DE102013211858A1 - Surface magnets and buried magnets for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine having a holding geometry - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is manufactured in one piece and has a base area, wherein it has a projection which is arranged on the base area and is raised relative to it. The present invention further relates to a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which has two permanent magnet regions, which are of identical construction, the first of the permanent magnet regions having a base area and the second of the permanent magnet regions thus rotating with respect to the first of the permanent magnet regions and / or is offset such that it forms a raised formation in relation to the base area. The present invention further relates to a rotor or stator for an electrical machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with such a permanent magnet, as well as an adjustment drive and a hand tool with a motor, which comprises such a rotor or stator. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for producing a rotor or stator made of lamellae with a permanent magnet, which has a projection which forms an undercut in the rotor or stator.

Description

State of the art

The present invention relates to a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is manufactured in one piece, in particular with an extrusion-based method. The present invention furthermore relates to a permanent magnet which is formed from a plurality of, in particular identical, permanent magnet regions which are rotated relative to one another and / or offset from one another. The present invention further relates to a rotor or stator of an electric machine with such a permanent magnet and an adjustment or a hand tool with such an electric machine. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for producing such a rotor or stator.

In common EC (electrically commutated) motors permanent magnets are used to generate a magnetic field. Depending on the required power density, the permanent magnets proportionately contain a rare earth metal. For example, NdFeB magnets (neodymium-iron-boron magnets) are used. The permanent magnets are attached, for example as surface magnets on a soft iron package, or bordered as buried magnets in the soft iron package.

As a basic form of the permanent magnets are so-called magnetic blocks that are cuboid permanent magnets, or so-called loaves or shell magnets that are sections of cylindrical permanent magnets extending in the axial direction and arcuately or concentrically extending around the axis base surfaces used. The magnet blocks are used primarily in tangentially magnetized spoke magnet rotors and the shell magnets in radially magnetized surface magnet rotors.

Such permanent magnets are easy and inexpensive to produce by press sintering and subsequent sawing and / or grinding. The attachment of the permanent magnets in the rotor or stator by gluing on or in the main body of the rotor or stator, by using fasteners such as springs, by embedding, for example in plastics, or especially in surface magnets by mounting a ring of a paramagnetic material the rotor or stator with pre-assembled permanent magnets.

The positioning and fixing of the permanent magnets is complex. The bonding processes place high demands on the cleanliness of the adhesive partners and are considered not environmentally friendly. And the adhesive or fastener form or require a paramagnetic gap or air gap, resulting in magnetic flux losses.

It is also known to sinter the permanent magnets together with the main body of the rotor or stator, whereby a subsequent attachment of the permanent magnets is eliminated.

Disclosure of the invention

Object of the present invention is to provide a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electric machine, which is made independently of the rotor or stator, which is easily attachable in the rotor or stator, wherein the flow losses caused by a fastener are reduced or even Do not occur, and / or in the case of buried magnets, a magnetic short between the poles of the rotor or stator is avoided. Another object of the invention is to provide a rotor or stator for an electrical machine which, in comparison to conventional machines, either has a greater torque density or allows a smaller size, and which has a reduced torque ripple and smaller cogging torques. Another object of the invention is to provide a method of manufacturing the rotor or stator.

The object is achieved with a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is made in one piece and has a base that limits it, wherein on the base an Anformung is arranged, which is raised relative to the base ,

The object is further achieved with a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is made in one piece and has two permanent magnet areas, wherein the first of the permanent magnet areas has a base that limits it, and wherein the second of the Permanent magnet areas relative to the first of the permanent magnet areas is so twisted and / or offset that it forms a relation to the base raised Anformung.

In a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, the Anformung can be used to prevent movement of the permanent magnet in a direction of the rotor or stator. It is preferred that the molding prevents movement of the permanent magnet in the radial, axial and / or tangential direction. The Anformung forms in Rotor or stator therefore a fastener for the permanent magnet. By Anformung can be dispensed with a fastener that fixes the permanent magnet against movement, and / or gluing of the permanent magnet in the rotor or stator. Flow losses caused by a paramagnetic gap caused by the adhesive or by an air gap required for a fastener are thereby avoided.

Depending on the arrangement and shape of the Anformung, it is also possible to position the permanent magnet in the main body of the rotor or stator so that a magnetic short circuit between the poles of the rotor or stator is avoided.

The Anformung is preferably designed so that the forces absorbed by it are as large as possible. At the same time, it is preferable for the volume of the permanent magnet to be as small as possible.

Particularly preferably, the molding in the rotor or stator forms an undercut. The permanent magnet is the base body of the rotor or stator then no longer in the direction in which the Anformung undercuts the body, removable. It is therefore not only positioned in the recess of the rotor or stator, but fixed by the Anformung in the body

In order to inexpensively produce the permanent magnet, it is preferred that it be made by a process based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing.

In a process based on extrusion or spraying, the powdery material from which the permanent magnets are made is bound with a plastic and / or wax. Subsequently, the permanent magnet is formed with its Anformung. Optionally, the plastic and / or wax are removed afterwards. The permanent magnet then has the Anformung before sintering.

In a press-based process, the powdery material from which the permanent magnets are made is formed into a mold that already has the moldings. The permanent magnets are, for example, individually shaped, or there are several permanent magnets formed as a strand and separated after sintering only from each other. Also in this method, the molding is already formed prior to sintering of the permanent magnet.

In a method based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing, therefore, the permanent magnet already exhibits the molding when sintered.

In a preferred embodiment, the permanent magnet is produced by means of metal injection molding, multi-component metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding, multi-component ceramic injection molding, extrusion with plastic-bonded permanent magnet or plastic injection molding. As a result, the permanent magnet can be produced in spite of the molding without costly reworking such as sawing and / or grinding. The required reworking is therefore considerably less than in a conventional production, in which a permanent magnet block is produced by sintering, and the permanent magnets are made with their Anformung by subsequent sawing and / or grinding of the permanent magnet block.

The object is further achieved with a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electric machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor having a first permanent magnet region and a second identical permanent magnet region, which are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other and along an extension direction of the permanent magnet transverse to the mirror surface Have cross-sectional change, wherein the permanent magnet is made in one piece with a based on extrusion, spraying or pressing method. Due to the change in cross section, the permanent magnet in the rotor or stator is held at least in one direction of the rotor or stator. Depending on the shape and arrangement of the permanent magnet no holding means for fixing the permanent magnet in the rotor or stator are needed.

