DE102012208470A1 - Device and method for disconnecting and / or bridging connections for a battery cell - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a device (100) for disconnecting and / or bridging connections (110, 120, 250) for a battery cell (300), wherein the device (100) has a first electrode connection (110), wherein the first electrode connection (110 ) is connectable to a first port (120) via the device (100). The device (100) comprises a switching element (130), wherein the switching element (130) is designed to establish an electrical connection between the first electrode terminal (110) and the first terminal (120) in a primary switching state and in another switching state the electrical Interrupt connection between the first electrode terminal (110) and the first terminal (120). Further, the apparatus (100) comprises a destructible body (140), the destructible body (140) having a non-linear characteristic, the characteristic representing a relationship between a physical quantity and the strength of the destructible body (140) destructible body (140) is designed to keep the switching element (130) in the primary switching state in an intact state and to effect a switching of the switching element (130) in the other switching state in a destroyed state.

Description

State of the art

The present invention relates to a device for uncoupling and / or bridging connections for a battery cell.

A battery cell such as a lithium-ion battery should not be charged beyond the maximum allowed. To prevent this, the cell's connections are either disconnected (contactor) or bypassed. Similarly, the bridging of a damaged or sensory measurable low-power cell may be useful to increase the overall performance of the battery. State of the art are passive mechanical components, which z. B. by an overpressure in the cell (irreversible) deformed and thereby triggered. Common names are z. For example, terms such as "overcharge protection circuit", "overcharge safety device" (OSD) or "current interrupt device" (CID) are used in the following: The term OSD is used to represent all embodiments of these protective devices according to the prior art.

State of the art are also glass ampoules, which burst in fire sprinkler systems at a predetermined temperature and activate the sprinklers. According to the APIS proposal, the use as a thermal fuse in electrical engineering is state of the art.

The EP 2 228 849 A1 discloses a rechargeable battery having an electrode unit and a housing for mounting the electrode unit therein, wherein the housing changes depending on the internal pressure. The electrode assembly includes a separator and first and second electrodes disposed on two opposite sides of the separator.

Disclosure of the invention

Against this background, a device for disconnecting and / or bridging connections for a battery cell as well as a method for decoupling and / or bridging connections of a device for a battery cell according to the main claims is presented with the present invention. Advantageous embodiments emerge from the respective subclaims and the following description.

According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a device which can be installed in a battery cell (for example lithium-ion battery of an electric vehicle) and serves to separate or bridge the connections internally. In the device, a mechanical security element is integrated consisting of a destructible body and a switching element, which can be triggered by changing a physical quantity such as temperature or pressure. Advantageously, a device according to the invention can respond to different physical quantities.

The present invention provides a device for disconnecting and / or bridging connections for a battery cell, the device having a first electrode connection, wherein the first electrode connection can be connected to a first connection via the device, the device having the following features:
a switching element, wherein the switching element is designed to establish an electrical connection between the first electrode connection and the first connection in a primary switching state and to interrupt the electrical connection between the first electrode connection and the first connection in another switching state,
a destructible body, the destructible body having a non-linear characteristic, the characteristic representing a relationship between a physical quantity and the strength of the destructible body, the destructible body being configured to, in an intact condition, the switching element in the primary switching state hold and cause a switching of the switching element in the other switching state in a destroyed state.

