DE102007001004A1 - Use of a composition comprising a phyllosiliate, a tectosilicate and optionally a clay mineral as a soil improver - Google Patents

Abstract

Composition comprising a phyllosiliate, a tectosilicate and optionally a clay mineral with little or no crystallinity is used as a soil improver. ACTIVITY : Fertilizer. No biological data given. MECHANISM OF ACTION : None given.

Description

The The invention relates to a soil-improving mixture composition.

Such soil-improving mixture compositions or soil improvers are basically known, by way of example with reference to US Pat DE 42 24 368 A1 is referenced. Here, the composition in question comprises cellulosic materials, water retention agents and binders. As a water-storing agent and as a binder bentonite is addressed. In addition, water-absorbing agents in the form of silicate minerals, aluminosilicates or zeolites are used.

The DD 237 317 A1 describes a method for increasing nutrient retention in the soil. For this purpose, an organic gel is applied, which can also be present as a fertilizer gel amount.

in the In general, the fertility of a soil, in particular useful soil, that is a soil for the cultivation of useful plants, decisively by its ability determines nutrients and moisture to store and dosed long-term to the roots of (useful) plants leave. In addition, adequate oxygenation of the Roots are ensured. Serve as a nutrient store besides humus (complex of clay minerals and organic carbon compounds) primarily clay minerals, on their surfaces nutrient ions can be adsorbed. The moisture storage by one and two-layer clay minerals is primarily by the reduction of the pore volume of the soil, especially in light sandy soil and is therefore with a change connected to the soil texture. This change leaves when growing some cultures, such as asparagus, not consistent with production processes.

Because light and sandy soils have a low storage capacity for nutrients and water. Therefore, plant growth and yield are limited. Even a fertilizer helps here only limited, because the fertilizer is washed out on the one hand very quickly and on the other hand, even with sufficient fertilizer supply is not enough moisture available to take the nutrient transport to the root. This is particularly problematic in view of the fact that climate change is increasingly causing soil erosion and desertification, and that in some cases the amount of rainfall so far has fallen significantly. This means that the proportion of sandy or dry soils is increasing worldwide, so that the usable land is decreasing, while at the same time increasing demand as a result of population growth. - Although it is known, for example, to improve sorption-weak sandy soils by natural zeolites. However, the effect of these natural zeolites is not permanent (cf. DD 237 317 A1 ). Here, the invention aims to provide a total remedy.

Of the Invention is the technical problem underlying such soil improving mixture composition available to put in conjunction with separately applied fertilizers the fertilizer leaching reduces and the water storage ability and moisturizing improved.

• a) ein Schichtsilikat,
• b) ein Gerüstsilikat und gegebenenfalls
• c) ein Tonmineral geringer oder fehlender Kristallordnung

umfasst als Bodenverbesserungsmittel für insbesondere Nutzböden, insbesondere zur Vergleichmäßigung des bodenverbessernden Nährstofftransportes.To solve this technical problem, the invention is the use of a mixture composition that at least

• a) a layered silicate,
• b) a framework silicate and, where appropriate
• c) a clay mineral with little or no crystal order

comprises as a soil improver for in particular useful floors, in particular for equalization of soil-improving nutrient transport.

• a) Schichtsilikat und
• b) Gerüstsilikat kann zusätzlich noch
• c) ein Tonmineral geringer oder fehlender Kristallordnung

als Mischungskomponente optional hinzutreten. Dabei versteht es sich, dass die einzelnen Mischungskomponenten a), b) und gegebenenfalls c) jedenfalls selbst als Gemisch vorliegen können. Das heißt, bei dem Schichtsilikat nach a) kann es sich um eine Schichtsilikatmischung handeln. Ebenso ist es denkbar, anstelle eines einzigen Gerüstsilikates nach b) eine Gerüstsilikatmischung einzusetzen. Schließlich kann selbstverständlich auch das Tonmineral nach c) als Tonmineralmischung vorliegen.That is, to the compulsory components

• a) phyllosilicate and
• b) scaffold silicate can additionally
• c) a clay mineral with little or no crystal order

optionally as a mixture component. It is understood that the individual mixture components a), b) and optionally c) can themselves be present as a mixture. That is, the layered silicate according to a) may be a layered silicate mixture. It is likewise conceivable to use a skeleton silicate mixture instead of a single skeletal silicate according to b). Finally, of course, the clay mineral according to c) may be present as a clay mineral mixture.

All in all is determined by the mixture composition according to the invention the soil texture is not adversely affected, so that the Moisture storage and their delivery improved and in particular are evened. That also applies to the Nutrient transport, which at the same time for soil improvement contributes.