The object is also achieved with a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is produced in one piece by means of a extrusion or injection molding or pressing method, and which is U-shaped. The permanent magnet preferably has two side legs and a connecting leg, wherein the side legs are arranged at an angle greater than or equal to 90 ° on the connecting leg. A U-shaped permanent magnet can be inserted in the axial direction into a recess of the rotor or stator, without the need for further fastening means. Due to its u-shape of the permanent magnet in and against the radial and in and against the tangential direction can be fixed without further fastening means in the rotor or stator.

Preferably, the permanent magnet at least partially comprises a rare earth metal, in particular neodymium. Further preferably, the permanent magnet is plastic bonded. A proportionately a rare earth metal containing permanent magnet is preferably produced by means of metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding. The invention is not limited to such permanent magnets. But it also includes other permanent magnets such as ferrite magnets, plastic-bonded ferrite magnets or other magnets.

The base is preferably flat, circular or arcuate. In addition, it is preferable for the base area to delimit a basic shape of the permanent magnet, which is preferably formed point-symmetrically or axially or surface-symmetrically. The basic form is particularly preferably a cuboid, a cube, a circular cylinder, a circular hollow cylinder, a parabolic cylinder, a parabolic hollow cylinder or a section of such a cylinder.

The molding is bounded by an adjacent interface which extends at an angle to the base, which is preferably greater than 30 °. In a preferred embodiment, the angle is a right angle. An angle greater than 90 ° is also preferred. Further preferably, the Anformung punctiform, web-shaped, ramp-shaped, step-shaped, pin-shaped or dovetail-shaped. But there are any other forms possible.

In a preferred embodiment, the Anformung extends in a direction of the permanent magnet only over part of the base area. When the Anformung at one end of the permanent magnet, it holds this in or against the direction. By placing the molding on a fraction of its length in that direction, it holds it in and against the direction.

In a preferred embodiment, the permanent magnet has grooves in which a dielectric is arranged. Preferred non-conductors are plastics, a ceramic or air. It is crucial for the choice of a plastic that it is suitable for the forces to be absorbed and has sufficient temperature resistance. Or in a further preferred embodiment, the permanent magnet is formed of a plurality, in particular the same, partial magnets, between which a non-conductor is arranged. In this case, suitable as non-conductor of the plastic or ceramic. The non-conductor causes a magnetic and electrical separation, are reduced by the eddy current losses occurring in the magnet.

It is further preferred that the permanent magnet is sheathed with a soft iron metal and / or the Anformung is formed of a soft iron metal. The soft iron metal is preferably a ferromagnetic metal. The sheathing of the permanent magnet with the soft iron metal and / or the production of the Anformung from the soft iron metal are in one piece when manufacturing the permanent magnet by means of an extrusion, spraying or pressing-based method. Preference is then given to using multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding for the production. A permanent magnet coated with a soft iron metal preferably requires no further protection against corrosion. And a formation formed of soft iron metal does not affect the symmetry of the magnetic flux profile. In a preferred embodiment, the Anformung is integrated into the sheath. Integrating the Anformung in the shell is simple and inexpensive with the above methods possible.

The object is further achieved with a permanent magnet for a rotor or stator of an electrical machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is manufactured in one piece by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding and a magnet portion made of a magnetic material and a comprises soft iron made of a soft iron metal, wherein the soft iron portion forms a fastening means for securing the permanent magnet in the rotor or stator. The production of a permanent magnet by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding is cost-effective without costly reworking. And a fastener formed from a soft iron metal does not affect the symmetry of the magnetic flux trace. It is preferred that the soft iron metal encase the permanent magnet, so that a further corrosion protection is preferably eliminated.

The object is further achieved with a rotor or stator for an electrical machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with a particular permanent magnet according to the invention, and a base body which extends concentrically about an axis, wherein the permanent magnet is disposed in a recess of the base body and a projection which holds it in a radial, axial and / or tangential direction to the axis.

For this, the cross section of the recess changes. It is preferred that the cross section of the recess changes corresponding to the change in cross section of the molding. Then the permanent magnet is not only positioned in the body, but also fixed.

The permanent magnet is preferably manufactured in one piece. He is particularly preferred with a on Extrusion, spraying or pressing based processes. This makes it possible to form the molding without expensive reworking such as sawing, drilling, grinding and / or milling.

Preferably, the molding is raised relative to a base surface delimiting the permanent magnet. Particularly preferably, the molding is punctiform, web-shaped, ramp-shaped, step-shaped, pin-shaped or dovetail-shaped. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the molding in the rotor or stator forms an undercut.

The recess of the base body, in which the permanent magnet is arranged, is arranged in a preferred embodiment within the base body. As a result, the permanent magnet in the radial direction does not extend beyond the body surface bounding the body facing the axis and away from the outer surface. In this embodiment, the recess forms a pocket in which the permanent magnet is received.

Also preferably, the recess is arranged on the base body. In this embodiment, the permanent magnet extends beyond the axially facing or achsabgewandte outer surface of the base body. Particularly preferably, the recess of this embodiment has a change in cross section in the radial direction. Most preferably, the recess and the molding of the permanent magnet of this embodiment are dovetail-shaped. The permanent magnet is then held in the radial direction on the permanent magnet.

It is preferable that the undercut holds the permanent magnet at least in the radial direction of the rotor or stator. Also preferably, it holds the permanent magnet alternatively or additionally in the axial and / or tangential direction to the axis.

The object is further achieved with a rotor or stator for an electric machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with a permanent magnet having a change in cross section, and with a base body which extends concentrically about an axis, wherein the permanent magnet in a recess the base body is arranged, and wherein the cross-sectional change forms an undercut, which holds the permanent magnet in a radial, axial and / or tangential direction to the axis. In a preferred embodiment, the permanent magnet on a first permanent magnet region and a second identical permanent magnet region, which are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other to a mirror surface and each have along a direction of extension of the permanent magnet transverse to the mirror surface a change in cross section. Particularly preferably, the permanent magnet of the rotor or stator is manufactured in one piece with a method based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing. In a preferred embodiment, the change in cross section is formed by a raised to a base surface of the permanent magnet Anformung of the permanent magnet.