A battery cell may be understood as a rechargeable storage for electrical energy, such as an accumulator. A battery cell can be understood as meaning a rechargeable secondary cell, secondary element or an accumulator. Battery cells may be connected in a series circuit and / or a parallel connection in a battery. A built-up of battery cells battery can be used in a vehicle. The vehicle may be a motor vehicle, such as a passenger car, a truck, another commercial vehicle, a truck, or a watercraft, such as a boat. The vehicle may be equipped with a hybrid drive or it may be an electric vehicle. The vehicle may have at least one battery as starter battery and / or traction battery. A device may consist of a switching element and a destructible body or at least comprise these two elements. The device may be referred to as an electromechanical unit and / or mechanical security element and / or electro-mechanical security element. The device can be considered a separate unit exist or alternatively be an integral part of a battery cell. The electrode terminal of the device can be designed to be connected to an electrode terminal of a galvanic element of a battery cell. The first terminal of the device may be configured to be connected to an external terminal of a battery cell. The switching element of the device may have at least two switching states. The switching element can be held by an intact destructible body in a primary switching state. In the primary switching state, an electrical connection can be made between the first electrode terminal and the first terminal of the device. The switching element may have a different switching state. In the other switching state, the electrical connection between the first electrode terminal and the first terminal may be interrupted. The switching element can change from the primary switching state to the other switching state if the destructible body is not intact, ie destroyed. The destructible body may be a hollow body and / or an ampule having a shell which has a higher strength than an interior of the body. The destructible body may have at least one fluid in its interior. The destructible body can also have at least two fluids with different thermal expansion coefficients in its interior. If the body has at least two fluids in its interior, a fluid may be a liquid and an at least second fluid may be a gaseous fluid such as air. The destructible body may be made of a material having a non-linear characteristic. The non-linear characteristic may represent the dependence of the strength on a physical quantity. Strength may be understood to mean a property of the body which represents a change in the original shape of the body without the action of the physical quantity; The body therefore deforms to different degrees (ie non-linear) when exposed to different degrees of physical magnitude. By a physical quantity, for example, a temperature, a pressure, a vibration, a shock and / or an acceleration can be understood. Under the intact state of the destructible body can be understood its basic form and or an undamaged form of the destructible body. The destructible body can be irreversibly deformed and / or destroyed. The triggering of the destructible body as a mechanical security element can decouple the connections, for example a battery cell. It is advantageous that a dangerous condition, for example, when used in a battery cell dangerous state of the battery cell, such as strong pressure increase, impending thermal outlier, or "thermal runaway" can be prevented by the approach presented here, in which the device as passive Protective mechanism can bring about a bridging. The device may simultaneously or alternatively respond to different hazardous conditions such as, for example, temperature rise and / or pressure increase.

Also favorable is an embodiment of the invention in which the switching element in the other switching state short-circuits the first terminal and a second terminal, wherein the second terminal is connected to a second electrode terminal. By short-circuiting the terminals, for example, when using the device in a battery cell, the battery cell can be bridged.

Also advantageous is an embodiment of the invention in which the switching element is designed to assume a secondary switching state and / or a tertiary switching state as the other switching state, wherein the switching element is formed, in the secondary switching state, the electrical connection between the first electrode and the first Terminal interrupt and in the tertiary switching state, the first terminal and shorted to a second terminal and to interrupt the electrical connection between the first electrode and the first terminal, wherein the second terminal is connected to a second electrode terminal. Different events can cause different reactions. In this case, the destructible body can react differently to pressure and / or temperature, for example, than to a blow and / or an acceleration. This can be achieved by a suitable non-linear characteristic. Also, the nature of the destructible body may have different nonlinear characteristics with respect to different physical quantities. The destructible body can consist of two sub-bodies, it being possible for the destructible body to be designed so that only one of the two sub-bodies is destroyed during an event and, in the case of another event, both sub-bodies are destroyed.

Further, the destructible body may also be configured to switch from the intact state to the destroyed state (also referred to as a non-intact state) by exceeding a threshold of a pressure on the body. The pressure increase or exceeding a threshold of the pressure can be understood as a physical quantity. An increase in pressure can be understood to mean an increase in pressure of the environment of the device. When using the device within a battery cell, for example, by a heating in the interior of the battery cell, a pressure increase can be observed, for example, due to a charging over the allowed Maximum out. Thus, explosion of the battery cell can be prevented by responding to the pressure rise.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the destructible body may be configured to change from the intact state to the destroyed state by a temperature rise. The destructible body can be destroyed when a pre-defined temperature threshold is exceeded. A fluid in the interior of the destructible body may expand due to an increase in temperature and convert the destructible body to a non-intact state.

