DE102010036533B4 - Electric vehicle with electric machines on a front axle and a rear axle - Google Patents

Electric vehicle with electric machines on a front axle and a rear axle Download PDF

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DE102010036533B4
DE102010036533B4 DE102010036533.5A DE102010036533A DE102010036533B4 DE 102010036533 B4 DE102010036533 B4 DE 102010036533B4 DE 102010036533 A DE102010036533 A DE 102010036533A DE 102010036533 B4 DE102010036533 B4 DE 102010036533B4
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electric
axle
electric machines
rear axle
machines
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DE102010036533A1 (en
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Dr. Ambruster Daniel
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
    • B60K7/0007—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor being electric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K1/02—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units comprising more than one electric motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K17/00—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles
    • B60K17/34—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles
    • B60K17/356—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles having fluid or electric motor, for driving one or more wheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
    • B60K2007/0038—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor moving together with the wheel axle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
    • B60K2007/0092—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor axle being coaxial to the wheel axle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/40—Electrical machine applications
    • B60L2220/42—Electrical machine applications with use of more than one motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/40—Electrical machine applications
    • B60L2220/46—Wheel motors, i.e. motor connected to only one wheel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423—Torque
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/20—Drive modes; Transition between modes
    • B60L2260/28—Four wheel or all wheel drive
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Abstract

Elektrofahrzeug (10; 30)
mit einer Vorderachse (11; 31) und mit einer Hinterachse (14; 34) mit je zwei Rädern (12, 13; 32, 33) und mindestens einer Elektromaschine,
wobei jede Elektromaschine als Motor oder als Generator betrieben werden kann,
die Elektromaschinen (17, 18, 19 ,20 ;37, 38) an der Vorderachse (11;31) und an der Hinterachse (14; 34) unterschiedlich ausgelegt sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) ein kleineres maximales Drehmoment und eine kleinere Nenndrehzahl aufweisen als die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14;34),
die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) für eine vorgegebene Leistung derart ausgelegt sind, dass die Leistung mit der Drehzahl bis zur Nenndrehzahl linear ansteigt und oberhalb der Nenndrehzahl in einem Bereich konstant ist, und
die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34) für ein vorgegebenes Drehmoment derart ausgelegt sind, dass das maximale Drehmoment in einem Drehzahlbereich bis zur Nenndrehzahl konstant ist.

Figure DE102010036533B4_0000
Electric vehicle (10; 30)
with a front axle (11; 31) and with a rear axle (14; 34), each with two wheels (12, 13; 32, 33) and at least one electric machine,
each electric machine can be operated as a motor or as a generator,
the electrical machines (17, 18, 19, 20; 37, 38) on the front axle (11; 31) and on the rear axle (14; 34) are designed differently, characterized in that
the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) have a lower maximum torque and a lower nominal speed than the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34),
the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) are designed for a specified power in such a way that the power increases linearly with the speed up to the rated speed and is constant in a range above the rated speed, and
the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34) are designed for a predetermined torque in such a way that the maximum torque is constant in a speed range up to the nominal speed.
Figure DE102010036533B4_0000

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Elektrofahrzeug nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruch 1.The invention relates to an electric vehicle according to the preamble of claim 1.

Elektrofahrzeuge als elektrisch angetriebene Fahrzeuge sind bekannt. In neueren Entwicklungen ist jeder Achse oder sogar jedem Rad eine Elektromaschine zugeordnet, die ein Elektromotor oder ein Generator oder eine Elektromaschine ist, die als beides betrieben werden kann.Electric vehicles as electrically driven vehicles are known. In recent developments, each axle or even each wheel is associated with an electric machine that is an electric motor or a generator, or an electric machine that can be operated as both.

DE 20 2009 014 490 U1 offenbart ein Elektrofahrzeug nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruch 1. DE 20 2009 014 490 U1 discloses an electric vehicle according to the preamble of claim 1.

