ein Vorgang des Abwärtszählens eingeleitet, der auch auf die Prozessorlösung zutrifft. Im Gegensatz zum Stand der Technik wird nun aber zu einem auf diese Weise beispielhaft generierten, ersten periodischen Rampensignal (Vrp) mit besagter Rampensignalperiode (Trp), die der Pulsperiode (T1) oder der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) entspricht, in einer ersten wesentlichen Ausprägung der Erfindungen, im Folgenden mit „Spannungssteuerung” bezeichnet, ein periodisches Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) typischerweise als Spannungssignal mit einer Spreiz-Code-Signalperiode (Tsp) hinzuaddiert. Durch diese Addition entsteht ein moduliertes Rampensignal (Vmrp). Das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) muss dabei geeignet gewählt werden. Um das resultierende Frequenzspektrum kontrollieren zu können, wird das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) durch einen Spreiz-Code-Signalgenerator (SCG) so erzeugt, dass die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Vsig) mit einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (TsP) periodisch ist und dass die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Vsig) zwischen t = 0 s und t = Tsp zu mindestens einem Zeitpunkt von Null verschieden ist und sich über das Systemrauschen abhebt, was bedeutet, dass es betragsmäßig oberhalb eines Schwellwertes (Sw) liegt, der selbst oberhalb des Rauschens liegt.The inventive method for DC voltage conversion by means of a modulated PWM signal is characterized by the fact that first a first periodic ramp signal (V rp ) with a ramp signal period (T rp ) is generated. This is typically done by integrating operations, such as loading or unloading an integration capacitance (C 1 ) with a constant current, or counting up or down by a counter or by a processor. If a predetermined maximum value is exceeded, then either the integrator, for example the said integration capacity, or the counting device or the memory value in the memory of said processor is reset to a typically predetermined value. In an alternative embodiment, instead of the reset in the case of the integration capacity (C 1 ), a reversal of the charging and / or discharging operation is carried out in a discharging or charging process and in the case of the counting unit, a counting down procedure is initiated, which also applies to the processor solution. In contrast to the prior art, however, a first periodic ramp signal (V rp ) generated in this manner by way of example with said ramp signal period (T rp ), which corresponds to the pulse period (T 1 ) or the pulse center period (T 2 ), is combined in one First essential feature of the invention, hereinafter referred to as "voltage control", a periodic spreading code signal (V sig ) typically added as a voltage signal with a spreading code signal period (T Sp ). This addition results in a modulated ramp signal (V mrp ). The spreading code signal (V sig ) must be suitably selected. In order to control the resulting frequency spectrum, the spreading code signal (V sig ) is generated by a spreading code signal generator (SCG) so that the autocorrelation function of the spreading code signal (V sig ) with a spreading code Period (T sP ) is periodic and that the autocorrelation function of the spreading code signal (V sig ) between t = 0 s and t = T sp is at least one time different from zero and stands out against the system noise, which means that it is above a threshold value (S w ) which is itself above the noise.
Alternativ zu diesen Bedingungen basierend auf einer Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Vsig) selbst sollte dann das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) eine Spreiz-Code-Signalperiode (TSP) aufweisen, die von der Pulsperiode (T1) oder der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) des PWM-Signals verschieden ist.As an alternative to these conditions, based on an autocorrelation function of the spread code signal (V sig ) itself, then the spread code signal (V sig ) should have a spread code signal period (T SP ) which is different from the pulse period (T 1 ) or the pulse center period (T 2 ) of the PWM signal is different.
Um nun das PWM-Signal zu erzeugen, wird nun das modulierte Rampensignal (Vmrp) mit einem ersten Schwellwert (VSW1) durch eine Vergleichseinrichtung, typischerweise einen ersten Komparator (CMP1), verglichen. Natürlich wird dieser Vergleich bei einem Prozessor basierenden System durch den Prozessor und im Falle des Systems basierend auf der besagten Zählschaltung durch eine Logik vorgenommen, wodurch sich das Verfahren aber nicht ändert. Die besagte Schaltvorrichtung (M) wird nun wieder in Abhängigkeit von dem Vergleichsergebnis der Vergleichseinrichtung – erster Komparator (CMP1), Logik, Prozessor mit Soft-Ware und Speicher – so durch die jeweilige Vergleichseinrichtung angesteuert, das die Schaltvorrichtung (M) entsprechend diesem Vergleichsergebnis ihren Schaltzustand ändert. Dabei hängen die Zeitpunkte der Änderungen von dem Vergleichsergebnis ab. Diese Zeitpunkte können sein:
- i. die Pulsverzögerung bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (Td),
- ii, die Dauer der Ausschaltzeit nach Ende des Pulses (Td2),
- iii. der Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (Td3),
- iv. die Pulsposition in einer Pulsperiode (TP), v. die Pulsweite (TW),
- vi. die Position des Einschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist (TW1),
- vii. Die Position des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist (T2).
- i. the pulse delay with respect to the beginning of the pulse period (T d ),
- ii, the duration of the switch-off time after the end of the pulse (T d2 ),
- iii. the time of the switch-off time relative to the beginning of the pulse period (T d3 ),
- iv. the pulse position in a pulse period (T P ), v. the pulse width (T W ),
- vi. the position of the switch-on time with reference to the "pulse center", where the center of the pulse here means a reference point within the pulses which is always switched on (T W1 ),
- vii. The position of the switch-off time with respect to the "pulse center", where the center of the pulse here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always switched on (T 2 ).
