DE102006029426A1 - Capillary or hollow fiber module for filtration and separation of fluids in dead-end and / or cross-flow operation, its arrangement in a process engineering system and operation of the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a capillary or hollow fiber membrane module (hereinafter referred to as capillary module), which can be driven both in dead-end and in cross-flow operation. Filtrate flow through the wall of the appropriately selected capillaries can be from both outside to inside and from inside to outside. The invention includes the type of module, its execution, its arrangement in a process plant and the operation thereof. The invention is suitable for the filtration and separation of all fluids, all mixtures thereof and as a membrane reactor and for all membrane techniques such. According to the invention, a device is offered which has the following essential advantages over the prior art: ordered capillary, defined flow conditions, easy detection and repair of defective capillaries, good cleanability and flushability, constant membrane flow over long time, good separation properties, inexpensive way of module production and its operation, compact design and good ratio of converted space and membrane area. The invention is based initially on the production of a module frame, consisting of a stack of individual layers of capillary membranes, which are encased in a frame-like manner at their ends. In a next step, such frames can be put together into larger units and combined with each other ...

Description

in the Area of membrane technology treatment of liquids, gases or liquid-gas mixtures have Capillary membrane systems have become established in wide areas of application technology. Other than capillary modules play in areas such. As the water technology, the beverage technology or also sewage treatment technology a minor role. In the areas where the capillary membrane their many advantages can "play off", this is Membrane configuration mainly used.

in the The scope of the observation in this document is therefore intended to be exclusively be discussed on capillary modules. This is for a reason in that in such a big one Application areas such. B. of water technology, wastewater technology, the beverage technology, biotechnology and gas engineering the capillary membrane already a firmly integrated and accepted process engineering component is and in these areas an enormous growth potential of membrane technology lies.

in the Within this document, capillary is considered a collective term for in practice in use Terms hollow fiber, capillary and tube used and covers tubes / tubes with an inner diameter of about 0.1 to about 250 mm, wherein usually those with about 0.3 to about 6 mm are used. The wall the tube / tubes is always a more or less permeable membrane, which in some cases By types a carrier material or reinforced by tissue becomes.

Capillary be in the art for filtration, separation, diffusion, pervaporation, used dialysis and other separation techniques. Also bioreactors are used on the basis of capillary modules.

The Advantages of a capillary module are mainly the low risk of clogging, the backwashing ability, the compactness of the modules and in the relatively low production costs.

in the applied prior art are various embodiments of modules well known. Despite many advantages, however All module types also have significant disadvantages, their applicability restrict and minimize the cost-effectiveness.

The original and so far mostly usual Shape is the one in a tubular housing, a bunch of open on both sides Capillaries introduced and forgot at both ends. The treatment to be treated Fluid is pumped through the capillaries under pressure, permeate occurs through them and is collected in the interstices of the capillaries and discharged from the surrounding pipe.

further Developments turn this principle around, so that now in a similar casing the capillaries from the outside flows against and permeate is discharged through the lumen of the capillaries. The driving force can be either pressure on the outside the capillaries or a negative pressure in the lumen of the same.

diee both configurations have significant disadvantages, leading the development the so-called submerged systems drive. Here are in principle capillary bundles without housing immersed in fluid. The driving force is usually a lumen side Applied negative pressure, but also an externally applied pressure (fluid level in the plunge pool) or a combination of both.

to a better representation of the technical state is to serve Annex 1. In it all are currently in the market in large-scale use Modules are grouped according to their functional principle. It stands Z for feed, R for retentate outlet and P for permeate outlet.

In Module group A are products in which the fluid supply at one end and the retentate discharge at the front other end is done. The flow The fluid to be processed takes place inside the capillaries. The Permeate discharge takes place via a connection on Module housing. As a rule, several such modules are called in parallel in so-called Racks arranged. The modules are usually flowed from below. In many Applications (such as the beverage technology or the oil-water separation) this module type and mode of operation is chosen. It is usually with higher "loaded" media in cross-flow operation hazards.

In module group B, products are grouped that are identical to those of group A but are operated in dead-end mode. Retentate usually occurs only sporadically or in such slight measure that inside the capillaries no significant flow prevails. As a rule, several such modules are also arranged in parallel racks. Again, the flow is usually from below. This modular design and mode of operation is used for relatively low-loaded media (such as drinking water).

In The module group C are products that are similar in structure are like groups A and B, but the principle is reversed, So that the Capillaries from the outside permeated inwards by permeate become. The supply fluid enters the front side at one end of the housing in the module flows around the capillaries from the outside and leaves the case via a Connection on Circumference of the housing tube. Permeate exits at the other end of the housing. Also with this type Several modules are arranged in parallel in racks. The flow takes place always from below. This module family can be used for moderately loaded Media (such as wine or sewage treatment plant drainage).

In Module group D comprises products that are constructed identically are like those of the group C, but are driven in the dead-end mode. The structure of such modules also takes place in parallel in so-called Racks. The flow also always takes place from below. The applications for such Modules are located in areas such as those of group B. Regarding the Operating mode, however, the difference is that with more frequent retentate side rinses and Emptying is worked.

In Group E includes products that are also referred to as "submerged" modules become. They are without outer casing in the dipped fluid to be filtered and can only operate dead-end become. Such modules can as well as low polluted (eg drinking water) as well as very high loaded media (eg activated sludge) are used, since the capillaries by a stream of blown-in and rising air bubbles moves and "cleaned up". The capillaries are arranged vertically. The capillaries are one or two-sided cast.

