DE102007009503A1 - Multi-stage ORC cycle with intermediate dehumidification - Google Patents
Multi-stage ORC cycle with intermediate dehumidification Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102007009503A1 DE102007009503A1 DE200710009503 DE102007009503A DE102007009503A1 DE 102007009503 A1 DE102007009503 A1 DE 102007009503A1 DE 200710009503 DE200710009503 DE 200710009503 DE 102007009503 A DE102007009503 A DE 102007009503A DE 102007009503 A1 DE102007009503 A1 DE 102007009503A1
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- orc
- steam processes
- recycling
- heat
- working fluid
- Prior art date
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Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/128—Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/132—Components containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/24—Only one single fluoro component present
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft die optimale Nutzung von zwei Wärmequellen mit unterschiedlicher Wärmemenge und -temperatur wie zum Beispiel bei der Motorabwärme und der Abgaswärme von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen durch ORC-Strömungs- und Kolbenmaschinen, derart, dass das dampfförmige ORC-Arbeitsfluid mit stark nach rechts geneigter Sattdampflinie im P-h-Diagramm in mindestens zwei Schritten entspannt wird und zwischen den mindestens zwei Schritten eine Enthitzung des ORC-Arbeitsfluides derart erfolgt, dass die Enthitzungswärme dem flüssigen ORC-Arbeitsfluid in einem Vorwärmer II in einem oberhalb der Motorabwärme liegenden Temperaturbereich zugeführt wird.The invention relates to the optimal use of two heat sources with different heat quantity and temperature, such as in the engine waste heat and the exhaust heat of internal combustion engines by ORC flow and piston machines, such that the vapor ORC working fluid with strongly inclined to the right saturated steam line in Ph Is relaxed in at least two steps and between the at least two steps, a desuperheating of the ORC working fluid is such that the heat of dewatering is supplied to the liquid ORC working fluid in a preheater II in a range above the engine heat temperature range.
Description
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Nutzung von mindestens zwei Wärmequellen mit unterschiedlicher Wärmemenge und – temperatur für mindestens zweistufige Turbinen oder sonstige Entspannungsmaschine erlaubt die Enthitzung des Arbeitsfluides nach einem ersten Entspannungsschritt derart, dass die bei der Enthitzung zurückgewonnene Wärmeenergie dem Arbeitsfluid oberhalb der Temperatur der ersten Wärmequelle wieder zugeführt werden kann.The inventive method to use at least two heat sources with different ones heat and - temperature for at least two-stage turbines or other expansion machine allowed the desuperheating of the working fluid after a first relaxation step such that the heat energy recovered during desuperheating the working fluid above the temperature of the first heat source fed again can be.
Der Stand der Technik ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Arbeitsfluid eines Dampfkreislaufes durch die Speisepumpe auf den gewünschten Druck gebracht wird und sodann nacheinander einen oder mehrere Vorwärmer, den Verdampfer und Überhitzer durchströmt und der dabei entstehende Dampf in einem oder mehreren Schritten entspannt wird und bei dieser Entspannung durch Kolbenmotoren, Schraubenmotoren oder Turbinen mechanische und dann elektrische Arbeit erzeugt wird. Bei herkömmlichen Dampfturbinen ist der Kreislauf bei Verwendung mehrstufiger Turbinen und bei Verwendung des Arbeitsmediums Wasser häufig zwischen den Turbinenstufen eine Zwischenüberhitzung vorgesehen, um eine Entspannung in den Nassdampfbereich vor oder in der nächsten Turbinenstufe zu vermeiden.Of the The prior art is characterized in that the working fluid a steam cycle through the feed pump to the desired Pressure is placed and then successively one or more preheater, the Evaporator and superheater flows through and the resulting vapor in one or more steps is relaxed and in this relaxation by piston engines, screw motors or Turbines mechanical and then electrical work is generated. at usual Steam turbines is the cycle when using multistage turbines and when using the working fluid, water frequently between the turbine stages a reheat intended to provide a relaxation in the wet steam area before or in the next Turbine stage to avoid.