Da offensichtlich ist, dass folgende Gleichungen gelten
In der zweiten Ausprägung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Gleichspannungswandlung mittels eines modulierten PWM-Signals, im Folgenden als „Stromsteuerung” bezeichnet, wird nun die Modulation direkt während der Rampengenerierung im Rampengenerator (RG1) vorgenommen. Hierbei wird ein erstes periodisches Signal (Isum) mit der besagten Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder Pulsmittenperiode (T2) erzeugt. Hierbei handelt es sich bei dieser Ausprägung der Erfindung typischerweise um den Ausgangsstrom von einer oder mehreren Stromquellen. Zu diesem ersten periodisches Signal (Isum) wird nun ein periodisches Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig) mit einer Spreiz-Code-Signalperiode (Tsp) hinzuaddiert wird, um ein moduliertes periodisches Signal (Isum + Isig) zu erzeugen. Das dermaßen erzeugte modulierte periodische Signal (Isum + Isig) wird dann typischerweise zeitweise durch eine Integrationsvorrichtung, insbesondere eine Integrationskapazität (C1), integriert. Andere Möglichkeiten der Realisierung durch Zählvorrichtungen und Prozessoren mit Software und Speichern wurden bereits zuvor diskutiert und treffen auch hier wieder zu. Auf diese Weise wird nun wieder ein moduliertes Rampensignal (Vrp) erzeugt. Auch hier ist es eines von zwei möglichen Merkmalen die das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig) erfüllen sollte, dass die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig) mit einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) periodisch ist und dass die Autokorrelationsfunktion des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig) zwischen t = 0 s und t = Tsp zu mindestens einem Zeitpunkt von Null verschieden ist und sich über das Systemrauschen abhebt, was bedeutet, dass es betragsmäßig oberhalb eines Schwellwertes (Sw) liegt, der selbst oberhalb des Rauschens liegt. Nach der Erzeugung des modulierten Rampensignals (Vmrp) soll dieses nun wieder in das zweckgemäße PWM-Signal verwandelt werden.In the second embodiment of the method according to the invention for DC voltage conversion by means of a modulated PWM signal, hereinafter referred to as "current control", the modulation is now carried out directly during the ramp generation in the ramp generator (RG1). In this case, a first periodic signal (I sum ) with the said pulse period (T 1 ) and / or pulse center period (T 2 ) is generated. This embodiment of the invention is typically the output current from one or more current sources. To this first periodic signal (I sum ), a periodic spread code signal (I sig ) is then added to a spread code signal period (T sp ) to produce a modulated periodic signal (I sum + I sig ) , The modulated periodic signal (I sum + I sig ) thus generated is then typically integrated intermittently by an integration device, in particular an integration capacitance (C 1 ). Other possibilities of realization by counting devices and processors with software and memories have already been discussed before and also apply here again. In this way, a modulated ramp signal (V rp ) is again generated. Again, it is one of two possible features that should satisfy the spreading code signal (I sig ) that the autocorrelation function of the spreading code signal (I sig ) with a spreading code period (T sp ) is periodic and the autocorrelation function of the spread code signal (I sig ) is different from zero at least one time between t = 0 s and t = T sp and stands out over the system noise, which means that it is above a threshold value (S w ), which is itself above the noise. After the generation of the modulated ramp signal (V mrp ) this is now to be transformed back into the appropriate PWM signal.
Hierzu wird beispielsweise das modulierte Rampensignal (Vmrp) mit einem ersten Schwellwert (Vsw1) durch eine Vergleichseinrichtung, insbesondere einen ersten Komparator (CMP1), verglichen. Über andere Möglichkeiten der Vergleichseinrichtungen wurde schon zuvor einiges angemerkt, das auch hier zutrifft und nicht wiederholt zu werden braucht. Wie zuvor wird nun auch in dieser Ausprägung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eine Schaltvorrichtung (M) in Abhängigkeit von dem Vergleichsergebnis der Vergleichseinrichtung durch die Vergleichseinrichtung in ihrem Schaltzustand verändert. Die Schaltzustände sind dabei typischerweise „ein” und „aus”. Wie zuvor können die folgenden Zeitpunkte der Schaltzustandsänderung von diesem besagten Vergleichsergebnis abhängen. Die Abhängigkeit selbst wird dabei typischerweise durch eine Logik oder Regelschaltung oder ein Software-Programm fixiert.For this purpose, for example, the modulated ramp signal (V mrp ) is compared with a first threshold value (V sw1 ) by a comparison device , in particular a first comparator (CMP 1 ). About other possibilities of the comparison facilities has already been noted some things that also applies here and does not need to be repeated. As before, in this embodiment of the method according to the invention, a switching device (M) is changed in its switching state as a function of the comparison result of the comparison device by the comparison device. The switching states are typically "on" and "off". As before, the following times of the switching state change may depend on this comparison result. The dependence itself is typically fixed by a logic or control circuit or a software program.
Die Zeitpunkte sind:
- i. die Pulsverzögerung bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (Td),
- ii. die Dauer der Ausschaltzeit nach Ende des Pulses (Td2),
- iii. der Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (Td3)
- iv. die Pulsposition in einer Pulsperiode (TP),
- v. die Pulsweite (TW)
- vi. die Position des Einschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist (TW1),
- vii. Die Position des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist (T2).
- i. the pulse delay with respect to the beginning of the pulse period (T d ),
- II. the duration of the switch-off time after the end of the pulse (T d2 ),
- iii. the time of the switch-off time relative to the beginning of the pulse period (T d3 )
- iv. the pulse position in a pulse period (T P ),
- v. the pulse width (T W )
- vi. the position of the switch-on time with reference to the "pulse center", where the center of the pulse here means a reference point within the pulses which is always switched on (T W1 ),
- vii. The position of the switch-off time with respect to the "pulse center", where the center of the pulse here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always switched on (T 2 ).
Es ist wieder offensichtlich, dass die im Folgenden beschriebenen Verfahren, die sich auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (T1) mittels der beiden Größen Pulsverzögerung (Td) und den Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes (Td3) beziehen, ausreichen, um mittels dieser beiden Größen bei feststehender Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder Pulsmittenperiode (T2) die anderen Größen zu berechnen und über Rechenvorrichtungen wie Regelschaltungen und/oder Logiken wiederum einzustellen. Lediglich für die an sich frei definierbare Verschiebung zwischen Pulsmittenperiode (T2) und Pulsperiode (T1) wäre wieder ein Wert frei zu wählen, der kleiner als die Pulsperiode (T1) sein sollte. Dieses Verfahren wird im folgenden Text, wie gesagt, mit „Stromsteuerung” bezeichnet.It is again evident that the procedures described below, which refer to the Refer to the beginning of the pulse period (T 1 ) by means of the two parameters pulse delay (T d ) and the time of the switch-off (T d3 ), sufficient to use these two variables at fixed pulse period (T 1 ) and / or pulse center period (T 2 ) calculate other quantities and in turn via computing devices such as control circuits and / or logic to adjust. Only for the freely definable shift between pulse center period (T 2 ) and pulse period (T 1 ) would it be possible again to choose a value which should be smaller than the pulse period (T 1 ). This method will be referred to as "current control" in the following text, as stated.