The object is further achieved with a rotor or stator for an electric machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with a permanent magnet, and with a base body which extends concentrically about an axis, wherein the permanent magnet is arranged in a recess of the base body, and a holding means made of a soft iron metal, which holds it in a radial, axial and / or tangential direction to the axis. The permanent magnet of the rotor or stator is preferably produced in one piece by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding and comprises a magnetic component made of a magnetic material and a soft iron component made of the soft iron metal.

The object is further achieved with a rotor or stator for an electrical machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with a magnet in the radial direction of the rotor or stator permanent magnet, which is U-shaped.

In order to arrange the permanent magnet in the recess of the rotor or stator, it is preferred in one embodiment, depending on the arrangement and shape of the molding, that this be made of a plurality of basic body parts. The main body parts are preferably produced independently of one another. Also preferably, they are joined to one another at a connection surface which is arranged in the region of the molding. Most preferably, they are identical in construction.

In a preferred embodiment, the connection surface extends transversely to the axial direction. Preferably, the rotor or stator is mirror-symmetrical to the connection surface. In this embodiment, it is preferred that a plurality of permanent magnets according to the invention are arranged one behind the other in the axial direction. Then, in one embodiment, it is further preferred that the permanent magnets are arranged mirror-symmetrically to the connection surface.

In the case of a rotor or stator made of a plurality of main body parts, it is preferable for the basic body parts to be twisted relative to one another to reduce the torque ripple and the cogging torques of the rotor or stator.

Particularly preferably, the base body is formed from lamellae. The main body parts are then each made of a plurality of disk packs, which are connected to each other either before the joining or after the joining of the basic body parts to the body, in particular by stamped package. The joining of the main body parts is preferably carried out by stamped packetizing or when joining the main body parts on a shaft of the rotor or stator. However, it is also preferred to produce the main body or the main body parts each from a solid body.

The object is further achieved with an adjusting drive, in particular for a motor vehicle, which comprises a motor with such a rotor or stator. Such an adjustment is, for example, a tailgate drive, a window lift drive, a servo drive, a wiper, a fan or a Sitzverstellantrieb. Furthermore, the object is achieved with a hand tool with a motor comprising such a rotor or stator. Such a hand tool machine is for example a drill, a jigsaw or an electric scissors. The motor is preferably a DC motor. Further preferably, the motor is a synchronous motor.

• – Herstellen von zumindest zwei Grundkörperteilen,
• – Fügen des Dauermagneten in eines der Grundkörperteile, oder Fügen eines oder mehrerer Dauermagnete in die Grundkörperteile, und
• – Aneinanderfügen der Grundkörperteile zum Grundkörper.

The object is further achieved with a method for producing a rotor or stator, which has a main body and at least one permanent magnet according to the invention, wherein the permanent magnet is arranged in a recess of the main body, with the successive steps:

• Producing at least two main body parts,
• - Adding the permanent magnet in one of the body parts, or joining one or more permanent magnets in the body parts, and
• - Joining the basic body parts to the main body.

The method makes it possible to add permanent magnets that have a molding in a rotor or stator. Such permanent magnets are still available with this method in the rotor or stator, if the Anformung in the rotor or stator forms an undercut through which the permanent magnet the rotor or stator is not removed without damaging or destroying it.

It is preferred that the main body is made of a plurality of fins to avoid eddy current losses. In this embodiment, the production of the two or more main body parts preferably comprises the joining of the lamellae to the main body parts. The lamellae of the basic body parts are connected to one another either before or after the joining of the basic body parts to the basic body, in particular by means of stamped packetizing.

In order to reduce the torque ripple, it is further preferred in this method that the basic body parts are joined together in a tangential direction to one another in a twisted manner. It is preferred that either the plurality of permanent magnets according to the invention in the rotor or stator are arranged rotated to each other, or that a permanent magnet according to the invention to each other twisted and / or offset permanent magnet regions.

In the following the invention will be described with reference to figures. The figures are merely exemplary and do not limit the general idea of the invention.

1 shows in (a) a section of a main body of a rotor in a sectional view transverse to an axial direction of the rotor, in (b) sections of a sectional image through the rotor from (a) along the axial direction, and in (c) and ( d) in each case a section of a sectional view through the rotor from (a) along the axial direction, wherein in (b) no permanent magnet and in (c) and (d) permanent magnets are shown;

2 shows in (a) a section of another rotor in a sectional view transverse to the axial direction, in (b) a section in a sectional view through the rotor from (a) along the axial direction, in (c) and (d) in each case an embodiment a permanent magnet according to the invention, in (e) a section of a further rotor in a sectional view transverse to the axial direction, wherein in the rotor of the permanent magnet of (c) is arranged, and in (f) a section through the rotor of (e) in one Sectional view along the axial direction;

3 shows in (a) a section of a rotor in a sectional view transverse to the axial direction, in (b) and (d) respectively a front view and in (c) and (e) each have a side view of two embodiments of permanent magnets for the rotor (a);

4 shows in (a) and (c) in each case a section of a further rotor in cross-sectional images transverse to the axial direction, and in (b) the rotor in a sectional view along the axial direction;

5 shows a detail of a further embodiment of a rotor in a perspective view;

6 shows in (a) and (c) each a section of a rotor in cross-sectional images transverse to the axial direction, in (b) the rotor in a sectional view along the axial direction, and in (d) a permanent magnet for the rotor of (a) - (c);

7 shows in (a) a permanent magnet according to the invention, in (b) a section of a rotor with the permanent magnet of (a) in a sectional view transverse to the axial direction and in (c) a section of the rotor of (b) in a sectional view the axial direction;

8th shows in (a) - (d) embodiments of various permanent magnets;

9 shows in (a) and (b) further embodiments of various permanent magnets; and

10 shows in (a), (c) and (d) respectively sections of different rotors in cross-sectional images transverse to the axial direction and in (b) a section of another rotor in a sectional view along the axial direction;

11 shows a section of another rotor in a sectional view transverse to the axial direction.