Bei der Nutzung der Wärme unterschiedlicher Wärmequellen wie zum Beispiel bei einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine stellt sich die Frage der optimalen Nutzung der unterschiedlichen Wärmemengen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. So liegt die Abgaswärme häufig zwischen 450°C bis 550°C an während die Motorabwärme, die Ölkühlung und die Ladeluftkühlung bei 90°C bis 105°C anfällt. Diese Wärmen sind mit dem Blick auf einen Dampfprozess bisher nur so zu vereinen, dass im Regelfall entweder ein kleiner Massenstrom des Arbeitsfluides zur Verdampfung bei hoher Temperatur gebracht werden kann oder ein grösserer Dampfmassenstrom bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen von 115 bis 130°C. In beiden bekannten Fällen wird die zur Verfügung stehende Wärmemenge nicht optimal ausgenutzt.at the use of heat different heat sources such as in an internal combustion engine arises the question of the optimal use of different amounts of heat at different temperatures. So the exhaust heat is often in between 450 ° C to 550 ° C on while the engine waste heat, the oil cooling and the charge air cooling at 90 ° C up to 105 ° C accrues. These warms are so far to be united with the view of a steam process that usually either a small mass flow of the working fluid can be brought to evaporation at high temperature or a greater Steam mass flow at relatively low temperatures of 115 to 130 ° C. In both known cases will the available standing heat not optimally utilized.
Es stehen eine Reihe von Arbeitsfluiden für ORC-Prozesse zur Verfügung. Es können Kältemittel, auch fluorierte Kältemittel, Kohlenwasserstoffe, Siliconöle oder Thermoöle eingesetzt werden. Erfindungsgemäß sind insbesondere die ORC-Fluide von Interesse, die im P-h-Diagramm eine stark nach rechts geneigte Sattdampflinie aufweisen und die jeweiligen Isentropen weniger stark nach rechts geneigt sind. Diese ORC-Fluide haben die Eigenschaft, das eine adiabate Entspannung des Arbeitsfluides immer im überhitzten Bereich stattfindet und der Abstand zur Sattdampflinie mit zunehmender Entspannung sich immer weiter von der Sattdampflinie entfernt. Diese ORC-Arbeitsfluide müssen vor der Kondensation immer enthitzt werden.It There are a number of working fluids available for ORC processes. It can Refrigerants, too fluorinated refrigerants, Hydrocarbons, silicone oils or thermal oils be used. In particular, according to the invention the ORC fluids of interest, which in the P-h diagram a strong after have right inclined Sattdampflinie and the respective isentropes less inclined to the right. These ORC fluids have the Property that always works adiabatic relaxation of the working fluid in the overheated area takes place and the distance to the saturated steam line with increasing relaxation getting further and further away from the saturated steam line. These ORC working fluids have to Always be de-hydrated before condensation.
Bei ORC-Kreisläufen ist bisher vorgesehen, das die auf Grund der spezifischen nach rechts gerichteten Neigung der Sattdampflinie und einer etwas weniger nach rechts gerichteten Neigung der Isentropen anfallende Enthitzungswärme des Arbeitsfluides zur Vorwärmung des Arbeitsfluides nach der Speisepumpe wieder zu nutzen (s. a. Zeichnung 1 mit der Enthalpiedifferenz zwischen h9 und h10). Diese Enthitzungswärme steht in einem Temperaturbereich an, der sich im Regelfall mit dem Temperaturbereich der Motorabwärme schneidet.In ORC circuits is provided so far, that the due to the specific rightward inclination of the saturated steam line and a slightly less rightward tendency of isentropics accumulating Enthitzungswärme the working fluid for preheating the working fluid after the feed pump to reuse (sa see drawing 1 with the Enthalpy difference between h 9 and h 10 ). This heat of decay is in a temperature range which usually intersects with the temperature range of the engine waste heat.
Es ist aber wünschenswert sowohl die nach der Entspannung anfallende Enthitzungswärme, die Motorabwärme und die Abgaswärme möglichst vollständig zu nutzen.It but it is desirable both the heat of disinfestation arising after the release, the engine heat and the exhaust heat preferably Completely to use.
Dies gelingt erfindungsgemäß dadurch, dass nach einem ersten Entspannungsschritt des dampfförmigen Arbeitsfluides dieses Arbeitsfluid bis vor die Sattdampflinie enthitzt wird und diese Enthitzungswärme dem noch flüssigen Arbeitsfluid oberhalb der Temperatur aus der Motorabwärme zugeführt wird und sich erst dann ein zweiter Entspannungsschritt anschließt.This succeeds according to the invention that after a first step of relaxing the vaporous working fluid this working fluid is desaturated until before the saturated vapor line and this heat of dehumidification still liquid Working fluid above the temperature from the engine waste heat is supplied and only then followed by a second relaxation step.
