DD201820A5 - APPENDIX FOR INCREASING THE FLOW OF WATER OR WATER-CONTAINING FLUIDS - Google Patents

Abstract

The aim and the object of the invention are to design the means for increasing the flow rate in such a way that the cost-effectiveness and flexibility of plants for power generation and separation of water surface contamination can be increased. The plant consists of a structural element in the flow path of the flowing water or moving relative to the water. The structural element includes at least one sidewall longitudinally spaced from a deflecting or flow path. The wall is jutted transversally from a generally flat surface at its outer end to an almost circular curl at its inner end. The flow rate of the water or the liquid is thereby significantly increased. Such an increase in the rate of flow may be exploited for the generation of electrical energy or for the collection and separation of oil or other impurities from the water.

Description

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Plant for increasing the flow rate of water or water-containing liquids

Field of application of the invention

The present invention relates to water treatment plants. According to one form of the invention, their extensive ideas of power generation by wave action forces, tides and masses of water with a flow in a direction such as rivers are exploited. This pushed by increasing the flow rate of the water for the drive of power plants. In another form of the invention, the same plants are used to increase the flow rate of water to separate water from impurities, such as oil or chemical waste,

Characteristic of the known technical solutions

Wave power generators for electric power generation are well known in the art. Such generators often operate on the principle of utilizing the vertical motion of the formation and movement of the shafts to achieve vertical movement of a component of the generating system. A typical system according to the prior art transmits such vertical movement into a rotary movement for the direct or indirect drive of an Generatorwelie or the like., Which ax ^ Eieü roenergie is generated. Examples of such systems in which a vertical movement is converted into a rotational movement are in

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U.S. Patent No. 870,706 (H.P. Woodard), No. 389424-1 (S. Kaplan) and No. 3959663 (J.V. Hubsy). Other systems use vertical wave motion to operate pumps for pumping the water into a basin or reservoir. The stored water then sets by its hydrostatic pressure a turbo-generator or the like. In occupation, can be obtained directly by the electric power.

A major difficulty with the known wave-action generation systems of the prior art is their relatively complicated and therefore expensive construction. As a result, the necessary capital expenditure for systems of this type ei * ