DE102005023308A1 - Plain bearing composite material for plain bearing shells comprises a support layer made from steel, a bearing metal layer made from a copper alloy and a sliding layer applied to the bearing metal layer - Google Patents

Abstract

Plain bearing composite material comprises a support layer made from steel, a bearing metal layer made from a copper alloy and a sliding layer applied to the bearing metal layer. The copper alloy contains (in wt.%) 0.5-5 nickel, 0.25-2.5 silicon, not more than 0.1 lead and a balance of copper. An independent claim is also included for a method for producing the above composite material.

Description

The The invention relates to a sliding bearing composite material according to claims 1 and 3. Furthermore, the invention relates to a use and on Production method.

From the DE 44 15 629 C1 For example, the use of a copper-nickel-silicon alloy is known for the production of wear resistant articles having runflat properties, such as casting dies of die casting machines. The in the DE 44 15 629 C1 described alloy consists of 1-4% nickel, 0.1-1.5% silicon and the balance copper and is used as a solid material.

The US 2,137,282 describes an alloy of 0.1-30% nickel, 0.05-3% silicon and balance copper. This alloy is characterized by appropriate heat treatment by high hardness and good electrical conductivity.

The US 1,658,186 describes a copper-nickel-silicon alloy, in which the silicides acting as hard particles are discussed in detail. Various heat treatment methods for adjusting the hardness are given.

Another copper-nickel-silicon alloy is found in US 2,241,815 , wherein the nickel content is 0.5-5% and the silicon content is 0.1-2%.

The US 2,185,958 describes alloys of 1% nickel, 3.5% silicon and the remainder copper as well as 1.5% silicon and 1% nickel as well as the remainder copper.

From the DE 36 42 825 C1 is a sliding bearing material consisting of 4 to 10% nickel, 1-2% aluminum, 1-3% tin and the rest copper and common impurities known to have a high strength and long life. Solid material bushes are manufactured from this bearing material.

The GB 2384007 describes a sliding bearing composite material with a steel backing, on which a sintered layer of a copper alloy is applied, which has a hardness of max. 130 HV. The copper alloy has 1-11 wt% tin, up to 0.2 wt% phosphorus, max. 10% by weight nickel or silver, max. 25% by weight of lead and bismuth.

plain bearing elements made of solid material have the disadvantage that they guarantee the interference fit in the housing a very big one Strength and thus hardness must have. In use cases, where the adaptability the bearing metal at z. B. required local closure of the sliding layer is, such materials tend to seize or lead to increased damage the wave.

One Another disadvantage is that due to the different CTE in a steel case the sliding bearing element stronger expands and thus the game is disadvantageously reduced.

task the invention is to provide a sliding bearing composite, its mechanical and tribological properties to the desired Requirements can be adjusted while also the required stiffness for the interference fit guaranteed becomes. Furthermore should Geleitlagerelemente from this sliding bearing composite material for the installation in steel housings especially suitable. It is also a task, a use and manufacturing process specify.

These Task is with a sliding bearing composite according to the claim 1 or claim 3 solved.

It has been shown to copper alloys with nickel-tin or nickel-silicon in terms of their mechanical and tribological properties can be adjusted in a wide range, allowing an adjustment to the required properties is possible.

Due to its rigidity, the steel back guarantees the required interference fit, so that the Ge Joining structure of the bearing material can be adjusted independently of strength requirements. The claimed copper alloys can thus be designed with respect to their microstructure, for example, so that they in terms of strength and hardness and the tribological properties, such. B. eating behavior, in a comparable area as the classic lead bronze bearings are.

All in all The range of application of the sliding bearing composite is essential extended.

Also The composite materials with steel back offer advantages due to their thermal expansion coefficient in applications with Steel housings.

The Adjustment of the tribological properties of the bearing metal is done preferably by a thermomechanical treatment, in particular by rolling and annealing.

A such thermomechanical treatment of the composite material can be designed so that the necessary for the finished part Properties of the steel will not be affected.

The Production method according to the invention looks like one the first alternative, the following method steps: Manufacture of Band material made of a copper-nickel-silicon or copper-nickel-tin alloy and roll cladding the strip material on a carrier layer made of steel for the production of a composite. Here is a Forming of bearing metal and / or steel from 50-70%.

