DE102007049368A1 - Load limiting device for wind turbine, has mechanical safety drive to receive energy from hub or parts connected with drive, and defining unit to define mechanically actuated uncoupling of torque in rim position of rotor blade - Google Patents

Abstract

The device has a pitch drive supported at a hub (25) and defining a connection with a rotor blade (23). A wheel rotates with the hub and is in connection with a wheel. The former wheel is in connection with a producing unit for producing a rotating movement of a gear rim (24) and the rotor blade. A mechanical safety drive receives energy from the hub or parts connected with the drive at a rotation direction of the hub, based on power production. A defining unit defines a mechanically actuated uncoupling of torque in a rim position of the rotor blade.

Description

The The invention relates to a wind turbine essentially consisting from the tower, and gondola mounted on it by actuators (called azimuth drives) is rotatable, and with one or more Generators, either directly or through one or more gear stages coupled to the hub, and at least one on a hub attached rotor blade, which is used to limit the wind generated Torque and to limit the plant loads, at least one Actuator (called pitch drive) has for each rotor blade, for adjusting the blade angle.

The Wind turbine according to the invention is characterized by early acting load limitation and in particular also suitable for offshore Application in MW output range. The design ensures In addition, especially in wind forces where normally a shutdown of energy production must be done, called first Abschaltwindstärke, the wind turbine can be operated even further, up to a switch-off wind speed two. The necessary changes are according to description, task and claims proposed, and concern the manufacture, construction, and the energy production in extreme situations.

This is achieved by continuing Designs of the pitch drives and with the inclusion of designs for load limitation in connection with the load influencing necessary information on the azimuth drives, and the combination of power electronics with the generator and its execution.

As a general rule let the suggestions go on known structures of wind turbines for horizontal or vertical use mounted rotors. Special advantages regarding the Application consist of using a direct drive Generator, as an internal rotor or external rotor with permanent excitement and with one or more stators and rotors in dental coil technology.

characteristic is the increase operational safety combined with weight and size optimization, in particular by the design and mechanical integration in the plant, as well as by analytical definition of special combinations from stator winding and magnetic poles and the associated design the inverter.

The Main feature of the improvements according to the invention relates to the reliability of operation by actuators, and in essentially the system for adjusting the rotor blades. Locked in is a supply of auxiliary power for wind tracking the Gondola, e.g. in case of a network error. Also indicated a proposal for a factory load test of the generator, and an advantageous Assembly of the rotor blades during the Construction of the wind turbine at a location with increased wind. In addition will a generator operation with reduced power specified, in the case a defect within the system generator, electrics, electronics, considering special cooling of the generator. Also included is a proposal like a simplified one Repair on the generator allows even if the need is said to be very low can.

State of the art

Essential distinguishing features of current variable speed wind turbines are systems with gearless generator as a direct drive, as in 1 shown in simplified form, or embodiments in which a transmission drives one or more generators. In general it can be stated that until today there is no wind power plant in the range of high power, which can really prove a very high security under difficult conditions. In particular, there are increased risks in a location with wind in the survival area, which is probable not only every 50 years.

In order to be able to continue to operate a wind power plant above a turn-off wind of, for example, 25 m / s in a range of a wind force of, for example, up to 35 m / s, the following is used DE-195 32 409-B4 proposed to reduce the power of the wind turbine and the operating speed of the rotor from the first shutdown speed in response to the increase of the wind and Anströmgeschwindigkeit. The problem with this is that the wind data required for a reaction can only be determined with a delay, since measured values have to be averaged and evaluated over several seconds, and thus an action for limiting peak loads is always initiated too late.

Something similar will happen in DE-10 2006 034 106-A1 However, here too there is no indication of how loads should actually be limited, since the methods described also include time delay for the evaluation, and are also inaccurate.

A change in load resulting from a rapid wind change can not be detected with a short delay by means of this information, and thus can not be limited. The blanket statement that any sensors of the system should have a reduction of power and speed result, is not executed, or is no innovation, since such at each with actuators for the rotor blades equipped wind turbine is trivial. A derivation from the activity of the pitch system does not allow the earliest possible detection of a load change, since the beginning of a pitch activity depends on the detection of the already delayed signal evaluation.

Not considered in all known methods that wind peaks already in the 100 ms range take place considerable load peaks and thus increased risk of premature failure of components and fatigue of safety-critical parts arises. This can only be adequately controlled by wind measurement, strain gauges and vibration sensors, since corresponding evaluation procedures can allow valuable time to elapse, and thus only delayed control of the load can be achieved. Further limit loads may arise if the wind energy plant has to be switched off, eg in the event of a power failure, for which purpose the rotor blades ( 3 ) into the area of the "flag position" ( 6 . 6.1 ) are adjusted. This is done by pitch drives ( 7 ) about the toothing on the blade bearing ( 7.3 ) and whereby the hub ( 15 ) then at frontal flow even in extreme wind can only accept a small speed, unless it is completely blocked by a mechanical fail-safe brake.

The direct connection of a buffered DC voltage to the DC pitch drives results in an uncontrolled speed of the pitch drives ( 7 ) with the risk of critical tower vibration due to steep aerodynamic braking, and there is also a risk that energy from batteries or capacitors fails, and thus the safety function is lost.

An increase in the security for the sheet reset is in patent DE 197 20 025 B4 shown by a mechanical energy storage of coil springs performs the reset, and does not require a holding brake on the rotor blade, with the risk that this does not open, however, is possible in extreme Stellelltigkeit as in strong wind locations, the expected life of 20 years no longer reliably detectable.

A disadvantage of known methods of pitch drives with electrical energy storage, the unsafe function of the return movement to the flag position ( 6 ), and thus a possible total loss due to high-speed rotor.

Technology such as in DE-100 33 029-B4 proposed, has the disadvantage that the safety drive in the event of a lightning strike with damaged lightning, its function can totally lose, and thereby the rotor will spin, unless an additional mechanical brake ensures the redundancy of the deceleration.

In addition, it is critical with regard to the plant loads that a normally closed holding brake used according to the prior art can unintentionally block the rotor blade at the current position. In the case of, for example, a broken lead wire for the solenoid of the blade holding brake, the rotor blade will not be released, and will not allow for safety adjustment to the flag position, followed by critical conditions for the equipment unless the disturbance occurs at low wind speeds. Such risks are also recognizable in accordance with EP1029176-B1 , in which a rotor blade should only turn back by its own center of gravity, and in the case of a power failure, a backstop is proposed to prevent movement into the working position. A solution of the problem for safe recovery is not guaranteed because, for example, in the event of a power failure in the area of the shutdown wind, and with, for example, distorted rotor blade bearings ( 7.4 ), the rotor blade ( 3 ) will not reset or only at very low speed, which also overspeed the hub ( 15 ) and significant damage is likely. In WO-2006/096895 It is proposed to provide an emergency power supply to be installed outside the hub for all actuators together, and to additionally use a mechanical brake which can decelerate the rotor. However, such a constellation does not solve the problem of ensuring a safe return of the rotor blades. On the contrary, this means in the case of a short circuit, for example, in Schleifringübertrager, the possible failure of the parallel-powered rotor blade actuators, and the mechanical rotor brake would have to be able to absorb the full energy of deceleration, which is becoming increasingly complex with ever-larger systems.

In rotor blades in lane position and lateral flow also an increase in plant loads takes place, provided that the rotor blade is held in a fixed position on the fence in lath position. One possible solution to this problem already exists DE 197 20 025-B4 , wherein a plurality of coil springs associated with each rotor blade automatically limit the rotation of the rotor blade in the direction of the working position to a small angular range. Other methods for soft feathering of the rotor blades are not known for MW wind turbines.

Another problem is the operation in strong wind locations by more frequent activity of the pitch drives ( 7 ) to limit the changing wind energy above nominal wind. As a result, there is increased load and wear of the teeth of the gear stages of the pitch drives ( 7 ), and this in particular when changing the direction of rotation, and thus the dynamic reversal of the tooth flank contact within the transmission ( 7.1 ) the actuators ( 7 ) and the teeth between output pinion ( 7.2 ) and journal bearing teeth ( 7.3 ).

An attempt to design the actuators for higher load is in DE 101 16 011-B4 However, the problem of tooth damage is not solved, but reduced only by double effort. In addition, the patent contains technical information which can not comply with the desired function, since, for example, a direct current is not suitable for holding an asynchronous motor at a desired position.

In DE 10 2004 024 564 B4 A method is also described which is intended to reduce loads by operating the rotor within a spin range with adjustable blade angle as a function of the wind speed. Avoiding excessive loads is also not guaranteed by this proposal, since, for example after installation of the system and delaying the power connection, or even in power off in operation, after a failure of a working without redundant auxiliary load reduction no longer works. Also, the proposals of using emergency generators or the like, can not be referred to as a permanent solution for limiting loads, since even a simple fault, such as lack of fuel, the system can fail. Also not solved is the problem in the oncoming wind after calm and failed network because the pitch drive can not be adjusted without energy of the auxiliary generator, but the auxiliary generator according to proposal to generate energy after the pitch drive has set the blade angle for increased spin speed, and thus the system can not get to the described function. An additional security problem of this proposal is that if the auxiliary generator fails after adjustment to higher turbo speed, no provision of the rotor blades can take place in the flag layer more.

the Prior art pitch drives additionally include the Disadvantage that provided one during the assembly of the rotor blades required rotational movement of the blade bearing by means of external power supply for the Brake operation take place must, which creates a danger potential for the assembly and service personnel exists, because of a possible unintentional gravity-dependent Turning the rotor blade.

Particularly for wind turbines to be operated at high-wind locations, it is difficult to find time windows with low wind strength in order to obtain the rotor completely preassembled with wings (US Pat. 15 ) by means of a crane, for example, on the generator shaft already at the top of the tower ( 17 ).

Since the beginning of the installation of plants also below the MW range, it is practice that rotor blades and / or blade bearings are mounted without a large crane, and this takes place by means of ropes, pulleys and lifting devices on the sheet and the system. An embodiment of this is in DE 103 03 555-B4 described method is not conclusive, since it was not disclosed as after attachment of a rotor blade in 6 o'clock position, this then with the hub ( 3 ) is to be turned upwards against gravity, so that the next rotor blade attachment point can be turned downwards, so that successive rotor blades can also be mounted. Another embodiment for mounting rotor blades without crane to hub height, describes WO-2006/053554-A2 However, it is also not disclosed there as in a system installation successively all rotor blades in the 6 o'clock position of the blade connection point to be mounted on the hub. In the event that a wind turbine is operated at wind strengths close to the calculated survival wind force without a redundant wind tracking system, extreme loads also arise on the mechanical components, as long as the wind leaves the front approach. patent DE 100 58 076-C2 describes a method for limiting loads within the wind turbine, in which the wind tracking is to displace the blade rotor in the leeward position, and wherein the rotor blades are rotated to a 180 ° position. A disadvantage of this method is that ei ne disturbance of the power supply for both actuators of the rotor blades and the wind tracking is not considered.