The following embodiments all show rotors 2 for an electric machine. The invention is not on rotors 2 limited but equally applicable to stators. It is suitable for both internal rotor and external rotor.

The rotor 2 of the 1 has a basic body 20 on, in the recesses 22 are arranged. The recesses 22 are even in a tangential direction 32 of the rotor 2 distributed provided. In the recesses 22 are each two permanent magnets 1 . 1' arranged adjacent to each other. The permanent magnets 1 . 1' are in a body 20 of the rotor 2 arranged buried.

The permanent magnets 1 . 1' have a cuboidal basic shape here. They are by a footprint 13 . 13 ' limited and each have a Anformung 12 . 12 ' on, the opposite the base 13 . 13 ' is sublime.

The formation 12 . 12 ' is formed web-shaped. She points one to the base 13 . 13 ' adjacent interface 15 . 15 ' on that at a right angle 6 to the base area 13 . 13 ' is arranged.

In the rotor 2 rise the moldings 12 the permanent magnets 1 . 1' each in a radial direction 31 of the rotor 2 opposite the base 13 . 13 ' , where the base area 13 . 13 ' in an axial direction 30 of the rotor 2 extends. The main body 20 points in the axial direction 30 a length L on, with the moldings 12 . 12 ' in the main body 20 are arranged approximately at half the axial length L. They are therefore inside the rotor 2 between them in the axial direction 30 opposite ends of the rotor 2 arranged. In the rotor 2 form the moldings 12 . 12 ' one undercut each, the permanent magnet 1 . 1' in the axial direction 30 fixed.

Because the moldings 12 . 12 ' inside the rotor 2 are arranged, are the permanent magnets 1 . 1' the rotor 2 after its completion no longer without damage or destruction of the rotor 2 removable.

In the embodiment of 1 (c) are in every recess 22 of the rotor 2 two such permanent magnets 1 . 1' arranged, which are identical in construction. They are mirror-symmetrical to a connecting surface 7 arranged adjacent to each other. The interface 7 extends transversely to the axial direction 30 here at half the axial length L of the rotor 2 ,

To the rotor 2 with the permanent magnets 1 . 1' manufacture, becomes the basic body 20 manufactured step by step. This shows the 1 (b) , First, basic body parts 201 . 201 ' made, the recesses 22 . 22 ' having, which to the shape of the two permanent magnets 1 . 1' are each formed correspondingly. In the area where the permanent magnets 1 . 1' each have the basic shape, have the recesses 22 . 22 ' each the size and shape of the basic form. In the area in which each of the moldings 12 . 12 ' in the basic body part 201 . 201 ' are arranged, the recesses 22 . 22 ' about the size and shape of the moldings 12 . 12 ' formed larger. This area for the formations 12 . 12 ' is here with the reference numbers 221 . 221 ' designated.

In the present embodiment, the main body 20 or are the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' from a variety of slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' produced. In principle, the production of the main body 20 or the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' but also possible from solid bodies.

The slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' are combined to form disc packs. Here are two different types of lamellae 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' needed, depending on the size and shape of the required recess 22 . 22 ' at the axial position of the rotor 2 at which the respective lamella 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' is arranged.

The in the 1 (c) shown permanent magnets 1 . 1' are identical here, and the connection surface 7 is at half the axial length L of the rotor 2 intended. But it is also conceivable, differently shaped permanent magnets 1 . 1' to use and the connecting line 7 to move. It can be one of the permanent magnets 1 . 1' no molding 12 have, wherein the second of the permanent magnets 1 . 1' the formation 12 having. However, it is preferred that both permanent magnets 1 . 1' each an Anformung 12 . 12 ' have, as the Anformung 12 . 12 ' the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in an axial direction 30 fixed. In principle, the formations 12 . 12 ' but in the axial direction 30 be formed differently wide. The important thing is that the connecting line 7 in the area of molding 12 . 12 ' is provided so that the one or more permanent magnets 1 . 1' with molding 12 . 12 ' in the basic body part assigned to them 201 . 201 ' and flush with the interface 7 are insertable.

After inserting the permanent magnets 1 . 1' each in the joining direction 9 . 9 ' into the main body parts 201 . 201 ' These will be on the interface 7 to a basic body 20 together.

The joining of the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' to basic body parts 201 . 201 ' or the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' to the main body 20 For example, by punching packetization. It is preferred, first, the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' by punching together, and the body parts 201 . 201 ' when joining on a shaft 300 of the rotor 2 to the main body 20 to add together, for example by caulking. But it is also possible, the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' only when joining on the shaft 300 , or the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' before joining on the shaft 300 connect to each other, for example by caulking.

The rotor 2 of the embodiment of 1 (d) has instead of two mirror-symmetrically arranged permanent magnet 1 . 1' only one permanent magnet 1 on. He is in the same in 1 (b) shown basic body 20 fügbar.

The permanent magnet 1 points two to the interface 7 mirror-symmetrically arranged, identically constructed permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 on. Both permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 each have a change in cross section, which by the Anformung 12 is formed. The cross-sectional changes each form an undercut, the permanent magnet 1 against movement in an axial direction 30 holds. The interface 7 is therefore in relation to the permanent magnet 1 a fictitious mirror surface 90 , The formation 12 is at half the axial length l / 2 of the permanent magnet 1 arranged. It rises in the radial direction 31 opposite the base 13 ,

To this permanent magnet 1 in the rotor 2 To add, it is also necessary here, first the two basic body parts 201 . 201 ' to manufacture. The interface 7 is also in the field of molding 12 provided, namely at half the axial length L / 2 of the rotor 2 ,

The permanent magnet 1 is first in the joining direction 9 in one of the two main body parts 201 inserted. Subsequently, the second basic body part 201 ' in the same joining direction 9 on the permanent magnet 1 postponed. Then the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' at the interface 7 to the main body 20 joined together.

The embodiment of the rotor 2 of the 1 (c) with two identical permanent magnets 1 . 1' has compared to the embodiment of 1 (d) with only one permanent magnet 1 the advantage that the body parts 201 . 201 ' in tangential direction 32 slightly twisted together can be joined together. As a result, the torque ripple and the cogging torques of the rotor 2 reduced.