The subsequent thermomechanical treatment involves the following steps:
first annealing of the composite at 550 ° C. to 700 ° C. for 2 to 5 hours, at least one first rolling of the composite, a degree of deformation of 20 to 30% being carried out,
at least a second annealing at 500 ° C-600 ° C for> 1 h,
optionally a second rolling of the composite, wherein a degree of deformation of max. 30% is carried out with a subsequent third annealing at temperatures> 500 ° C for at least 1 h.

According to others Alternatives, the copper alloy is applied to the carrier layer and sintered or infused.

through the first and the second rolling step in combination with the followed by annealing set the yield strength of the bearing metal, preferably the yield strength of the bearing metal is 150 to 250 MPa.

If after the second glow reached the final dimension has been completed, the thermo-mechanical treatment is terminated. The Yield point is in this case by the first rolling and the second glow set.

If after the second glow the final measure still is not reached, closes the second rolling and a third annealing step, whereby the yield strength is set to the specified value.

The structure after the thermo-mechanical treatment is characterized by fine, evenly isotropic distributed NiSi or NiSn-based intermetallic precipitates within the copper matrix.

The mentioned yield strength of the bearing metal is well below that of steel, which is why it is possible because here is the steel carrier layer for the required press fit ensures. The advantage of the composite materials according to the invention is that the yield strength of the bearing metal lowered so far can be until the desired tribological properties, in particular the adaptability the bearing metal layer, d. h. that it is z. B. too no or little wear of the opponent comes.

from Composite are used for the production of sliding bearing elements after the slitting Cut off boards and the boards by known forming steps transformed into sliding bearing elements. The final process is preferable the plain bearing machining and the application of the sliding layer.

The Sliding layer is by means of electrodeposition, sputtering or others in the claims mentioned method, optionally after application of an intermediate layer, applied. Optionally, the sliding layer is still a Inlet layer applied.

The sliding layer further improves the tribological properties of the composite material sert.

In of the copper-nickel-silicon alloy is the nickel content at 0.5-5 wt.%, preferably at 1.0 to 3.0% by weight, in particular at 1.5 to 2.2 Wt.%, And the silicon content at 0.2-2.5 wt.%, Preferably at 0.4 to 1.2% by weight or at 0.5 to 1.5% by weight.

The Copper-nickel-silicon alloy can be 0.05-2.0 wt% manganese, preferably 0.15-1.5 % By weight.

It It has been shown that at a weight ratio of nickel to silicon between 2.5 and 5 (nickel: silicon = 2.5 to 5) the tribological Properties can be improved, especially a feeding of the bearing material can be significantly reduced. In these weight ratios will be the ones for the good tribological properties responsible for nickel-silicon compounds favored and to a sufficient extent educated.

In The copper-nickel-tin alloy is the share of nickel 4-11% by weight, preferably at 5.0 to 10.0 wt.%, In particular at 6.0 to 9.0 Wt.%, And the proportion of tin at 3-8 wt.%, Preferably at 4.0 to 6.0% by weight.

The Copper-nickel-tin alloy can be 0.02-1.5 wt% aluminum, preferably 0.1-1.0 % By weight.

Both Copper alloys can have further micro-alloying elements. Preferably, the backing 0.05-0.4 % By weight, preferably 0.075 to 0.25% by weight, of at least one micro-alloying element on. As micro-alloying elements, for example, chromium, titanium, Zirconium, zinc and magnesium individually or in combination in question.

Preferably exists between the bearing metal layer and the carrier layer optionally via a Interlayer a Walzplattierverbindung. For the intermediate layer can copper or a copper alloy, e.g. a copper-zinc alloy or a copper-tin alloy can be used.

The Bearing metal layer can also be a sintered layer or a casting layer be sintering temperatures between 600 ° C and 800 ° C for 10-30 min or casting temperatures from 1000 ° C up to 1250 ° C be used. In the sintering process, a first annealing is integrated.

It is also advantageous if the sliding layer of a galvanic layer consists. Electroplating layers are multifunctional materials that among other things, by good embedability for foreign particles, by inlet properties or adaptation to the sliding partner, as corrosion protection and by good runflat properties in case of oil shortage. Especially when using low viscosity oils are electroplating layers advantageous because this is more common Conditions of mixed friction may occur, where the properties mentioned come into play.