Die US 5 680 908 A schlägt vor, ein Elektrofahrzeug mit wenigstens einem Motor an einer ersten Achse und wenigstens einem Generator an einer zweiten Achse auszustatten.The U.S. 5,680,908 A proposes equipping an electric vehicle with at least one motor on a first axle and at least one generator on a second axle.

Die Druckschriften EP 1 547 853 B1 , EP 0 527 154 B1 , US 7 503 631 B2 , WO 2009 / 077 835 A1 und JP 2008 - 48 528 A beschreiben verschiedene Verfahren zur Ansteuerung der Elektromaschinen an verschiedenen Achsen eines Elektrofahrzeugs.The pamphlets EP 1 547 853 B1 , EP 0 527 154 B1 , U.S. 7,503,631 B2 , WO 2009/077 835 A1 and JP 2008 - 48 528 A describe different methods for controlling the electric machines on different axles of an electric vehicle.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es dagegen, den Antrieb eines Elektrofahrzeugs von der Auslegung des Elektrofahrzeugs her zu optimieren.In contrast, the object of the present invention is to optimize the drive of an electric vehicle in terms of the design of the electric vehicle.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch den Gegenstand des Anspruchs 1.This object is solved by the subject matter of claim 1.

Das Motordesign ist somit zwischen Vorderachse und Hinterachse grundsätzlich unterschiedlich.The engine design is therefore fundamentally different between the front axle and the rear axle.

Ein Vorteil dieser erfindungsgemäßen Auslegung ist es, dass einerseits die Hinterachse das maximale Drehmoment aufbringen kann, was aus fahrdynamischen Gründen vorteilhaft ist, andererseits über die Vorderachse bei Verzögerungen oder Talfahrten eine maximale kinetische Energie rekuperiert werden kann. Ein weiterer Vorteil dieser Auslegung ist es, dass die Elektromaschinen an der Vorderachse einen geringeren Durchmesser als die Elektromaschinen an der Hinterachse aufweisen können.An advantage of this design according to the invention is that on the one hand the rear axle can apply the maximum torque, which is advantageous for reasons of driving dynamics, and on the other hand maximum kinetic energy can be recuperated via the front axle when decelerating or driving downhill. Another advantage of this design is that the electric machines on the front axle can have a smaller diameter than the electric machines on the rear axle.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen erläutert, wobei die

  • 1 eine schematische Darstellung in Aufsicht eines Elektroantriebs eines Elektrofahrzeugs gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung darstellt; und
  • 2 eine schematische Darstellung in Aufsicht eines Elektroantriebs eines Elektrofahrzeugs gemäß einer zweiten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung darstellt.
The invention is explained below with reference to drawings, the
  • 1 shows a schematic representation in top view of an electric drive of an electric vehicle according to a first embodiment of the present invention; and
  • 2 shows a schematic representation in top view of an electric drive of an electric vehicle according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

1 zeigt schematisch ein Elektrofahrzeug 10 gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung mit einer Vorderachse 11 mit zwei lenkbaren Vorderrädern 12, 13 und einer Hinterachse 14 mit zwei Hinterrädern 15, 16. Jedem Rad ist eine Elektromaschine zugeordnet, wobei jede Elektromaschine als Motor oder als Generator betrieben werden kann. Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 sind gegenüber den Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 unterschiedlich ausgelegt. Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 sind für eine optimale Leistung ausgelegt und die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 sind für ein optimales Drehmoment ausgelegt. In der in 1 gezeigten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen beide Achsen 11, 14 zwei Elektromaschinen 17,18 auf, die jeweils einem Rad der Achse zugeordnet sind. 1 shows schematically an electric vehicle 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention with a front axle 11 with two steerable front wheels 12, 13 and a rear axle 14 with two rear wheels 15, 16. Each wheel is assigned an electric machine, with each electric machine operated as a motor or as a generator can be. The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed differently compared to the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14. The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed for optimal performance and the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14 are designed for optimal torque. in the in 1 shown embodiment of the invention, both axles 11, 14 on two electric machines 17,18, each associated with a wheel of the axle.

Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 des Elektrofahrzeugs 10 weisen einen kleineren Rotordurchmesser und einen kleineren Gehäusedurchmesser auf als die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14.The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 of the electric vehicle 10 have a smaller rotor diameter and a smaller housing diameter than the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14.

Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 weisen weiterhin eine geringere Massenträgheit auf als die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14.The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 also have a lower mass inertia than the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14.

Die Auslegung der Elektromaschinen erfolgt in Bezug auf eine Nenndrehzahl zum jeweiligen Auslegungskriterium. Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 sind für eine optimale Leistung ausgelegt und weisen eine Nenndrehzahl bezüglich dieser Leistungsauslegung auf. Die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 sind für ein optimales Drehmoment ausgelegt und weisen eine Nenndrehzahl bezüglich dieser Drehmomentauslegung auf. Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 weisen eine kleinere Nenndrehzahl auf als die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14.The electrical machines are designed in relation to a nominal speed for the respective design criterion. The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed for optimum performance and have a rated speed with respect to this performance design. The electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14 are designed for an optimal torque and have a rated speed with respect to this torque design. The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 have a lower nominal speed than the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14.

Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 sind derart ausgelegt, dass die Leistung mit der Drehzahl von null rpm (Umdrehungen pro Minute) bis zur Nenndrehzahl im Wesentlichen linear ansteigt und oberhalb der Nenndrehzahl in einem Bereich im Wesentlichen konstant ist. So kann einerseits in einem weiten Drehzahlbereich die eine maximale Energie rekuperiert werden und andererseits wird dieser Drehzahlbereich bei einer relativ niedrigen Nenndrehzahl und somit einer geringen Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit erreicht; relativ bezogen auf die Maximalgeschwindigkeit des Elektrofahrzeugs bzw. die sich daraus ergebende maximale Drehzahl aufgrund der Fahrzeugauslegung. Die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 sind als Innenläufer ausgeführt.The electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed in such a way that the power increases linearly with the speed from zero rpm (revolutions per minute) up to the rated speed and is essentially constant in a range above the rated speed. Thus, on the one hand, the maximum energy can be recuperated over a wide speed range and, on the other hand, this speed range is reached at a relatively low rated speed and thus at a low vehicle speed; relatively related to the maximum speed of the electric vehicle or the resulting maximum speed due to the vehicle design. The Electroma rails 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed as internal runners.

Die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 weisen ein größeres Drehmoment auf als die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11. Die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 sind derart ausgelegt, dass das maximale Drehmoment in einem Drehzahlbereich mit der Drehzahl von null rpm bis zur Nenndrehzahl im Wesentlichen konstant ist. So kann einerseits in einem weiten Drehzahlbereich ein maximales Drehmoment mittels der Hinterachse übertragen werden und andererseits erstreckt sich dieser Drehzahlbereich bei einer relativ hohen Nenndrehzahl und somit bis zu einer hohen Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit; relativ bezogen auf die Maximalgeschwindigkeit des Elektrofahrzeugs bzw. die sich daraus ergebende maximale Drehzahl aufgrund der Fahrzeugauslegung. Die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 sind als Innenläufer oder als Außenläufer ausgeführt.The electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14 have a greater torque than the electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11. The electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14 are designed in such a way that the maximum torque in a speed range with a speed of zero rpm is essentially constant up to the rated speed. On the one hand, a maximum torque can be transmitted by the rear axle over a wide speed range and, on the other hand, this speed range extends at a relatively high nominal speed and thus up to a high vehicle speed; relatively related to the maximum speed of the electric vehicle or the resulting maximum speed due to the vehicle design. The electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14 are designed as internal runners or as external runners.

Bei dem Elektrofahrzeug 10 sind die Elektromaschinen 17, 18 an der Vorderachse 11 zum Rekuperieren von mehr Bremsenergie als die Elektromaschinen 19, 20 an der Hinterachse 14 ausgelegt.In the electric vehicle 10, the electric machines 17, 18 on the front axle 11 are designed to recuperate more braking energy than the electric machines 19, 20 on the rear axle 14.