Sowohl für die Stromsteuerung als auch für die Spannungssteuerung kann das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig, Vsig) auf einem digitalen Spreiz-Code-Datenwort (SCDW) mit n-Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bits (D0 bis Dn) basieren. Vorzugsweise wird durch ein Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR) dieses Spreiz-Code-Datenwort (SCDW) immer wieder zyklisch bit-weise als Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig, Vsig) ggf . verbunden mit einer Spannungs-/Strom-Wandlung und einer Amplituden und/oder Offsetanpassung in einer Pegelanpassung (PA) ausgegeben. Der Zyklus der Wiederholungen entspricht dabei der Spreiz-Code-Periode (TSP). Die Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bit-Periode (TBit) ist demnach gleich der Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) geteilt durch die Länge n des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR). Somit werden während einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) bei einer solchen beispielhaften Realisierung eines Spreiz-Code-Signalgenerators (SCG) mittels eines Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR) hintereinander durch einen ein Spreiz-Code-Bit-Selektionsmechanismus, also hier das besagte Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR), eines der n Spreiz-Code-Datenbits (D0 bis Dn) als selektiertes Spreiz-Code-Datenbit (SB) selektiert und als Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig, Isig) in den Rest der Vorrichtung geben. Am Ende einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) sind dann alle n Bits des Spreiz-Code-Datenwortes (SCDW), das sich in dem besagten Schieberegister (SCSR) nach einem Ladevorgang befindet, für zumindest einen Zeitraum innerhalb der besagten Spreiz-Code-Periode (TSP) zumindest einmal selektiert und ausgegeben worden. Natürlich sollte während der Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) kein undefinierter Zustand eintreten. Daher sollte während einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (TSP) stets ein Spreiz-Code-Datenbit (SB) selektiert sein. Somit nimmt aufgrund der Natur der digitalen Werte in diesem Fall das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig, Isig) einen ersten Wert ein, der vom digitalen Low-Pegel und digitalen High-Pegel verschieden sein kann, wenn das selektierte Spreiz-Code-Datenbit (SB) gesetzt ist und eine zweiten Wert ein, der von dem ersten Wert verschieden ist, wenn das selektierte Spreiz-Code-Datenbit (SB) nicht gesetzt ist.For both current control and voltage control, the spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ) may be based on a spread-code digital data word (SCDW) having n-spread code data bits (D0 through Dn) , Preferably, by a spreading code shift register (SCSR) this spreading code data word (SCDW) repeatedly cyclic bit-wise as a spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ) if necessary . connected to a voltage / current conversion and an amplitude and / or offset adjustment in a level adjustment (PA) output. The cycle of repetitions corresponds to the spreading code period (T SP ). The spreading code data bit period (T bit ) is thus equal to the spreading code period (T sp ) divided by the length n of the spreading code shift register (SCSR). Thus, during one spreading code period ( Tsp ) in such an exemplary realization of a spreading code signal generator (SCG) by means of a spreading code shift register (SCSR) one after the other by a spreading code bit selection mechanism, ie here the said spreading code shift register (SCSR), one of the n spreading code data bits (D0 to Dn) selected as a selected spreading code data bit (SB) and as a spreading code signal (V sig , I sig ) into the rest of the device. At the end of a spreading code period (T sp) are then all n bits of the spread code data word (SCDW), the (SCSR) located in said shift register a single charge for at least a period of time within said spreading Code period (T SP ) at least once selected and output. Of course, no undefined state should occur during the spreading code period (T sp ). Therefore, a spreading code data bit (SB) should always be selected during a spreading code period (T SP ). Thus, due to the nature of the digital values in this case, the spread code signal (V sig , I sig ) assumes a first value, which may be different from the digital low level and digital high level, when the selected spreading code Data bit (SB) is set and a second value different from the first value when the selected spreading code data bit (SB) is not set.
Besonders interessant ist es, den Spreiz-Code, also beispielsweise den Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR), zusätzlich periodisch, deterministisch oder zufalls- oder ereignisgesteuert zu wechseln. In diesem Fall ist der Spreiz-Code in zumindest zwei verschiedenen Spreiz-Code-Perioden (Tsp) des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig, Vsig) unterschiedlich.It is particularly interesting to additionally change the spreading code, that is, for example, the content of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), periodically, deterministically or randomly or event-controlled. In this case, the spreading code is different in at least two different spreading code periods (T sp ) of the spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ).
Umgekehrt kann es sinnvoll sein, nicht permanent die Spreiz-Codes, also beispielsweise den Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR), zu tauschen, sondern für zwei oder mehr Spreiz-Code-Perioden (TSP) den Spreiz-Code, also beispielsweise den Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR), nicht auszutauschen. Somit ändert sich dann der Spreiz-Code, also beispielsweise den Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR), zwischen zumindest zwei verschiedenen Spreiz-Code-Perioden (TSP) des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig, Vsig) bis zum Ende der vorausgehenden Spreiz-Code-Periode (TSP) nicht und der Spreiz-Code, also beispielsweise den Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR), ändert sich dann aber zwischen zumindest zwei verschiedenen Spreiz-Code-Perioden (Tsp) des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig, Vsig) zum Anfang der nachfolgenden Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) geändert hatConversely, it may be useful to not permanently exchange the spreading codes, for example, the contents of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), but for two or more spreading code periods (T SP ) the spreading code, ie For example, the contents of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), not to be replaced. Thus, the spreading code, that is, for example, the content of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), then changes between at least two different spreading code periods (T SP ) of the spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ) to to the end of the preceding spreading code period (T SP ) and not the spreading code, so for example the content of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), but then changes between at least two different spreading code periods (T sp ) of the spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ) has changed to the beginning of the subsequent spreading code period (T sp )
Statt eines Schieberegisters sind auch andere Methoden der Ausgabe denkbar. Beispielsweise können die n-Bits eines digitalen Spreiz-Code-Registers durch einen digitalen Multiplexer als Selektionsvorrichtung mit der gleichen Bit-Periode (TBit) nacheinander selektiert und als Spreiz-Code-Signal ausgegeben werden. Doch nicht nur eine digitale Realisierung ist möglich. Vielmehr ist es denkbar, mittels eines analogen Addierers und analogen Transferschaltungen mehrere analoge Signalgeneratoren, beispielsweise Sinus- und Cosinus-Generatoren unterschiedlicher Frequenz und/oder Amplitude in Abhängigkeit von einem Kontroll-Register auszuwählen und zu einem Spreiz-Code-Signal zur weiteren Verwendung zusammenzumischen.Instead of a shift register, other methods of output are conceivable. For example, the n bits of a digital spread code register may be successively selected by a digital multiplexer as a selection device having the same bit period (T bit ) and outputted as a spreading code signal. But not only a digital realization is possible. Rather, it is conceivable, by means of an analog adder and analog transfer circuits, to select a plurality of analog signal generators, for example sine and cosine generators of different frequency and / or amplitude, as a function of a control register and to mix them together to form a spread code signal for further use.