To DE 100 23 440 C1 is to be applied as innovation to the operation of the wind tracking, one or more asynchronous machines during the rotational movement by a frequency converter with three-phase variable frequency, as well as at standstill with DC, to prevent torque fluctuations and to obtain uniform load distribution. The disadvantage is that with the illustrated embodiment, the problems can be solved at most rudimentary, since the alleged different speeds of the drives, by asymmetries of the teeth, can not be eliminated by the operation of multiple motors to a frequency converter. Since the specified frequency converter does not have a DC link, it is also not possible to exchange energy between several devices or to carry out energy supply to the DC link. Also not possible is a torque monitoring by this frequency converter, which is to apply three-phase current with variable frequency to an asynchronous motor, or DC at standstill. In addition, there is no indication that vibrations should be damped, and how a game within the gearing ( 10 ) and pinion ( 10.1 ) and the pinion ( 10.2 ) should be eliminated during an adjustment cycle. Azimuth drives ( 8th . 9 ) with frequency converter operation were commissioned for the first time in 1997 on a 600 kW prototype wind turbine at Germanischer Lloyd for certification, but solve in the known form not caused by the great backlash of the azimuth drives problems.

In addition, currently available systems show no way how a stiffness within the control system for wind tracking should be detected early. A proposal will be made in DE-10-2004 051 054-A1 made by measuring the temperature, eg on a brake of the actuator ( 8th . 9 ), the operational safety is to be improved, and that the sensor should also detect signs of wear. This embodiment has the disadvantage that an unopened brake which is connected to one of the electric motor ( 8.1 u. ( 9.1 ) the wind tracking is cultivated, which executes only short rotational movements, can only be detected uncertainly, but at least the detection is detected only with great delay. A definition of how the wear phenomenon is detected by a temperature sensor, is not executed, and it is not clear how and what profit to safety.

Known Direct-drive generators also have considerable disadvantages by dimensions and weights, as these generators still today in the execution be loaded with 6-phase winding by uncontrolled inverter (Specialist book Heier, 2005, page 216), whereby an influence of the Generator current waveform for reducing noise and noise Vibrations, as well as the load with pure active current, is not possible.

In addition, such machines with overlapping windings are expensive because of elaborate manual work, and overlapping the coils on the end windings increases the risk of an insulation fault. The most significant disadvantage of this technology, however, is the high load increase in the event of a terminal short circuit, which is an approximately six-fold increase in load in the strut system ( 13 ) for the stator ( 12 ), and the striving system ( 14 ) for the rotor ( 2 ) causes.

In the textbook Heier, Issue 1996, page 193 Figure 3.6.12 two exemplary wind turbines are shown, in which stator and rotor show a recognizable as a rod construction design. An identical picture shows the Heidelberg rotor installed in 1994 in the wind test field Kaiser Wilhelm Koog. Exactly such a basic principle of the strut design for the assembly of stator and rotor will be years later EP 13 01 975 B1 claimed as "support arms" in "rod construction" for stator and rotor as novelty.

The attachment of the rod construction ( 13 . 14 ) According to the prior art after 1.1 and 1.2 , shows considerable expenditure on screw connections ( 16 ) for the bar system. The screws directed towards the center ( 16 ) must hold all forces in the generator system, and it is also a complex adaptation of the struts required for good concentricity and constant air gap between the stator ( 12 ) and rotor ( 2 ) to ensure.

A variant, according to 1.3 , circumvents any problems with a striving system and is presented in DE-600 29 977-T2 After this construction was already used in 1997 by company Lagerwey NL prototypes. There will be a gearless wind turbine with a main bearing ( 19 ). In this case, the struts system ( 13.1 ) and ( 14.1 ) with connection to hub ( 17.1 ) and axis ( 18.1 ) and reduces the load on the screw connections ( 16 ) compared to the execution after 1.1 and 1.2 , In the later patent application WO 02/057625-A1 If a directly comparable arrangement of storage with a compact storage claimed again.

Farther it is in case of a malfunction Of considerable importance, a possible delay Deceleration of the rotor, but at least to react in such a way that e.g. when the mains supply is interrupted, only a very small one Speed increase of the rotor takes place. Approaches the generator itself use as a brake by making connections between the phases of the generator winding be manufactured, fail with previously known technology for MW systems, because of the height the energy to be destroyed and the danger of demagnetization when using conventional generator technology with overlapping winding.

In general, the operation at wind turbine sites with increased wind load is also influenced by the fact that the operating time with high load increases considerably, and the service life of the components is thereby reduced. Since previous gearless generators are air-cooled, the demand for reduced temperatures can be achieved either by increasing the volume of construction, with disadvantages for production and transport, or by further increasing the cooling air throughput to dissipate the heat loss. A possible cooling of the generator and the required air exchange to the outside air is in DE 10 2004 046 700 B4 described such that a plurality of ventilation fans are required to use from outside the nacelle in the tower area sucked air for cooling the generator, however, the disadvantages of un controlled entry at any time of air with high humidity, sand or salinity not solved.

Conventional synchronous generators in ring design with overlapping winding, also have significant disadvantages when used in wind turbines, if the winding is a repair is necessary, and the hub with rotor blades and the generator from the tower ( 5.1 ) must be brought.

task

Of the The invention is based on the task of specifying devices for the manufacture, testing, assembly and operation of a wind energy plant, thus an economically favorable Fitness for especially extreme wind conditions. Very turbulent Wind and more often strong wind, and also into the survival area of the Plant occurring wind, leads for increased activation of all actuators and to increased Loading of the complete mechanics, and thereby early timing Component failure or total destruction, if not appropriate Plant technology is available. Since the operational readiness of the actuators for wind turbines of extreme Importance is suggested in case of an electrical malfunction within the pitch drives a mechanical energy for the safety movement to use, which at the hub or with the hub related rotating means, taking into account an automatic decoupling the drive torque in the flag area, and a mechanically activated Coupling in reverse rotation the hub. Considered is that in case of an emergency shutdown of the plant the Actuating speed of the rotor blade is highest, at the highest occurring Speed of the rotor, and with decreasing rotor speed, the Setting speed automatically reduced, and thus at aerodynamic Braking to reduce the loads. Furthermore, for load limitation to solve the problem, that the pitch drives and also the azimuth drives due to frequent change the direction of rotation in connection with great play within the gearing experience heavy overloads, and that in case of a failed power supply for the actuators no way is the gondola to turn so that with increasing wind always fronta flow guaranteed becomes.

In order to the registration of the leaf position takes place with reduced effort, It is proposed to perform the measurement of the sheet position with only one absolute sensor the is attached to the motor shaft, and all of its revolutions and Partial revolutions detected and evaluated within the motor control be, and at the same time for the regulation of the motor serves as feedback. In addition, a control of the leaf position should over several on the rotor blade located proximity sensors done by storing their position during commissioning and so an accuracy test by comparison with the engine sensor when driving over online allows.

One Problem of the current technology for Pitch drives that include normally closed brakes will intended by a mechanism of a mechanical release each the rotor blade holding brakes causes to be solved. The normally normally closed brakes hold each blade independently, unless function-controlled ventilation is initiated. One for redundant opening a Brake should be achieved by the brake in addition to electrically activated by means of a lever can, and as a variant, the Lüftbewegung triggered by a magnet and the brake is reactivated after mechanical reset the release lever, and this by means of a fixed to the rotating rotor blade or blade bearing Stop, which can close the brake in flag position again, provided no electrical activation takes place for opening. Additional to the problem is solved be the hand release lever the brake also for the assembly of the rotor blades to use them to target a specific angular position can be positioned by hand against the gravity of the leaves, and this with brake types which are normally open or closed.

In order to design the adjustment movement of the rotor blades according to the increased requirements for strong wind locations, it is proposed that each rotor blade be equipped with at least two actuators ( 26 ). The proposal according to the invention, the problems caused by backlash within the transmission and the teeth on the pinion ( 26.3 ) and at the leaf store ( 24 ) and in the gears damage, be greatly reduced. This is achieved by the fact that the control for the actuators acts in such a way that when 2 pieces of a blade-pivot bearing ( 23.1 ) engaging drives, each one drive applies to the right tooth flank and the second drive is positioned so that it touches the left tooth flank within the gear reduction, and always initiates the drive driving torque whose tooth flank is already present. Thus, depending on the direction of rotation of one or the other drive to the torque. If drive or braking torque is required, this is thus always applied by the drive whose tooth flank is in the required direction of rotation, the second drive has only the task in the opposite direction to keep the backlash to zero, to take over immediately when changing the torque direction of action can. Automated or by manual input into the control system, the direction of action assigned to each drive for application to the tooth flank can be changed. By directly coupling the controller for the two inverters of a blade drive system also results in a much improved positioning on a precise blade angle. A back and forth of the drive motors, and thus the gearing to keep a sheet position electronically accurate, is eliminated.

A nearly identical problem exists with the actuators for the positioning of the nacelle for wind tracking shown in 6.1 to 6.3 , Their use is also proposed in such a way that a drive, or a drive group, is moved and positioned by means of controlled-torque inverters, and play within the toothing of the azimuth drives ( 26.1 ) is avoided. This is done in such a way that drives of any number are interconnected to at least 2 groups as in 6 shown by way of example, and each group has an inverter for controlling the output from the engine torque, wherein the torque can be applied at any operating point over the full range from negative to positive and also at a standstill to avoid swinging of the nacelle. Constellations for eg 6 actuators rotating on a sprocket should be divided into groups of 3: 3. The driving group is now subjected to a positive moment and the braking group with a very low negative moment, which eliminates a swing by backlash. For a smooth start, only a small, slowly rising drive torque is permitted during the first few 100 ms, thus gently eliminating any gear play that might be present at the first start.

The Torques are generated by an integrated or superimposed inverter Control controlled such that the torque distribution between driving servomotor and braking servomotor in the ms range takes place. Start-stop ramps and rotation speed are exclusively by the variation of the torque is limited. In addition, it will suggest to dispense with a Reibbelagsbremse the pivot bearing of wind tracking, and only Use brakes on the engine side, and so to control that the drive that carries out the torque to adjustment without, or with little gear play, transmits torque to the ring gear, this It is proposed to first gently close a group of actuators position the remaining drives after inserting the brakes also something to apply torque in the direction against which a first group holds, and then the others Engage brakes

Of the Restart to adjust the nacelle is always such that the Drive drives whose tooth flank does not need to be changed, and the other group performs a minimal braking action. Additional to can be at least one or more motors of each group with rotary encoder to completely hitless Torque control executed As an extension, such a sensor is proposed at the same time as a sensor for to use the nacelle positioning, causing the position measurement then redundant, and each encoder also its own Synchronizing sensor is assigned, which is the middle position for the cable slope indicating in the tower. This constellation also allows an emergency operation, by dispensing with backlash compensation when switching off a group becomes.