In of the module group F products are summarized, which are likewise in dipped the medium to be processed and operated only in the dead-end become. However, the capillaries are arranged horizontally. These modules are only applicable in fluids of coarse and were liberated fibrous material. You will also be with one Ascending air bubbles moved and "cleaned".

The terms used below are to be understood as follows:
Filtrate direction is the flow direction of the permeate through the wall of the capillary. This can be done from the inside to the outside (filtering layer then on the inner surface of the capillary) or from outside to inside (filtering layer then on the outer surface of the capillary). There are capillaries that are built in two layers.

In In some module types capillaries are housed in a pressure housing and usually poured in at both ends. Capillaries can also be released without pressure housing lie in the medium.

Around Permeate to "push" or "pull" through the membrane and capillary wall requires a "driving force". These can be a pressure over or under atmospheric pressure be.

Capillary can operate in the dead-end or in the cross-flow procedure. In dead-end operation, the driving force is applied to the capillary created without these is significantly overflowed. In cross-flow operation, there is a significant overflow, the is suitable for deposits on and a topcoat on the membrane surface ablate or keep low.

Space requirement is understood as meaning the space required by the membrane surface of several modules when installed (skirt). The dimension for this is m ² / m ³ .

Of the Expenditure of energy arises essentially either through the necessary for cross-flow circulation Pumps or through the feed pumps during dead-end operation or by supply pumps and gas supply submerged systems.

Important is the assurance of a uniform flow of the capillaries in the module, so that all can perform the same performance, do not prove irregular and be cleaned equally well.

Of the Degree of capillary stress arises on the one hand due to the inflow the capillaries and on the other hand due to mechanical movement.

Of the average transmembrane pressure (TMP) represents the already mentioned The driving force is also to be considered. Also note the spread between TMP at the module entrance and TMP at the module exit.

The medium flows always in a certain direction, there is the danger of "directed" deposits on build up the membrane and correspondingly in the roughness of each membrane and fix on the same. With a periodic flow reversal this effect can be counteracted.

each Membrane system is to be cleaned from time to time. It is for the permanent good function of a plant important that the cleaning is effective and easily possible is.

A Backwashing is so performed that periodically a pure fluid (usually permeate) from the permeate side of the Membrane is pressed on the retentate side. This serves the purpose Deposits on the membrane "lift off" and so the top layer low and to keep the performance high.

FastFlush is used on dead-end powered modules. One understands under it the short-term full opening of the retentate outlet to expel the concentrated module contents and to achieve a certain top layer degradation.

Of the integrity test serves to test the integrity of the capillaries. Most will carried out a pressure-holding test. If the pressure hold test is positive, it means that in one Arrangement of modules (usually a rack) or in a single module one or more defective capillaries are present.

Will about the integrity test found out that broken Capillaries are present, so the task is to figure out which and where these are. The usual Methods for this task is the bubble test or the "Fountain-Test" on the single module.

For a good Litigation is it is important that the Capillaries in a module have a chosen arrangement and also to keep. A random one Arrangement or one that is during can change the operation, is not cheap.

retentate Dead zones are zones in the capillary bundle, which are insufficiently flown in one or more modes of operation.

The same thing applies to permeation dead zones.

Of crucial importance for the cost per m ² membrane area of a module is in addition to a cost-effective membrane production and the cost-effective production of the module itself. Here, in turn, the automation of production is crucial.

It is crucial how easy or difficult the Operation of a module in an overall system is like procedural easy or expensive a system with modules of a certain type can be built.

In the table Annex 2, the individual module groups characterized above are evaluated and characterized according to the criteria presented. A discussion of details and individual calculations should be omitted in the sense of clarity of this document. Summarizing the assessments of the state of the art and reducing them to the most important points, the following picture emerges:
Space requirement: All systems have a relatively high space requirement. For modules of groups A to D this is due to the fact that each module is relatively short (in industrial plants lengths of 1 to 1.5 m are common) and has a relatively small membrane area (in large-scale facilities usually 5 to 40 m ² ). Such a module with required intermediate distances installed in parallel in a rack disadvantageously results in a large footprint and a very low height. For the modules of group E and F, the unfavorable space requirement results from the installation with intermediate and side clearance in relatively low basins.

• – Unterschiedliche Membranflächenbelastung und somit unterschiedlicher Deckschichtaufbau und unterschiedliche Trenncharakteristik
• – Retentatseitige Totzonen und somit "vergeudete" Membranfläche
• – Häufige Rückspülung einhergehend mit Ausbeute- und Zeitverlust
• – Schlechte Reinigbarkeit
• – Schlechter Rückspüleffekt

Inflow or flow around the filtering membrane: Especially in the module groups C to F, the capillaries are poorly flown on the retentate side because of the random bundling of the capillaries. On the permeate side, this applies in particular to the modules of groups A to D. This results in a number of disadvantages:

• - Different membrane surface load and thus different cover layer structure and under different separation characteristics
• - Retentate-side dead zones and thus "wasted" membrane surface
• - Frequent backwashing with loss of yield and time
• - Poor cleanability
• - Poor backwash effect