In an additional or alternative embodiment, the apparatus comprises a heating coil and a connection for the heating coil, wherein the heating coil is arranged next to the destructible body, wherein the heating coil is formed, by heating the destructible body from the intact state to the destroyed state bring. Under a heating coil, a heating resistor can be understood. Under a heating coil, an electrical component that converts electrical energy into thermal energy, or heat, to be understood. At the connection for the heating coil, an electrical trigger for the heating coil can be arranged.

Further, according to another embodiment, the device may include a piezoelectric actuator, wherein the piezoelectric actuator is disposed adjacent to the destructible body, wherein the piezoelectric actuator is configured to bring the destructible body from the intact condition to the destroyed condition. A piezoelectric trigger can be understood as meaning a piezoactuator, the piezoactuator being designed to trigger or destroy the destructible body when a corresponding voltage is present.

Furthermore, the destructible body may be configured to bring it from the intact state to the destroyed state by means of impact and / or vibration and / or deformation. Under a destructible body that changes by impact and / or vibration and / or deformation in the non-intact state, a passive crash sensor can be understood. The destructible body may be destroyed if an acceleration above a predefined threshold occurs. Such acceleration can occur in an accident. Deformation of the housing in which the device is located can lead to destruction of the destructible body and thus trigger the device. A holder of the destructible body may be configured to transmit a shock and / or a deformation and / or a shock to the destructible body. The transmission described can be done by means of a sharp edge and / or another movably arranged component.

It is also advantageous if a resistor is connected in parallel with the switching element, wherein the resistor is designed to discharge the battery cell in the destroyed state of the destructible body. A resistor can be understood as meaning a two-pole passive electrical component for realizing an ohmic resistance. A resistor may have an electrical resistance above a predefined threshold. In order to bring about the fastest possible discharge (and thus bringing about the safe state), the resistance can be, for example, in the range of a few milliOhms; in extreme cases, it can even represent a quasi short circuit (sub-millihms). If a slower discharge is desired (in order to keep the thermal load low, resistance values in the range 10m-1Ohm can be selected) These values discharge a typical lithium-ion battery cell for electric vehicles in about 1h.

In an additional embodiment, a lead of the first terminal may be formed in a portion adjacent to the destructible body as a terminal portion thinned to another portion of the lead, the thinned portion being configured to heat the destructible body upon a rise of a current to bring the destructible body from the intact state to the destroyed state.

It is also favorable if, in one embodiment, the destructible body is designed as a glass ampoule. An embodiment of the destructible body as a glass ampoule may be advantageous, since the material reacts both cost-effective and to a thermal change, vibration and / or impact and / or shock as well as pressure with a non-linear strength characteristic.

Furthermore, in a particular embodiment, the destructible body can be arranged in a cell interior of a battery cell and the switching element can be arranged hermetically sealed relative to the cell interior. The interior of the cell can be understood to mean the interior of a device or a body in which the device according to the invention is used, such as a battery cell and / or a fuel cell. By separating the switching element hermetically from the cell interior, corrosion of contacts of the switching element can be prevented. By separating the Switching element of the cell interior, the electrical conductivity of the switching element can be maintained better and longer.

In an additional embodiment, the destructible body may be filled with a fluid. A fluid in the cell interior may have a different thermal expansion coefficient to the environment and to the material of the destructible body. The fluid can be designed such that it expands as far as heat at a predefined temperature threshold, that the destructible body is not destroyed and a shape of the body is changed from its basic shape.

Further, the fluid may be configured to cause a chemical reaction in the destroyed state of the destructible body. The fluid may be configured to chemically react with another fluid and / or material. For example, the fluid may be formed to bind substances from an electrolyte, for example in a battery cell, and thus further contain and / or prevent a critical state of the battery cell.

The present invention provides according to an embodiment of the invention a method for decoupling and simultaneously or alternatively bridging connections for a device for disconnecting and / or bridging connections for a battery cell, the method comprising the following step:
Triggering the destructible body in response to a physical amount, wherein the destructible body is brought from the intact state to the destroyed state.