To Application of the generation of controlled drive torque from the Standstill, it is proposed to use inverters that a torque of the asynchronous, or synchronous or reluctance motors can also imprint in the area of the standstill, and in one embodiment via a DC link have an energy exchange allows the actuators each other, and as. A business with frequency converter of a three-phase variable frequency Applied to asynchronous motors can not solve the problems. Also a frequency converter which is supplied with direct current for positioning must be, can for this problem solution is not be used because no controlled standstill control for Elimination of the backlash is enabled, and for the actuators no bumpless Load bearing of the teeth when braking or accelerating can run.

For better utilization of the wind power plant, it is proposed to control the pitch drives in such a way that the plant can also be operated in a wind range which lies above the cut-off limit according to IEC definitions. Specify, in particular for this case of operation, the necessary funds to prevent premature failure or major damage. The essential characteristic for limiting the wind is the design of the pitch drives, and their safe function. It is therefore proposed to activate the pitch drives earlier when a wind change occurs by cyclically calculating an acceleration by means of rapid detection of the speed of the hub, or of rotating parts connected thereto, the measuring cycles being in the ms range and advantageously already below about 100 ms a stable result on the Drehzähländerung should be present, and derived therefrom a correction signal may arise, which takes into account the direction of acceleration. By setting a speed setpoint window with an upper and lower limit, instead of a target speed, a strong profession Pitch drive mode is to be enabled because the pitch drive should only be activated if the actual hub speed is outside the setpoint window.

The Pitch drives should also be controlled so that the setting the rotor blades above a first shutdown wind is such that the area the actual speed of the hub is below the value for rated power operation located. For this purpose is given in addition to the correction signal the detects the acceleration of the hub, to use additional values, which influences the displacement of the window for the setpoint have the hub speed.

Of the Proposal includes influencing factors for Correction of the window value to be determined and incorporated, based on the wind and the direction of the wind change, the current speed of the generator torque, the torque the pitch drives, as well as loads recorded at sheet bearings / calculated can be this can also be used to analyze vibrations with direct evaluation and evaluation within the rotor blade assigned Pitch drives.

The speed-dependent Load of the generator should remain unchanged during the window shift, compared to the work area below the shutdown wind, and should the information for optimal power generation of the rotor blades correspond.

When passing the threshold for a shutdown wind two, which is above a previous shutdown wind lies, should the plant by provision the rotor blades braked to the area of the flag position to a low speed which does not produce energy.

In order to The wind turbine is not only used sensibly for operation with increased cut-off wind power can be, but also for Locations with elevated Danger of wind forces in the survival area, will be added proposed to provide a safe wind tracking that already in the area of the starting wind, but at least in the wind is stronger as the start wind, without mains supply the plant from any Gondola position positioned in rotor blade front inflow.

Under the requirement that no brake to block the rotor is used, it is proposed the lobe position and the rotor blades in such a way or, alternatively, correct it by means of the actuators, that a whirling movement of the hub arises, indifferent in which direction an incoming wind flows against, and thus a rotational movement of the generator, and this thus a voltage at the terminals to disposal provides.

For this purpose, the generator of the system should be, for example, a permanent-magnet radial flux generator as internal or advantageously as external rotor, with the special feature of a concentrated, and thus non-overlapping winding with at least seven phases, but preferably 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 or 24 -phasig designed, and with a common star point or that several star points are assigned to the phase modules. To generate auxiliary power shows 7 a possible design, in which a plurality of generator phases auxiliary white via a contact, if necessary, a rectifier circuit are supplied and has a direct current output to supply the actuators owns.

alternative if this supply can be redundant for redundancy and in each case an inverter for the torque impression of Power nacelle actuators with DC power. In addition will suggested for the operation with disturbed Power supply from the DC voltage source also auxiliary voltage to generate for the supply of the control of the plant, and with which the complete functionality the system is guaranteed.

In addition will also proposed the intermediate circuits of the rotor blade actuators to feed with the auxiliary power generated by the generator and the positioning in the flag area to correct so that no further increase in Trudeldrehzahl continues to increase wind.

alternative or in addition should the actuators of the pitch system as emergency power supply for the Control electronics and actuators of the plant are used by the rotor blades are stalled in an area of the flag position, and the engines be decoupled from the transmission, and the motors from the rotary motion the hub are driven.

In addition will proposed for bridging a eventual reversal of the rotor's direction of rotation, in the case of the system from the side stream in frontal flow is rotated, each DC link of the azimuth drives and the control voltage supply, a short-term energy storage in the form of a battery or a Assign condenser.

Thus, the plant loads do not exceed a predetermined value, especially at high wind speeds, a generator is to be defined, which does not exceed operationally, and also in the case of short circuit, a predetermined increase in the load. In addition, modular teeth are also designed on a fully assembled stator can be exchanged. In order to avoid the problem of a complete failure, a generator with a high number of phases is specified, whose three-phase systems can be individually switched off, if required, in order, for example, to continue driving a 12-phase generator in 9 or 3 phases. The cooling problem can thus be solved by means of combined air-liquid cooling. with the special feature of the feed from the front area.

versions

Ways to solve the problems will be in the 1 to 11 shown.

1 to 1.3 ) shows an example of the prior art, a symbolic wind turbine simplified and with directly driven generator ( 1 ) with inner rotor ( 2 ), Stator ( 12 ) and stator strut system ( 13 . 14 ), and its strut attachment with screw in the radial direction as in the basic embodiment in Figure ( 1.1 ) and ( 1.2 ) shown enlarged, and with eg an adjustable rotor blade ( 3 ). In addition, two gondola actuators ( 8th ) and ( 9 ) for the wind tracking, whose task is by means of pinion ( 10.1 ) and ( 10.2 ) in the sprocket ( 10 ) meshing the complete tower head / nacelle ( 11 ) to turn. Gondola refers to the by means of bearings ( 5 ) on a tower ( 5.1 ) rotatable part of the wind turbine. The 1.3 ) shows an embodiment of the system according to the known for 10 years prior art, in which the storage of the wind rotor and the generator in a central storage ( 19 ) is summarized, and as a special feature a hollow axle ( 18.1 ) with access to the hub ( 15 ) owns.

2 ) outlines a variant of the wind turbine according to the invention with the involvement of a generator ( 20 ) as external rotor ( 20.1 ) and its strut attachment with screw in the axial direction, in principle, as in 2.1 ) and 2.2 ) shown enlarged with axial connection of the struts ( 20.4 ) and ( 20.3 ), as in 2.3 ) the view of a rotor blade bearing ( 23.1 ) with working position ( 22.2 ) and area of the flag layer ( 22 ) with the end stop ( 22.3 ) of a rotor blade ( 23 ).

3 ) shows a possible embodiment of the pitch drive according to the invention ( 30 ), which is the problem of significant plant damage due to non-opening rotor blade holding brake ( 34 ) eliminated. The actuator ( 30 ) consists of gears ( 31 ) with pinion ( 26.3 ) on the journal bearing ring gear ( 24 ), and an electric motor ( 32 ). Furthermore, a wheel coupling system ( 33 ) for absorbing energy from the rotational movement of the hub ( 25 ), and one in the engine ( 32 ) integrated leaf holding brake ( 34 ), as well as a coupling ( 35 ) for the torque introduction for safety adjustment of the rotor blade with torque via the coupling system ( 33 ). The part of the blade bearing rotating with the rotor blade is shown symbolically (FIG. 37 ), wherein the attached to the blade bearing and rotating stop ( 37.1 ) a damping spring ( 37.2 ), to cushion the contact with the lever ( 34.1 and 38.2 ).

4 ) represents a variant of a pitch drive according to the invention ( 44 ), which is in flag position ( 22 ) has an arrangement for emergency power supply for the nacelle wind tracking at disturbed network connection. As a variant, such a drive can also be used for alternative adjustment of an electrically defective pitch drive by another pitch drive.

5 ) shows a supplement to the in 3 ) and 4 Pitch drives shown, and is characterized by soft fixation of the rotor blade at the stop ( 22.3 ) the flag position ( 22 ), by means of at least one in the pitch drive ( 50 ) integrated switchable spiral spring ( 59 ), whereby the flexible area in which the rotor blade ( 23 ), by the moment characteristic of the spring and the possible rotations of the spring ( 59 ) is determined.

6 ) shows a possible interconnection of the servomotors ( 61 ) and ( 61.1 ) with inverters ( 62 ) for controlled torque introduction of the nacelle wind tracking to eliminate the game ( 68 . 68.1 ) within the toothing of the azimuth drives, and a monitoring of integrated in the motors standstill brakes, which are designed so that the lateral flow of the nacelle in the boundary region with maximum wind also slipping of the brakes ( 60.X ) can cause. It is proposed to select the number of parallel operated on an inverter servomotors according to the load requirements, as well as the number of inverters.

6.1 ) - 6.3 ) is to explain an azimuth drive transmission, with a gondola rotating sprocket ( 24.1 ) and the pinion ( 26.3 ) and ( 26.4 ) on the actuator ( 26.1 ) and ( 26.2 ), and shows the backlash ( 68 ) and ( 68.1 ) between the tooth flanks, and also the play-free flank contact ( 69 ) and ( 69.1 ) in inventive method.

7 ) outlines the exemplary arrangement for a twelve-phase converter system, consisting of 4 pieces of three-phase converters ( 73 ), each composed of a controllable network inverter ( 70.x ) and generator-side inverter ( 71.x ), connected via a voltage intermediate circuit ( 72.x ) in conjunction with a 3-phase Ge generator winding ( 74.x ) each having a star point ( 76.x ), and a variant is proposed which all star points with a neutral connection ( 76 ) interconnects. In an identical way matrix converters or other inverter topologies can be used.

8th ) shows a proposal for the targeted application on the front of the hub entering cooling air for the generator system.

9 ) shows a proposed for controlling the cooling generator test device each having an electric machine ( 90 ) and ( 90.1 ) As a generator and the other working as a motor, principally consisting of two largely assembled gondolas in the horizontal axis position opposite, and their fixation example by a top anchored in the ground tower segment ( 90.2 ) takes place, and their waves by means of coupling ( 94 ) are connected.