The transport of nutrients always works particularly efficiently because the framework silicate acts as a nutrient and / or water reservoir and the phyllosilicate increases the storage capacity over time. In addition, scaffold silicates are advantageously able to bind heavy metal cations by adsorption. Their adsorption capacity is included Time and concentration dependent.

In In this context, it has proven itself, if at least the sheet silicate with a grain size of maximum 2 mm. In general you will for the individual mixture components one adapted each Adjust the grain size to a grain size corresponds to a maximum of 5 mm. In particular, the grain size likes at a maximum of 3 mm and preferably at a maximum of 2 mm.

By this comparatively small grain size with a grain diameter or a grain size of not more than 5 mm for On the one hand, the individual components of the mixture become such Treated soil loosened or a light sandy soil not changed in its texture. On the other hand, the water absorption in particular by the layered silicate a). When As a result, agglomerates form from the respective soil conditioner and the floor. These agglomerates like grain sizes of 10 mm and more and prevent, for example, at Sandy soils rainwater penetrates into deeper regions. In loamy soils provide the forming agglomerates for soil loosening and therefore also improved Nutrient and water storage. In addition, will facilitates nutrient transport to the roots of crops.

The Blend components can be considered as individual granules be realized in the mix. Alternatively or in addition it is also possible, the mixture components in shape of compacts from the individual grains represent. These Pressings or pellets can be in the context of conventional procedures produce, for example with the help of press screws, with are equipped against provisional rollers, which in turn have recesses around the pellets or pellets define.

Provided Compacts from the individual mixture components are used, In addition, it has proven itself, if in the questionable Briquettes water-conducting fibers are introduced. In these water-conducting Fibers may be cellulosic fibers. Furthermore like in addition to the pellets and / or the be stored soil to be treated microorganisms that the Fiber decomposition serve. As a result, the compacts are as it were and automatically loosened or with continuous capillaries retrofitted. additionally promotes close contact between the compulsory organic Material and the clay minerals the formation of the clay / humus complex. Of course, the microorganisms in question also independent of the compacts in the to be improved Soil are introduced.

at the layered silicate as the mixture component a) is preferably to naturally occurring bentonite, which for the most part Part consists of montmorilonite. In fact, the salary is of the constituent montmorilonite at 60 to 90% by weight. This explains the strong water absorption and swelling capacity of Bentonite. Both sodium bentonites can be used as well as calcium bentonite.

by virtue of its three-layered structure can be found in the phyllosilicates in question according to a) or three-layer silicate cations in the interstices adsorb and thereby influence the layer spacing. Thereby It is possible, depending on the nature of the cation of the Controlled bentonite absorbed amount of water. So dispose Calcium bentonite via a water absorption capacity of about 150% based on their own mass, while sodium bentonites a water absorption capacity up to 500% compared the dry matter is observed.

In any case is the mixture component a) or the sheet silicate used there primarily used for water storage. As it is at the mixture component a) is an inorganic material, becomes as great as possible to organic soil conditioners Insensitivity to salty water as well as to bacteria or the like is observed. Because the phyllosilicate or the mixture component a) as the other mixture components in relatively small grain size up to a maximum of 5 mm grain size is present, the Krümelfähigkeit of the thus treated Soil positively influenced. At the same time the phyllosilicate acts or the mixture component a) as a water storage for plant-available water, thereby preventing For example, surface water and precipitation be shifted in deep soil layers. With the water or rainwater takes the mixture component a) or the layered silicate in the water dissolved nutrients that are present either anyway are or by additionally applied fertilizer to provide. As a result, the layered silicate acts or the bentonite as a short-term storage in the context of the invention Mixture composition, for water and / or nutrients.

For such sheet silicates according to a) or three-layer silicates and in particular bentonites are characterized in that their sequence of elementary layers are separated by the already mentioned intermediate layers. These intermediate layers can - as stated - be coated with cations and / or water, the nature of the respective cation influences the water retention. The water retention is with cations with small ionic radius and a higher valence such as Ca ²⁺ lower than for monovalent cations with large radii K. At the same time the mobility of the interlayer cations in such layered silicates, in particular three-layer silicates and preferably here bentonite is high, which is expressed by a likewise high cation exchange capacity. As a consequence, the mixture component a) or the layered silicate there is able to deliver stored water and / or nutrients to the environment on relatively short time scales, thus functioning as a short-term storage.

there It should be noted that the adsorption of the aforementioned Cations selectively. For example, polyvalent cations of heavy metals preferably adsorbed. Because of their own Field strength, such cations are so strong in the interlayer the phyllosilicates according to a) involved that one of a permanent Immobilization can go out.