• – Kurze Membranlebensdauer und verringerte Wirtschaftlichkeit
• – Membrandurchbrüche und -abplatzungen, wodurch Mikroorganismen, Schmutzfracht, usw. auf die Permeatseite gelangen
• – Hoher Wartungsaufwand und Produktionseinschränkungen

Capillary stress: Especially with submerged modules, the capillaries tire over time due to the constant movement caused by the air bubble flushing. For pressure-operated modules, the tensile stress on the capillaries due to the pressure drop across the length of the capillary must be taken into account. This results in the following disadvantages:

• - Short membrane life and reduced economy
• - Membrane breakthroughs and spalling, which microorganisms, pollution, etc., get on the permeate side
• - High maintenance and production restrictions

• – Ungleichmäßige Anlagerung einer Deckschicht entlang der Kapillarlänge
• – Strömungsumkehrschaltungen erforderlich (sofern überhaupt möglich)
• – Häufige Rückspülungen erforderlich (Ausbeute- und Zeitverlust)
• – Häufige Reinigungen erforderlich (Chemikalienkosten und Produktionsverlust)
• – Ungleichmäßiger Effekt der Rückspülung
• – Anlagentechnischer Aufwand

Transmembrane pressure (TMP): Particularly in the case of the pressure-driven modules with high flow velocity in the capillary but also in the modules operated at relatively low pressure, the range of the TMP is high with the following disadvantages:

• Uneven deposition of a cover layer along the capillary length
• - Flow reversal circuits required (if at all possible)
• - Frequent backwashing required (lost yield and time)
• - Frequent cleaning required (chemical costs and loss of production)
• - Uneven effect of backwashing
• - Plant engineering effort

Fast Flush and backwash: This are limited or even impossible with some module systems.

defects Capillaries: a very big one Disadvantage with all listed Modules is that the Finding and repairing defective capillaries requires a lot of maintenance means and carries the risk that defective capillaries not at all can be recognized.

• – Totzonen retentatseitig
• – Totzonen permeatseitig
• – Schlechte Anströmung
• – Häufige Rückspülungen
• – Häufige Reinigungen
• – Risiko des mikrobiologischen Wachstums
• – Risiko nicht reversibler Verblockungen
• – Leistungseinschränkungen
• – Verschlechterte Wirtschaftlichkeit

Capillary arrangement: In none of the listed modular systems in the prior art, an ordered capillary arrangement is realized. In effect, this results in a number of disadvantages:

• - dead zones on the retentate side
• - dead zones permeatseitig
• - Bad flow
• - Frequent backwashing
• - Frequent cleaning
• - Risk of microbiological growth
• - Risk of irreversible blockages
• - Performance restrictions
• - Worsened economy

Module production: In almost all modular systems in the prior art is the possibility To classify a completely automated production as bad.

Operation: For most modular systems, simple operation is not possible, since a complicated plant construction is required to many relatively install small modules, drive, backwash, clean, test for integrity, etc. etc. to be able to.

• • Ein Kapillardefekt kann über einen Druckhaltetest erkannt werden. Auf Grund der geschlossenen Bauweise des Moduls kann jedoch nicht herausgefunden werden, welche einzelne Kapillare defekt ist. Konsequenterweise muß in einem solchen Fall wegen auch nur einer von Tausenden Kapillaren das ganze Modul ausgetauscht werden. Auch danach ist eine Reparatur einer Kapillare nicht möglich, da das System geschlossen ist. Das an sich weitestgehend intakte Modul muß verworfen werden.
• • Einzelne Module können bei Erkennen eines Kapillardefektes nicht stilgelegt werden. Im Bereich z. B. der Filtration von Wasser, Getränken und biotechnologischen Flüssigkeiten oder der Entkeimung von Gasen ist dies jedoch zur Sicherung der mikrobiologischen Qualität absolut erforderlich, Dies muß auch bei Fortführung der Produktion mit den restlichen Modulen möglich sein.
• • Die außenliegenden Kompartimente müssen voneinander abgegrenzt und gegeneinander abgedichtet werden. Dies ist produktionstechnisch nur sehr aufwändig zu realisieren.
• • Eine Abreinigung der Kapillaren mittels eines Gasblasenstromes ist nur dergestalt möglich, daß der gesamte Aufbau durch den Gasblasenstrom von ganz unten nach ganz oben durchströmt wird, Da die Gasblasen nach oben hin (abnehmender Druck) sich vergrößern, sind einheitliche Verhältnisse über die gesamte Höhe nicht einstellbar. Bei vielen der genannten Systeme ist eine solche Gasblasenführung überhaupt nicht möglich.
• • Insbesondere bei höheren Kapillarlagenstapeln hängen diese auf Grund ihres Eigengewichtes durch und sind nicht stabilisiert. Es kommt zu Zugbeanspruchung an den eingegossenen Enden ähnlich herkömmlichen Modulbauformen.
• • Zwischenlagen zur Strömungsverteilung und Stabilisierung sind nicht vorgesehen.
• • Fluid kann nicht direkt in den Kapillarlagenstapel eingebracht werden. Eine damit verbundene Abreinigung von Kapillaren auf Grund hoher lokaler Strömung kann nicht ausgenutzt werden.
• • Eine Aufkonzentrierung des Restvolumens in der Anlage im großtechnischen Einsatz (der innere Raum wird vollständig durchströmt), ist nicht möglich.
• • Eine separate Zu- und Ableitung verschiedener Fluide in und aus dem Kapillarlagenstapel ist nicht mögich

The development of the modules of the groups E and F was already an important step compared to the modules of the groups A to D, but only for the applications in which modules of the groups E and F can be used at all. To list here are exemplary DE29624474 and DE20300546 , An early attempt was made to come out of the dilemma of the many disadvantages listed above. It came to the development of various frame or Kreiszylindermäßig constructed modules (eg. DE4230194 . DE2650341 . EP350853 . EP454918 . DE19932439 . US4176069 , DE3750497T2 and much more. These ideas have recently been further developed with DE10242078A1 , However, all of these systems still have the following serious disadvantages, which is why these systems have not prevailed in the market for large-scale use.