2 zeigt schematisch ein Elektrofahrzeug 30 gemäß einer zweiten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung mit einer Vorderachse 31 mit zwei lenkbaren Vorderrädern 32, 33 und einer Hinterachse 34 mit zwei Hinterrädern 35, 36. Jeder Achse ist eine Elektromaschine 37, 38 und ein Differential 39, 40 zugeordnet, wobei jede Elektromaschine 37, 38 als Motor oder als Generator betrieben werden kann. Die Elektromaschine 37 an der Vorderachse 31 ist gegenüber der Elektromaschine 38 an der Hinterachse 34 unterschiedlich ausgelegt. Die Elektromaschine 37 an der Vorderachse 31 ist für eine optimale Leistung ausgelegt und die Elektromaschine 38 an der Hinterachse 34 ist für ein optimales Drehmoment ausgelegt. In der in 2 gezeigten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen beide Achsen 31, 34 jeweils genau eine Elektromaschine und ein Differential 39, 40, die beiden Rädern der Achse zugeordnet sind, auf. 2 shows schematically an electric vehicle 30 according to a second embodiment of the present invention with a front axle 31 with two steerable front wheels 32, 33 and a rear axle 34 with two rear wheels 35, 36. Each axle is assigned an electric machine 37, 38 and a differential 39, 40, each electric machine 37, 38 can be operated as a motor or as a generator. The electric machine 37 on the front axle 31 is designed differently from the electric machine 38 on the rear axle 34 . The electric machine 37 on the front axle 31 is designed for optimal power and the electric machine 38 on the rear axle 34 is designed for optimal torque. in the in 2 In the embodiment of the invention shown, both axles 31, 34 each have exactly one electric machine and a differential 39, 40, which are assigned to the two wheels of the axle.

Die unterschiedliche Auslegung der Elektromaschine 37 an der Vorderachse 31 und der Elektromaschine 38 an der Hinterachse 34 erfolgt vorteilhaft entsprechend weiteren Ausgestaltungen wie zu dem Elektrofahrzeug 10 in Verbindung mit 1 beschrieben.The different design of the electric machine 37 on the front axle 31 and the electric machine 38 on the rear axle 34 is advantageously carried out according to further configurations such as the electric vehicle 10 in connection with 1 described.

Neben den in 1 und 2 gezeigten Ausführungsformen sind weitere nicht gezeigte Ausführungsformen möglich mit einer Achse mit zwei Elektromaschinen und einer Achse mit einer Elektromaschine sowie einem Differential möglich, wobei jede Elektromaschine als Motor oder als Generator betrieben werden kann. Auch dabei sind die Elektromaschinen an der Vorderachse und an der Hinterachse unterschiedlich ausgelegt, so dass die Elektromaschinen an der Vorderachse für eine optimale Leistung ausgelegt sind und die Elektromaschinen an der Hinterachse für ein optimales Drehmoment ausgelegt sind; wiederum mit den oben beschriebenen vorteilhaften Ausgestaltungen.In addition to the 1 and 2 embodiments shown, further embodiments not shown are possible with an axle with two electric machines and an axle with an electric machine and a differential, with each electric machine being able to be operated as a motor or as a generator. Here, too, the electric machines on the front axle and on the rear axle are designed differently, so that the electric machines on the front axle are designed for optimal power and the electric machines on the rear axle are designed for optimal torque; again with the advantageous configurations described above.

Die vorliegende Erfindung ermöglicht eine Optimierung der Auslegung eines Elektrofahrzeugs im Hinblick auf die Fahrdynamik und den Gesamtenergieverbrauch, indem an der Hinterachse ein maximales Drehmoment erzeugt wird und an der Vorderachse ein Maximum an Energie rekuperiert wird. Die Erfindung ist auch auf Fahrzeuge mit mehr als zwei Achsen anwendbar, wobei eine Auslegung entsprechend der Position der hinzukommenden Achse erfolgt.The present invention enables the design of an electric vehicle to be optimized with regard to the driving dynamics and the overall energy consumption by generating a maximum torque on the rear axle and recuperating a maximum of energy on the front axle. The invention is also applicable to vehicles with more than two axles, in which case the design is based on the position of the axle to be added.