Als
besonders geeignet für
die erfindungsgemäße neue
Kreislaufführung
für einen
ORC-Prozess erweisen
sich folgende Arbeitsfluide: Kohlenwasserstoffe
wie
Der
erfindungsgemäße neue
Arbeitskreislauf mit oben genannten ORC-Arbeitsfluiden verläuft gemäß Zeichnung
1 wie folgt:
Der in der Zeichnung 1 beschriebene Kreisprozess ist in der Zeichnung 2 mit den wesentlichen Bauelemente dargestellt.Of the in the drawing 1 described circular process is in the drawing 2 shown with the essential components.
In
der Zeichnung 3 ist ein erfindungsgemäß vergleichbarer Kreisprozess
mit seinen wesentlichen Bauelementen dargestellt mit dem Unterschied,
dass die Wärme
des Schrittes h9 nach h18 nicht
zur Vorwärmung
In
der Zeichnung 4 schließlich
ist ein erfindungsgemäß vergleichbarer
Kreisprozess dargestellt, der nach der Kondensation und Unterkühlung eine
erste Niederdruckspeisepumpe mit einem nachfolgenden 3-Wegeventil
(
- 11
- Wärmetauscher Verdampfer-Überhitzerheat exchangers Evaporator-superheater
- 22
-
Wärmetauscher
Zwischenenthitzer/Vorwärmer
3 Heat exchanger inter-thinner / preheater3 - 33
-
Wärmetauscher
Vorwärmer
2 Heat exchanger preheater2 - 44
-
Vorwärmer
1 preheater1 - 55
- Kondensator-VerflüssigerCondenser condenser
- 66
- Speisepumpefeed pump
- 77
- Arbeitsstufe 1working level 1
- 88th
- Arbeitsstufe 2working level 2
- 99
- Generatorgenerator
- 1010
- Generatorwellegenerator shaft
- 1111
- NiederdruckspeisepumpeLow-pressure feed pump
- 1212
- HochdruckspeisepumpeHigh-pressure feed pump
- 1313
- TeilmassenstromregelventilMass flow control valve
- 1414
- DampfmischventilSteam mixing valve
- 1515
- Wärmetauscher Enthitzer/Wärmekreislaufheat exchangers Desuperheater / heat cycle
Claims (17)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200710009503 DE102007009503B4 (en) | 2007-02-25 | 2007-02-25 | Multi-stage ORC cycle with intermediate dehumidification |
PCT/EP2008/001405 WO2008101711A2 (en) | 2007-02-25 | 2008-02-21 | Multi-stage orc circuit with intermediate cooling |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200710009503 DE102007009503B4 (en) | 2007-02-25 | 2007-02-25 | Multi-stage ORC cycle with intermediate dehumidification |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE102007009503A1 true DE102007009503A1 (en) | 2008-09-18 |
DE102007009503B4 DE102007009503B4 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
Family
ID=39687954
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE200710009503 Withdrawn - After Issue DE102007009503B4 (en) | 2007-02-25 | 2007-02-25 | Multi-stage ORC cycle with intermediate dehumidification |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE102007009503B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008101711A2 (en) |
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DE202010003630U1 (en) | 2010-03-03 | 2011-07-27 | Technanova Gmbh | Engine block as a direct heat exchanger in a steam circuit |
DE102010010614A1 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-09-08 | GMK Gesellschaft für Motoren und Kraftanlagen mbH | Method for energy generation in organic rankine cycle-system with working medium circuit, involves conveying total mass flow of organic rankine cycle-fluid by pump, where pump is disposed upstream to preheater |
DE102012004275A1 (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2013-09-05 | Ulrich Schmid | Device for generating electricity from waste heat in hermetically operated heat- and power-combination plant, has liquefier whose outlet is moved to pump, where exhaust system downstream to power engine is guided in direction of liquefier |
DE102012024016A1 (en) * | 2012-12-08 | 2014-06-12 | Pegasus Energietechnik AG | Method for controlling thermodynamic cyclic process, involves coupling drying process with thermodynamic cyclic process such that withdrawn thermal energy from thermodynamic cyclic process is exploited for drying substance |
DE102014203121A1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-08-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus and method for an ORC cycle with multi-stage expansion |
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US7225621B2 (en) * | 2005-03-01 | 2007-06-05 | Ormat Technologies, Inc. | Organic working fluids |
EP1998013A3 (en) | 2007-04-16 | 2009-05-06 | Turboden S.r.l. | Apparatus for generating electric energy using high temperature fumes |
WO2010121255A1 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2010-10-21 | Echogen Power Systems | System and method for managing thermal issues in gas turbine engines |
WO2010151560A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | Echogen Power Systems Inc. | System and method for managing thermal issues in one or more industrial processes |
US9316404B2 (en) | 2009-08-04 | 2016-04-19 | Echogen Power Systems, Llc | Heat pump with integral solar collector |
US8613195B2 (en) | 2009-09-17 | 2013-12-24 | Echogen Power Systems, Llc | Heat engine and heat to electricity systems and methods with working fluid mass management control |
