DE102005040087A1 - Depositing method for depositing absorber layers for thin-layer solar cells covers layer-forming elements in a vapor phase while depositing them on a substrate - Google Patents
Depositing method for depositing absorber layers for thin-layer solar cells covers layer-forming elements in a vapor phase while depositing them on a substrate Download PDFInfo
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- DE102005040087A1 DE102005040087A1 DE102005040087A DE102005040087A DE102005040087A1 DE 102005040087 A1 DE102005040087 A1 DE 102005040087A1 DE 102005040087 A DE102005040087 A DE 102005040087A DE 102005040087 A DE102005040087 A DE 102005040087A DE 102005040087 A1 DE102005040087 A1 DE 102005040087A1
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
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- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C14/0605—Carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
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- H01L31/0392—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate
- H01L31/03923—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate including AIBIIICVI compound materials, e.g. CIS, CIGS
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Abscheiden von Absorber-Schichten für Dünnschicht-Solarzellen.The The invention relates to a method and apparatus for depositing of absorber layers for thin-film solar cells.
Bei Dünnschicht-Solarzellen absorbieren derartige Schichten sichtbares Licht oder nicht sichtbare elektromagnetische Strahlung und wandeln diese in elektrische Energie um. In der Praxis werden häufig Absorber-Schichten verwendet, welche in Anlehnung an deren Schichtbestandteile Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S) auch als CIS- oder CIGS-Schichten bezeichnet werden.at Thin film solar cells such layers absorb visible light or invisible electromagnetic Radiation and convert this into electrical energy. In practice become common Absorber layers used, which are based on their layer constituents Cu (In, Ga) (Se, S) may also be referred to as CIS or CIGS layers.
Es existieren bereits verschiedene Verfahren zum Herstellen von polykristallinen Absorber-Schichten. Ziel dieser Verfahren ist es, polykristalline Schichten mit hoher Homogenität und Reproduzierbarkeit sowie mit einer definierten Zusammensetzung abzuscheiden. Ein wesentliches Qualitätsmerkmal stellt außerdem die Kristallgröße dar. Im Idealfall besitzen die Kristalle eine laterale Ausdehnung, die etwa der Dimension der Schichtdicke entspricht und erstrecken sich über die gesamte Schichtdicke. Dadurch können Ladungsträgerverluste an Korngrenzen deutlich reduziert werden. Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht werden diese Zielstellungen ergänzt durch die Forderung nach einer hohen Produktivität. Diese Forderung ist relativ schwierig zu erfüllen, da in der Regel für eine ausreichende Lichtabsorption Schichtdicken von mindestens 1 μm oder sogar deutlich mehr erforderlich sind.It There are already various methods for producing polycrystalline Absorber layers. aim This method is polycrystalline layers with high homogeneity and reproducibility as well as with a defined composition. An essential quality feature as well the crystal size Ideally, the crystals have a lateral extension, the approximately corresponds to the dimension of the layer thickness and extend over the entire layer thickness. Thereby can Carrier losses be significantly reduced at grain boundaries. From an economic perspective these goals are supplemented by demanding high productivity. This requirement is relative difficult to fulfill, as a rule for a sufficient light absorption layer thicknesses of at least 1 micron or even significantly more are needed.
Aus
Ein weiteres bekanntes Verfahren umfasst das sequenzielle Abscheiden der Schichtelemente und eine nachträgliche Interdiffusion durch schnelles Aufheizen. Die Interdiffusion erfordert sehr steile Temperaturanstiege oder/und eine Begrenzung der Schichtdicken, was wiederum ein mehrfaches Durchlaufen des Abscheidprozesses erfordert und somit zu einer ungenügenden Produktivität führt. Bei Glassubstraten stellt sich das Handling dieses Verfahrens aufgrund der hohen Temperaturen und steilen Temperaturanstiege als sehr kritisch dar. Für Kunststoffsubstrate ist das Verfahren auf Grund der hohen Temperaturen völlig ungeeignet.One Another known method involves sequential deposition the layer elements and a subsequent interdiffusion fast heating up. The interdiffusion requires very steep temperature increases or / and a limitation of the layer thicknesses, which in turn is a multiple Passing through the Abscheidprozesses requires and thus leads to insufficient productivity. at Glass substrates arises due to the handling of this method the high temperatures and steep temperature rises as very critical for Plastic substrates is the process due to the high temperatures completely not suitable.
