DE102005056225B4 - Electro-optical sensor and method for determining physical properties of a target substance via its refractive index - Google Patents
Electro-optical sensor and method for determining physical properties of a target substance via its refractive index Download PDFInfo
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- DE102005056225B4 DE102005056225B4 DE102005056225A DE102005056225A DE102005056225B4 DE 102005056225 B4 DE102005056225 B4 DE 102005056225B4 DE 102005056225 A DE102005056225 A DE 102005056225A DE 102005056225 A DE102005056225 A DE 102005056225A DE 102005056225 B4 DE102005056225 B4 DE 102005056225B4
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- optical
- sensor
- waveguide
- substrate material
- refractive index
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/1717—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation, e.g. electro-reflectance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
- G01N21/774—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/1717—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation, e.g. electro-reflectance
- G01N2021/1721—Electromodulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/011—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- G02F1/0115—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass in optical fibres
- G02F1/0118—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass in optical fibres by controlling the evanescent coupling of light from a fibre into an active, e.g. electro-optic, overlay
Abstract
Elektro-optisch
abstimmbarer Sensor zur quantitativen Erfassung von Konzentration,
Dichte, Druck oder des Absorptionsverhaltens einer oder mehrerer Zielsubstanzen,
umfassend:
• einen
optischen Wellenleiter;
• Elektroden
zum Anlegen einer variierbaren elektrischen Spannung derart, dass
ein zeitlich periodisch moduliertes, elektrisches Feld erzeugt wird;
• ein elektro-optisch
abstimmbares Substratmaterial (wie z. B. Lithiumniobat), das sowohl
mit dem Kern des Wellenleiters als auch mit der zu vermessenden
Umgebung in Wechselwirkung steht und dessen Brechungsindex durch das
Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung veränderbar ist;
• ein longitudinales
Phasengitter am zu vermessenden Ort, welches ein ständiges Messsignal über Bragg-Teilreflexion der
optischen Trägerwelle
erzeugt;
wobei eine Veränderung
des optischen Brechungsindexes der Umgebung durch eine oder mehrere
zu detektierende Zielsubstanzen auslösbar und eine Veränderung
der Stärke
des Messsignals, ausgelöst
durch eine Veränderung
der Eigenschaften der zu vermessenden Umgebung, mittels elektro-optischen
Abstimmens des Substratmaterials kompensierbar ist und
wobei
das elektrische Feld durch das Substratmaterial hindurch...Electro-optically tunable sensor for the quantitative detection of concentration, density, pressure or the absorption behavior of one or more target substances, comprising:
An optical waveguide;
Electrodes for applying a variable electrical voltage such that a periodically modulated electric field is generated;
An electro-optically tunable substrate material (such as lithium niobate) that interacts with both the core of the waveguide and the environment to be measured, and whose refractive index is changeable by the application of an electrical voltage;
A longitudinal phase grating at the location to be measured, which generates a continuous measurement signal via Bragg partial reflection of the optical carrier wave;
wherein a change in the optical refractive index of the environment by one or more target substances to be detected can be triggered and a change in the strength of the measurement signal, triggered by a change in the properties of the environment to be measured, compensated by means of electro-optical tuning of the substrate material, and
with the electric field passing through the substrate material ...