Es ist somit also möglich, dass ein Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig, Vsig) ein analoges periodisches Signal ist. Insbesondere kann es sich um ein Sinus- oder Cosinus-Signal handeln. Wichtig ist aber, dass auch dann die Spreiz-Code-Signalperiode (TSP) von der Pulsperiode (T1) bzw. der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) verschieden ist.It is thus possible that a spreading code signal (I sig , V sig ) is an analog periodic signal. In particular, it may be a sine or cosine signal. But it is important that even then the spreading code signal period (T SP ) of the pulse period (T 1 ) and the pulse center period (T 2 ) is different.
Im Folgenden werden beispielhafte Ausprägungen anhand der Figuren beschrieben.In the following, exemplary embodiments will be described with reference to the figures.
Fig. 11Fig. 11
Erfindungsgemäß wird nun in einer ersten Ausprägung der Erfindung zu dem Quellenstrom (I1) der ersten Stromquelle (I1) und/oder dem Entladestrom (I2) der zweiten Stromquelle (I2) oder eines gegen Masse geschalteten zweiten Schalters (SW2). ein weiterer Strom, das Modulationssignal (Isig), hinzuaddiert, der selbst mit einer typischerweise vorgegebenen Signalform moduliert ist. Der Strom der ersten Stromquelle (I1) und der Entladestrom (I2) ergeben den Summenstrom (Isum). Beispielweise handelt es sich um eine sinus- oder Cosinus-förmige Schwingung oder eine Kombination derselben ggf. einschließlich Oberwellen. Die Amplitude des Modulationssignals (Isig), im Folgenden auch Spreiz-Code-Signal genannt, ist vorzugsweise kleiner als 100% und/oder kleiner als 50% und/oder kleiner als 25% und/oder kleiner als 10% des Betrags des Quellenstromes (I1) der ersten Stromquelle (I1) und/oder des Entladestromes (I2) der ggf. vorhandenen zweiten Stromquelle. Hierdurch wird die Sägezahn- oder Dreiecksform des ursprünglichen Signals, des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Kondensatorspannung (Vc) und damit des Rampensignals (Vrp), verformt. Die beiden Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) schalten hierdurch zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten Td' und Td3' gegenüber ursprünglich Td und Td3. Dieses Modulationssignal (Isig), das Spreiz-Code-Signal, das dem weiteren Strom aufgeprägt ist, führt nun zu einer Modulation der Pulsverzögerung (Td) und des Ausschaltzeitpunktes (Td3). Es ist von besonderer Wichtigkeit, dass dabei das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig) vorzugsweise periodisch, aber frequenzverschieden von der PWM-Frequenz (fPWM) ist, die je nach Anwendung dem Kehrwert der Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) entspricht.According to the invention, in a first embodiment of the invention, the source current (I 1 ) of the first current source (I1) and / or the discharge current (I 2 ) of the second current source (I2) or a second switch (SW 2 ) connected to ground. another stream, the modulation signal (I sig ) added, which is itself modulated with a typical predetermined waveform. The current of the first current source (I1) and the discharge current (I2) give the total current (I sum ). For example, it may be a sine or cosine waveform or a combination of these, including harmonics, if applicable. The amplitude of the modulation signal (I sig ), also referred to below as the spreading code signal, is preferably less than 100% and / or less than 50% and / or less than 25% and / or less than 10% of the magnitude of the source current (I 1 ) of the first current source (I1) and / or the discharge current (I 2 ) of the possibly existing second current source. As a result, the sawtooth or triangular shape of the original signal, the time profile of the capacitor voltage (Vc) and thus the ramp signal (V rp ), deformed. The two comparators (CMP 1 , CMP 2 ) thereby switch at different times T d 'and T d3 ' with respect to originally T d and T d3 . This modulation signal (I sig ), the spreading code signal, which is impressed on the further current, now leads to a modulation of the pulse delay (T d ) and the switch-off time (T d3 ). It is of particular importance that in this case the spread code signal (I sig ) is preferably periodic, but frequency-different from the PWM frequency (f PWM ), depending on the application of the reciprocal of the pulse period (T 1 ) and / or the pulse middle period (T 2).
Außerdem sollte der Mittelwert des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig) Null sein. Nur dann ist gewährleistet, dass im Mittel der richtige Gleichspannungs-Pegel erzeugt wird.In addition, the mean value of the spreading code signal (I sig ) should be zero. Only then is it ensured that on average the correct DC voltage level is generated.
Ein weiteres Problem ergibt sich dadurch, dass unter Umständen der Umkehrzeitpunkt des Dreieckssignals und/oder das Ende der Integrationsrampe früher erreicht werden, wenn die Kondensatorspannung (Vc) an der Integrationskapazität (C1) für die Definition der Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder Pulsmittenperiode (T2) verwendet wird, was ja gerade vermieden werden soll.Another problem arises from the fact that under certain circumstances, the reversal time of the triangular signal and / or the end of the integration ramp can be reached earlier if the capacitor voltage (V c ) at the integration capacity (C 1 ) for the definition of the pulse period (T 1 ) and / or pulse center period (T 2 ) is used, which is just to be avoided.