10 ) and 10.1 ) includes a proposal that significantly influences the loads, by adaptively adapting the rotor speed range as a function of the acceleration by wind and optionally the wind strength and the measured system loads on sensors of the blade bearing and taking into account the torques of the pitch drives.

10.2 ) shows a control and bus arrangement of a wind turbine, which allows to respond with minimum delay to changes in parameters in order to minimize the loads acting on the system mechanics in case of disturbances.

11 ) Shows a part of the generator with tooth, winding and magnet arrangement, as well as tubes for liquid cooling.

The embodiments according to the invention solve the Safety problems on pitch drives, adding unsafe electrical Functions through mechanical solutions be replaced, and variants are proposed, such as a Wind turbine especially for Locations with high wind force can be equipped with generally improved safety.

It is proposed that the torque for a safety adjustment of the rotor blades from the rotational movement of the rotor hub ( 25 ) or eg the wave ( 28.2 ) on each of the existing pitch drives ( 26 ) redundant initiate. This increases the operational safety, as no lightning strike, fire or complete destruction of the electrical system can lead to a dangerous situation for the wind turbine. An embodiment of a pitch drive ( 30 ) according to principle in 3 shows a use according to the invention of an electric motor ( 32 ) integrated brake ( 34 ), which is advantageously designed as a normally closed spring pressure brake, and for which an additional hand release lever ( 34.1 ) is proposed, in addition to the electrical ventilation by means of brake magnet ( 34.3 ) against the spring ( 34.5 ), a redundant opening of the brake in the region of the rotor blade ( 23 ) between flags ( 22 ) and employment position ( 22.2 ). In undisturbed operation, the brake anchor ( 34.2 ) of the magnet attached to the motor housing ( 34.3 ) so that the brake is released from the brake hub ( 34.4 ), with the wave ( 32.1 ), dissolves, and releases an adjustment of the rotor blade. Once the solenoid ( 36 ) the lever ( 34.1 ) in position A, the function of manual release is omitted. In case of shutdown of the solenoid ( 36 ) presses the spring ( 36.1 ) the manual release lever ( 34.1 ) in the direction (B), whereby a brake release ( 34 ) is created by the brake anchor ( 34.2 ) from the brake hub ( 34.4 ) is pushed away, against the spring ( 34.5 ).

Achieved with the rotor blade and the rotating part of the rotor blade bearing ( 37 ) in the direction (A) rotating stop ( 37.1 ) with the damping spring ( 37.2 ) the area of the lath position, then tilts the turning with the sheet stop ( 37.1 ) (preferably mounted on the blade bearing) the lever ( 34.1 ) Direction (A), and disables the manual release, and thus the rotor blade holding brake is active again, and provided no energization of the coil ( 54.3 ) takes place, the rotor blade is braked in flag position.

This innovation allows an advantageous embodiment by the hand release lever ( 34.1 ) at the same time the coupling ( 35 ) is activated and deactivated for the drive torque for safety adjustment of the rotor blade. To release the clutch ( 35 ) the disc ( 35.1 ) by means of rocker arms ( 34.1 ) of the disk mounted on the motor shaft ( 35.2 ), and thus the frictional brake pads ( 35.3 ) solved.

To generate the torque for the safety adjustment of the rotor blades is proposed that in normal operation with the rotor hub ( 25 ) revolves wheel ( 33.1 ) by the on-axis ( 33.4 ) sliding coupling ( 33.2 ) and thereby closed friction lining ( 33.5 ), so that with the hub ( 25 ) revolving wheel ( 33.6 ) a rotational movement on the braked wheel ( 33.1 ), for the safety adjustment. Actuation of the clutch ( 33.2 ) by means of rocker arms ( 38.2 ), either by attractive pull magnets ( 38 ) a disengagement of the disc ( 33.2 ), or by contact with the stop ( 37.1 ) in feathering position ( 22 ) also the coupling ( 33 ) opens. Alternatively, the support of the disc ( 33.2 ) also take place at another part, the fixed one Connection to the machine carrier ( 27 ) owns. The rotational movement for safety adjustment starts with the deceleration of the wheel ( 33.1 ) and accelerates the wheel ( 33.6 ) and transmits via an intermediate gear ( 33.7 ) and about a wave ( 33.8 ) Torque on a freewheel ( 33.9 ). If the hub rotation is in a predetermined rotational movement to generate energy, created via the freewheel ( 33.9 ), which does not transmit torque when the hub is rotating backwards, on the disc ( 35.1 ) a rotational movement in the direction of the lane position, and when the hand release lever ( 34.1 ) in B position creates a torque on the disc ( 35.2 ) and the motor shaft ( 32.1 ), whereby the rotor blade by means of pinion ( 26.3 ) and sprocket ( 24 ) Direction flag position ( 22 ) is rotated. An identical function is achieved by the components of the coupling ( 35 ) and / or the brake ( 34 ), parallel to the engine ( 32 ) directly on the gearbox ( 31 ), and thus a safety rotational movement on the rotor blade drive gear ( 26.3 ) also takes place.

After adjustment of the rotor blade in the area of the flag layer ( 22 ) and after the operation of the manual release lever ( 34.1 ) by a rotating with the rotor blade or associated part stop ( 37.1 ), the coupling ( 35 ), and at the same time the leaf holding brake ( 34 ), provided that the pull magnet ( 36 ) is switched off and the compression spring ( 36.1 ) the lever ( 34.1 ). Thus, when the magnet is switched off ( 34.2 ) of the currentless active brake, the rotor blade held in flag position until the system is ready for operation again and the pull magnet ( 36 ) over the lever ( 34.1 ) the coupling ( 35 ) and by the activation of the magnet ( 38 ) the coupling ( 33.2 ) over the lever ( 38.2 ) is held open, even after the pitch drive operatively rotates the rotor blade toward the working position.

As a result, the initiation of the torque for safety adjustment of the pitch drive can be interrupted twice as a variant. Appropriately, the coupling ( 35 ) with a smaller torque than the holding brake ( 34 ) carried out so that, if necessary, a smurf connection can arise.

It is thus proposed a device which, if the brake ( 34 ) does not open electrically, this by torque monitoring within the electronics of the actuator ( 30 ), whereby a positive opening of the blade holding brake and initiation of the safety torque, for example via the second end of the shaft of the motor ( 32 ) takes place by releasing the holding magnet ( 36 ) and the magnet ( 38 ), and whereby the springs ( 36.1 ) and ( 38.1 ) the levers ( 34.1 ) and ( 38.2 ) in B-direction, unless the rotor blade is already in flag position. Alternatively, the introduction of the safety torque directly on the gearbox ( 31 ) respectively.

If the power supply of the system is guaranteed and there is no other fault, it is proposed that the rotor blades whose system does not interfere with their electrically operated pitch drives to initiate a normal departure of the system, otherwise this is also done via the mechanical safety drive. Alternatively, it is proposed to one of the two separating couplings ( 35 ) or ( 33.2 ), and instead perform the safety of the separation as a slip clutch.

An advantageous embodiment (without sketch, but similar 3 ) offers itself in that instead of the friction lining ( 33.5 ), at least one pull-type activatable hook is used, which is a spring-damped and hooked connection between wheel ( 33.1 ) and disc ( 33.2 ), this design also being an alternative to the coupling ( 35 ) is applicable. For this purpose, the disc is proposed ( 47.1 ) to 3 fixed to the axle ( 33.4 ), and instead of the brake pads ( 33.5 ) a freely rotatable disc between disc ( 33.2 ) and wheel ( 33.1 ) to use. By means of at least one spring, the additional disc with the wheel ( 33.1 ) and, when the wheel is rotating, an increasing moment on the wheel ( 33.1 ) generate after blocking the additional disc. For this purpose, it is proposed to attach at least one cam or bolt to the additional disk, and to the stationary with the machine carrier ( 27 ) related disc ( 33.2 ) at least one movable hook or bolt to be actuated by means of magnets and spring, that this is held by means of magnets, provided that the wheel ( 33.1 ) should not be blocked. An embodiment of the hook may be such that it has connection only in a predetermined direction of rotation, by hooking or sliding surfaces depending on the rotational movement. In addition, the shape of the on the disc ( 33.2 ) attached hooks are also switched by means of magnet so that a blockage of the wheel for the hubs backward rotation is realized. Alternatively, it is proposed the hook which blocks the additional disc, by the stop ( 37.1 ) by disengaging a lever ( 38.2 ) releases the hook from the connection to the additional disc, provided that the rotor blade has reached the flag position as intended by the safety adjustment.

According to 5 It is proposed an advantageous embodiment of a pitch drive ( 50 ), for limiting the load in the case of lateral or backward flow of the rotor blades. For this purpose, a system is shown, in which at least one rotor blade in the lance position in a clotting angle of rotation between stop ( 22.3 ) and direction of employment ( 22.2 ) is released, and so can escape the wind forces at different flow. For this purpose, it is proposed the servomotor ( 52 ) with a spiral spring ( 59 ), as well as one with the motor shaft ( 52.1 ), but by means of toothing ( 59.2 ) axially displaceable clutch disc ( 59.1 ). To activate the clutch ( 59.1 ) the rocker arm ( 59.3 ) the coupling ( 59.1 ) against the spring ( 59.4 ), whereby the cams ( 59.5 ) of the coupling ( 59.1 ) and the cams ( 59.6 ) of the spring hub ( 59.8 ), and in the case of a rotation of the shaft triggered by the rotor blade ( 52.1 ) in the direction of the working position ( 22.2 ), the several revolutions permitting spiral spring ( 59 ), by connecting at the inner spring end with the spring hub ( 59.8 ), and by the outer spring end ( 59.7 ) on the stationary motor housing ( 59.9 ) is fixed. The hooking effect of the cams ( 59.5 ) arises only if the sheet is in the direction of the working position ( 22.2 ), or if the spiral spring ( 59 ) the wave ( 52.2 ) in the direction of leaf stop ( 32.3 ) drives. Instead of the clutch ( 59.1 ), the spring can also cause a connection between the motor shaft and motor housing with direction-dependent switchable freewheel or a switchable backstop.

The activation of the damped direction-dependent lock of the rotary movement is preferably carried out in the region of the end stop ( 22.3 ) of the lath position, since there the blade rotation is braked, for example by means of at least one damping element ( 57.2 ) between the attacks ( 22.3 ) and ( 57.3 ) is located. If, in the position of the flag, a torque is generated by the rotor blade on the pitch drive in the direction of the working position, then the shaft can ( 52.1 ) of the pitch drive against the coil spring ( 59 ) until the spring torque increases to block further rotation. As an embodiment, the blade end stop is placed in an angular range, which minimizes the loads depending on the operating situation by the resilient rotational movement.