The Electroplating layer is preferably composed of lead-tin-copper, tin-copper, bismuth Copper alloy or pure bismuth.

In The lead-tin-copper alloys, the proportion of tin is preferably at 4-20 % By weight and that of copper at 1-10 Wt.%. In the bismuth copper alloys are the preferred proportions of copper at 1-20 Wt.%.

The Sliding layer may also be by means of a thermal coating process be upset. As thermal coating processes are plasma spraying, High-speed flame spraying and cold gas spraying in question.

One Another preferred method is the PVD method and here in particular sputtering. Sputter layers are preferably made of aluminum-tin alloys, Aluminum-tin-copper alloys, aluminum-tin-nickel-manganese alloys, Aluminum-tin-silicon alloys or aluminum-tin-silicon-copper alloys.

In these alloys, the tin content is preferably 8-40% by weight, the copper content 0.5-4.0% by weight, the silicon content 0.02-5.0% by weight, the nickel content 0.02-2.0% by weight % and the manganese content 0.02-2.5 Wt.%.

According to one another embodiment the sliding layer can consist of a plastic layer. Plastic layers are preferably by means of a painting or printing process, such as As screen or pad pressure, applied by dipping or spraying.

The to be coated surface must be suitably prepared for this by degreasing, chemical or physical activation and / or mechanical roughening, for example by sandblasting or grinding.

The matrix of the plastic layers is preferably made of high temperature resistant resins such as PAI. In addition, additives such as MoS ₂ , boron nitride, graphite or PTFE may be incorporated in the matrix. The proportions of the additives individually or in combination are preferably between 5 and 50 vol.%.

Around To improve bonding is preferably between the bearing metal layer and the sliding layer at least one intermediate layer arranged. This intermediate layer may also be a galvanic layer, even if the sliding layer by means of a sputtering process is applied.

The Interlayer, which is applied by electroplating, nickel or Silver or consist of these elements. It is also possible to apply two intermediate layers of nickel and tin-nickel.

Instead of of galvanically applied intermediate layers and sputtering intermediate layers can be provided be. In this case, nickel alloy layers, e.g. From NiCu30, pure nickel layers, nickel-chromium layers, preferably 15-25% chromium contain zinc layers, zinc alloy layers, chromium and copper layers, Nickel-chromium alloy layers, nickel-copper alloy layers, copper alloy layers or chromium-nickel alloy layers prefers.

The Thickness of the bearing metal layer is preferably 0.1-0.8 mm, preferably at 0.1-0.5 mm, especially at 0.15-0.35 mm.

For the thickness the interlayer are 1-12 μm, preferably 0.5-7.0 μm, in particular 1.0-4.0 μm, preferred and for the thickness of the sliding layer 4-30 microns, preferably 8-20 μm, in particular 10-16 μm.

The Thickness of the inlet layer is 0.2-12 μm, preferably 0.2 to 6 μm, in particular at 0.2 to 3 microns.

preferred Uses of the sliding bearing composite material are those for plain bearing shells.

Tabelle 2 (Angaben in Gew.%)

Exemplary copper alloys are: TABLE 1 (% by weight)

Table 2 (in% by weight)

• – Stranggießen einer Kupferlegierung, insbesondere Doppelstranggießen, mit einer Breite von 300 mm und einer Dicke von 10 mm zur Herstellung von Bandmaterial
• – Beidseitiges Fräsen und anschließendes Aufwickeln des Bandmaterials
• – Walz- und Glühoperationen bis an das Walzplattiermaß.

An exemplary method provides for the following method steps:

• - Continuous casting of a copper alloy, in particular double continuous casting, with a width of 300 mm and a thickness of 10 mm for the production of strip material
• - Double-sided milling and subsequent winding of the strip material
• - rolling and annealing operations up to the Walzplattiermaß.

The Band material is mechanically pretreated, z. B. by brushing, and applied by roller cladding on the steel strip. The steel band has a width of 300 mm and a thickness of 4.5 mm. The roll cladding with the copper alloy leads to a degree of deformation of 50-70% equivalent.