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen optischen Sensor zur Detektion des Brechungsindex einer Zielsubstanz, wie z. B. einer Flüssigkeit oder eines Gases. Der Sensor beinhaltet einen Wellenleiter mit einem oder mehreren Bragggittern, an dem/denen das im Wellenleiter geführte Licht reflektiert werden kann. Bragg-Reflexion basiert auf dem Prinzip der Vielstrahlinterferenz und erzeugt ein spektral schmalbandiges Signal, welches bezüglich der reflektierten Wellenlänge in Abhängigkeit zum Brechungsindex n am Ort der Reflexion steht. Der Sensor besteht aus einem Substrat, welches elektro-optische Eigenschaften besitzt und als Träger für den Lichtwellenleiter dient. Der Wellenleiter besteht aus einem Core mit hohem Brechungsindex, in dem der Hauptanteil der Lichtintensität geführt wird, sowie dem Cladding, in dem die Flanken bzw. das evaneszente Feld der Lichtwelle geführt werden. Die Funktion des Cladding wird nun ganz oder teilweise von der zu detektierenden Zielsubstanz (s. o.) übernommen. Durch eine Veränderung des Brechungsindex der Zielsubstanz am Ort des Bragggitters wird die spektrale Position und/oder Form des Braggreflexes verändert. Diese Veränderung wird nun durch das Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes an das Substrat kompensiert, so dass der Betrag der angelegten elektrischen Kompensationsspannung in Beziehung zu der Veränderung des Brechungsindex der Zielsubstanz steht. Die zeitlich periodische Modulation des räumlich inhomogenen elektrischen Feldes führt zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Messgenauigkeit.The The invention relates to an optical sensor for detecting the refractive index a target substance, such. B. a liquid or a gas. Of the Sensor includes a waveguide with one or more Bragg gratings, at which the guided in the waveguide light are reflected can. Bragg reflection is based on the principle of multi-beam interference and generates a spectrally narrowband signal which is related to the reflected wavelength dependent on to the refractive index n at the location of the reflection. The sensor is made from a substrate having electro-optic properties and as a carrier for the Optical waveguide is used. The waveguide consists of a core high index of refraction, in which the major part of the light intensity is guided, as well as the cladding, in which the flanks or the evanescent field led the light wave become. The function of cladding is now completely or partially from the target substance to be detected (see above) accepted. Through a change of the refractive index of the target substance at the location of the Bragg grating changes the spectral position and / or shape of the Bragg reflex. This change Now, by applying an electric field to the substrate compensated, so that the amount of applied electrical compensation voltage in relation to the change the refractive index of the target substance is. The temporally periodic Modulation of the spatial Inhomogeneous electric field leads to a significant increase in the Measurement accuracy.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
In der heutigen Zeit besteht ein wachsender Bedarf an bio-chemischen Sensoren um die Konzentration spezifischer Substanzen bzw. deren makroskopisch physikalischen Eigenschaften, wie z. B. Druck, Konzentration, Temperatur, elektrische Leitfähigkeit, etc. ortsaufgelöst zu erfassen. Beispiele für derartige Märkte sind die Umweltforschung, die Medizin, sowie die Automobilindustrie und Sicherheitssysteme. Optische Sensoren bieten zur Deckung dieses Bedarfs gute Perspektiven, da diese im Vergleich zu elektrischen und mechanischen Verfahren relativ stabil und zuverlässig unter extremen äußeren Umwelteinflüssen wie hohen Temperaturen, hohen Drücken und elektromagnetischen Störeffekten sind. Ungeachtet des hohen Bedarfs an derartigen Sensoren ist es von entscheidender Wichtigkeit, dass diese klein, flexibel einsetzbar und kostengünstig sind – sowie eine hohe Sensitivität aufweisen. Bisher sind verschiedene optische Verfahren bekannt, von denen einige u. a. in der Publikation von Lambeck, „Integrated opto-chemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators B, 8 (1992), p 103 beschrieben werden. Zur effizienten Führung der optischen Trägerwelle und um die Zielsubstanz lokalisiert abtasten zu können, werden standardmäßig Wellenleiter wie etwa optische Glasfasern eingesetzt. Ein typischer optischer Wellenleiter besteht aus einem Kern, in dem der Hauptteil der Lichtintensität geführt wird und einem umgebenden Material, was als Cladding bezeichnet wird. Das Claddingmaterial hat einen geringeren Brechungsindex als das Kernmaterial und zwar derart, dass nur das evaneszente Feld der optischen Trägerwelle in das Claddingmaterial eindringen kann. Dennoch ist der Wert des Brechungsindex des Claddingmaterials von wichtiger Bedeutung für die Dispersionseigenschaften des optischen Wellenleiters. Verändert das Claddingmaterial seine physikalischen Eigenschaften – insbesondere seinen Brechungsindex – z. B. durch eine Wechselwirkung mit der Umgebung, so werden die Propagationseigenschaften der optischen Trägerwelle beeinflusst. Das hier beschriebene Sensorprinzip beruht somit auf einer Beeinflussung des evaneszenten Feldes einer im Wellenleiter geführten optischen Trägerwelle durch Umwelteinflüsse.In Today, there is a growing demand for bio-chemical Sensors to the concentration of specific substances or their macroscopic physical properties, such. Pressure, concentration, Temperature, electrical conductivity, etc. spatially resolved capture. Examples of such markets are environmental research, medicine, and the automotive industry and security systems. Optical sensors provide to cover this Demand good prospects, since these compared to electrical and mechanical processes relatively stable and reliable extreme external environmental influences such as high temperatures, high pressures and electromagnetic interference are. Regardless of the high demand for such sensors, it is Of crucial importance that these small, flexible and cost-effective are - as well a high sensitivity exhibit. So far, various optical methods are known some of which u. a. in the publication by Lambeck, "Integrated opto-chemical sensors ", sensors and Actuators B, 8 (1992), p 103. For the efficient management of optical carrier wave and in order to be able to scan the target substance localized waveguides default such as optical fibers used. A typical optical Waveguide consists of a core, in which the main part of the light intensity is guided and a surrounding material, which is called cladding. The cladding material has a lower refractive index than that Nuclear material in such a way that only the evanescent field of optical carrier wave into the cladding material can penetrate. Nevertheless, the value of Refractive index of the cladding material of importance for the dispersion properties of the optical waveguide. changed the cladding material has its physical properties - in particular its refractive index - z. B. by an interaction with the environment, so are the Propagationseigenschaften the optical carrier wave affected. The sensor principle described here is thus based on an influence on the evanescent field of an optical guided in the waveguide carrier wave by environmental influences.