The permanent magnets 1 . 1' of the rotor 2 of the 1 are made in one piece. Namely, they are manufactured by a process based on extrusion, spraying or pressing.

Depending on the used magnetic material are the permanent magnets 1 . 1' preferably produced by means of metal injection molding, multi-component metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding, multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding. The production with these methods has the advantage that they do not require extensive reworking of the permanent magnet 1 . 1' require, in contrast to the production of permanent magnets 1 . 1' by sintering, in which a subsequent cutting, sawing, drilling, milling or similar for the production of Anformung 12 . 12 ' is required.

The formation 12 or the formations 12 . 12 ' are in the in 1 shown embodiments in the main body 20 each in the radial direction 31 arranged to the outside. They are so in the body 20 arranged to form an undercut. The permanent magnet 1 or the permanent magnets 1 . 1' are the main body 20 of the finished rotor 2 or Stators no longer removable, without dividing or destroying it. In principle, such an undercut 12 , 12 'in any direction 30 . 31 . 32 of the rotor 2 possible.

Also with the rotor 2 of the 2 (a) , (b) point in the axial direction 30 successively arranged permanent magnets 1 . 1' one each in the radial direction 31 outwardly arranged Anformung 12 . 12 ' on. The formations 12 . 12 ' the permanent magnets 1 . 1' are inside the rotor 2 arranged and form an undercut. The permanent magnets 1 . 1' this rotor 2 also have a cuboid basic shape. They are different from those of 1 (c) by a larger radial height h. These are permanent magnets 1 . 1' for a spoke rotor 2 in which the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in tangential direction 32 of the rotor 2 are magnetized.

According to the rotor 2 out 1 Here is the basic body 20 of the rotor 2 from two main body parts 201 . 201 ' made after joining the two permanent magnets 1 . 1' into her basic body part 201 . 201 ' are joined together. In addition, the basic body 20 also from a variety of slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' manufactured. And there are also two different embodiments of slats here 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' required, depending on whether the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' are provided in an area where the permanent magnets 1 . 1' each their shape 12 . 12 ' or not.

The rotors 2 of the 2 (a) , (b) and the 1 differ by the shape of the main body 20 , And indeed, the permanent magnets 1 . 1' of the rotor 2 of the 2 (a) , (b) in the radial direction 31 below the permanent magnets 1 . 1' by one to the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' molded nose 28 held, and in the radial direction 31 above the permanent magnets 1 . 1' through two to the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' molded noses 29 , Between the two noses 29 above the permanent magnets 1 . 1' the area is open, which is shown by an arrow O. As a result, there is no magnetic short circuit between the magnetic poles N, S of the rotor 2 , To the magnetic short in the radial direction 31 below the permanent magnets 1 . 1' keeping small is the recess 22 trained there big. As a result, each between two adjacent permanent magnets 1 . 1' arranged segments 23 the slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' below the permanent magnets 1 . 1' only by a crossbar 27 interconnected, which is very narrow and therefore only allows a very small leakage flux.

The formation 12 . 12 ' the permanent magnets 1 . 1' fixes them in the axial direction 30 ,

The 2 (c) and (d) show permanent magnets 1 . 1' for spoke rotors 2 with cuboid basic shape and formations 12 that are not in the radial direction 31 but in and against the tangential direction 32 extend. The formations 12 of the permanent magnet of the 2 (c) are bar-shaped and their to the base 13 of the permanent magnet 1 adjacent outer surface 15 is at a right angle 6 to the base area 13 arranged. The formations 12 of the permanent magnet 1 of the 2 (d) are about pin-shaped and one of its outer surfaces 15 has an angle 6 to the base area 13 greater than 90 °. Also in these two embodiments, the permanent magnet 1 through his formations 12 each in the axial direction 30 fixed. The embodiment of the permanent magnet 1 of the 2 (d) is with the moldings 12 also in and against the radial direction 31 fixable.

The 2 (e) and (f) show a rotor 2 with the permanent magnet 1 of the embodiment 2 (c) , In this rotor 2 are the segments 23 laterally of the permanent magnet 1 through longitudinal webs 24 with a waveband 26 connected, in which a through hole is provided as a shaft receptacle. The recess 22 into which the permanent magnet 1 is joined extends to the waveband 26 , To the permanent magnet 1 against the radial direction 31 to fix is a spring 4 intended. In the radial direction 31 above the permanent magnet 1 are the segments 23 with a crossbar 25 connected to each other, the permanent magnet 1 in the radial direction 31 fixed. The crossbar 25 and the longitudinal ridge 24 are designed to be as narrow as possible, so that the stray fluxes flowing through them are as small as possible.

Visible is that the moldings 12 the permanent magnet 1 in the axial direction 30 fix.

Also the 3 shows permanent magnets 1 for spoke rotors 2 , The permanent magnets 1 have a cuboid basic shape. At their half radial height h, they have two formations 12 of which one in and the other against the tangential direction 32 extends. The formations 12 are each opposite a flat base 13 of the permanent magnet 1 sublime. In and against the radial direction 31 Make an undercut, making them the permanent magnet 1 in and against the radial direction 31 hold and the permanent magnet 1 the main body 20 of the rotor 2 not in or against the radial direction 31 is removable without damaging it.

This construction allows the between two adjacent permanent magnets 1 arranged segments 23 of the basic body 20 in the radial direction 31 above and / or below the permanent magnet 1 at least partially not connect to each other, and there so a magnetic short circuit above and / or below the permanent magnet 1 and thereby avoid leakage fluxes. In the illustrated embodiment are the segments 23 above the permanent magnet 1 not connected.

The formations 12 are formed web-shaped. In the embodiment of 3 (b) and (c) they extend only over part of the axial length l of the permanent magnet 1 , in the embodiment of the 3 (d) and (e) over the entire axial length l of the permanent magnet 1 ,

The formations 12 of the permanent magnet 1 of the 3 (b) and (c) therefore also form an undercut in an axial direction 30 , The permanent magnet 1 is thus only in an axial direction 30 in the recess 22 of the basic body 20 or of the body part provided for him 201 . 201 ' insertable. Or with arrangement of Anformung 12 inside the rotor 2 , For example, about half the axial length L of the rotor 2 (not shown) form the formations 12 in as well as against the axial direction 30 an undercut so that the rotor 2 only from independently manufactured basic body parts 201 . 201 ' can be made after joining the permanent magnet 1 be connected to each other.