One aspect of the method presented here is to increase the safety and performance of a battery by active removal of critical and / or aged battery cells using the example of a battery cell. For battery safety, an actively triggered bridging of battery cells with critical temperature, critical pressure and / or critical voltage curves is of great importance; For the battery performance (performance) has an actively triggered bridging of heavily aged or poor performance for other reasons cells with poor state of health has great importance.

The method presented here, or a device which has devices which implement this method, uses sensors for linking sensors (measured values, exceeding limiting values) and actuators (mechanical and optionally electrical components) into a battery cell, eg lithium ions Battery of an electric vehicle, installed and serve to disconnect the connections of the cell internally or to bridge) to ensure optimum performance and safety of a battery.

The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:

1 a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention;

2 a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention;

3 a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention using the example of a battery cell; and

4 Block diagram of a method of an embodiment of the present invention.

In the following description of preferred embodiments of the present invention, the same or similar reference numerals are used for the elements shown in the various figures and similarly acting, wherein a repeated description of these elements is omitted.

1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention. 1 shows a device 100 for disconnecting and / or bridging connections 110 . 120 for a battery cell. The device 100 has a first electrode terminal 110 , a first connection 120 , a switching element 130 as well as a destructible body 140 on. The switching element consists of a fixed part 132 of the switching element 130 and a preloaded contact tongue 135 , The pretensioned contact tongue can also act as a movable contact spring 135 be designated.

The first electrode connection 110 is with the switching element 130 connected via a line. The first connection 120 is with the switching element 130 connected via another line. The switching element 130 is in 1 shown in its primary switching state. About the switching element 130 is an electrical connection between the first electrode terminal 110 and the first connection 120 produced. The switching element 130 has a prestressed contact tongue 135 on. The preloaded contact tongue 135 becomes of the destructible body 140 to the fixed part 132 of the switching element 130 which is connected to the first electrode connection 110 connected, pressed and held in position.

1 shows the destructible body in the intact state. In the non-intact (ie, destroyed) state of the destructible body, not shown, the movable contact spring is released 135 from the stationary part 132 of the switching element 130 and the electrical contact between the first electrode terminal 110 and the first connection 120 is open or interrupted.

2 shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention. 2 shows in comparison to 1 advanced device 100 for disconnecting and / or bridging connections 110 . 120 for a battery cell. The device 100 points next to the already in 1 shown first electrode connection 110 , the first connection 120 , the switching element 130 with the fixed part 132 and the preloaded contact tongue 135 and the destructible body 140 a second connection 250 , a heating coil 260 , an electrical release 265 for the heating coil 260 , a high-impedance resistor 270 and a thinned connection area 280 on.

The second connection 250 is so in the range of the switching element 130 arranged that by means of the prestressed contact tongue 135 an electrical connection between the first port 120 and the second port 250 can be produced. In the in 2 shown primary switching state of the switching element 130 is no electrical connection to the second port 250 produced. The heating coil 260 is parallel to the destructible body 140 arranged. The heating coil 260 is connected to the electrical release 265 for the heating coil 260 , Furthermore, between the first electrode connection 110 and the first connection 120 a high impedance resistor 270 arranged. The line between the prestressed contact tongue 135 and the first connection 120 points in the area parallel to the destructible body 140 a thinned connection area 280 on.

3 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention using the example of a battery cell. That already in 2 shown embodiment of the device 100 for disconnecting and / or bridging connections 110 . 120 for a battery cell 300 , The device 100 is inside a battery cell 300 arranged. The battery cell has a galvanic element 310 on. The galvanic element 310 Can also be used as a cell wrap 310 be designated. The galvanic element 310 has two electrodes, one of which is connected to the first electrode terminal 110 and the other electrode 320 with the second connection 250 connected is. From the battery cell 300 are the first connection 120 and the second connection 250 led out and contacted from outside the battery cell.

The electrode 320 of the galvanic element 310 is permanent with connection 250 the cell 300 connected. electrode 110 of the element 310 is via a movable contact tongue 135 with connection 120 connected. If a limit is exceeded (temperature, current, pressure), the glass ampoule will burst 140 and the preloaded contact spring 135 disconnects from the connection 132 to electrode 110 and optionally provides a short circuit to connection in the further 250 ago. This is the galvanic element 310 uncoupled and optionally the cell 300 bridged. The device 100 can be on or in a battery cell 300 to get integrated.