The Holding the rotor blade with a currentless active brake not in this version mandatory, and a brake that opens normally opens as a variant, the advantage that a redundant way the rotor blade holding brakes to open can be omitted.

In addition, it is proposed in plant operation above the first Abschaltwindes not disable the control of the rotor blade actuators at a standstill, and to hold the blade position by means of the actuators, so that no reaction time to start the drives because of necessary ventilation in the servomotors ( 26 ) integrated leaf holding brakes is lost. When using control strategies, the setting angle of several rotor blades vary independently, and this depending on the rotor position, the key-dependent correction should take place directly on the drive of the corresponding rotor blade, and also recorded and calculated there, and also detects the position of the rotor blade by means of measuring there become. Alternatively, it is proposed to evaluate the loads in a control and control unit superimposed on the pitch drives and, if characteristic values are exceeded, to specify and / or detect the pitch drives for new position values.

In one embodiment of the previous embodiment is proposed and in 4 illustrated that in case of any disturbance of the supply voltage for parts within the wind turbine, at least one pitch drive should be used as a redundant backup power supply, in case that sufficient wind for at least a small speed at any rotational direction of the hub is present.

For this purpose, the components of the pitch system according to the invention are expanded with mechanical safety drive. This is particularly advantageous for supplying the azimuth drives ( 26.1 ) and ( 26.2 ) for wind tracking of the nacelle for eg front flow, and also usable to supply individual pitch drives, to optimize the position of the rotor blades. In order to ensure a limitation of the plant loads in the area of extreme wind forces, the nacelle should be continuously aligned for a sheet flow, which have the least impact on the system in terms of loads and also least stress the rotor blades. If this is achieved, for example, by front flow, such a tracking of the gondola as soon as the hub generates a small rotational movement generated by the means of pitch drives energy, or alternatively or additionally by energy that can generate the generator of the wind turbine automatically at hub rotation.

For this purpose, it is therefore proposed to provide multiple sources of self-sufficient supply within the wind turbine as soon as the rotor performs a spin motion. The prerequisite is a non-braked rotor, and as a variant of a rotor blade adjustment that already leads to a low speed of the hub and / or associated parts in low wind. In one embodiment, the rotor blades can be held in a preferred flag position, allowing a better start-up of the hub. In contrast to the 3 the accommodation of a leaf holding brake ( 40 ) at the input to the transmission ( 43 ), and an additional coupling ( 41 ) between engine ( 42 ) and gearboxes ( 43 ), whereby the rotor blade ( 25 ) can be held against rotation about its longitudinal axis despite rotating and now used as a generator engine ( 44 ) of the pitch drive. As a variant, it is proposed the freewheels within the clutch ( 47.1 ) and the freewheel ( 48.2 ), which normally interrupt the torque for safety adjustment during reverse rotation of the hub, can be used as a deactivatable version, so that even when the hub is rotating backwards ( 25 ) the emergency power from the pitch drive ( 50 ) can take place.

When Variant can the motors of the pitch drives asynchronous, reluctance, or synchronous motors be whose generator generated voltage for further use is rectified. There is no security risk at any time as per proposal the safety provision Drives used in the lode position purely mechanical drive energy use, and this becomes active by switching off functions.

To design the emergency power supply, at least one pitch drive should gain energy from a small hub speed and another pitch drive and / or one or more azimuth drives, eg 26.1 ) and ( 26.2 ), with this energy supply, so that, for example, a pitch drive the blade angle instead of 90 ° flag position to a preferred range of eg 80 ° sets, and this as a variant successively without external energy, and thereby the speed of the hub increases slightly, and also to Tracking the nacelle in a wind orientation with lowest loads of energy is available.

This is done directly between Pitchmotor ( 42 ) and pitch gear ( 43 ) an activatable coupling ( 41 ) arranged by waste of the magnet ( 45 ) and by spring force ( 45.1 ) closes. Between coupling ( 41 ) and gearboxes ( 43 ) is a normally open holding brake ( 40 ), which are activated by actuation of the 45 ) and the lever ( 45.2 ) is closed, and so the sheet is braked in flag position, but by energizing the brake magnet ( 40.1 ) the armature can be tightened and the brake opens, and wherein the brake is advantageously carried out as a spring-applied brake.

Alternatively, a normally released brake ( 40 ) are used, in conjunction with the system according to the invention of the soft stop in the lath position according to 5 ,

When using a pitch motor ( 42 ) as a generator for auxiliary power is proposed, alternatively the direction of rotation dependent freewheel ( 48.2 ) at the input to the clutch ( 48 ) shut down. In order for the device of one or more pitch drives to be able to be activated as an emergency power supply when the rotor blade is in the lane position, the pull magnet ( 46.1 ) are electrically attracted and tensioned with the magnet in conjunction compression spring. Thus, there is no positive opening of the coupling ( 47.1 ) and ( 48 ), and the coupling ( 41 ) remains electrically open, and the brake ( 40 ) by actuating the coil ( 40.1 ) closed.

As soon as the system is ready for operation again or the wind tracking system has the possibility of mains supply again, the coupling ( 47.1 ) and ( 48 ) as well as ( 41 ) closed by voltage disconnection of the coil ( 45 ) and the adhesion between motor ( 42 ) and gearboxes ( 43 ), and the readiness for pitch adjustment for the normal operation of the pitch drive ( 44 ) recovered.

The at the transmission entrance ( 43 ) mounted normally closed brake ( 40 ) is used in the event of an emergency stop by the lever ( 45.2 ) and the spring ( 45.1 ) held open until the area of the lath position is reached and the stop ( 46 ) releases the manual release of the brake and the clutches ( 41 ) 48 ) and ( 47.1 ) are opened by the levers ( 45.2 ) ( 45.3 ) and ( 47.2 ).

In order not to damage the pitch drives in strong wind locations early due to frequent activation, the use of at least two pitch drives per rotor blade is proposed. The design corresponds in principle to the design of the azimuth drives for backlash reduction. If no blade positioning is required, the on both pitch drives ( 26 ) existing holding brakes are activated such that the rotor blade clearance, that is held between the respective drive motor and the tooth flank on the blade bearing, With a required adjustment of the rotor blade angle is proposed to release the brakes of both drives, and at the same time to impart the drive with torque, the gear tooth flanks are already in contact with the desired direction of rotation of the rotor blade. The second drive receives a minimum braking torque, which is just sufficient to keep the backlash counter to the lying in the direction of rotation edge to zero. If the driving drive goes into braking mode to approach the new position, this is handled such that the previously driving drive the braking torque is taken away so far that a desired deceleration of the actuating movement is achieved, but at most up to a small residual value ensures that the gear teeth are not lost from the driving flank, and if a braking torque is needed, this is then done by the drive which had already loaded during the adjustment of the tooth flank in the braking direction.

This means that the drives are not active at the same time, and the torques for accelerating, adjusting, braking from the drive be applied, the tooth flank performs no change, which causes a multiple extension of the life of the transmission.

In addition can the control take place in such a way that in case of extreme demands to the torque also the second drive together with the first Drive in one direction acts, but the activation does not take place at the same time, but only after the driving actuator exceeded a certain level of stress torque is also in the direction of the second drive first drive released.

A further embodiment provides that, by means of a mechanical coupling via the system according to the invention, the safety energy from the hub rotation, at least two pitch drives ( 44 ) can be coupled together, and thus a failed pitch drive can be temporarily replaced by that of another rotor blade to position all rotor blades in the working position, and if necessary wind above the rated wind on a retracted position which allows energy production without pitch, and thus no Complete standstill of the wind turbine is created. This function can also be performed in accordance with 4 be achieved. In this case, the clutch remains ( 47.1 ) opened by the magnet ( 47.3 ) and so the lever ( 47.2 ) in the direction A and so the clutch ( 47.1 ), while the clutches ( 48 ) is closed on the defective and to another drive, and thus a defective drive can be positioned by an operational drive, where as a variant, two intact drives together can adjust a defective drive, taking into account an electronically controlled distribution of the torques of the driving servomotors ( 42 ). So that the wave ( 48.1 ) Can pass torque in both directions, either a switchable freewheel ( 48.2 ), which allows the blade adjustment in the direction of working position, or the freewheel ( 48.2 ) is omitted, and it is alternatively a freewheel between wheel ( 47.5 ) and ( 47.1 ) proposed.

To monitor the rotor blade synchronous position in this case of operation, it is proposed to add a measurement of the loads, consisting of strain gauges and / or motion sensors, and attach them to the blade bearing, and to perform an analysis and comparison with known values directly inside the electronics for the actuator. Cumbersome procedures for the transmission of measured values and considerable cost increases for systems which require additional processor technology and bus connections for evaluating the sensors can be dispensed with. To increase safety, the plant engineering should carry out test programs and check safety-related functions online, either before starting up, and / or during take-off, and / or during operation of energy production. In order to prevent damage to the system at locations with wind into the survival area, it is proposed to use the variant of the pitch system according to the invention as an emergency power supply in such a way that as soon as a slight rotation of the hub (FIG. 25 ) to turn the nacelle in a predetermined direction to the wind, and constantly track according to measured values, according to a predetermined direction to the wind.

In 6 a proposal is sketched as to how to make the tracking of the gondola redundant, where, for example, four azimuth drives ( 60 to 61.3 ) are divided into at least two redundant groups, each with an inverter ( 62 ) and ( 62.1 ), and to perform the torque-controlled operation, and that, for example, asynchronous, reluctance, or synchronous motors can be used. It should also be used preferably to the pitch drives identical inverter technology that allow energy exchange via the DC link.

According to the proposal, for example, the inverters ( 62 ) and ( 62.1 ) for the actuators ( 61 ) to ( 61.3 ), one or more parallel or series connected motors ( 61 ) to ( 61.3 ) with torque control. FIG. 6.3 ) shows an example of a system of only two drives with pinion ( 26.3 ) and ( 26.4 ) and a sprocket ( 24.1 ), which converts the pinion rotation into the rotation of the nacelle. It is proposed to control the azimuth drives such that frequent gondola adjustment does not damage the gears early. At standstill of the nacelle to the on the engines ( 8.1 ) and ( 9.1 ) mounted brakes by the computing unit ( 64 ) then activated (stalled) after the gears ( 26.3 ) and ( 26.4 ) have slightly braced against each other, or only slight play ( 68 ) and ( 69.1 ) exhibit. A torque on the sprocket ( 24.1 ) is thus either from the gear ( 26.3 ) or ( 26.4 ) supported. Depending on a desired direction of rotation of the ring gear by the azimuth drives, the brakes ( 60 ) to ( 60.3 ) and at the same time rests on the gear whose edge is already in the desired direction of rotation of the nacelle, generates an accelerating torque, and the gear with tooth flank at the back of the rotational movement to perform a small braking torque to keep the backlash small.