The rotor 2 of the 4 points as permanent magnets 1 , 1 'uniformly in the tangential direction 32 distributed surface magnets on. Such surface magnets are usually in the radial direction 31 of the rotor 2 magnetized. They are designed here as shell magnets and have the shape of a in the axial direction 32 extending section of a circular hollow cylinder.

The permanent magnets 1 . 1' have two opposing outer surfaces 16 on, the permanent magnet 1 limit and move in the axial direction 30 as well as concentric about the axis 3 extend. The outer surfaces 16 are the permanent magnets by two 1 . 1' limiting base areas 13 . 13 ' connected to each other, where each Anformung 12 . 12 ' is arranged. The bases 13 . 13 ' are planar and extend in the radial direction 31 , In the radial direction 31 is the outer surface facing the axle 16 therefore narrower than the outer surface facing away from the axis 16 ,

The formations 12 . 12 ' each have an approximately wing-shaped form (s. 4 (c) ). They rise up against the bases 13 . 13 ' of which one in the 4 (c) is exemplified by a dashed line, respectively in or against the tangential direction 32 , As a result, the axis facing outer surface 16 the permanent magnet 1 each in the area of the formations 2 wider than the outer surface facing away from the axis 16 so that the moldings 12 . 12 ' Undercuts form the permanent magnets 1 . 1' each against displacement in the radial direction 31 to back up. The formations 12 . 12 ' also extend in the axial direction 30 only over a part of the axial length l of the permanent magnet 1 , As a result, they also form an undercut in the axial direction 30 ,

In the illustrated embodiment, the projections 12 . 12 ' approximately half the axial length L of the rotor 2 So inside the rotor 2 arranged. To the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in the main body 20 , the turn of lamellas 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' is made with two different slats cuts, arrange, the rotor 2 therefore as a two-part package of two main body parts 201 . 201 ' made at the interface 7 be joined together after the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in an axial direction 30 into the main body parts 201 , 201 'were inserted.

In every recess 22 of the basic body 20 are each two identical, mirror-symmetrical to the connection surface 7 arranged permanent magnets 1 . 1' in the axial direction 30 arranged adjacent to each other.

The embodiment of 5 also shows a surface magnet 1 for a rotor 2 with one in the radial direction 31 magnetized permanent magnet 1 , Also this permanent magnet 1 is concentric around the axis 3 arranged. He also has two opposing outer surfaces 16 on, the permanent magnet 1 limit and move in the axial direction 30 as well as concentric about the axis 3 extend.

The permanent magnet 1 is made in one piece. He has two each other in the tangential direction 32 staggered permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 on. The permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 are identical. Each of the permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 has the shape of a section of a circular hollow cylinder, wherein the outer surface facing the axis 16 each permanent magnet area 111 . 112 wider than the outer surface facing away from the axis 16 each permanent magnet area 111 . 112 is trained. The permanent magnet 1 is therefore against movement in and against the radial direction 31 secured.

Due to the tangential offset V, each of the permanent magnet regions 111 . 112 each an Anformung 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ on, facing one the permanent magnet 1 limiting and the outer surfaces 16 of the adjacent permanent magnet area ' 111 . 112 connecting floor space 13 ₁ , 13 ₂ raises. The moldings 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ and base areas 13 ₁ , 13 _{2 of} the respective permanent magnet areas is in the context of 5 each assigned an index. These formations 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ each form an undercut in an axial direction 30 , This is the permanent magnet 1 by the one Anformung 12 ₂ against a move in and through the other conformation 12 ₁ against displacement against the axial direction 30 secured.

To this rotor 2 to manufacture, become two main body parts 201 . 201 ' made separately, the permanent magnet 1 in the axial direction 30 into one of the main body parts 201 ' pushed in and then the second basic body part 201 at a connection surface 7 joined to this composite. The joining of the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' on a wave 300 (see, for example 6 ) takes place either subsequently, or the first basic body part 201 ' gets on the shaft 300 joined, then the permanent magnet 1 pushed in and then the second basic body part 201 when joining to the composite on the shaft 300 together.

When producing the basic body 20 from slats 21 only a single slat cut is required for this. It can also rotors 2 with permanent magnets 1 be prepared, several such in the tangential direction 32 mutually offset permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 and thus also one of several mutually offset Grundköperteilen 201 . 201 ' manufactured basic body 20 require. And the tangential offset V of the permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 has the advantage that the torque ripple and the cogging torque of this rotor 2 are small.

The 6 shows a rotor 2 with permanent magnets 1 , the two identical, cuboid and a rotation angle 66 twisted permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 exhibit. It shows the 6 (a) a section through the first body part 201 of the rotor 2 and the 6 (c) a section through the second basic body part 201 ' of the rotor 2 out 6 (b) , The permanent magnet 1 with its two permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 shows 6 (d) ,

Also about the rotation angle 66 twisted permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 each have an Anformung 12 ₁ , 12 _2, which is opposite to the permanent magnets a 1 limiting footprint 13 ₁ , 13 _{2 of} the adjacent permanent magnet region 111 . 112 rises. Because the two permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 around a central axis 67 twisted to each other, they each form two projections 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ with respect to the adjacent permanent magnet region 111 . 112 , The formations 12 ₁ , 12 _{2 of} the permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 are here designated with different indices, with each of the formations 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ , which is the one permanent magnet area 111 . 112 opposite to the other permanent magnet area 111 . 112 forms denoted by the same index.

These formations 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ each form an undercut in an axial direction 30 , This is the permanent magnet 1 by the one Anformung 12 ₁ against a move in and through the other Anformung 12 ₂ against displacement against the axial direction 30 secured.

Also for this rotor 2 become first two body parts 201 . 201 ' made, the permanent magnet 1 in the axial direction 30 into the first of the main body parts 201 pushed in and then the second basic body part 201 ' joined to this composite. The joining of the basic body parts 201 . 201 ' on the wave 300 takes place either concluding, or how to 5 already described one after the other. And also by this twisting can the torque ripple and the cogging torques of the rotor 2 be reduced. Because the permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 are constructed identical, are for the body parts 201 . 201 ' only slats 21 . 21 ' needed with the same slat cut.