Fig. 12Fig. 12
Es ist daher eine sinnvolle Lösung dieses Problems, zur Extraktion der Größen, die nicht moduliert werden sollen, eine zweite Rampe mit einer dritten Stromquelle (I3), und einem dritten Stromquellenstrom (I3) der dritten Stromquelle (I3) und ggf. mit einer vierten Entladestromquelle (I4), und einem vierten Entladestrom (I4) der vierten Entladestromquelle (I4) für die Ladung einer zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) von einem dritten Spannungspegel (Vc3) der zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) auf einen vierte Spannungspegel (Vc4) der zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) und einen vierten Entladestrom (I4) der vierten Entladestromquelle (I4) für die Entladung der zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) von dem vierten Spannungspegel (Vc4) der zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) auf den dritten Spannungspegel (Vc3) der zweiten Integrationskapazität (C2) vorzusehen. Vorzugsweise entspricht die zweite Integrationskapazität (C2) dabei hinsichtlich des Kapazitätswertes der ersten Integrationskapazität (C1), der erste Stromquellenstrom (I1) hinsichtlich des Strombetrags dem dritten Stromquellenstrom (I3) und der zweite Entladestrom (I2) hinsichtlich des Strombetrags dem vierten Entladestrom (I4). Die Stromquellen (I1, I2) und die beiden Integrationskapazitäten (C1, C2) werden in integrierten Schaltungen daher vorzugsweise matchend ausgeführt.It is therefore a reasonable solution to this problem, for extracting the quantities that are not to be modulated, a second ramp with a third current source (I3), and a third current source current (I 3 ) of the third current source (I3) and possibly with a fourth discharge current source (I4), and a fourth discharge current (I 4 ) of the fourth discharge current source (I4) for charging a second integration capacitance (C 2 ) from a third voltage level (V c3 ) of the second integration capacitance (C 2 ) to a fourth voltage level ( V c4 ) of the second integration capacitance (C 2 ) and a fourth discharge current (I 4 ) of the fourth discharge current source (I4) for discharging the second integration capacitance (C 2 ) from the fourth voltage level (V c4 ) of the second integration capacitance (C 2 ) provide the third voltage level (V c3 ) of the second integration capacitance (C 2 ). In this case, the second integration capacitance (C 2 ) preferably corresponds in terms of the capacitance value of the first integration capacitor (C 1 ), the first current source current (I 1 ) to the third current source current (I 3 ) in terms of the current amount and the second discharge current (I 2 ) in terms of the current amount fourth discharge current (I 4 ). The current sources (I1, I2) and the two integration capacitors (C 1 , C 2 ) are therefore preferably executed in integrated circuits in matching circuits.
Somit verfügt die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung vorzugsweise über zwei sich gleichende Rampengeneratoren (RG1, RG2), von denen einer zusätzlich mit einem Spreiz-Code-Signal moduliert wird. (siehe
Die beiden Rampengeneratoren (RG1, RG2) werden miteinander über ein Synchronisationssignal (Sync) synchronisiert. Dieses wird von dem nicht modulierten Rampengenerator (RG2) erzeugt, wodurch dann sichergestellt wird, dass die PWM-Frequenz (T1) bzw. die PWM-Mittenfrequenz (T2) konstant ist und beide Rampengeneratoren (RG1, RG2) synchron laufen. Es ist sinnvoll, den mit dem Spreiz-Code-Signal modulierten Rampengenerator (RG1) bis zur Synchronisation durch den anderen Rampengenerator (RG2) mittels des Synchronisationssignals (Sync) anzuhalten, wenn dieser infolge der Modulation vorzeitig das Periodenende des mit dem Spreiz-Code-Signal modulierten Rampengenerators (RG1) erreicht.The two ramp generators (RG1, RG2) are synchronized with each other via a synchronization signal (Sync). This is generated by the unmodulated ramp generator (RG2), which then ensures that the PWM frequency (T 1 ) or the PWM center frequency (T 2 ) is constant and both ramp generators (RG1, RG2) are synchronized. It makes sense to stop the ramp generator (RG1) modulated by the spread code signal until it has been synchronized by the other ramp generator (RG2) by means of the synchronization signal (sync) if, as a result of the modulation, it prematurely ends the period end of the program with the spread code signal. Signal modulated ramp generator (RG1) achieved.
Eine dritte Logik (LG3) stellt das Schaltelement (M) in Abhängigkeit von den Vergleichsergebnissen der Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) auf „ein” oder „aus”.A third logic (LG3) sets the switching element (M) "on" or "off" depending on the comparison results of the comparators (CMP 1 , CMP 2 ).
Fig. 13Fig. 13
In einer anderen bevorzugten Ausführung der Erfindung, die keine Verdopplung des Rampengenerators (RG2) mit dem nicht modulierten Rampensignal (Vrp) erfordert, wird das Spreiz-Code-Signal als Spannungswert (Vsig) durch eine Addiervorrichtung (Add1) zu dem Rampensignal (Vrp) des Rampengenerators (RG2) zu einem modulierten Rampensignal (Vmrp) addiert. Auch der Wert dieses Spreiz-Code-Signals (Vsig) sollte im Mittel 0 sein. Es ist auch hier von besonderer Wichtigkeit, dass dabei das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) vorzugsweise frequenzverschieden von der PWM-Frequenz (fPWM) des Rampensignals (Vrp) ist, die wieder je nach Anwendung dem Kehrwert der Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) entspricht.In another preferred embodiment of the invention which does not require doubling of the ramp generator (RG2) with the unmodulated ramp signal (V rp ), the spreading code signal becomes a voltage value (V sig ) by an adder (Add 1 ) to the ramp signal (V rp ) of the ramp generator (RG2) is added to a modulated ramp signal (V mrp ). The value of this spread code signal (V sig ) should also be 0 on average. It is also of particular importance here that in this case the spread code signal (V sig ) is preferably different in frequency from the PWM frequency (f PWM ) of the ramp signal (V rp ), which again depending on the application of the reciprocal of the pulse period (T 1 ) and / or the pulse center period (T 2 ) corresponds.
Je nachdem, welche Größe nun moduliert werden soll, werden die Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) nun entweder mit dem Rampensignal (Vrp) oder dem modulierten Rampensignal (Vmrp) verbunden. Alle frequenz- und periodenbestimmenden Signale werden direkt aus dem nicht modulierten Rampensignal (Vrp) extrahiert. Alle mit einem Spreiz-Code variierten Zeitpunkte werden aus dem modulierten Rampensignal (Vmrp) extrahiert. Depending on which size is to be modulated, the comparators (CMP 1 , CMP 2 ) are now connected to either the ramp signal (V rp ) or the modulated ramp signal (V mrp ). All frequency and period determining signals are extracted directly from the unmodulated ramp signal (V rp ). All times varied with a spreading code are extracted from the modulated ramp signal (V mrp ).
Die Signalform bzw. das Spektrum des Spreiz-Code-Signals bestimmt nun die spektrale Deformation des durch die Vorrichtung erzeugten PWM-Signals.The signal form or the spectrum of the spreading code signal now determines the spectral deformation of the PWM signal generated by the device.