For the execution of the azimuth drives is also proposed for applications with high windage, but without increased survival wind to use normally closed brakes, which at high torque on the ring gear ( 24.1 ) allow slipping. In case of need manoeuvrable control of extreme wind forces in the survival wind area should be used normally open brakes for azimuth rotation, which are activated according to the invention by means of emergency power supply, and it is also proposed for problem solving a non-independently incident mechanical main brake. For safety reasons, at least two groups of azimuth inverters should be used for applications with wind in the survival area ( 62 . 62.1 ) a separate mains supply ( 65 . 65.1 ) with lightning and overvoltage protection, and a separate DC link connection for the supply of DC auxiliary power. The energy generated by emergency power supply should also serve to supply the control voltage generation, and so maintain the control of the wind turbine at least twice redundant.

A reliable source of emergency power supply in case of failed network, is in 7 shown, and proposed such that at least three phases of the permanent-magnet generator via a rectifier bridge ( 75 ), which automatically delays due to contacts ( 75.1 ) and at the output ( 75.2 ) Provides DC voltage as an auxiliary supply, for feeding the DC link ( 65.2 ) or from a redundant second source for the DC link ( 65.3 ), and thus when spinning the rotor energy for the supply of the control and the nacelle actuators, and is supplied as redundancy for the pitch drives by the generator.

Complementary exists a proposal the respective supply voltage for the inverter the actuators over DC boost converter to a height too which allows a maximum speed of the actuators, and Alternatively, it is proposed to buffer the DC link energy the individual power sources by means of capacitors run to Also to be able to drive over Azimutbereiche at low rotor speed.

This allows a time-unlimited tracking of the gondola can be achieved. A shutdown of this mode via the safety chain is excluded, and an automatic untwisting is prevented for the period, with wind in the survival area. In case the inverter is not installed inside the nacelle, but eg in the base of the tower, the power cables between generator and inverter in the area of the nacelle should be protected by contactor ( 77.1 ) to ( 77.4 ), so that a possible cable short circuit can not lead to the failure of the auxiliary power in wind in the survival area.

When supplementary Variant is proposed the speed of the hub, or the so related parts to determine such that the voltage amplitude the voltage generated at the generator is measured, or more advantageously by calculating the speed by means of a detection of the frequency the zero crossings at least one generator phase, and these measurements also used should be to the voltage of the generator on the generator side To synchronize inverters.

10 and 10.1 and 10.2 show a proposal for a control and / or regulation to allow operation of the wind turbine for wind forces above the first shutdown wind. A method is proposed which detects loads without great delay and this already in the time range of about 100 ms, as well as for extreme applications well below 100 ms, with immediate control of the pitch drives to change the blade angle position. To achieve this, it is proposed that the measuring cycles for the hub speed ( 105 ) in the ms range and over the course of the speed change the acceleration ( 106 ) is determined. Characteristic of the actual value of the hub speed ( 105 ) is that in any work area of the wind turbine, a constant target speed for the rotor is determined, but the rotor in a working window ( 100.2 ) and a dependence of the correction of the blade angle ( 103.1 ), the steepness of the hub speed change ( 105.2 ). Without acceleration correction value, the predetermined speed setpoint window ( 101 ), provided that a predetermined value has been reached after the system has been started up, and the pitch drive rotates the rotor blade in the direction of the working position, if the hub speed ( 105 ) below the speed setpoint window ( 101 ) is located. A calculated acceleration ( 105.2 ) serves the speed setpoint window ( 100.2 ) the hub ( 25 ), characterized by an upper limit ( 100 ), and lower limit ( 100.1 ) to move.

As a function of negative acceleration ( 105.2 ) the setpoint window is corrected to a higher value up to a predetermined limit, and an increasing hub speed ( 105 ), the window shifts to smaller values, wherein exceeding the upper window limits a correction of the blade angle ( 103.1 ) Causes in the direction of the lane, and in negative window correction and falling below the lower window limit by the actual speed, the rotor blade angle is corrected in the direction of working position. With very steep change of the hub speed ( 105 ) the setpoint window ( 100.2 ) by the correction value ( 102 ) is shifted far downwards and, if the window limit is exceeded, leads to a large corrected rotor blade position setpoint ( 103.1 ), whereby the downstream position controller a high positioning speed of the pitch drive to the new Position of the rotor blade performs. The calculation of the correction value for shifting the setpoint window remains continuously active.

In addition, it is proposed to additionally influence the acceleration value in order to obtain a correspondingly more strongly evaluated form of the window correction by taking into account the following values: the current wind force ( 104.1 ), a generator torque predefined depending on the rotational speed ( 104.5 ), the loads on the blade bearing ( 104.3 ), the torques determined at the pitch drives ( 104.4 ), as well as the dependence on the current hub speed ( 104.2 )

The problem of increased loads on the azimuth drives can according to 6 . 6.1 . 6.2 . 6.3 be reduced. In order to minimize the energy required for wind tracking when the power supply fails, it is proposed to replace the friction linings used according to the prior art for vibration damping in the tracking system of the nacelle. According to the invention this is realized in which at least two azimuth drives are operated autonomously by means of a respective inverter with torque control, the post-rotating drive is held in light braking operation. This includes that at standstill, a drive with torque acts in the positive direction and the second negative, and in this mode, the existing on the azimuth actuators holding the enabled who, and thus the complete backlash is eliminated, and significantly improves the life of the transmission. It is proposed during the nacelle rotational movement always a group of azimuth drives by means of driving and / or braking torque to control / control that the backlash is kept at a small value, and for example braking torque is activated within a group as soon as the rotary drive requested too little torque is, or that would lead to play in the gearing. Several drives in a group can be supplied with an inverter. Without survival wind tracking of the nacelle, a connection of the DC link of the inverter is switched to exchange energy. In the absence of the backlash control during the adjustment, the backlash can be eliminated by means of only one inverter at a standstill, after braking a group of drives, for example ( 61 and 61.1 ) from the supply by contactor ( 63 and 63.1 ) is disconnected after the brakes ( 60 and 60.1 ) and then the second group ( 61.2 and 61.3 ) is still applied with small torque, and then the brakes ( 60.2 and 60.3 ) are activated, whereby the backlash is also eliminated. The control of these functions is intended by the controller 64 be executed within the inverters ( 62 ) and or ( 62.2 ) can be integrated.

For the business with increased survival wind it is proposed to design the number of azimuth drives in such a way if only 50% drive torque is available, this is sufficient the wind tracking sure. In case of undisturbed operation Gondola positioning process is suggested that first opening the Braking of the azimuth drives takes place followed by torque generation the drive of a tooth flank biased in the direction of rotation which is needed for the rotation of the nacelle, and the backward at the Tooth flank lying drive subjected to low braking torque is. Once a desired Area for the speed of the gondola is reached is the torque of the azimuth drive, a release of the limit takes place again only if the positioning speed is the default Area leaves. A Deceleration always takes place by the drive with counter to the direction of rotation adjacent tooth flank.

According to 10.2 It is proposed to also achieve a load limitation of the wind energy plant in that a direct bus connection between the pitch drives ( 07.x ) and the plant control ( 108.x ), as well as the inverter ( 109.x ), so that a quick start of the pitch drives direction flaps position can take place in case of an operating case of a delay-free as possible start of a pitch reaction requires, and thus the plant loads can be limited to a possible minimum.

8th represents a variant for extreme environmental conditions of the wind energy plant, for targeted control of the generator cooling with outside air ( 82 ) by injecting air into the front of the generator and through a labyrinth ( 82.1 ) and filters ( 81 ) is led to the interior. As a variant (not shown), an automatic actuated by gravity or drive flap control is possible, which alternately opens and closes the outer supply air depending on the hub position, and the air forwarding after the filter also opens and closes in the same cycle. When the air supply is closed, it is proposed to open further flaps so that the filter is flown back for cleaning and another flap lets the air flow out of the nacelle cover in the wind direction after the filter has flowed through. The change of the filter current direction should change with every half or whole or multiple hub rotation. When the wind turbine is switched off, the supply air should generally be closed.

In order to be able to test the cooling performance even before the installation has been set up, it is proposed to use two wind turbines in accordance with 9 for testing in an assembly hall or To arrange similar device, and operate them with site conditions and rated load as a motor and generator, and to operate in accordance with the integration required for plant operation for energy production inverter. For this purpose, arranged cooling fans simulate operation with front air supply ( 92 ) according to 8th to the stator, and wherein the test device required for the operation of the wind turbine inverters ( 91.x ) can be used with parallel operation of the DC link ( 91.3 ) for the energy exchange between motor and generator and for the test only the energy loss from the grid ( 91.5 ).

As a special embodiment of the system, an advantageous construction is proposed at the location of the wind turbine. The hub ( 25 ) should be mounted without the rotor blades to then mount each rotor blade in 6 o'clock position by means of known cable technology. After mounting a rotor blade, it is proposed to operate the generator by means of the generator-side inverter for mounting additional blades as a motor, so that further free blade connections can be positioned in the 6 o'clock position. Collar-mounted cuffs or similar fixings needed to pull up the sheet are easily removed after the blade has been turned up by engine operation of the generator. The energy required for this can also be provided by a generator that is very small in comparison to the generator power, for example, feeds directly to the line-side connection of the converter and thus loads the intermediate circuit to a height that can be applied by the generator, and so dimensioned is that the generator can operate at low speed as a motor.

According to 11 is the mechanical design of the generator with modular teeth ( 111 ), attached to the Statorjoch ( 110 ) by means of screws ( 110.1 ), and winding ( 111.1 ), as shown as an example of an external rotor, and also allow without disassembly of the generator replacement of a defective winding. By loosening the screws ( 110.1 ), the tooth modules can be pulled aside and replaced or repaired.

So that the plant can be used for extreme wind locations becomes after 8th a design shown for cooling the generator system with reduced influence of environmental conditions. These are exemplified at Statorjoch ( 110 ) Cooling pipes ( 115 ), which can dissipate a portion of the stator losses at the rate of cooling liquid, and deliver these in a heat exchanger to the environment. In addition, a controllable and / or controllable supplementary air cooling of the generator is proposed, by cooling air ( 82 ) on the front of the wind turbine over a labyrinth ( 82.1 ), and a filter ( 81 ) is passed into the interior, and as an extension has a device which cleans the filter in which, for example, fine water droplets are discharged back to the environment of the hub. For air dosing for different temperature conditions of the generator or the interior, a controllable flap ( 80 ) proposed by means of adjusting device ( 80.2 and 80.3 ) the incoming air ( 82 ) can dose. In case of failure of the supply voltage is an automatic closure of the air supply, for example by means of springs ( 80.1 ). In order to be able to test the cooling performance even before the installation has been set up, it is proposed to use two wind turbines in accordance with 9 to arrange for tests in an assembly hall or similar facility, and to operate them with site conditions and rated load to operate as motor and generator with the necessary for the plant operation for electricity production inverter accordingly.