In one embodiment, the device 100 a glass ampule 140 use a battery cell 300 decouple and / or separate. The glass ampoule is exposed to the cell interior, but the contacts are hermetically sealed against the cell interior to prevent corrosion of the contacts. Optionally, a liquid is filled inside the glass ampoule (hermetically sealed). This liquid can cause a desired chemical reaction when exiting, for example, bind substances from the electrolyte, raise the flame temperature, etc. A particular important advantage over some of the solutions used today is that the necessary to trigger ohmic resistance (which in normal operation to undesirable Losses leads) can be chosen significantly smaller. In some embodiments, it may even be zero, for example, in one embodiment, to the thinned terminal area 280 is omitted (without dilution in 3 ).

Another advantage is that no housing wall modification is necessary for a (passive and / or active) triggering via internal pressure. Current systems have a pop-up membrane in the outer wall, which folds down when pressure rises and triggers a desired short circuit. For this z. As the cell lid can be modified to accommodate this membrane.

4 shows a block diagram of a method of an embodiment of the present invention. The procedure 400 for disconnecting and / or bridging terminals for a battery cell has a step 410 triggering of the destructible body using a physical quantity, wherein the destructible body changes from the intact state to the non-intact, ie destroyed state.

Under the procedure 400 , or an electromechanical unit, which the method 400 A method of passive and active decoupling and bridging can be implemented Battery cells for the prevention and / or mitigation of accidents are understood.

One aspect of the method presented here 400 , or an electromechanical unit, which implements this method and embodiments in the 1 to 3 is the use of various readings and measures about the cells of a battery to control an actuator within a cell which can reversibly or irreversibly disconnect and / or bypass the cell in which it is installed for optimal performance and performance To ensure the highest possible safety of the cell. This is combined with a passive triggering device (thermal triggering glass ampoule) not used in this context until now.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method 400 one step 410 triggering, wherein the triggering takes place via an increase in pressure in the housing (ampoule implodes) and / or wherein the triggering takes place via an increase in temperature within the cell, and / or wherein the triggering takes place via a current increase through the cell (external short circuit, the dilution 280 in 3 heats up and releases the ampoule), leaving the diluted spot 280 can be omitted if this triggering criterion is not needed. Furthermore, according to a further embodiment in step 410 of triggering the triggering done electrically. About a stream of heating coil in 3 heats and triggers the ampoule. Hereby, any meaningful criteria, which for example were evaluated by an electronic system in triggers, can be used for triggering (eg aging). Whereby a piezoelectric material is used as an alternative to the heating coil, which changes its shape when the voltage applied by the trigger and breaks the ampoule. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the triggering can be done by vibration (impact) and / or by deformation. This represents a novel "passive crash sensor" for battery cells. If high accelerations occur in an accident, the ampoule breaks.

Deformed in an accident, the cell housing, with very serious consequences are expected then this deformation is transferred to the ampoule and leads to breakage / release. The holder of the ampoule is formed in accordance with one embodiment, in order to transmit the accelerations and / or deformations on the ampoule. Examples: sharp edge, which is pressed into the ampoule. Sharp edge, which moves at high accelerations and smashes the ampoule. Depending on the embodiment, the triggering takes place via all or a partial combination of the previous methods. Different reactions occur in different events. Examples: In a crash, it is advantageous if the cell is decoupled, but the cell is not bridged. This allows a passive mechanism in the cell to separate the entire battery string and thus provides protection for the battery protector (redundancy). Design options: More than a glass ampoule, a glass ampoule, which, however, breaks differently depending on the trigger. An optional high-impedance resistor causes a slow discharge of the cell after triggering and thus brings the cell into a safe state.

The embodiments described and shown in the figures are chosen only by way of example. Different embodiments may be combined together or in relation to individual features. Also, an embodiment can be supplemented by features of another embodiment.