• • A capillary defect can be detected by a pressure hold test. Due to the closed design of the module, however, it can not be found out which single capillary is defective. Consequently, in such a case, because of only one of thousands of capillaries, the entire module must be replaced. Even then, a repair of a capillary is not possible because the system is closed. The largely intact module must be discarded.
• • Individual modules can not be styled when a capillary defect is detected. In the area z. As the filtration of water, beverages and biotechnological liquids or the sterilization of gases, this is absolutely necessary to ensure the microbiological quality, this must be possible even with the continuation of production with the remaining modules.
• • The outer compartments must be separated from each other and sealed against each other. This is very difficult to realize in terms of production technology.
• • A cleaning of the capillaries by means of a gas bubble stream is only possible in such a way that the entire structure is flowed through by the gas bubble stream from bottom to top, Since the gas bubbles to the top (decreasing pressure) increase, uniform conditions over the entire height are not adjustable. In many of the systems mentioned, such gas bubble guidance is not possible at all.
• • Especially with higher capillary piles, they sag due to their own weight and are not stabilized. It comes to tensile stress at the cast ends similar to conventional module designs.
• • Liners for flow distribution and stabilization are not provided.
• • Fluid can not be introduced directly into the capillary stack. An associated cleaning of capillaries due to high local flow can not be exploited.
• • A concentration of the residual volume in the system in large-scale use (the inner space is completely flowed through) is not possible.
• • A separate supply and discharge of different fluids in and out of the capillary stack is not possible

R = retentate, P = permeate, Z = feed

task in the invention work was to develop a system that neither the disadvantages of the hitherto large-scale marketable Module systems as well as the recent developments does not have and at the same time no new disadvantages. The advantages of the invention are summarized below. At the same time, the invention is thus also explained.

The Invention makes itself first Use of capillary membranes from the prior art. used can be Membranes made of any material, whether polymer, ceramic, metal or other materials. Likewise, anyone available on the market Capillary or Rohrmembrandurchmesser find use. It can be membranes with a filtering layer inside or outside or on both sides for use come.

In the manufacturing process of the module according to the invention, a viellagiger capillary stack is in any case first prepared as he in principle already in 1968 FR 1547549 and 1973 in FR 7325450 has been described. One layer consists of parallel individual capillaries (drawings 1A and 1B). The next layer below or above may also have directional capillaries or even those that are at an angle to it. Preferably, the capillaries lie one layer at 90 degrees to those of an adjacent layer (Figure 1C). However, each layer can also consist of a capillary mat. This can consist of two layers of capillaries, which are processed in an angle to each other like a web, or of a layer of capillaries, to which individual threads run transversely as a shot. In different layers (and sometimes also within a single layer) different capillaries can be used in terms of material, design, cut-off and diameter. Individual capillaries of a layer can be replaced by solid tension threads to give the arrangement stability. The capillaries are spaced in any defined position. The distances can be different within one layer, in different layers and / or in individual modules. The distances are to be defined according to the process. The basic shape of a capillary in plan view may be round, oval, rectangular or polygonal. The polygonal shape is likely to prevail in practice most likely for reasons of cost-effective module and plant production.

In the capillary layer can be capillary from the roll, single on length cut capillaries or mats processed from the roll or as pre-cut pieces Find use.

The dimensions of the base of a capillary are down and up technical and economic limits set. The aim is dimensions of a few centimeters up to 2 meters edge length or diameter. The height of the stack of capillary layers can make up only a few capillary layers, but also many hundreds of them, so that stack of z. B. one meter thickness are conceivable. A stack with capillaries of 0.8 mm outside diameter, a capillary distance of 0.4 mm, a flowed through base of 1 square meter and a thickness of 10 cm (125 capillary layers) has an active membrane area of about 260 m ² .

Separate Lay under or in the pile of layers, but also z. Every other layer, can made of mesh, latticed or fleece-like material or across the Course of the capillaries running tension threads exist and the flow distribution and / or the stabilization of the stack and / or the spacing serve between capillaries. A layer of such mesh, lattice or non-woven material according to the invention may also represent the topmost layer. In such a case, the material essentially serves as a flow distributor and prefilter to prevent contaminants in the stack penetrate, which can lead to blockages.

Separate Layers in the pile can from at their ends open (if necessary with different length) or however closed and over her length with holes provided, perforated, slotted non-permeable capillaries persist over the fluid from the outside can be introduced directly into the capillary stack. So z. B. in the filtration of liquids periodically purge gas for generating air bubbles and for cleaning the surfaces of Capillaries pressed in or it is the introduction of chemical cleaning fluid for cleaning the membrane surfaces possible.