Consequently a wind turbine is proposed for operation with increased maximum wind and also a use at previous problem locations with regard to survival wind can take place with significantly lower risk, especially since the emergence of operational peak loads and also the loads in case of faults can be significantly reduced, and also increases the life of the modules. When Variant can be parts of the described solutions also advantageous for plants for energy production in hydroelectric power plants, ocean currents or Use wave power plants. Based on the inventive technology The wind turbine is also proposed for self-sufficient power supply systems to use, such as for Island operation or for Seawater desalination plants, as in the oncoming wind without additional Energy an independent start The plant can be made if the generator is a permanent excitement own, and in particular is doing a parallel operation of several Energy sources to an inverter DC link advantageous.

Claims (71)

Devices for limiting the loads of a wind turbine particularly suitable for strong wind locations, with a mounted on the upper end of a tower and at least two azimuth actuators (azimuth drives) rotatable nacelle, with an interior with control and regulating means and with a generator consisting of stator and rotor , and which is in communication with a substantially horizontally rotatable hub, and with at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized in that - one at the hub ( 25 ) supported pitch drive ( 30 ) a connection with the rotor blade ( 23 ), and a support (hard braking) of a wheel ( 33.1 ) to the axis ( 33.4 ) or against another part with the machine carrier ( 27 ) is present; - and a wheel ( 33.6 ) is present with the hub ( 25 ) and with the wheel ( 33.1 ) and the wheel communicates with means for generating a rotational movement of the sprocket ( 24 ) and the associated rotor blade ( 23 ), - and means are present a mechanical safety drive with energy from the rotating rotor hub or associated parts, only produce at a predefined according to the energy production rotation of the hub, - and means are present at least one mechanically actuated extraction of the torque in flag position ( 22 ) of the rotor blade ( 23 ) exhibit. Wind energy plant according to claim 1, characterized in that a connection between wheel ( 33.1 ) and axis ( 33.3 ) a clutch / brake ( 33.2 ) with friction lining ( 33.5 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 1, characterized in that in flag position ( 22 ) Medium ( 38.2 ) are present for connecting the coupling ( 33.2 ) with the with the rotor blade ( 23 ) rotating blade bearing ( 37 ) or other parts rotating with the rotor blade. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that means ( 38.2 ) in conjunction with a pull magnet ( 38 ) with compression spring ( 38.1 ), and in flag position ( 22 ) of the rotor blade ( 23 ) a connection to a stop ( 37.1 ) is available. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection between wheel ( 33.1 ) and axis ( 33.3 ) a coupling ( 33.2 ), which has at least one hook which, after activation, establishes a connection between the wheel ( 33.1 ) and axis ( 33.4 ) or other with the machine carrier ( 27 ) connected parts, and the wheel ( 33.1 ) shut down Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection between coupling ( 33.2 ) and wheel ( 33.1 ) is only effective when a rotational movement of the hub ( 23 ) a predetermined direction of rotation at the hub ( 23 ) rotating wheel ( 33.6 ), and means ( 38.x ) to activate the connection Wind energy plant according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one hook with the coupling ( 33.2 ) and in conjunction with a push / pull magnet, and in conjunction with a train / compression spring a connection to the wheel ( 33.1 ), and the shutdown of an agent establishes the connection. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection between wheel ( 33.1 ) and gear ( 26.3 ) at least one coupling ( 35 ), which in Fahnenstellung ( 22 ) with further means in connection with the blade bearing ( 37 ), and the one connection between wheel ( 33.6 ) and gear ( 26.3 ), and is open in the lattice position by means, and between the lane position ( 22 ) and working position ( 22.2 ) Means are present by their shutdown the clutch ( 35 ) closed is. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that means are provided which, in one direction of rotation of the hub ( 25 ) which is opposite to the direction of rotation for production operation, have an interruption in the mechanical safety drive. Wind energy plant according to claim 9, characterized in that at least one freewheel ( 33.3 ) is present, in the direction of rotation of the wheel ( 33.6 ) in the direction of the working position ( 22.2 ) of the rotor blade ( 23 ), an interruption of the rotating connection of the wheel ( 33.6 ) to the gear ( 26.3 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 9 and 10, characterized in that, at least one freewheel within the clutch ( 33.2 ) is present, and in a direction of rotation of the hub ( 25 ) which is opposite to the direction of rotation for production operation, has an interruption in the mechanical safety drive. Wind energy plant according to claim 9 to 11, characterized characterized in that at least one switchable freewheel available is. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for the connection between the clutch disc ( 35.1 ) and ( 35.2 ) at least one lever ( 34.1 ), which connects to the pull magnet ( 36 ) with feather ( 36.1 ), and a disconnected pull magnet ( 36 ) outside the flag position one through the lever ( 34.1 ) has closed coupling, and in flag position ( 22 ) with the blade bearing ( 37 ) ( 37.1 ) and ( 37.2 ) an actuation of the lever ( 34.1 ) and thereby opened clutch ( 35 ) exhibit. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with one at the upper end of a Tower mounted and by means of a at least two azimuth drives rotatable nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized in that - the pitch drive at least one electrically operated brake ( 34 ) has in the de-energized state a blocked about the longitudinal axis rotor blade rotation, - and the brake has a mechanical ventilation by means of the currentless actuation of the brake in the rotor blade which is between working position and lath position, - and in the rotor blade surface position means are present, which are in connection with the rotation of the rotor blade, to cancel the mechanical ventilation. Wind energy plant according to claim 14, characterized in that the brake ( 34 ) by means of at least one lever ( 34.1 ) in conjunction with at least one pull or lifting magnet ( 36 ), the at least one compression or tension spring ( 36.1 ), - and in flag position ( 22 ) at least one means is present in connection with at least one rotor blade connected to the rotating part, and has a closing of the brake, - and outside the lath position with the magnet switched off ( 36 ) by means of a compression spring ( 36.1 ) the brake ( 34 ) is forced open, - and the brake ( 34 ) with brake disc ( 34.2 ) in undisturbed operation by the electrical actuation of the brake magnet ( 34.3 ) is open or closed. Wind power plant for energy supply, in particular wind power plant for strong wind locations, with a gondola adjustably mounted at the upper end of a tower by means of azimuth drives, with a generator and a hub with at least one rotor blade and means for measuring the current angular position of the rotor blade, characterized in that the pitch drive ( 26 ) one with the shaft ( 32.1 ) has rotating measuring means for detecting / calculating the rotor blade rotation angle: - and at the blade bearing or thus in connection with the rotor blade rotating parts, at least one sensor / proximity sensor is present; - and without further measuring means the position of the rotor blade ( 23 ) between flags ( 22 ) and employment position ( 22.2 ): - and the measuring means with the computing unit of the pitch drive ( 26 ) are in communication. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized characterized in that - the pitch drive ( 44 ) at an input side to the transmission ( 43 ) a brake ( 40 ), and a coupling ( 41 ) on the output shaft of the electric motor ( 42 ) having; - and a clutch ( 48 ) on the engine B side in conjunction with the wheel ( 47 ), and contact to the wheel ( 47.5 ) which is braked by means in connection with the machine carrier ( 27 ), and the electric motor ( 42 ) with rotating hub ( 25 ) generates a voltage that is available after rectification as an emergency power supply. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least two pitch drives ( 26 ) with gears ( 26.3 ) in conjunction with a sprocket ( 24 ), and the flanks of the gears ( 26.3 ) the sprocket ( 24 ) touch each other braced / with little play, face each other, and each pitch drive in conjunction with at least one brake is, and with active brake, the rotor blade ( 23 ) and the associated ring gear can not move / only slightly Wind energy plant according to claim 18, characterized in that the at least two pitch drives present on a rotor blade are also controlled / regulated during the rotor blade adjustment in such a way that no / only slight play between the gear wheels ( 26.3 ) and the sprocket ( 24 ) consists, Wind energy plant according to claim 18 and 19, characterized in that the pitch drives present on a rotor blade have, when operating in the same direction of rotation and without compensation of gear play, no simultaneous introduction of torque, and a first pitch drive ( 26 ) the torque introduction to the sprocket ( 24 ) and followed by at least one further pitch drive, provided that the previous pitch drive ( 26 ) has a predefined limit of its torque. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized characterized in that an electrically non-functional pitch drive ( 44 ) Has means which provide a mechanical connection with at least one further ready pitch drive ( 44 ) On white sen. Wind energy plant according to claim 21, characterized in that the defective pitch drive ( 44 ) at the entrance to the transmission ( 43 ) a brake ( 40 ) and with the brake ( 40 ) the rotational movement about its longitudinal axis is blocked, and at least two pitch drives ( 44 ) for connecting the engines ( 42 ) the coupling ( 48 ) and at least two pitch drives with the respective wheels ( 47 ) and over the wheel ( 47.5 ) a connection between the engines ( 42 consists). Device for limiting the loads, a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized characterized in that - the pitch drive ( 50 ) Has means with which the rotor blade in the extended area of the flag layer ( 22 ) a definable free rotation range of the end stop ( 22.3 ) in the direction of working position ( 22.2 ), and between rotor blade ( 23 ) and pitch drive ( 50 ) Means are the one activation of the limited rotation of the rotor blade in the direction of working position ( 22.2 ) exhibit. Wind energy plant according to claim 23, characterized in that at the end stop ( 22.3 ) of the rotor blade ( 23 ), by the rotation of the rotor blade in flag position, at least one spring ( 59 ) is activated by means, and a rotation of the rotor blade toward the working position on the spring has an increasing torque, which counteracts the torque of the rotor blade. Wind energy plant according to claim 23 and 24, characterized characterized in that, the activation of the damped backstop in the area between Fahnelage and working position exists. Wind energy plant according to claim 23 to 25, characterized in that, the end stop ( 22.3 ) at least one damping spring ( 57.4 ) in conjunction with the rotating with the rotor blade stop ( 57.3 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 23 to 26, characterized in that the transmission ( 51 ) at at least one input a coupling ( 59.1 ), which in flag position by at least one lever ( 59.3 ) and the attack ( 57.1 ) and that with the rotating part of the blade bearing ( 57 ) or other rotating parts with the rotor blade, and the disc ( 59.8 ) Depending on the direction of rotation driver ( 59.5 ) and ( 59.6 ) for connection to the spring ( 59 ), which at one end on the housing ( 59.7 ) and the coupling ( 59.1 ) after activation of the tension magnet with compression spring ( 57.2 ) is opened by the spring ( 59.4 ). Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that - the position setpoint ( 103.1 ) for the rotor blade ( 26 ) a consideration of the determined by means of measuring means and arithmetic unit hub speed ( 105 ) or having parts connected in rotation, - the predetermined value of the setpoint window ( 101 ) is in the range of the rated speed of the wind turbine, - the position setpoint ( 103.1 ) for the rotor blade ( 26 ) a consideration of the negative or positive acceleration determined by means of measurement and calculation ( 105.2 ) the hub speed ( 105 ), - a computing unit does not change the position setpoint ( 103.1 ) to the pitch drive ( 26 ), if the actual value of the hub speed ( 105 ) within a speed window setpoint ( 101 ), an arithmetic unit a change of the position setpoint ( 103.1 ) to the pitch drive ( 26 ) with direction to the flag position ( 22 ), if the actual value of the hub speed ( 105 ) above a speed window setpoint ( 101 ), an arithmetic unit a change of the position setpoint ( 103.1 ) to the pitch drive ( 26 ) with direction to the working position ( 22.2 ), if the actual value of the hub speed ( 105 ) below a speed window setpoint ( 101 ), - the value of the setpoint window ( 101 ) a shift as a function of the measured / calculated acceleration ( 105.2 ) the hub ( 25 ), and an acceleration with increasing hub speed ( 105 ) the setpoint window ( 101 ) shifts to smaller values - the value of the setpoint window ( 101 ) a shift as a function of the measured / calculated acceleration ( 105.2 ) the hub ( 25 ), and an acceleration as the hub speed decreases ( 105 ) the setpoint window ( 101 ) shifts to larger values. Wind energy plant according to claim 28, characterized in that the correction value ( 102 ) an assessment of the current hub speed ( 104.2 ) having Wind energy plant according to claim 28, characterized in that the correction value ( 102 ) an assessment of the current wind ( 104.1 ), and an increasing wind has a higher correction. Wind energy plant according to claim 28, characterized in that the calculated acceleration value ( 105.2 ) by measured / calculated loads ( 104.3 ) from the measuring means at the blade bearing ( 23.1 ) and by a measured / calculated pitch moment ( 104.4 ) is corrected. Wind energy plant according to claim 28, characterized in that the calculated acceleration value ( 105.2 ) by a measured / calculated generator torque ( 104.5 ) is corrected. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized in that the wind energy installation has a direct communication bus ( 109.1 ) for control / regulation, without intermediate processing units, and a direct connection of the pitch drives ( 107.x ) for controlling ( 108 ) and the inverter ( 109 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 33, characterized in that a direct communication bus used for remote control and data recording between pitch drive ( 107.x ) and control ( 108 ) and converters ( 109 ) and a PC ( 109.2 ) is available. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized in that the azimuth motors each have a brake ( 60.X ), which is controlled such that at standstill in the opposite direction at least two azimuth drives ( 26.1 ) and ( 26.2 ) Tooth flank contact / low backlash ( 69 ) and ( 69.1 ) of the gears ( 26.3 ) and ( 26.4 ) with the sprocket ( 24.1 ) exhibit. Wind energy plant according to claim 35, characterized in that the tooth flank contact ( 69 ) and ( 69.1 ) with low bias even in the nacelle rotary motion is present. Wind power plant according to claim 35 and 36, characterized in that at least one of the azimuth motors ( 61.x ) which each have an inverter ( 62 ) and inverters ( 62.1 ), has a rotary encoder, and this is in communication with a computing unit ( 64 ) which has a detection of the nacelle position. Wind power plant according to claim 35 to 37, characterized in that the arithmetic unit ( 64 ) redundant in each inverter ( 62 ) and ( 62.1 ) is integrated. Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted at the top of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is in communication with a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, characterized in that a generator having at least seven-phase and permanent magnets ( 74.x ) with rotating hub ( 25 ) has an auxiliary power for controlling the wind turbine and for the azimuth drives; and the voltage with an at least three-phase winding part of the generator by means of contacts ( 75.1 ) with a rectifier ( 75 ) with the output ( 75.2 ) connected is. Wind energy plant according to claim 39, characterized in that a plurality of three-phase winding parts ( 74.x ) for emergency power supply with means via rectifier ( 75 ) with further outputs ( 75.2 ) are connected Device for limiting the loads of a wind turbine with a mounted on the upper end of a tower and rotatable by at least two azimuth drives nacelle, with a generator which is connected to a hub, and at least one rotatable about its longitudinal axis rotor blade with at least one pitch drive, and a Generator design which allows a predetermination of the loads at phase short circuit, characterized in that - the generator ( 20 ) is designed as a m-phase alternator; A number of N teeth ( 111 ) and N grooves ( 111.2 ) on one side of an air gap between rotor ( 20.1 ) and stator ( 20.2 ) and a number of 2p poles ( 112 ) on the other side of the air gap, and one or more teeth are connected to a yoke, and each tooth has a tooth coil winding; - And the number of phases m is such that the maximum torque in the worst case does not exceed a predetermined amount, and that after the expression