Fig. 14Fig. 14
Um sicher eine Vollaussteuerung, insbesondere einen Gleichspannungswert von 0% und/oder 100% erreichen zu können, ist es sinnvoll, die Modulationsamplitude (Isigm, Vsigm) des jeweiligen Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig, Vsig) in Abhängigkeit von einem oder mehreren der Schaltpegel (Vsw1, Vsw2) zu begrenzen, wenn dessen Pegel größer als der zur Verfügung stehende Aussteuerbereich ist.In order to be able to reliably achieve full scale control, in particular a DC voltage value of 0% and / or 100%, it makes sense to use the modulation amplitude (I sigm , V sigm ) of the respective spread code signal (I sig , V sig ) as a function of one or more of the switching levels (V sw1 , V sw2 ) limit, if its level is greater than the available control range.
Für die stromgesteuerte Variante bedeutet dies, dass es sinnvoll ist, wenn die Amplitude des Modulationssignals (Isig) Null ist, wenn die Schwellwerte (Vsw1, Vsw2) Null oder gleich dem Stromquellenstrom (I1) mal der PWM-Periode (T1) und/oder der PWM-Mittenperiode (T2) geteilt durch den Wert der ersten Integrationskapazität (C1) sind. Sobald die Schwellwert (Vsw1, Vsw2) größer als der vorgegebene Modulationsamplitudenwert (Isig0) des Modulationssignals (Isig) mal der Pulsperiode (T1) und/oder der Pulsmittenperiode (T2) geteilt durch die erste Integrationskapazität (C1) ist, kann das Modulationssignal (Isig) nicht mehr zu einer Übersteuerung führen und es wird nur durch diesen vorgegebenen Modulationsamplitudenwert (Isig0) begrenzt. Das Umgekehrte gilt, wenn die Schwellwerte (Vsw1, Vsw2) den Wert I1*T1/C-Isig0*T1/C überschreiten. (siehe
Für die spannungsgesteuerte Variante gilt Analoges für das Modulationssignal (Vsig) bei einem vorgegebenen Modulationsamplitudenwert (Vsig0). (
Ein geeignetes Spreiz-Code-Signal weist folgende Eigenschaften auf:A suitable spreading code signal has the following properties:
Es ist im Zeitbereich periodisch mit einer Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp).It is periodic in the time domain with a spreading code period ( Tsp ).
Seine Autokorrelationsfunktion ist periodisch mit der Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) und der Signalpegel der Autokorrelationsfunktion weicht zwischen t = 0 und t = Tsp an mindestens einer Stelle von Null in der Art ab, dass es sich nicht um Rauschen eines realen Autokorrelationsfunktionssignals handelt. Es liegt also betragsmäßig über einem Schwellwert (Sw), der selbst wieder oberhalb des betragsmäßigen Rauschens liegt.Its autocorrelation function is periodic with the spreading code period (T sp ) and the signal level of the autocorrelation function deviates between t = 0 and t = T sp at at least one location of zero, such that it is not noise of a real autocorrelation function signal is. In terms of amount, it is therefore above a threshold value (S w ), which itself lies above the magnitude noise.
Es handelt sich also weder um ein Zufallssignal noch um ein Pseudozufallssignal.It is neither a random signal nor a pseudo-random signal.
Natürlich ist es denkbar, dass Mischformen für ein solches Spreiz-Code-Signal zu verwenden. Beispielsweise ist es denkbar, mehrere digitale 8-Bit-Codes zu verwenden, wobei immer ein Code für eine Spreiz-Code-Periode (Tsp) des Spreiz-Code-Signals (Isig, Vsig) verwendet wird und diese Bits mit einem beispielhaften Takt von Tsp/8 auf den weiteren Strom (Isig) aufzumodulieren. Mit Beginn der nächsten Periode des Spreiz-Code-Signals, kann dann ein anderer Spreiz-Code gewählt werden. Dies kann deterministisch oder zufällig erfolgen. In jedem Fall ist dann das Spreiz-Code-Signal (Isig, Vsig) kein vollkommen zufälliges Signal, das weißem Rauschen entspricht, sondern zeigt ein davon abweichendes Spektrum.Of course, it is conceivable to use mixed forms for such a spread code signal. For example, it is conceivable to use a plurality of digital 8-bit codes, always using a code for a spreading code period (T sp ) of the spread code signal (I sig , V sig ) and these bits with a To model example clock of T sp / 8 on the further current (I sig ). With the beginning of the next period of the spreading code signal, then another spreading code can be selected. This can be deterministic or random. In any case, then the spread code signal (I sig , V sig ) is not a completely random signal that corresponds to white noise, but shows a different spectrum.
Fig. 16Fig. 16
In der beispielhaften Vorrichtung wird ein Register mit n Spreiz-Code-Datenbits (D0 bis Dn), die zusammen das Spreiz-Code-Datenwort (SCDW) bilden, über einen Datenbus (BUS) geschrieben und gelesen. Zur Lese/Schreib-Steuerung dienen eine Leseleitung (RDDW) und eine Schreibleitung (WRDW). Ein Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR) übernimmt den logischen Inhalt (D0 bis Dn) des Spreiz-Code-Datenwortes (SCDW), wenn eine Ladeleitung (LD) aktiv ist. Ist das Ladesignal (LD) nicht aktiv, so wird der Inhalt des Schieberegisters beispielsweise mit jedem Takt des Schiebetaktes (CLK) mit zwei multipliziert, d. h. um ein Bit zu höheren Bits hin verschoben. Das höchste Bit wird dabei typischerweise als niederwertigstes Bit wieder zurück in den Schiebekreislauf geladen, wodurch nach uns nach alle Bits (B0 bis Bn) des Schieberegisters als selektiertes Spreiz-Code-Bit (SB) ausgegeben werden. Nach n-Takten wird der im Spreiz-Code-Datenwort definierte Spreiz-Code wiederholt. Es ist daher sinnvoll, wenn der Ladebefehl mit dem Ladesignal (LD) nur nach n*m Takten des Schiebetaktes (CLK) ausgeführt wird. Dies kann beispielsweise regelmäßig durch eine Ablaufsteuerung (CKLG), die auch als Taktgenerator für den Schiebetakt (CLK) fungiert, geschehen. In speziellen Fällen mag es sinnvoll sein, wenn insbesondere zu testzwecken der momentane Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR) über den Bus und eine separate Schreibleitung (WRSR) bzw. separate Leseleitung (RDSR) gelesen bzw. geschrieben werden kann.In the exemplary apparatus, a register having n spreading code data bits (D0 to Dn) which together constitute the spreading code data word (SCDW) is written and read via a data bus (BUS). For read / write control, a read line (RDDW) and a write line (WRDW) are used. A spreading code shift register (SCSR) takes the logical content (D0 to Dn) of the spreading code data word (SCDW) when a charge line (LD) is active. If the charging signal (LD) is not active, the content of the shift register is multiplied by two, for example, with each clock of the shift clock (CLK), ie shifted by one bit to higher bits. The highest bit is typically loaded as the least significant bit back into the shift circuit, which after us after all bits (B0 to Bn) of the shift register as a selected spreading code bit (SB) are output. After n-clocks, the spreading code defined in the spreading code data word is repeated. It therefore makes sense if the load command with the charging signal (LD) is executed only after n * m cycles of the shift clock (CLK). This can, for example, regularly by a sequence control (CKLG), which also serves as a clock generator for the Sliding clock (CLK) acts, done. In special cases, it may be useful if, in particular for testing purposes, the current content of the spreading code shift register (SCSR) can be read or written over the bus and a separate write line (WRSR) or separate read line (RDSR).