To This temporary storage or the mixture component a) occurs according to the invention Scaffold silicate as a mixture component b) added. In which questionable scaffold silicate is preferably a Zeolite, in particular naturally occurring clinoptilolite, Phillipsite or chabazite. For special applications is too the use of synthetic zeolite possible.

Indeed are such skeletal silicates by a microporous Scaffold structure with elongated pores or tubes characterized. How the phyllosilicate as a mixture component a) The skeletal silicate is able to provide water and / or nutrients save. However, in such skeletal silicates the responsible for the storage capacity ions - im Comparison to the phyllosilicates - relatively firm inside tied to the individual "tubes". In this way results On the one hand, a significantly higher cation exchange capacity as in the layered silicates after a) and on the other a slower Release of adsorbed cations. Consequently, the skeletal silicate works or the mixture component b) as long-term storage for Water and / or nutrients. Actually allowed the storage capacity of the framework silicate as Mixing component b) as it were with amonium-containing and / or potassium-containing Fertilize fertilizers in stock without making the soil overly is loaded.

Also in this case the adsorption of cations occurs selectively. For example, polyvalent cations of heavy metals are preferred adsorbed. Due to their field strength, such cations are so strongly involved in the "tubes" that one of a lasting immobilization can go out.

All in all Thus, the mixture composition described is not suitable only as a soil conditioner for particular useful floors and In this context, the equalization of the soil improving nutrient transport, but also and in particular for the regeneration of such floors or useful floors, which are loaded with heavy metal. Incidentally, you can Framework silicates as mixture component b) with trace elements be loaded, if not already available are. These trace elements may be in addition to the main nutrients be submitted specifically.

On Reason for the comparatively high ion exchange capacity the mixture component b) are the stored nutrients and / or water accurately delivered, for example, to a crop. This happens as needed in the sense of a diffusion process. If the crop in question takes nitrates from the soil for Their growth reduces the nitrate concentration at the same time in your area. The nitrate is produced as a waste product in the Oxidation of Amonium by bacteria. As a result, sinks also the concentration of amonium.

Put At this point, values in the soil, that concentration of ammonium in the zeolite, this deficit is due to balanced the diffusion of ammonium from the zeolite into the environment. Of course, this assumes that amonium and / or For example, potassium as nutrients in the framework silicate in question have been stored. Anyway, with help of the framework silicate as a mixture component b) a long-term storage realize what water and / or nutrients peu peu to the respective crop. Decisive for this Diffusion process is the formation of a stable concentration equilibrium in the transport medium water between the mixture component b) as Source and the plant or its root as a sink. This concentration balance can only be formed if the questionable and of the mixture component b) primarily not provided water is permanently replaced by macroscopic water transport. This ensures the addition of the mixture component a), whereby agglomerates form, which are responsible for the concentration equilibrium to care.

In addition, in the context of the invention, the mixing component c) in the form of a clay mineral of low or absent crystal order is added to these mixture components a) and b). This may advantageously be an allophane, imogolite, etc. Allophane is a phyllosilicate which solidifies amorphously and therefore does not belong to a crystal system and thus has a missing crystal order. Allophane or general my clay minerals with little or no crystal order have many voids and a high water content. Their density is very low at less than 0.9 g / cm ³ .

Such Blend components or clay minerals with little or no crystal order allow both adsorption of cations and of anions and are within the scope of the invention Mixture composition characterized by being used as storage for nitrate-containing or phosphate-containing fertilizer can be used can. In contrast to the framework silicate according to b) are the nutrients in question directly for the crops available. It is crucial that before already described concentration gradient, whereby nitrate and phosphate-containing fertilizers without conversion by soil organisms can be used directly from the plant or crop.

Of the Advantage of the mixture component c) or the clay mineral less or lack of crystal order over the mixture components a) and b) is that the clay minerals in question are also anions can bind. Here come next to phosphates and nitrates also water-soluble oxides of heavy metals such as arsenates, Chromates, etc. in question. Therefore, the mixture component c) supports the effect of the total mixture composition, any heavy metals to bind, that is, anions as well in particular water-soluble heavy metal oxides.

in the The result is within the scope of the invention a soil-improving mixture composition presented on three columns with different Memory behavior recalls. The phyllosilicate after a) ensures short-term water and nutrient uptake and a longer residence time of water as a transport medium between the framework silicate according to b) and the plant or its root. Both ingredients (water and nutrients) be from the skeleton silicate according to b) and also the clay mineral after c) after delivery by a) resumed and with the help of Scaffold silicates after b) on long time scales and also delivered according to demand. The clay mineral c) acts as a buffer also for anions and thus supplements the nutrient supply in the soil and works in conjunction with the other two components of the mixture additionally as storage for heavy metal cations as well water-soluble heavy metal oxides.