Claims (8)

Elektrofahrzeug (10; 30) mit einer Vorderachse (11; 31) und mit einer Hinterachse (14; 34) mit je zwei Rädern (12, 13; 32, 33) und mindestens einer Elektromaschine, wobei jede Elektromaschine als Motor oder als Generator betrieben werden kann, die Elektromaschinen (17, 18, 19 ,20 ;37, 38) an der Vorderachse (11;31) und an der Hinterachse (14; 34) unterschiedlich ausgelegt sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) ein kleineres maximales Drehmoment und eine kleinere Nenndrehzahl aufweisen als die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14;34), die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) für eine vorgegebene Leistung derart ausgelegt sind, dass die Leistung mit der Drehzahl bis zur Nenndrehzahl linear ansteigt und oberhalb der Nenndrehzahl in einem Bereich konstant ist, und die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34) für ein vorgegebenes Drehmoment derart ausgelegt sind, dass das maximale Drehmoment in einem Drehzahlbereich bis zur Nenndrehzahl konstant ist.Electric vehicle (10; 30) with a front axle (11; 31) and with a rear axle (14; 34), each with two wheels (12, 13; 32, 33) and at least one electric machine, each electric machine being operated as a motor or as a generator can be, the electric machines (17, 18, 19, 20; 37, 38) on the front axle (11; 31) and on the rear axle (14; 34) are designed differently, characterized in that the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) have a lower maximum torque and a lower rated speed than the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34) and the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) are designed for a specified power in such a way that the power increases linearly with the speed up to the rated speed and is constant in a range above the rated speed, and the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34) are designed for a specified torque in such a way that the maximum torque is constant in a speed range up to the rated speed. Elektrofahrzeug nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) eine geringere Massenträgheit aufweisen als die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34).electric vehicle after claim 1 , characterized in that the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) have a lower mass inertia than the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34). Elektrofahrzeug nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) einen kleineren Rotordurchmesser aufweisen als die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34).electric vehicle after claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) have a smaller rotor diameter than the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34). Elektrofahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) als Innenläufer ausgeführt sind.electric vehicle according to one of the Claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) are designed as internal rotors. Elektrofahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34) als Innenläufer oder als Außenläufer ausgeführt sind.electric vehicle according to one of the Claims 1 until 4 , characterized in that the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34) are designed as internal rotors or external rotors. Elektrofahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektromaschinen (17, 18; 37) an der Vorderachse (11; 31) zum Rekuperieren von mehr Bremsenergie als die Elektromaschinen (19, 20; 38) an der Hinterachse (14; 34) ausgelegt sind.electric vehicle according to one of the Claims 1 until 5 , characterized in that the electric machines (17, 18; 37) on the front axle (11; 31) are designed to recuperate more braking energy than the electric machines (19, 20; 38) on the rear axle (14; 34). Elektrofahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens eine Achse (11, 14) zwei Elektromaschinen (17, 18, 19, 20), die jeweils einem Rad (12, 13, 15, 16) der Achse zugeordnet sind, aufweist.electric vehicle according to one of the Claims 1 until 6 , characterized in that at least one axle (11, 14) has two electrical machines (17, 18, 19, 20), each of which is associated with a wheel (12, 13, 15, 16) of the axle. Elektrofahrzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens eine Achse (31, 34) genau eine Elektromaschine (37, 38) und ein Differential (39, 40), die beiden Rädern (32, 33, 35, 36) der Achse zugeordnet sind, aufweist.electric vehicle according to one of the Claims 1 until 7 , characterized in that at least one axle (31, 34) has exactly one electric machine (37, 38) and a differential (39, 40), which are assigned to the two wheels (32, 33, 35, 36) of the axle.
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