Des
Weiteren sind Verfahren bekannt, bei denen alle Schichtbestandteile
koverdampft und auf einem Substrat abgeschieden werden. Dabei können zusätzlich auch
Alkalimetallbestandteile in die Schicht eingebracht werden (
Bei
einer weiteren alternativen Vorgehensweise (
Der Erfindung liegt daher das technische Problem zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Abscheiden von Absorber-Schichten für Dünnschicht-Solarzellen zu schaffen, mittels derer die Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwunden werden können.Of the The invention is therefore based on the technical problem of a method and an apparatus for depositing absorber layers for thin-film solar cells to overcome, by means of which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art can be.
Insbesondere sollen es Verfahren und Vorrichtung ermöglichen, Absorber-Schichten mit hoher Produktivität und bei niedrigen auch für Polymere geeigneten Substrattemperaturen abzuscheiden.In particular, it should allow methods and apparatus, absorber layers with high Pro productivity and at low substrate temperatures suitable for polymers.
Die Lösung des technischen Problems ergibt sich durch die Gegenstände mit den Merkmalen der Patentansprüche 1 und 13. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen.The solution the technical problem arises from the objects with the features of the claims 1 and 13. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the dependent claims.
Nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren erfolgt das Abscheiden der Absorber-Schichten von Dünnschicht-Solarzellen, indem alle schichtbildenden Elemente in einer Vakuumarbeitskammer koverdampft, in der entstehenden Dampfphase vermischt und auf einem Substrat abgeschieden werden. Dabei wird während des Verdampfens im Raum zwischen Verdampferquellen und Substrat ein Plasma gezündet und aufrechterhalten, welches die Dampfphase durchdringt und Dampfteilchen aller schichtbildenden Elemente ionisiert und anregt.To the method according to the invention the deposition of the absorber layers is done by thin-film solar cells, by putting all the layer-forming elements in a vacuum work chamber Coevaporated, mixed in the resulting vapor phase and on a Substrate are deposited. This is during evaporation in the room a plasma is ignited between the evaporator sources and the substrate and which penetrates the vapor phase and vapor particles ionizing and stimulating all layer-forming elements.
Dabei ist es vorteilhaft, wenn beim Plasma eine Ladungsträgerdichte von mindestens 1010 cm–3 eingestellt wird, das Maximum der Energieverteilung der auf ein Substrat auftreffenden Ionen mindestens 10 eV beträgt und das Substrat während des Beschichtens auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 300 °C erwärmt wird.It is advantageous if a charge carrier density of at least 10 10 cm -3 is set in the plasma, the maximum of the energy distribution of the incident ions on a substrate is at least 10 eV and the substrate is heated during the coating to a temperature of at least 300 ° C. ,
Das Anheben der mittleren kinetischen Energie aller Dampfkomponenten durch Anregung und Ionisierung mittels eines Plasmas gestattet es, das Verfahren beispielsweise bei Substrattemperaturen durchzuführen, die auch geeignet sind für das Beschichten von temperaturempfindlichen Polymersubstraten wie beispielsweise Polyimidfolien. Bei derartigen Ausführungsformen der Erfindung ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die Temperatur des Substrates in einem Bereich von 300 °C bis 400 °C eingestellt wird.The Increasing the mean kinetic energy of all vapor components by excitation and ionization by means of a plasma it is possible to for example, to perform the process at substrate temperatures that are also suitable for the coating of temperature-sensitive polymer substrates such as for example polyimide films. In such embodiments of the invention, it is advantageous if the temperature of the substrate in a range of 300 ° C up to 400 ° C is set.