Fig. 17Fig. 17
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
-
- auau
- beliebige Einheitany unit
- Add1 Add 1
- analoge oder digitale Addierervorrichtunganalog or digital adder device
- B0 bis BnB0 to Bn
- Bit-Inhalt des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR)Bit contents of the spreading code shift register (SCSR)
- BUSBUS
- Datenbus zum Schreiben und Lesen des Spreiz-Code-Schieberegisters (SCSR) und Spreiz-Code-Datenwortes (SCDW)Data bus for writing and reading the spreading code shift register (SCSR) and spreading code data word (SCDW)
- C1 C 1
- erste Integrationskapazitätfirst integration capacity
- C2 C 2
- zweite Integrationskapazitätsecond integration capacity
- CLKCLK
- Takt für das Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR). Die Periode des Taktes ist typischerweise die Bit-Taktperiode (TBit). Durch die Länge n des Spreiz-Code-Schiebregisters (SCSR) wird in dem Beispiel die Spreiz-Code-Periode (TSP) auf T = nTBit festgelegt.Clock for the spreading code shift register (SCSR). The period of the clock is typically the bit clock period (T bit ). By the length n of the spreading code shift register (SCSR), in the example, the spread code period (T SP ) is set to T = nT bit .
- CMP1 CMP 1
- erster Komparator zum Steuern des Schaltelements (M)first comparator for controlling the switching element (M)
- CMP2 CMP 2
- zweiter Komparator zum Steuern des Schaltelements (M)second comparator for controlling the switching element (M)
- CPMACPMA
- erster Komparator innerhalb des Rampengenerators (RG1)first comparator within the ramp generator (RG1)
- CPMBCPMB
- zweiter Komparator innerhalb des Rampengenerators (RG1)second comparator inside the ramp generator (RG1)
- D0D0
- erstes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitfirst spreading code data bit
- D1D1
- zweites Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitsecond spreading code data bit
- D2D2
- drittes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitthird spreading code data bit
- D3D3
- viertes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitfourth spreading code data bit
- D4D4
- fünftes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bit fifth spreading code data bit
- D5D5
- sechstes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitsixth spreading code data bit
- Dn-1Dn-1
- n-1-stes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitn-1th spreading code data bit
- Dndn
- n-tes Spreiz-Code-Daten-Bitnth spreading code data bit
- D0 bis DnD0 to Dn
- Spreiz-Code-DatenwortSpreading code data word
- fPWM f PWM
- PWM-FrequenzPWM frequency
- I1I1
- Stromquelle (typischerweise eine Konstantstromquelle)Power source (typically a constant current source)
- I1 I 1
- Quellenstrom der Stromquelle (I1), typischerweise ein KonstantstromSource current of the current source (I1), typically a constant current
- I2I2
- Entladestromquelle (zweite Stromquelle) (manchmal mit der ersten Stromquelle (I1) identisch)Discharge current source (second current source) (sometimes identical to the first current source (I1))
- I2 I 2
- Entladestrom bei DreieckssignalenDischarge current for triangular signals
- I3I3
- dritte Stromquelle (typischerweise eine Konstantstromquelle)third power source (typically a constant current source)
- I3 I 3
- dritter Quellenstrom der dritten Stromquelle (I3), typischerweise ein Konstantstromthird source current of the third current source (I3), typically a constant current
- I4I4
- vierte Entladestromquelle (dritte Stromquelle) (manchmal mit der dritten Stromquelle (I3) identisch)fourth discharge current source (third current source) (sometimes identical to the third current source (I3))
- I4 I 4
- vierter Entladestrom bei Dreieckssignalenfourth discharge current for triangular signals
- IL I L
- Laststromload current
- Isig I sig
- das Modulationssignal – hier ein modulierter zusätzlicher Strom. Das Modulationssignal wird in dieser Beschreibung auch Spreiz-Code-Signal genannt. (Modulationssignal bei integrierender Stromsteuerung)the modulation signal - here a modulated additional current. The modulation signal is also called a spreading code signal in this description. (Modulation signal with integrating current control)
- Isig1 I sig1
- erste Spreiz-Code-Signal-Komponentefirst spreading code signal component
- Isig2 I sig2
- zweite Spreiz-Code-Signal-Komponentesecond spreading code signal component
- Isig3 I sig3
- dritte Spreiz-Code-Signal-Komponente third spreading code signal component
- Isig4 I sig4
- vierte Spreiz-Code-Signal-Komponentefourth spreading code signal component
- Isigm I sigm
- Modulationsamplitude des Modulationssignals (Isig)Modulation amplitude of the modulation signal (I sig )
- Isum I sum
- Summenstrom der Stromquellen (ohne zusätzliche Stromquelle Isig)Total current of the current sources (without additional current source I sig )
- Isig0 I sig0
- vorgegebener Modulationsamplitudenwertpredetermined modulation amplitude value
- L1L1
- Drosselspule. Diese ist hier nur ein Beispiel für möglicherweise komplexere, aktive und/oder passive Filternetzwerke.Inductor. This is just one example of potentially more complex, active and / or passive filtering networks.
- LDLD
- Ladesignal für das Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR)Charge signal for the spreading code shift register (SCSR)
- LG2 LG2
- Logik zur Steuerung des Schaltelements (M) basierend auf den Vergleichsergebnissen des ersten und zweiten Komparators (CMP1, CMP2)Logic for controlling the switching element (M) based on the comparison results of the first and second comparators (CMP 1 , CMP 2 )
- LG3LG3
- dritte Logik, stellt das Schaltelement (M) in Abhängigkeit von den Vergleichsergebnissen der Komparatoren (CMP1, CMP2) auf „ein” oder „aus”.third logic sets the switching element (M) to "on" or "off" depending on the comparison results of the comparators (CMP1, CMP2).