Indeed the skeletal silicate acts according to b) especially then effective when a diffusion balance between the stored nutrients than Source and the crops or their plant roots forms. This diffusion equilibrium can according to the invention in the first place adjust it by preventing water leaching advantageous be because in this respect the layered silicate a) as a short-term memory acts - if necessary supported by the clay mineral c). As a result, the water mobility in the soil is reduced and leaves observe an optimal nutrient supply. Furthermore is the clay mineral after c) due to its large porosity able to bind any nitrate excess in the soil. Consequently, this nitrate can not (more) pollute the groundwater.

Example 1:

The inventive blend composition the mixture components a), b) and c) in the example by Mixing allophane, bentonite and zeolite as respective granules with a grain size up to 5 mm grain size produced. For this purpose, the individual granules, if necessary, before the mixture ground and then sieved. Of course It is also possible, all granules first to mix and then for a grinding process and appropriate To ensure screening.

The inventive blend composition in the example above in terms of weight about an equal proportion of all mixture components a) to c). In this case, the composition of the mixture components be changed depending on the soil condition. In particularly dry (sandy) soils you tend to with a greater proportion of the layered silicate according to a) in the mixture composition compared to b) and c) work to effectively prevent leaching. The denser and the more impermeable the soil becomes, the more it can the proportion of the layered silicate according to a) is reduced and decreases For example, in clay or loamy soil by weight the smallest part compared to the mixture components b) and c) a.

Of course Climatic conditions also play a role. It applies the principle that the more abundant and productive rainfall is, the lower the proportion of the mixture component a) in the mixture composition can be measured. If, however, with a few heavy rainfall is to be expected, then takes the layered silicate according to a) one Major part in the blend composition.

In any case, the generated mixture composition - together with fertilizer or separately from it - is successively applied to the soil to be improved in the previously set ratio. It is not necessary, for example by plowing, to provide the mixture composition in the soil. However, if such a processing step is anyway provided to einzubrin the fertilizer in the soil gene, it is advantageous to introduce the mixture composition according to the invention in this way in the uppermost soil layers. In any case, the fact that the introduction of the soil-improving mixture composition according to the invention and the addition of fertilizer can take place with a time delay is important in every case. Incidentally, the described mixture composition retains its function in the soil optionally over several years. In this case, the addition of the mixture component c) always offers, if in addition to cationic fertilizers and ammonium fertilizers and anionic fertilizers such as phosphate fertilizers are to be stored long term or the soil or soil is loaded with water-soluble heavy metal oxides. In this respect, the mixture component c) will regularly represent the lowest percentage by weight.

Example 2:

alternative to the above-described mixture of single grains the mixture composition according to the invention also externally (by grinding and sieving as in example 1) and then processed into pellets or compacts become. That is, the originally loose material is pelleted.

there it has been proven, especially if cellulose fibers or other water-conducting fibers in the compacts in question Are introduced manufacturing process. These cellulose fibers act in two ways. For one, they increase the Water access to the interior of each pellet and serve to another for the formation of humus. That can be done through support of microorganisms that are introduced into the pellets be or in the ground or already in the ground from the outset are located. With the help of these microorganisms become the cellulose fibers decomposed and processed into humus and put in this way immediately penetrating into the pellets capillaries for the water and nutrient exchange available.

Here in The main advantages can be seen.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• - DE 4224368 A1 [0002]
• - DD 237317 A1 [0003, 0005]

Claims (10)

Use of a mixture composition which at least a) a layered silicate, b) a framework silicate and optionally c) a clay mineral smaller or missing crystal Trim comprises as a soil conditioner for especially useful floors, in particular for equalization of soil-improving nutrient transport. Use according to claim 1, characterized that the individual mixture components in a respective grain size up to a maximum of 5 mm grain size, in particular maximum 3 mm grain size and preferably a maximum of 2 mm grain size available. Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized that the sheet silicate according to a) a grain size of a maximum of 2 mm. Use according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the mixture components as respective Single grains or in the form of pellets from the single grains form the mixture. Use according to claim 3, characterized that in the pellets water-conducting fibers, in particular cellulose fibers, are introduced. Use according to claim 5, characterized that microorganisms for fiber decomposition of introduced into the compacts Fibers are provided. Use according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it is in the sheet silicate after a) is a naturally occurring bentonite. Use according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that as scaffold silicate according to b) a zeolite, especially naturally occurring clinoptilolite or chabazite, is used. Use according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the clay mineral c) is a Allophane, imogolite, etc. Use according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the mixture composition additionally for the binding of anions and / or heavy metals (heavy metal cations or water-soluble heavy metal oxides) is used.