It then follows a first annealing step in a hood oven at 550 ° C for 2 hours. Subsequently, a first rolling is performed in a rolling step, wherein a reduction in thickness of the composite by 28%, which corresponds to the final dimension.

Subsequently, will the composite at 550 ° C for 2 h annealed. Thereafter, a longitudinal dividing takes place with dimensions of 95 mm width × 1.56 mm thickness.

The The yield strength of the bearing metal in this example is approximately 150-170 MPa.

According to one Another variant of the process is the copper alloy as a powder sprinkled on the steel strip and by at least one sintering process at 680 ° C for 10-20 min in a protective gas atmosphere sintered.

According to one Another alternative method is the copper alloy with a Temperature of 1000 ° C up to 1250 ° C poured onto the steel strip, which is preferably preheated to over 1000 ° C. Subsequently there is a cooling below 100 ° C within 1 to 5 minutes, especially in 2 to 4 minutes.

The subsequent Rolling and annealing steps correspond to the Walzplattieralternative.

Examples for galvanic sliding layers are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 (in% by weight)

A preferred galvanic sliding layer has a tin matrix, in the tin-copper particles are embedded, consisting of 39-55% by weight Copper and rest tin exist. The particle diameter is preferably included 0.5 μm to 3 μm. These Galvanic layer is preferably on two intermediate layers applied, wherein the first intermediate layer of Ni and the overlying second intermediate layer consists of nickel and tin. The Ni content the second intermediate layer is 30-40 wt.% Ni. The first intermediate layer has a thickness of 1 to 4 microns and the second intermediate layer of 2 to 7 μm.

Examples for sputter layers are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4 (in% by weight)

Examples for plastic sliding layers are summarized in Table 5.

Table 5 (in% by volume)

All mentioned sliding layers can combined with the bearing metal layers of the copper alloys become.

When Running-in layers on these layer combinations can be pure Tin or indium layers, as well as all mentioned electroplating and Plastic layers are used, wherein the inlet layer preferably softer than the sliding layer used is to choose.

Claims (44)