In The production of a stack of layers can be avoided to avoid displacements make sense of the individual capillaries, the stack cohesion to give in which this at least in some areas with a strengthening Mass (eg starch, Textile sizing or similar) imbued after the module frame or frame module has been manufactured is washed out again.

If the stack of rectangular shape, it is provided side by side with sealing compound and off hardened time. It is also possible for a mold to be potted on the side to be potted (optionally lined with non-stick coating on the inside) into which potting compound is then introduced, which has the advantage that the potting site can be more accurately defined and shaped and that the left and right ends of the potting area can be chamfered so as to provide more contact area with the next potting area of the next side, which contact area can also be strengthened and improved before or after potting by applying suitable materials This material may be an absorbent non-woven or a net, but also pin-shaped connecting parts, but it is also conceivable that the respective surface is coated and pretreated with a suitable adhesion-improving chemical before a new casting action. Is the St Apel of round shape, so the last-named actions are superfluous. In this case, the round stack is rotated in a bath of potting compound. Both in the rectangular and the round shape, a conventional in the prior art spin application find. If necessary, then the upper and lower and possibly also the lateral Vergußmasseflächen be ground flat and it will also-as usual in the art-the outer sides where the capillaries are to be open processed z. B. by cutting, sawing, milling, turning off, etc.

In another possible Variant of the production of the module frame are the individual capillary layers do not shed, but according to the invention each other bonded. This can be done so that first a flat frame with a certain height made of a suitable material. On it is an adhesive painted, in which the capillaries are inserted. About the Capillaries will now be placed a band that is approximately the width of the below. About the downing of a Stamp from the base the position of the capillaries now becomes the position of capillaries pressed into the pasted on the frame adhesive. The Amount of adhesive is metered so that the process of compression of the Space between the capillaries is filled. After the stamp has been hoisted again, is now on the overhead band applied again adhesive, capillaries are inserted, tape is hung up and the stamp presses everything together again. This will be until complete Stack continued. At the top of the stack, a frame is the last to be launched again. Also in this type of module frame are now in a known manner and way the outsides edited z. B. by cutting, sawing, milling, turning off, etc.

In the aforementioned steps is a module frame with an inner, permeable by fluid Kapillarlagenstapel (see drawings 2) emerged. The frame is up and down plan. For round frames, the entire circumference, with rectangular frames on at least one, but also on all Pages, the exposed capillaries visible such. For example, the views Drawings 2 clarify. Such module frames can now individually to frame modules or duch as shown in the drawing 2D first to larger module frame units, so that they then turn into frame modules with a large membrane area can. Such frame modules can then in different ways in a procedural Construction use find.

At individual module frame is now pushed according to drawing 3A a box and glued or welded to the module frame. This creates a space on the outside a module frame. This is also possible in which such a box as shown in the drawing 3B in a previously cut into the encapsulant / adhesive or milled Groove inserted and then glued / welded. Such kind of boxes can according to drawing 3D also on one or more sides of an entire module frame unit be attached.

A Special feature of this box is that your outer surfaces (see Drawings 3A, 3B, 3D) wenigstnes partly from a removable and lockable Can cover and this fluid-tight sealed at its edges is. This cover can be made of transparent material and is then a disc. In the side view 3C is shown that by the disc on the open ends of the capillaries of the module frame can be seen. This view shows an example of two process connections to the external Room. While an integrity test, but even during the ongoing operation, can Defective capillaries are visually recognized through the window. in the In the case of a detected defect, the permeate discharge of the relevant Module unit to be closed immediately. According to the invention, in each permeate room also a motion detector are installed, the during operation or during the integrity test from individual capillaries may emerge emerging fountains and reports such a defect.

A Repair as defective detected capillaries takes place through the open lid opening and in which the ends of the corresponding capillaries, as in the state the technique is common, closes.

The execution can according to drawing 3E also be designed so that individual Layers on capillaries only on one side of the module frame open ends and thus in different box. One or several capillary layers can consist of so-called injection capillaries. These ends (like Drawing 3E shows) in a separate external space over this Fluid can be pressed directly into the permeate. This is z. B. desirable for the Incorporation of gas to clean the capillaries with gas bubbles or for the introduction of cleaning fluid directly to the capillaries or even to fluid evenly and feed directly to the capillary stack.

One single frame module or to a module unit on top of each other stacked and interconnected frame modules can with a lower and a top provided (it creates a head and a Bodenrraum) and so operated. A larger unit arises when one according to drawing 4A several modular units with spacers and a lower and a Shell provides. In both cases this allows the flow through the interspersed with capillaries inner channel of the created Unit, wherein flow rate and pressure set very differently depending on the application can be.

Separate Module units are opposite Intermediate, lower and upper parts sealed fluid-tight. This can be about bonding respectively. However, the sealing over seals is advantageous. This can also be done via clip connections respectively. A further invention and advantageous way is the squeezing the whole arrangement, so that all Seal seals fluid-tight. The squeezing can manually over one over attached to the top spindle or automatically via a hydraulic device done. It is also possible that to the Corners of the arrangement of the modules threaded rods, which have eyelets with the module units are connected, are attached by means of which the entire arrangement can be screwed together.

The spacers and the bottoms and tops can, if necessary, with process and metrological connections be provided.