In
dieser Hinsicht bestehen zwei unterschiedliche Realisierungsmöglichkeiten.
Zum einen können
die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Claddingmaterials durch Wechselwirkung
mit der Umgebung beeinflusst werden. Patentschrift
Die
Dispersionseigenschaften des Wellenleiters bzw. die Propagationseigenschaften
der optischen Trägerwelle
werden somit in direkter Weise vom effektiven Brechungsindex der
zu detektierenden Zielsubstanz beeinflusst. Dieses Verfahren wird u.
a. in den Patentschriften
Bezüglich der Detektion des so erzeugten Sensorsignals stehen ebenfalls mehrere Methoden zur Verfügung. Die Veränderung des Brechungsindexes des Claddingmaterials kann schwerlich direkt erfasst werden und muss daher in eine physikalisch präzise messbare Größe konvertiert werden. Als am besten geeignet zeigen sich zwei Verfahren, welche im Folgenden erläutert werden.
- 1) Die interferometrische Bestimmung
der durch die Variation des Brechungsindexes des Claddingmaterials
hervorgerufenen Phasenvariation der optischen Trägerwelle. Grundprinzip ist
hier die Verwendung eines Mach-Zehnder-Interferometers um die Phasenveränderung
des Signals in eine Intensitätsinformation
zu konvertieren. Entsprechende Verfahren werden in den Publikationen
von Heideman et. al. „Fabrication
and packaging of integrated chemo-optical sensors", Sensors and Actuators
B 35–36
(1996), p 234 und „Remote
opto-chemical sensing with extreme sensitivity: design, fabrication
and Performance of a pigtailed integrated optical Phase-modulated Mach-Zehnder
interferometer system",
Sensors and Actuators B 61 (1999), p 100, sowie der Patentschrift
US 2005/0135723 US 6694067 - 2) Eine weitere Basistechnologie stellt die Verwendung von Bragg-Reflektoren
dar. Die zu detektierende Veränderung
des Brechungsindexes des Claddingmaterials bewirkt eine spektrale
Verschiebung und/oder Veränderung
der Reflexions- bzw. Transmissionseigenschaften des im Sensor integrierten
Bragg-Gitters. Diese Technologie weist den prinzipiellen Vorteil
einer hohen Sensitivität
im Einklang mit einer guten Ortsauflösung auf. Ein Beispiel für die Realisierung
von Sensoren dieser Art ist in der Patentschrift
DE 10014175 DE 19630181 WO 03/106929 US 2002/0025097 WO 94/17366 US 6058226
- 1) The interferometric determination of the phase variation of the optical carrier wave caused by the variation of the refractive index of the cladding material. The basic principle here is the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to convert the phase change of the signal into an intensity information. Corresponding methods are described in the publications by Heideman et. al. "Fabrication and packaging of integrated chemo-optical sensors", Sensors and Actuators B 35-36 (1996), p 234 and "Remote opto-chemical sensing with extreme sensitivity: design, fabrication and performance of a pigtailed integrated optical phase-modulated Mach -Zehnder interferometer system ", Sensors and Actuators B 61 (1999), p 100, as well as the patent
US 2005/0135723 US 6694067 - 2) Another basic technology is the use of Bragg reflectors. The change in the refractive index of the cladding material to be detected causes a spectral shift and / or a change in the reflection or transmission properties of the Bragg grating integrated in the sensor. This technology has the principal advantage of high sensitivity in line with good spatial resolution. An example of the realization of sensors of this kind is in the patent
DE 10014175 DE 19630181 WO 03/106929 US 2002/0025097 WO 94/17366 US 6058226
Aufgabenstellung der ErfindungTask of the invention