- MM
- Schaltelementswitching element
- MUXMUX
-
Multiplexer. Im Fall der
17 kann der Multiplexer mehr als ein Eingangssignal durchschalten und summiert die durchgeschalteten Eingangssignale dann an seinem Ausgang.Multiplexer. In the case of17 For example, the multiplexer can switch through more than one input signal and then sums the through-connected input signals at its output. - nn
- Länge des SchieberegistersLength of the shift register
- PAPA
- Pegelanpassunglevel adjustment
- PWMPWM
- Puls Weiten ModulationPulse width modulation
- RDDWRDDW
- Lesesignalleitung für das Spreiz-Code-Datenwort (D0 bis Dn)Read signal line for the spreading code data word (D0 to Dn)
- RDSRRDSR
- Lesesignalleitung für das Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR) mit den Bits (B0 bis Bn)Read signal line for the spreading code shift register (SCSR) with the bits (B0 to Bn)
- RG1RG1
- erster Rampengenerator. Dieser wird in den hier aufgeführten Beispielen mit Stromsteuerung moduliert. first ramp generator. This is modulated in the examples given here with current control.
- RG2RG2
- zweiter Rampengenerator. Dieser wird in den hier aufgeführten Beispielen mit Stromsteuerung nicht moduliert und dient als Zeitbasis. Insbesondere für die PWM-Frequenz.second ramp generator. This is not modulated in the examples given here with current control and serves as a time base. Especially for the PWM frequency.
- RPFMRPFM
- zufällige Pulsfrequenzmodulationrandom pulse frequency modulation
- RPPMRPPM
- zufällige Puls-Positions-Modulationrandom pulse position modulation
- RPWMRPWM
- zufällige Puls-Weiten-Modulationrandom pulse-width modulation
- SBSB
- selektiertes Spreiz-Code-Datenbitselected spreading code data bit
- SCDWSCDW
- Spreiz-Code-DatenwortSpreading code data word
- SCGSCG
- Spreiz-Code-GeneratorSpreading code generator
- SCSRSCSR
- Spreiz-Code-SchieberegisterSpreading code shift register
- Sw S w
- Schwellwert zur Unterscheidung Rauschen/Korrelation in einem AutokorrelationssignalThreshold for discriminating noise / correlation in an autocorrelation signal
- SW1 SW 1
- erster Schalterfirst switch
- SyncSync
- Synchronisationssignalsynchronization signal
- T1 T 1
- die Pulsperiode (invers, die Pulsfrequenz)the pulse period (inverse, the pulse rate)
- T2 T 2
- die Pulsmittenperiode (invers, die Pulsmittenfrequenz)the pulse center period (inverse, the pulse center frequency)
- TBit T bit
- Datenbit-PeriodeData bit period
- Td T d
- die Pulsverzögerung bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiodethe pulse delay with respect to the beginning of the pulse period
- Td'T d '
- durch Modulation veränderte Pulsverzögerung bezogen auf den Beginn der PulsperiodeModulated pulse delay based on the beginning of the pulse period
- Td2 T d2
- die Dauer der Ausschaltzeit nach Ende des Pulsesthe duration of the switch-off time after the end of the pulse
- Td3 T d3
- der Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (T1) the time of the switch-off time relative to the beginning of the pulse period (T 1 )
- Td3'T d3 '
- durch Modulation veränderter Zeitpunkt des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf den Beginn der Pulsperiode (T1)by modulation changed time of the switch-off time with respect to the beginning of the pulse period (T1)
- TP T P
- die Pulsposition in einer Pulsperiodethe pulse position in a pulse period
- Trp T rp
- Rampensignal PeriodeRamp signal period
- TSP T SP
- Spreiz-Code-PeriodeSpreading code period
- Tw T w
- die Pulsweitethe pulse width
- Tw1 T w1
- die Position des Einschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist,the position of the switch-on time relative to the "pulse center", where the center of the pulse here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always switched on,
- Tw2 T w2
- die Position des Ausschaltzeitpunktes bezogen auf die „Pulsmitte”, wobei Pulsmitte hier einen Referenzpunkt innerhalb der Pulse meint, der immer eingeschaltet ist,the position of the switch-off time with respect to the "pulse center", where the pulse center here means a reference point within the pulses, which is always switched on,
- V0 V 0
- GleichspannungsquelleDC voltage source
- Vc V c
- Kondensatorspannung an der Integrationskapazität (C1)Capacitor voltage at the integration capacitance (C1)
- Vc1 V c1
- erster Spannungspegelfirst voltage level
- Vc2 V c2
- zweiter Spannungspegelsecond voltage level
- Vc3 V c3
- dritter Spannungspegelthird voltage level
- Vc4 V c4
- vierte Spannungspegelfourth voltage level
- Vmrp V mrp
- moduliertes Rampensignalmodulated ramp signal
- Vrp V rp
- erstes periodisches Rampensignalfirst periodic ramp signal
- Vsig V sig
- Spreiz-Code-Signal als Spannungswert (Modulationssignal bei Spannungssteuerung)Spreading code signal as voltage value (modulation signal during voltage control)
- Vsgm V sgm
- Modulationsamplitude des Spreiz-Code-Signal (Vsig) bei Spannungssteuerung.Modulation amplitude of the spreading code signal (V sig ) at voltage control.
- Vsig0 V sig0
- vorgegebener Modulationsamplitudenwert predetermined modulation amplitude value
- VSW1 V SW1
- Schaltpegelswitching level
- VSW2 V SW2
- zweiter Schaltpegelsecond switching level
- WRDWWRDW
- Schreibsignalleitung für das Spreiz-Code-Datenwort (D0 bis Dn)Write signal line for the spreading code data word (D0 to Dn)
- WRSRWRSR
- optionale Schreibsignalleitung für das Spreiz-Code-Schieberegister (SCSR) mit den Bits (B0 bis B)optional write signal line for the spreading code shift register (SCSR) with the bits (B0 to B)
- ZL Z L
- Last (elektrischer Verbraucher). Diese ist typischerweise komplex.Load (electrical consumer). This is typically complex.
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
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