• a. Filtrationsbetrieb (Version Zeichnung 5A): Fluid wird über die Zufuhrleitung und V1 zugeführt. Der Innenraum der Module wird befüllt. Falls erforderlich zirkuliert die Pumpe P1 je nach Anwendung das Fluid über die Ventile V2 und V3. Damit ist eine Cross-Flow-Geschwindigkeit einstellbar.
• b. Filtrationsbetrieb (Version Zeichnung 5B): Die Zufuhrleitung für Fluid ist über ein Ventil mit der Spülgasleitung verbunden. Fluid wird zugeführt bei geschlossenenm Spülgasventil und dann direkt über die Injektionskapillaren in den Kapillarlagenstapel.
• c. Durch Umkehrung der Förderrichtung von Pumpe P1 ist eine Umkehr der Fließrichtung durch die Modulanordnung erzielbar.
• d. Permeatabzug: Die für den Separationsvorgang erforderliche treibende Kraft kann aufgebracht werden über das Anlegen von Vakuum (Pumpe P2), über das Anlegen von Zufuhrdruck, über den hydrostatischen Druck der Flüssigkeitssäule (hoher Kopfraum) oder über eine Kombination aus diesen. Der TMP jedes Einzelmoduls (oder auch einzelner Modulgruppen) ist durch entsprechende Ventile separat regelbar.
• e. Rückspülung: Eine Rückspülung kann erfolgen durch Eindrücken von Permeat über die Pumpe P3 in den Permeatkanal und damit in die Lumenseite der Kapillaren. Jedes Einzelmodul (aber auch einzelne Modulgruppen) sind durch entsprechende Ventile regelbar.
• f. Reinigung: Mittels der Pumpe P4 ist die Reinigung durchzuführen. Es sind dabei folgende Fahrweisen wählbar: – Zirkulation durch den gesamten Modulaufbau von unten nach oben oder umgekehrt – Zirkulation über einzelne Modulgruppen von unten nach oben oder umgekehrt – Zirkulation über jedes einzelne Modul bei voll befülltem Modulaufbau von unten nach oben oder umgekehrt – Zirkulation über jedes einzelne Modul bei nur bis über das zu reinigende Modul befülltem Modulaufbau von unten nach oben oder umgekehrt

A unit as shown in FIG. 4A can now be operated procedurally in a process plant according to the drawings. The following modes of operation are possible individually or in combination with each other.

• a. Filtration operation (version drawing 5A): Fluid is supplied via the supply line and V1. The interior of the modules is filled. If necessary, depending on the application, pump P1 will circulate the fluid through valves V2 and V3. This is a cross-flow speed adjustable.
• b. Filtration Mode (Version Drawing 5B): The fluid supply line is connected to the purge gas line via a valve. Fluid is supplied with the purge gas valve closed and then directly into the capillary stack via the injection capillaries.
• c. By reversing the conveying direction of pump P1, a reversal of the direction of flow through the module arrangement can be achieved.
• d. Permeate Discharge: The driving force required for the separation process can be applied via the application of vacuum (pump P2), via the application of supply pressure, via the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column (high headspace) or via a combination of these. The TMP of each individual module (or of individual module groups) can be regulated separately using appropriate valves.
• e. Backwashing: A backflushing can be done by injecting permeate through the pump P3 into the permeate channel and thus into the lumen side of the capillaries. Each individual module (but also individual module groups) can be controlled by appropriate valves.
• f. Cleaning: The pump P4 is to be cleaned. The following operating modes can be selected: - Circulation through the entire module structure from bottom to top or vice versa - Circulation via individual module groups from bottom to top or vice versa - Circulation over each individual module with fully filled module structure from bottom to top or vice versa - Circulation above each single module with only up to over the module to be cleaned filled module construction from bottom to top or vice versa

A modular flushing (Fast flush) of the unit according to drawings 5 is possible by raising the circulation speed via pump P1 and by switching on the pump P4. Everybody can do it with P4 Module individually a rinse be subjected. This can be done during happen the current filtration operation.

The purge gas supply to the unit according to drawings 5 is via the corresponding valves for all Mo module, for individual module groups or for individual modules. This can be done during filtration operation, but also during the cleaning, during the module flushing and during the backwashing. It is advisable to combine the gas flush with liquid circulation, so that a mixture of liquid and gas bubbles is formed. This fluid circulation can be generated with the pump P4.

One empty Press the unit according to drawings 5 is under Open the top gas valve and a drain valve possible.

Of the integrity test can be done in both directions (out / in and in / out). By appropriate valve circuits module for module be tested. After pressing and closing all out- and intake valves Gas pressure can be applied permeat- or retentate side and a pressure drop across a Time to be measured.

results the integrity test, the existence Capillary defect in one of the modules, the module space is slowly over the Level of the relevant module. In addition, when the interior is full even a print can be created. Through the module windows (slices) is from a certain liquid level or to see a certain pressure as fluid amplifies out one or more defective capillaries emerges. Most of the time increased fluid leakage already during ongoing checks during of the establishment. The corresponding module can at Detecting defects by appropriate valve circuit isolated until the defective capillaries can be repaired.

is the defective capillary identified, so you can continue to liquid emerge from the defective capillary. You open the corresponding window and can now plug the capillary end (as is common in the art).

The invention has the following essential advantages over the prior art:
The space requirement is very low. This is due to the very compact design of the module and the compact arrangement of the membranes. Another advantage is that the footprint is extremely low because of the module structure in the amount. Room heights can therefore be optimally utilized. In addition, the design can be rectangular, which also saves installation space.