The 7 shows in (a) a surface magnet 1 and in (b) and (c) each cutouts from a rotor 2 with the surface magnet 1 out 7 (a) that as molding 12 ₁ in the axial direction 30 having extending dovetailed web. The dovetailed web is concentric around the axis 3 extending footprint 13 arranged. He rises against the radial direction 31 from the base 13 where it is in the radial direction 31 rejuvenated. This is the permanent magnet 1 against movement in and against the radial direction 31 secured.

To the permanent magnet 1 against movement in and against the axial direction 30 To secure, he also has a second Anformung 12 ₂ , which is also web-shaped, extending in the tangential direction 32 extends and against the radial direction 31 from the base 13 rises. The two formations 12 ₁ , 12 ₂ are distinguished from each other by an index.

In the embodiment of the rotor 2 of the 7 (c) are two such in the axial direction 30 successively arranged permanent magnets 1 . 1' provided, which are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other. The second impression 12 ₂ , 12 ₂ 'of the permanent magnet 1 . 1' is each within the rotor 2 arranged.

Also this rotor 2 is made by first two basic body parts 201 . 201 ' produced, the permanent magnets 1 . 1' then each in their basic body part 201 . 201 ' in the axial direction 30 are inserted, and then the body parts 201 . 201 ' be joined together. This will be slats 21 . 21 ' . 211 . 211 ' two different slats required, since the second projections 12 ₂ , 12 ₂ 'within the body 20 are arranged.

The 8 (a) - (c) show by way of example permanent magnets 1 in which grooves 14 are provided with a non-conductor 5 , preferably with a plastic or a ceramic, are filled. The grooves 14 are either like in the 8 (a) and (b) shown on one side of the permanent magnets 1 arranged, or as in 8 (c) shown on opposite sides of the permanent magnets 1 , In these embodiments, as a non-conductor 14 also air conceivable. They have a width B of about 0.1-1.5 mm.

Unless the non-conductor 5 a plastic or a ceramic, are the permanent magnets 1 produced by means of a process based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing, in particular by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding, using air as non-conductor 5 using Metal Injection Molding or Ceramic Injection Molding or plastic injection molding.

As another variant shows the 8 (d) a permanent magnet 1 made of a variety of partial magnets 100 between which is a non-conductor 5 , in particular a plastic or a ceramic, is arranged. Also this permanent magnet 1 is manufactured in one piece by means of a process based on extrusion, spraying or pressing, in particular by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding.

The with the non-conductor 5 filled grooves 14 or the separation of the partial magnets 100 with the non-conductor 5 causes a magnetic and electrical separation through which the eddy current losses in the permanent magnet 1 are reduced.

In 9 are permanent magnets 1 shown a sheath 8th made of a soft iron metal. As a result, no additional corrosion protection is required. In addition, the formations used here as fasteners can be 12 easy to integrate into the soft iron metal. As well as the main body 20 of the rotor 2 is preferably made of a soft iron metal, affect these formations 12 not the magnetic flux. The flow of such a permanent magnet 1 then essentially corresponds to that of a permanent magnet 1 which has the basic shape.

In order to achieve a flow path of the magnetic flux which is as uniform as possible, it is therefore preferable in one embodiment for each of the projections 12 , in particular the embodiments of the 1 - 5 . 7 and 10 (d) to manufacture from soft iron metal.

Also the production of these permanent magnets 1 is made in one piece by means of multi-component metal injection molding or multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic injection molding.

In contrast to the embodiment of the permanent magnet 1 of the 3 in which the moldings 12 at half the radial height h of the permanent magnet 1 are arranged, the permanent magnet has 1 the embodiment of the 10 projections 12 on, which at the axle-facing end of the permanent magnet 1 are provided. Also these permanent magnets 1 are for spoke rotors 2 intended. They also have a cuboid basic shape. The formations 12 extend on opposite ground surfaces 13 in or against the tangential direction 32 and are each opposite the base area 13 sublime. The bases 13 are just trained. The formations 12 are web-shaped, extending over the entire axial length l of the permanent magnet 1 and have a triangular shape in cross section. Due to the triangular shape in cross section, they have an interface 15 on that at an angle 6 greater than 90 ° to the base 13 is arranged. They form an undercut, the permanent magnet 1 in a radial direction 31 holds.

Also with this rotor 2 are the segments 23 of the basic body 20 in the radial direction 31 above the permanent magnet 1 not connected to each other, so there is a magnetic short between the poles of the rotor 2 and thereby leakage fluxes are avoided.

To the permanent magnet 1 against movement in and against the axial direction 30 to secure, shows the 10 (b) exemplarily a rotor 1 each with two in the axial direction 30 successively arranged permanent magnets 1 . 1' , which are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other and each next to the first Anformung 12 ₁ , 12 ₁ ', here with the index 1 is marked, and the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in the radial direction 31 holds, a second Anformung 12 ₂ , 12 ₂ 'inside the rotor 2 which is here with the index 2 is marked. The second impression 12 ₂ , 12 ₂ 'is web-shaped and rises against the radial direction 31 from a second base 13 ₂ , 13 ₂ '. She holds the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in an axial direction 30 ,

Also the rotor 2 the embodiment of the 10 (b) is therefore a two-part package of two main body parts 201 . 201 ' made at the interface 7 be joined together after the permanent magnets 1 . 1' in an axial direction 30 into the main body parts 201 . 201 ' were inserted.

The 10 (c) and (d) each show a section of a rotor 2 , the one main body 20 has, in the recesses 22 for receiving one permanent magnet each 1 are provided. The permanent magnets 1 have a cross-sectional change that forms an undercut.

At the rotor 2 of the 10 (c) keeps the undercut the permanent magnet 1 in the radial direction 31 to the axis 3 ,

The permanent magnet 1 has a first permanent magnet region 111 and a second identical permanent magnet region 112 on, mirror-symmetrical to each other to a fictitious mirror surface 90 are arranged. The permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 each have a change in cross section along an extension direction of the permanent magnet regions 111 . 112 on. The extension direction is transverse to the mirror surface 90 and here is the radial direction 31 , The change in cross section is a taper or a widening in the radial direction 31 , The permanent magnet 1 Therefore, in cross section has the shape of a double cone.