Bei einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird das Plasma mittels einer Hohlkathoden-Plasmaquelle erzeugt. Hohlkathoden-Plasmaquellen sind besonders geeignet Plasmen mit einer hohen Ladungsträgerdichte auszubilden.at a further embodiment The invention uses the plasma by means of a hollow cathode plasma source generated. Hollow cathode plasma sources are particularly suitable for plasmas with a high charge carrier density train.
Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungsform der Erfindung zum Anheben der mittleren kinetischen Energie der Dampfteilchen umfasst das Anlegen einer Biasspannung an ein zu beschichtendes Substrat. Dies kann realisiert werden, indem die Biasspannung beispielsweise direkt an eine Rückseitenelektrode der Absorberschicht angelegt wird. D. h., direkt unter der abzuscheidenden Absorber-Schicht wird zunächst eine Schicht auf das Substrat aufgetragen, die als Elektrode verwendet werden kann. Dies kann beispielsweise eine Molybdänschicht sein.A further advantageous embodiment of the invention for lifting The average kinetic energy of the vapor particles includes the Applying a bias voltage to a substrate to be coated. This can be realized by the bias voltage, for example, directly to a backside electrode the absorber layer is applied. That is, directly under the to be deposited Absorber layer is first a layer applied to the substrate, which used as an electrode can be. This can for example be a molybdenum layer be.
Alternativ kann eine vergleichsweise hohe Biasspannung am Substrat erzeugt werden, indem die Hohlkathoden-Plasmaquelle substratnah positioniert wird. Durch den unmittelbaren Kontakt des Substrates mit einem Plasma stellt sich ein Potenzial an der Substratoberfläche ein, das negativ gegenüber dem Potenzial des Plasmas ist. Durch diese so genannte Selbstbias-Spannung werden positiv geladene Ionen aus dem Plasma heraus auf das Substrat beschleunigt und treffen dort mit wesentlich höherer kinetischer Energie auf, als das sonst der Fall wäre. Dadurch lässt sich die mittlere kinetische Energie der kondensierenden Teilchen deutlich erhöhen. Besonders effektiv ist diese Methode bei Verwendung der oben genannten Mindestladungsträgerdichte sowie von Hohlkatoden-Plasmen mit den typisch hohen Elektronenenergien und deren Positionierung nahe dem zu beschichtenden Substrat.alternative can generate a comparatively high bias voltage on the substrate be positioned by the hollow cathode plasma source substrate becomes. Due to the direct contact of the substrate with a plasma a potential arises at the substrate surface, which is negative in relation to the Potential of the plasma is. Through this so-called self-bias voltage become positively charged ions out of the plasma on the substrate accelerate and encounter there with much higher kinetic energy, than that would otherwise be the case. By doing so leaves the mean kinetic energy of the condensing particles increase significantly. This method is particularly effective when using the above Minimum charge carrier density as well as hollow cathode plasmas with the typical high electron energies and their positioning near the substrate to be coated.
Als Gegenelektrode für eine Biasspannung kann beispielsweise die elektrische Masse der Vakuumarbeitskammer oder eine Elektrode der Plasmaentladung geschaltet werden.When Counter electrode for a bias voltage can, for example, the electrical mass of the Vacuum working chamber or an electrode of the plasma discharge switched become.
Es wurde bereits dargelegt, dass es erfindungsgemäß möglich ist, temperaturempfindliche Polyimidfolien mit einer Absorber-Schicht bei hoher Abscheiderate und somit hoher Produktivität zu beschichten. Als Substrate können jedoch auch andere Materialien wie beispielsweise Glas, Metallfolien oder starre Metallobjekte verwendet werden. Dabei ist es möglich, während eines Beschichtungsdurchlaufes Schichten mit einer Dicke von mindestens 1 μm abzuscheiden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist ebenfalls geeignet, alle bekannten auf CIS oder CIGS basierenden Absorber-Schichten für Dünnschicht-Solarzellen abzuscheiden.It has already been stated that it is possible according to the invention, temperature-sensitive Polyimide films with an absorber layer at a high deposition rate and thus high productivity to coat. As substrates can but also other materials such as glass, metal foils or rigid metal objects are used. It is possible during one Coating run layers with a thickness of at least To deposit 1 .mu.m. The inventive method is also suitable, all known based on CIS or CIGS Absorber layers for To deposit thin-film solar cells.