Die hier vorgelegte Erfindung hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, einen Sensor zur Detektion physikalischer Eigenschaften von Substanzen auf der Basis der Wechselwirkung des evaneszenten Feldes einer optischen Trägerwelle mit der/den Zielsubstanz(en) zu realisieren. Zu Grunde liegt die bekannte Technologie der Verwendung von einem oder mehreren Bragggittern innerhalb eines Wellenleiters, wobei sich die hohe spektrale Selektivität derartiger Elemente zu Nutze gemacht wird. Mit Hilfe der hier vorgestellten Erfindung soll die Sensitivität bestehender Sensoren um ein bis zwei Größenordnungen verbessert werden und die Herstellungskosten deutlich gesenkt werden. Eine weitere entscheidende Zielsetzung stellt die signifikante Verkürzung der Detektionszeit des Sensorsystems dar.The Here presented invention has set itself the goal of a sensor for the detection of physical properties of substances on the Basis of the interaction of the evanescent field of an optical carrier wave to realize with the / the target substance (s). Underlying the basis known technology of using one or more Bragg gratings within a waveguide, with the high spectral selectivity of such Elements are made use of. With the help of the presented here Invention should be the sensitivity existing sensors can be improved by one or two orders of magnitude and the production costs are significantly reduced. Another decisive objective is the significant shortening of the Detection time of the sensor system is.
Beschreibung der ErfindungDescription of the invention
Die
vorliegende Aufgabenstellung wird durch die Elektrodengeometrie
und die Art und Funktionalität
der angelegten elektrischen Spannung gelöst. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung
ist auch, dass bei der hier vorgestellten Erfindung einfache und
kostengünstige
Lichtquellen und Detektionseinheiten verwendet werden können, womit
der Nachteil hoher Kosten bei bereits bestehenden Technologien ausgeräumt wird.
Zudem ist bei dem hier vorgestellten Verfahren lediglich eine rein
elektrische Abstimmung des Sensors erforderlich, welche im Bereich
von einigen Mikrosekunden zu realisieren ist. Der zugrunde liegende
Sensor wird beispielhaft durch
Ein
Realisierungsbeispiel für
ein Sensorelement ist in
Zudem
wird die Sensitivität
des hier vorgestellten Sensors signifikant erhöht, indem der spektrale Arbeitspunkt
an einer der beiden steilen Flanken des spektralen Signals gewählt wird.
Um
die Empfindlichkeit darüber
hinaus weiter zu steigern, wird an die Substratelektroden eine zusätzliche
Wechselspannung U (
Der hier beschriebene Sensor enthält mindestens ein Bragggitter – es können jedoch auch mehrere Gitter und/oder mehrere Elektrodenpaare miteinander kombiniert werden. Hierbei kann durch geeignete Wahl des Gitterabstandes die Charakteristik der resultierenden Transferfunktion an das Messproblem angepasst werden. Zudem können durch die vorgestellte Technologie auch Sensorarrays realisiert werden, wobei das Demultiplexen der einzelnen Sensorsignale durch das Verwenden unterschiedlicher Modulationsfrequenzen auf einfache Weise möglich ist. Die Anforderungen an die Lichtquelle werden hierdurch nicht gesteigert. Jeder einzelne Sensor ist von geringer Größe und der optische Wellenleiter an Ein- und Austrittsseite des Sensors kann mit optischen Standardglasfasern kontaktiert werden, so dass der Sensor mit bestehenden optischen Technologien kompatibel ist.Of the contains sensor described here at least one Bragg grid - it can however, also several grids and / or several pairs of electrodes with each other be combined. This can be achieved by suitable choice of the grid spacing the characteristic of the resulting transfer function to the measurement problem be adjusted. In addition, you can implemented by the presented technology and sensor arrays be, with the demultiplexing of the individual sensor signals through using different modulation frequencies in a simple way possible is. The requirements for the light source are not increased. Every single sensor is of small size and the optical waveguide at the inlet and outlet side of the sensor can be contacted with standard optical glass fibers, so that the Sensor is compatible with existing optical technologies.
Claims (12)
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WO2014056604A1 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-04-17 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for measuring a temperature profile in an adsorber |
EP2720016A1 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-04-16 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for measuring a temperature profile in a column for mass and/or energy exchange |
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