Sliding bearing composite material with a carrier layer made of steel, having a bearing metal layer of a copper alloy 0.5-5 % By weight of nickel, 0.25-2.5 Wt.% Silicon, ≤ 0.1 Wt.% Lead and balance copper and one on the bearing metal layer applied sliding layer. Slide bearing composite material according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the copper alloy comprises 0.05-2 wt% manganese. Sliding bearing composite according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the weight ratio of nickel to silicon between 2.5 and 5 lies. Sliding bearing composite material with a carrier layer made of steel, having a bearing metal layer of a copper alloy 4-11% by weight Nickel, 3-8 % By weight of tin, ≤ 0.1 Wt.% Lead and balance copper and one on the bearing metal layer applied sliding layer. Slide bearing composite material according to claim 4, characterized characterized in that the copper alloy comprises 0.02-1.5% by weight of aluminum. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the bearing metal layer 0.05-0.4 wt.% has at least one micro-alloying element. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 6, characterized characterized in that the micro-alloying elements chromium, titanium, zirconium, Zinc and / or magnesium are. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that between the bearing metal layer and the carrier layer optionally via an intermediate layer is a roll-bonded joint. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the bearing metal layer is a sintered layer is. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the bearing metal layer is a casting layer is. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sliding layer of a galvanic layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 11, characterized in that the galvanic layer is made of lead-tin-copper alloy, tin-copper alloy, Bismuth-copper alloy or bismuth. Slide bearing composite material according to claim 12, characterized characterized in that in the lead-tin-copper alloys, the proportion of tin 4 - 20 % By weight and the proportion of copper is 1-10% by weight. Slide bearing composite material according to claim 12, characterized characterized in that in the bismuth copper alloys the copper content 1-20% by weight and in the tin-copper alloys, the copper content is 2-20% by weight. is. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sliding layer of a means a thermal coating method applied layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sliding layer of a means PVD method applied layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 16, characterized in that the sliding layer consists of a sputtering layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 17, characterized in that the sputtering layer is made of an aluminum-tin alloy, aluminum-tin-silicon alloy, Aluminum-tin-copper alloy, an aluminum-tin-silicon-copper alloy or an aluminum-tin-nickel-manganese alloy consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 18, characterized characterized in that in the alloys the tin content is 8-40% by weight, the copper content 0.5-4.0 % By weight, the silicon content 0.02-5.0 % By weight, the nickel content 0.02-2.0 % By weight and the manganese content 0.02-2.5 % By weight. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sliding layer of a plastic layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 20, characterized in that the matrix of the plastic sliding layer is made of high-temperature-resistant resin, how PAI exists. Slide bearing composite material according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the plastic sliding layer as fillers MoS ₂ , boron nitride, PTFE and / or graphite. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 22, characterized characterized in that the fillers individually or in combination at 5-50 vol.% lie. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that between the bearing metal layer and the sliding layer at least one intermediate layer arranged is. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 24, characterized characterized in that the intermediate layer is a galvanic layer. Sliding layer composite material according to claim 24, characterized characterized in that the intermediate layer of nickel or silver having. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 25, characterized characterized in that two intermediate layers of nickel and tin-nickel are provided. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 24, characterized characterized in that the intermediate layer is a sputtering layer. Sliding bearing composite according to claim 28, characterized characterized in that the intermediate layer consists of a nickel alloy, nickel-chromium alloy, nickel-copper alloy, zinc alloy, zinc, chromium, copper, Copper alloy, nickel, chromium-nickel alloy or nickel-chromium consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 17 to 19 and 24 to 29, characterized in that the intermediate layer from a galvanic layer and the sliding layer from a sputtering layer consists. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that on the sliding layer an inlet layer is provided. Sliding bearing composite material according to claim 31, characterized characterized in that the inlet layer as tin, lead, copper or indium or designed as a plastic layer is. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the thickness of the bearing metal layer 0.1-0.8 mm. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that the thickness of the intermediate layer is 1-12 microns. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that the thickness of the sliding layer is 4-30 microns. Sliding bearing composite material according to one of claims 31 to 35, characterized in that the thickness of the inlet layer 0.2 up to 12 μm is. Use of a sliding bearing composite according to Claim 1 or claim 3 for Plain bearing shells. Method for producing sliding bearing composite material especially for Slide bearing elements, such as plain bearing shells, with the following method steps: - Produce of copper alloy strip material according to claims 1 or 3, and roll cladding of Tape material optionally using an intermediate layer on a carrier layer made of steel for the production of a composite, - thermo-mechanical treatment with the following steps: - at least a first glow of the composite at 550 ° C-700 ° C for 2 to 5 hours - at least a first rolling of the composite, whereby a degree of deformation of 20-30% is carried out, - at least a second glow at 500 ° C-600 ° C for more than 1 h. Method for producing sliding bearing composite material especially for Slide bearing elements, such as plain bearing shells, with the following method steps: - Apply a copper alloy according to claims 1 or 3 on a carrier layer made of steel for the production of a composite, - sintering of the composite, wherein a first glow integrated in the sintering process, - thermo-mechanical treatment with the following steps: - at least a first rolling of the composite, whereby a degree of deformation of 20-30% is carried out, - at least a second glow at 500 ° C-600 ° C for more than 1 h. Method for producing sliding bearing composite material especially for Slide bearing elements, such as plain bearing shells, with the following method steps: - pouring one Copper alloy according to claims 1 or 3 on a carrier layer made of steel for the production of a composite, - thermo-mechanical treatment with the following steps: - at least a first glow of the composite at 550 ° C-700 ° C for 2 to 5 hours - at least a first rolling of the composite, whereby a degree of deformation of 20-30% is carried out, - at least a second glow at 500 ° C-600 ° C for more than 1 h. Method according to one of claims 38 to 40, characterized that after the second glow a second rolling with a degree of deformation of max. 30% with a subsequent third glow at temperatures> 500 ° C over at least 1 h will be connected. Method for producing sliding bearing elements, in particular of plain bearing shells, characterized that A composite according to any one of the claims 38 to 41 is made, that separated from the composite boards become, that these boards are formed into plain bearing elements be and that a sliding layer is applied. Method according to claim 42, characterized in that at least one intermediate layer before application of the sliding layer is applied. Method according to one of claims 42 or 44, characterized that an inlet layer is applied to the sliding layer.