Of the Energy expenditure is high the energetically favorable submerged systems. Most is the system of the invention No or only a rare gas flush may be required. In these cases The energy requirement is also well below the needs of the submerged Systems are.

The inflow every spot of every capillary is absolutely identical. This is conditional by the absolutely regular arrangement the capillaries in each layer plane. Furthermore favors the turmmäßige structure the distribution of the medium.

The Fluid supply can also be done directly in the capillary stack. Leading the total amount of fluid corresponding to the amount of permeate removed within a module, so in this an advantageously high flow generated, which acts purifying. After a while, one can another module for the Fukuidzufuhr be switched.

at the separation of liquids is often a gas flush the membrane surfaces advantageous. This can be done simply and very effectively so that purge gas on the Injection capillaries is pressed directly into the Kapillarlagenstapel while a certain fluid circulation on is operated. A very good and even overflow and cleaning of all Capillary outer surfaces with Spülgasblasen takes place like this.

The Physical strain on the capillaries is very low as these are arranged stably. Due to low flow speeds (out / in operation) the tensile effect of the pressure drop of the flowing medium is also low. Further The capillaries do not move and there is no material fatigue.

in the out / in operation, the span of the TMP within a module is vanishing low. Even between the top and bottom of the entire module assembly There is only a slight pressure difference (usually only the hydrostatic Print). In addition, over a setting of the permeate pressure for each module is the optimal one TMP can be adjusted.

A flow reversal is easy at any time even during ongoing production possible.

A Cleaning is easy and effective, as there are no restrictions and no dead zones exist. Each capillary can be easily primed and cleaned. The circulation speed when cleaning can be easily changed and adapted.

The Backwashing is easily and effectively possible. It should be noted that the backwash for the reasons already mentioned in "cleaning" optimal supplied can be. This makes each capillary even and equal to the backwash medium flows through.

• – Erhöhung der Fördermenge der Umwälzpumpe P1
• – Zuschalten einer weiteren Pumpe parallel zu P1

A fast flush is also easily and effectively possible. This can be done by

• - Increasing the flow rate of the circulation pump P1
• - Connecting another pump parallel to P1

By changing the conveying direction This is even possible in both directions for both pumps. One long-lasting fast flush is also possible simply by separating Fluid over a certain time just over the injection capillaries of a single module is introduced. This creates a strong flow within this module cleanses. After a while, another module may be be switched and so on. A similar effect can be achieved in which by P4 and switching corresponding valves a strong overflow of one single module is generated.

Of the integrity test is easily possible in both directions through the capillary and both with liquid as also with gases feasible.

The Finding defective capillaries is easy and especially during the Operation and without removal of the module possible. This is optimal Operational safety granted. Will while the operation of a capillary identified as defective, the ensprechende Module by closing the permeate valves temporarily be shut down.

The Capillaries are arranged in an orderly manner. They walk in a shift absolutely parallel. Individual layers are related to each other in advance certain angles to each other.

dead zones are both permeat and retentate side due to the capillary arrangement not possible.

A Concentration of the residual volume in the system is possible. It For example, the fluid level can be lowered to the level of the lowest module become.

The Module production is easy to automate.

Claims (46)