Furthermore, method steps according to the invention can be repeated as well as carried out in a sequence other than that described.

If an exemplary embodiment comprises a "and / or" link between a first feature and a second feature, then this is to be read so that the embodiment according to one embodiment, both the first feature and the second feature and according to another embodiment either only first feature or only the second feature.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 2228849 A1 [0004]

Claims (15)

Contraption ( 100 ) for uncoupling and / or bridging connections ( 110 . 120 . 250 ) for a battery cell ( 300 ), the device ( 100 ) a first electrode terminal ( 110 ), wherein the first electrode terminal ( 110 ) over the device ( 100 ) with a first connection ( 120 ) is connectable, the device ( 100 ) has the following features: a switching element ( 130 ), wherein the switching element ( 130 ) is configured, in a primary switching state, an electrical connection between the first electrode terminal ( 110 ) and the first connection ( 120 ) and in another switching state, the electrical connection between the first electrode terminal ( 110 ) and the first connection ( 120 ) to interrupt; and a destructible body ( 140 ), whereby the destructible body ( 140 ) has a non-linear characteristic, the characteristic being a relationship between a physical quantity and the strength of the destructible body ( 140 ), whereby the destructible body ( 140 ) is formed, in an intact state, the switching element ( 130 ) in the primary switching state and in a destroyed state, a switching of the switching element ( 130 ) to effect the other switching state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to claim 1, wherein the switching element ( 130 ) in the other switching state, the first connection ( 120 ) and a second port ( 250 ), the second terminal ( 250 ) with a second electrode connection ( 320 ) connected is. Contraption ( 100 ) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the switching element ( 130 ) is configured to assume a secondary switching state and / or a tertiary switching state as the other switching state, wherein the switching element ( 130 ) is formed, in the secondary switching state, the electrical connection between the first electrode terminal ( 110 ) and the first connection ( 120 ) and in the tertiary switching state the first connection ( 120 ) with a second connection ( 250 ) and the electrical connection between the first electrode terminal ( 110 ) and the first connection ( 120 ), the second connection ( 250 ) with a second electrode connection ( 320 ) connected is. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) is formed by exceeding a threshold of pressure on the body ( 140 ) to change from the intact state to the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) is adapted to change by a temperature increase from the intact state to the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, with a heating coil ( 260 ) and a connection ( 265 ) for the heating coil ( 260 ), wherein the heating coil ( 260 ) next to the destructible body ( 140 ) is arranged, wherein the heating coil ( 260 ) is formed by heating the destructible body ( 140 ) to bring it from the intact state to the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, with a piezoelectric trigger, wherein the piezoelectric trigger next to the destructible body ( 140 ) is arranged, wherein the piezoelectric trigger is formed, the destructible body ( 140 ) from the intact state to the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) is designed to be brought by impact and / or vibration and / or deformation of the intact state in the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which a resistor ( 270 ) to the switching element ( 130 ) is connected in parallel, the resistance ( 270 ) is formed, in destroyed state of the destructible body ( 140 ) the battery cell ( 300 ) to unload. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which a connecting line of the first terminal ( 120 ) in an adjacent to the destructible body ( 140 ) arranged as a relation to a further region of the connecting line thinned connection area ( 280 ), wherein the thinned connection region ( 280 ) is formed, with a rise of a current heating of the destructible body ( 140 ) and the destructible body ( 140 ) to bring it from the intact state to the destroyed state. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) is formed as a glass ampule. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) in a cell interior of a battery cell ( 300 ) is arranged and the switching element ( 130 ) is hermetically sealed against the cell interior. Contraption ( 100 ) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the destructible body ( 140 ) is filled with a fluid. Contraption ( 100 ) according to claim 13, wherein the fluid is formed, in the destroyed state of the destructible body ( 140 ) to cause a chemical reaction. Procedure ( 400 ) for decoupling and / or bridging connections for a device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the method ( 400 ) has the following step: triggering ( 410 ) of the destructible body ( 140 ) responsive to a physical quantity, the destructible body ( 140 ) is brought from the intact state to the destroyed state.

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