US8869531B2 (en) | 2009-09-17 | 2014-10-28 | Echogen Power Systems, Llc | Heat engines with cascade cycles |
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DE102010048292A1 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2012-04-19 | Rwe Innogy Gmbh | Method for operating low temperature power plant utilized to convert heat energy of low temperature mass flow into electricity, involves changing state of working fluid by increasing temperature, and vaporizing fluid in partial streams |
US8857186B2 (en) | 2010-11-29 | 2014-10-14 | Echogen Power Systems, L.L.C. | Heat engine cycles for high ambient conditions |
US8616001B2 (en) | 2010-11-29 | 2013-12-31 | Echogen Power Systems, Llc | Driven starter pump and start sequence |
US9062898B2 (en) | 2011-10-03 | 2015-06-23 | Echogen Power Systems, Llc | Carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle |
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DE102013201639A1 (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-07-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | ORC plant with improved heat supply |
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US9587520B2 (en) * | 2013-05-30 | 2017-03-07 | General Electric Company | System and method of waste heat recovery |
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CN105115330A (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2015-12-02 | 天津大学 | Phase change evaporator for driving ORC system through industrial waste heat |
WO2019029829A1 (en) | 2017-08-11 | 2019-02-14 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Cyclic processes with supercritical siloxanes |
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IT201900004733A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-09-29 | Saipem Spa | RE-COMPRESSED TRANSCRITICAL CYCLE WITH POST-EXPANSION IN CRYOGENIC OR LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, AND / OR WITH REFRIGERANT FLUIDS |
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-
2007
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-
2008
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DE19907512A1 (en) * | 1999-02-22 | 2000-08-31 | Frank Eckert | Apparatus for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) process has a fluid regenerator in each stage to achieve a greater temperature differential between the cascade inlet and outlet |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE202010003630U1 (en) | 2010-03-03 | 2011-07-27 | Technanova Gmbh | Engine block as a direct heat exchanger in a steam circuit |
DE102010010614A1 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-09-08 | GMK Gesellschaft für Motoren und Kraftanlagen mbH | Method for energy generation in organic rankine cycle-system with working medium circuit, involves conveying total mass flow of organic rankine cycle-fluid by pump, where pump is disposed upstream to preheater |
DE102010010614B4 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2012-01-26 | GMK Gesellschaft für Motoren und Kraftanlagen mbH | Method and device for generating energy in an ORC system |
DE102012004275A1 (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2013-09-05 | Ulrich Schmid | Device for generating electricity from waste heat in hermetically operated heat- and power-combination plant, has liquefier whose outlet is moved to pump, where exhaust system downstream to power engine is guided in direction of liquefier |
DE102012024016A1 (en) * | 2012-12-08 | 2014-06-12 | Pegasus Energietechnik AG | Method for controlling thermodynamic cyclic process, involves coupling drying process with thermodynamic cyclic process such that withdrawn thermal energy from thermodynamic cyclic process is exploited for drying substance |
DE102012024016B4 (en) * | 2012-12-08 | 2015-03-12 | Pegasus Energietechnik AG | A method of operating a thermodynamic cycle with a step of removing thermal energy |
DE102014203121A1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-08-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus and method for an ORC cycle with multi-stage expansion |
EP3060767A1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2016-08-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device and method for an orc process with multi-stage expansion |
DE102014203121B4 (en) | 2014-02-20 | 2017-03-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus and method for an ORC cycle with multi-stage expansion |
EP3060767B1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2022-06-29 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Device and method for an orc process with multi-stage expansion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2008101711A3 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
WO2008101711A2 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
DE102007009503B4 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
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