where ü is the overload capacity of the machine, M _{nominal is} the rated torque, M _{KS, Max is} the maximum allowed torque during the two-phase short circuit, X _{d is} the steady-state synchronous reactance, and x _d '' is the sub-transient synchronous reactance. Wind energy plant according to claim 41, characterized that every second tooth of the generator designed as a single-layer tooth coil winding Coil, wherein the number of coils in m groups evenly distributed is. Wind energy plant according to claim 41 and 42, characterized in that a generator ( 20 ) with a divisible by three phase system, three phases each as a module ( 74.x ), all modules having a common star point ( 67 ) exhibit. Wind energy plant according to claim 41 to 43, characterized in that a generator ( 20 ) with a divisible by three phase system, three phases each as a module ( 74.x ), and no common star point ( 67 ) is available. Wind energy plant according to claim 41 to 44, characterized in that in each case three phases of the generator ( 20 ) are formed as a module, all phases having a common star point. Wind energy plant especially for strong wind locations, with a At the upper end of a tower adjustable mounted gondola, with a Generator and a hub with at least one rotor blade and a generator version which allows a predetermination of the cogging torque, characterized that a cogging torque is provided, which by appropriate Selection of slot and pole number minimized is formed at a) in a single-layer dental coil winding With N = 2km, k = 1, 2, 3, ... etc and N - 2p = ± 2, ± 4, ± 6, ..., ± 2 (m - 1) and / or b) in a two-layer tooth coil winding with N = 2km, k = 1, 2, 3, ... etc., where N - 2p = ± 2, ± 4, ± 6, ..., ± (m - 2) for m even Numbers and N - 2p = ± 2, ± 4, ± 6, ..., ± (m - 1) for m odd Numbers is provided. Wind power plant according to claims 41 to 46, characterized in that the teeth ( 111 ) are designed such that one side of each tooth ( 111 ) another distance ( 113 ) in the circumferential direction to the magnet ( 112 ) than the second tooth side ( 114 ). Wind energy plant, in particular for strong wind locations, with a gondola adjustably mounted at the upper end of a tower, comprising a generator and a hub with at least one rotor blade and a generator design which allows a simplified construction of a strut system, characterized in that a supporting strut system ( 20.3 ) and ( 20.4 ) in radial arrangement with screw connection ( 20.6 ) on the struts ( 20.4 ) and screw connection ( 20.7 ) on the struts ( 20.3 ), and one possibility comprises the air gap between the stator ( 20.2 ) and rotor ( 20.1 ) by shifting in the screws to correct. Wind energy plant, in particular for strong wind locations, with a gondola adjustably mounted at the upper end of a tower, with a generator and a hub with at least one rotor blade, characterized in that the generator cooling is a supply of the cooling air ( 83 ) from the front through an opening ( 82 ) having; at least one maze ( 82.1 ) and a filter ( 81 ) is present for restraining parts in the air; at least one flap ( 80 ) can be moved by means that are controlled by parameters of the wind turbine and with a spring element ( 80.1 ) loaded actuating device ( 80.2 ; 80.3 ), which closes without tension Wind power plant according to claim 49, characterized in that each means as a flap ( 80 ) are formed, which are closed when not producing plant. Wind turbine according to one of claims 49 to 50, characterized in that the cooling air supply is metered, and dependent from the generator winding temperature. Wind power plant according to one of claims 49 to 51, characterized in that an indirect liquid cooling by means of cooling tubes ( 115 ) in the area of the teeth ( 111 ) and / or the yoke ( 110 ) and external heat exchanger is present. Wind energy plant especially for strong wind locations, with a At the upper end of a tower adjustable mounted gondola, with a Generator and a hub with at least one rotor blade, and a generator version which allows braking operation by winding short circuit, thereby characterized in that at least three phases of a symmetrically formed Rotating field under consideration the demagnetization limit over resistors are shorted. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stator teeth ( 111 ) by means of Schraubverbin applications ( 110.1 ) and are interchangeable without generator disassembly. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pitch drive ( 26 ) has a DC motor. Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pitch drive ( 26 ) has a three-phase motor Wind energy plant according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pitch drive ( 26 ) has a hydraulic adjustment system. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized in that between generator and hub ( 25 ) is a transmission. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized in that the generator has a direct connection to the hub ( 25 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized in that the generator has a double bearing arrangement between axis ( 28.1 ) and wave ( 28.2 ) owns. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized in that the generator is a Einlagerausführung ( 19 ) having. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized characterized in that the generator is a radial flux machine with internal rotor is Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized characterized in that the generator is a radial flux machine with External rotor is. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized characterized in that the generator is an axial flow machine. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized characterized in that the generator is a transversal flux machine is. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized in that the generator has a number of phases with three divisible, and each 3-phase winding system has a symmetrical arrangement on the stator, and the connected inverter means ( 77.x ) for switching off one or more three-phase modules. Wind energy plant according to claim 55 to 57, characterized characterized in that the generator has permanent magnets. Wind energy plant according to claim 67, characterized that the frontal region of the permanent magnets is a protective grid having loose magnetically conductive parts. Wind energy plant according to claim 67, characterized in that the air gap ( 112.1 ) between the magnets ( 112 ) is poured in the radial circumferential direction. Wind energy plant according to at least one of claims 58 to 69, characterized in that the generator is an approximately horizontal Has axis. Wind energy plant according to at least one of claims 58 to 69, characterized in that the generator is an approximately vertical Has axis.