The permanent magnet 1 is manufactured in one piece with a process based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing, in particular by means of metal injection molding, multi-component metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding, multi-component ceramic injection molding, extrusion with plastic-bonded permanent magnet or plastic injection molding.

The between adjacent permanent magnets 1 arranged segments 23 of the basic body 20 are here in the radial direction 31 above the permanent magnet 1 not connected to each other, so that this area is open O, and there can flow no leakage flux.

In this design of the rotor 2 or the permanent magnet 1 is the permanent magnet 1 in the axial direction 30 in the recess 22 insertable.

Also the permanent magnets 1 of the rotor 2 of the 10 (d) have the shape of a double cone in cross section. Compared to the rotor 2 the embodiment of the 10 (c) However, the permanent magnets are rotated by 90 ° in the recess 22 arranged. The extension direction is at these permanent magnets 1 hence the tangential direction 32 , and the undercut therefore keeps them in the tangential direction 32 ,

The between adjacent permanent magnets 1 arranged segments 23 this body 20 are also here in the radial direction 31 above the permanent magnet 1 not connected to avoid leakage flux.

At their side facing the axle are the segments 23 over a very narrow longitudinal ridge 24 with a waveband 26 connected, which includes a through hole as a shaft receiving. The recess 22 is in the radial direction 31 below the permanent magnet 1 chosen as large as possible, here too the stray flux over the longitudinal webs 24 keep as small as possible.

The Indian 11 illustrated rotor 2 has a U-shaped permanent magnet 1 on. The permanent magnet 1 has two side legs 17 and one the side legs 17 connecting connecting leg 18 on. The side legs 17 are in an arrangement angle 68 greater than 90 ° to the connecting leg 18 arranged.

Also this permanent magnet 1 has a first permanent magnet region 111 and a second identical permanent magnet region 112 on, the mirror-symmetrical to each other to the fictitious mirror surface 90 are arranged. The permanent magnet areas 111 . 112 also each have a change in cross section, in this case both in the radial and in the tangential direction 31 . 32 , Due to the change in cross section is the permanent magnet 1 against movement in the radial and tangential direction 31 . 32 secured. Also this permanent magnet 1 is in the axial direction 30 in the rotor 2 insertable.

It is also manufactured in one piece with a process based on extrusion, injection molding or pressing.

The in the 10 (c) and (d) as well 11 shown permanent magnet 1 are by a molding 12 (not shown), preferably within the rotor 2 is provided, in addition to a displacement in the axial direction 30 securable.

Claims (15)

Permanent magnet ( 1 ) for a rotor or stator ( 2 ) an electric machine, in particular an electrically commutated motor, which is manufactured in one piece, and a base ( 13 ), which delimits it, characterized in that it has an Anformung ( 12 ) at the base ( 13 ) is arranged and raised against this. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to the preamble of claim 1, wherein the base area ( 13 ) at a first permanent magnet region ( 111 ), characterized in that it has a second - in particular identically constructed - permanent magnet region ( 112 ) which is opposite to the first permanent magnet region ( 111 ) is so twisted and / or offset that he one opposite the base ( 13 ) sublimation ( 12 ). Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is produced by a process based on extrusion, injection or compression - in particular by means of metal injection molding, multi-component metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding, multi-component ceramic injection molding or plastic -Spritzguss. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base area ( 13 ) is flat, circular or arcuate. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base area ( 13 ) a basic form of the permanent magnet ( 1 ), which is formed point, line or surface symmetry, in particular as a cuboid, a cube, a circular cylinder, a parabolic cylinder or a section of a circular or parabolic cylinder. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the molding ( 12 ) through an interface ( 15 ), which is at an angle ( 6 ) to the base area ( 13 ), which is greater than 30 °, in particular at a right angle. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the molding ( 12 ) is punctiform, web-shaped, ramp-shaped, step-shaped, pin-shaped or dovetail-shaped. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it at least partially comprises a rare earth metal, in particular neodymium. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has grooves ( 14 ), in which a non-conductor ( 5 ), in particular a plastic, a ceramic or air, or that it consists of a plurality of partial magnets ( 100 ), between which a non-conductor ( 5 ), in particular a plastic or a ceramic. Permanent magnet ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is sheathed with a soft iron metal and / or the Anformung ( 12 ) is formed of a soft iron metal. Rotor or stator ( 2 ) for an electrical machine, in particular for an electrically commutated motor, with a permanent magnet ( 1 ), in particular according to one of the preceding claims, and a base body ( 20 ) concentric about an axis ( 3 ), wherein the permanent magnet ( 1 ) in a recess ( 22 ) of the basic body ( 20 ), characterized in that the permanent magnet ( 1 ) An Anformung ( 12 ) in a radial, axial and / or tangential direction (FIG. 30 . 31 . 32 ) to the axis ( 3 ) holds. Rotor or stator ( 2 ) according to claim 11, characterized in that the Anformung ( 12 ) an undercut with the main body ( 20 ). Rotor or stator ( 2 ) according to any one of claims 11-12, characterized in that the basic body ( 20 ) from one or more - in particular identical - basic body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ), which in the region of the Anformung ( 12 ) are joined together, wherein preferably the main body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ) are arranged rotated to each other. Adjusting drive, in particular for a motor vehicle, with a motor having a rotor or stator ( 2 ) according to any one of claims 11-13. Method for producing a rotor or stator ( 2 ), which has a basic body ( 20 ) and at least one permanent magnet ( 1 . 1' ) according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the permanent magnet ( 1 . 1' ) in a recess ( 22 ) of the basic body ( 20 ), with the successive steps: - producing - in particular joining - a plurality of lamellae ( 21 ) to at least two basic body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ), - joining the permanent magnet ( 1 ) in one of the main body parts ( 201 ), or joining one or more permanent magnets ( 1 . 1' ) in the main body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ), and - joining the basic body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ) to the main body ( 20 ) - in particular the main body parts ( 201 . 201 ' ) in the tangential direction ( 32 ) are twisted together.

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