Capillary membrane module frame of permeable capillaries with inside or outside or on both sides of depositing layer, which are stacked in layers of parallel capillaries and have a defined distance from each other and not framed and framed on all sides (potted or glued), wherein at least one the enclosed sides of the capillaries on the outer peripheral surface open towards the outside, characterized in that at least single permeable capillaries or at least an entire capillary is replaced by non-permeable capillaries or tubes which are bordered only at one end in the frame and at the other end open within the frame and the capillary layers open or bordered at both ends in the frame and are roughly porous, perforated or slotted or similar and / or characterized in that individual layers of permeable capillaries are replaced by egg n the flow distribution and / or the stabilization of the capillary serving tissue, mesh, non-woven, mesh, screen or the like and / or characterized in that individual capillaries of at least one layer are replaced by wires, yarns, threads and / or the like and also the stabilization serve the capillary. Capillary membrane module of permeable capillaries with inside or outside or on both sides of depositing layer, which are stacked in layers of parallel capillaries and have a defined distance from each other or not and bordered on all sides edged (potted or glued), wherein at least one the enclosed sides of the capillaries of all or individual layers on the outer peripheral surface open towards the outside, characterized in that at least one of the sides of a single or a plurality of stacked and fluid-tightly connected frame a box-shaped compartment is fitted over the frame side or inserted into a groove in the outer frame side, wherein the connection between box-shaped compartment and frame is designed fluid-tight. Capillary membrane module frame according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that at least one enclosed side the capillaries of individual layers on the outer peripheral surface of Frame outwards open ends and the ends of the capillaries of the other layers on the same side are cast in the frame. Capillary membrane module frame according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that Stabilization of the capillary package also layers of solid ribbons, yarns, Fibers, wires, u. a. be used. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that the Kapillarlagen from single capillaries and / or capillary bundles and / or consist of interwoven or otherwise made capillary mats. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that at the production of the membrane module two or more endless Kapillatteattenbahnen be used, which at an angle to each other alternately be folded. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that in the production of a capillary stack this to its temporary Stabilization in at least one area with a strengthening Soaked in mass that will be later is washed out again. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that the Composite of two abutment surfaces of two adjacent potting / gluing areas the module frame is improved by attaching absorbent material (eg fleece) on the contact surfaces and / or by coating with compound-promoting chemicals on the contact surfaces and / or by attaching suitable pin-shaped connecting parts in the contact surfaces. Production of a capillary membrane module according to claim 1 in which the sides of the capillary stack do not shed but be bonded in such a way that between individual capillary layers Adhesive tape (perforated or not) and / or layers of adhesive be applied. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that at least two of the capillary membrane module frame stacked according to claim 1 and reversibly or non-reversibly fluid-tight to a module frame package be connected to each other. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that the permeable and nonpermeable capillaries or tubes have different internal and / or outer diameter can have. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that the nonpermeable capillaries or tubes have different lengths can. Capillary membrane module according to claim 1, characterized that the nonpermeable capillaries or tubes of plastic, ceramic, Metal or any other material can exist. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that the plugged or plugged compartment boxes to improve the flow, the Cleaning and to reduce the internal volume nonparallel surfaces and non-rectangular corners and edges. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that at least one side of a compartment box made of transparent material is made. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that the to the outer module frame side parallel surface at least one of the plugged or plugged compartment boxes out a removable and re-usable and lockable lid exists or contains such. Capillary membrane module according to claim 16, characterized that the Cover can consist of transparent material, so that the view of the open Kapillarenden is free. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that the plugged or inserted Kompartimentkästen process connections contain over the Fluid from the outside or from other compartment boxes added and removed can be. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that the plugged or plugged compartment boxes contain metrological connections for recording process and procedural data. Capillary membrane module according to claim 2, characterized that the plugged or plugged compartment boxes at least one motion sensor built-in included for the purpose of finding defective capillaries. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that these stacked one above the other and with each other be connected fluid-tight. one above the other Stacked arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claim 1, 2 and 21, characterized in that the individual module units are interconnected with an intermediate piece. Use of a single capillary membrane module according to claim 1 and 2 or a stacked arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claim 21 and 22, characterized in that the uppermost module provided with a top and the bottom module with a lower part is. Capillary membrane module according to claim 22 and 23 characterized characterized in that Intermediate piece and / or the lower part and / or the upper part is a firmly integrated component a module unit is. Upper part and / or lower part according to claim 23 characterized characterized in that it a final plate or around a frame or around a tub or around a container part is. spacers according to claim 22, characterized in that these process technology Have connections can for the supply and removal of fluids. spacers according to claim 22, characterized in that they have metrological connections can, to process and to enable process data acquisition. Arrangement of membrane modules according to the preceding claims characterized in that this both horizontally (horizontally) and vertically (standing) is executed. Arrangement of membrane modules according to previous claims characterized characterized in that Connections between the modules and the intermediate, upper and lower parts is non-reversible or reversible. Arrangement of membrane modules according to previous claims characterized characterized in that only in the top or over Each module has a sprinkler system attached to it the capillaries can be acted upon with fluid. Arrangement of membrane modules according to previous claims characterized characterized in that over and / or under at least one module, a coarse filtering layer attached is, which serves as a pre and safety filter. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claim 31 characterized in that the filtering layer over a corresponding device is moved or "pulled" that they with which can be pulled away on their depositing solids, so that the unoccupied filter layer comes to lie above the modules again. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claim 2, characterized in that in each case at least two compartment boxes are connected to each other so that at least two modules in series can be operated one behind the other. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims so executed, that by an increase of the headspace over the uppermost module, the hydrostatic column is increased so that their pressure as driving Force for the filtration is sufficient. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that the Supply pressure to the module assembly is increased so that the pressure sufficient in the interior of the module assembly for filtration. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that in the arrangement of the modules of TMP by appropriate throttling the permeate valves are adjusted so that each module of the assembly is applied with about the same TMP. Procedure of the arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to claims 1, 3 and 12 characterized in that the fluid to be separated over less as all existing in the assembly modules is introduced. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that backwashing, rinsing and Cleaning with gas, liquid or a mixture of both, with or without addition of chemicals. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that the Backwashing, the flush and cleaning can take place simultaneously or overlapping. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that the integrity test and finding defective capillaries both permeat and retentate side via pressure retention test or Fountaintest performed can be. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that the Arrangement is driven so that the flow direction of the permeate both out-in (lumenseitiges suction or Retentatseitiges To press) and inout (luminal pressure or Retentatseitiges sucking) is. Arrangement of capillary membrane modules after previous claims characterized in that the Arrangement is driven as a membrane reactor and at least one module side nutrient fed and / or Metabolites are subtracted. Procedure of an arrangement of capillary membrane modules according to previous claims characterized in that the Arrangement retentate and / or permeate side is under pressure, so that it to no outgassing or gas release of a liquid to be filtered comes. Sealing the arrangement of the capillary membrane modules according to previous claims with each other and opposite Between pieces. Headboard and footboard characterized in that a spindle or hydraulic device the entire assembly pressed together becomes. Sealing the arrangement of the capillary membrane modules according to previous claims with each other and opposite Spacers, Headboard and footboard characterized in that the entire arrangement by at the corners and / or sides of the arrangement screwed threaded rods is screwed together. Replacement of individual modules in the arrangement of Capillary membrane modules according to previous claims, characterized that over the Part of the arrangement to be exchanged module consisting of Membrane modules, intermediate pieces and upper part (connected via Threaded rods or similar) is raised so far that the underlying membrane module are removed from the arrangement can.