Eine geeignete Vorrichtung zum Durchführen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens umfasst eine Vakuumarbeitskammer, Verdampfungseinrichtungen zum Koverdampfen aller schichtbildenden Elemente, einen Substratträger zur Aufnahme mindestens eines zu beschichtenden Substrats sowie mindestens eine in der Vakuumarbeitskammer angeordnete Plasmaquelle, mittels der Dampfteilchen aller schichtbildenden Elemente ionisierbar und anregbar sind.A suitable device for performing the method according to the invention includes a vacuum working chamber, evaporation equipment for Koverdampfen all layer-forming elements, a substrate carrier for Recording at least one substrate to be coated and at least a arranged in the vacuum working chamber plasma source, by means of the vapor particles of all the layer-forming elements ionizable and are excitable.
Vorteilhafterweise verfügt eine derartige Vorrichtung über eine Heizeinrichtung zum Erwärmen des zu beschichtenden Substrats.Advantageously, such a device has a heating device for heating the coating substrate.
Ebenfalls vorteilhaft ist ein wassergekühltes Blech (beispielsweise aus Kupfer) mit Beschichtungsfenster zwischen Substratträger und den Verdampfungseinrichtungen, welches die Vakuumarbeitskammer in einen Verdampfungsbereich und einen Bereich zum Handling des Substrates unterteilt. Das Substrat wird dadurch vor Beschichtungen außerhalb der dafür vorgesehenen Zone unter undefinierten Bedingungen geschützt.Also advantageous is a water-cooled Sheet metal (for example made of copper) with coating window between substrate carrier and the evaporation equipment, which is the vacuum work chamber in a evaporation area and an area for handling the Substrates subdivided. The substrate is thereby coated outside the one for it protected zone under undefined conditions.
Zum Realisieren von Plasmen mit hoher Ladungsträgerdichte ist der Einsatz von Hohlkathoden-Plasmaquellen besonders geeignet.To the Realizing plasmas with high carrier density is the use of Hollow cathode plasma sources particularly suitable.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert.The Invention will be described below with reference to preferred embodiments explained in more detail.
Die Fig. zeigen:The Fig. Show:
In
Der
Indiumverdampfer
Ein
Selenverdampfer
Die
von den Verdampfern für
die Schichtbestandteile Indium, Kupfer und Selen erzeugten Dampfteilchen
werden in der entstehenden Dampfphase
Eine
Hohlkathoden-Plasmaquelle
Auf
der Rückseite
der Glassubstrate
Alle Beschichtungen erfolgten bei einer konstanten Substratvorschubgeschwindigkeit von 0,4 mm/s. Damit betrug die Beschichtungszeit 120 s pro Glassubstrat.All Coatings were done at a constant substrate feed rate of 0.4 mm / s. Thus, the coating time was 120 seconds per glass substrate.
Es
wurden Beschichtungsversuche bei Substrattemperaturen von 170 °C, 370 °C und 530 °C durchgeführt. Für die Beschichtungen
bei 170 °C
Substrattemperatur war keine zusätzliche
Heizung der Glassubstrate
Die
Drahtvorschubrate für
die beiden Kupferverdampfer
Zu
Beginn aller Beschichtungsaufgaben wurde die Vakuumarbeitskammer
Die Beschichtungsaufgaben wurden bei allen 3 Substrattemperaturen mit einem Entladungsstrom von 140 A durchgeführt. Zusätzlich dazu wurden bei Substrattemperaturen von 370 °C Schichten bei einem Entladungsstrom von 250 A abgeschieden.The Coating tasks were reported at all 3 substrate temperatures a discharge current of 140 A performed. In addition, at substrate temperatures from 370 ° C Layers deposited at a discharge current of 250A.
Die Bewertung der Schichtstruktur und der Kristallgröße der CIS-Absorber-Schichten wurde anhand von Untersuchungen mit einem Raster-Elektronen-Mikroskop vorgenommen. Zusätzliche Messungen mittels TEM und Röntgenbeugung untermauerten diese Resultate. Die erzielten Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt.The Evaluation of the layer structure and crystal size of the CIS absorber layers was determined by investigations with a scanning electron microscope performed. additional Measurements by TEM and X-ray diffraction underpinned these results. The results obtained are in Table 1 listed.
Tabelle 1 Table 1
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren Absorberschichten mit hoher Rate abscheidbar sind und dies bei Substrattemperaturen, die es auch ermögli chen, Polymersubstrate mit diesem Verfahren zu beschichten. Darüber hinaus wurden durch den Einsatz des Plasmas Kristallgrößen erzielt, wie sie sonst nur bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 500 °C anzutreffen sind.It could be shown that with the method according to the invention Absorber layers are deposited at a high rate and this at substrate temperatures, which also make it possible Polymer substrates to coat with this method. Furthermore Crystal sizes have been achieved through the use of plasma, as they are otherwise only at temperatures above 500 ° C are encountered.
Die mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens abgeschiedenen Absorber-Schichten waren jeweils Teil eines Schichtsystems, wie es aus der Literatur für den Aufbau von CIS-Solarzellen bekannt ist. D. h., auf einem Glassubstrat wurde zunächst eine Schicht aus Molybdän abgeschieden, welche als Rückseitenelektrode für die darüber angeordnete erfindungsgemäß abgeschiedene CIS-Absorber-Schicht dient. Die CIS-Absorber-Schicht wurde zunächst mit einer CdS-Pufferschicht und anschließend mit einer ZnO-Schicht abgedeckt. Als transparente Deckelektrode kam ITO ohne ein zusätzliches Kontaktgrid zum Einsatz.The absorber layers deposited by means of the method according to the invention were each part of a layer system, as is known from the literature for the construction of CIS solar cells. That is, up To a glass substrate, a layer of molybdenum was first deposited, which serves as a backside electrode for the above arranged according to the invention deposited CIS absorber layer. The CIS absorber layer was first covered with a CdS buffer layer and then with a ZnO layer. ITO was used as a transparent cover electrode without an additional contact grid.
Claims (16)
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DE102005040087A DE102005040087A1 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2005-08-24 | Depositing method for depositing absorber layers for thin-layer solar cells covers layer-forming elements in a vapor phase while depositing them on a substrate |
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DE102005040087A DE102005040087A1 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2005-08-24 | Depositing method for depositing absorber layers for thin-layer solar cells covers layer-forming elements in a vapor phase while depositing them on a substrate |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009009992A1 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2010-09-09 | Leybold Optics Gmbh | Vapor deposition equipment used to make high- efficiency chalcopyrite solar cells, employs automatically-controlled wire feed to introduce coating materials |
US8956906B2 (en) | 2010-02-22 | 2015-02-17 | Solarion Ag | Method and device for producing a semiconductor layer |
US9899561B2 (en) | 2012-12-20 | 2018-02-20 | Bengbu Design & Research Institute For Glass Industry | Method for producing a compound semiconductor, and thin-film solar cell |
CN108831939A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-11-16 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | Quaternary co-evaporation AIGS film and preparation method and application thereof |
-
2005
- 2005-08-24 DE DE102005040087A patent/DE102005040087A1/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009009992A1 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2010-09-09 | Leybold Optics Gmbh | Vapor deposition equipment used to make high- efficiency chalcopyrite solar cells, employs automatically-controlled wire feed to introduce coating materials |
DE102009009992B4 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2013-08-29 | Leybold Optics Gmbh | Method of depositing CIS, CIGS or CIGSSe layers and using a wire to make these layers |
US8956906B2 (en) | 2010-02-22 | 2015-02-17 | Solarion Ag | Method and device for producing a semiconductor layer |
US9899561B2 (en) | 2012-12-20 | 2018-02-20 | Bengbu Design & Research Institute For Glass Industry | Method for producing a compound semiconductor, and thin-film solar cell |
CN108831939A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-11-16 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | Quaternary co-evaporation AIGS film and preparation method and application thereof |
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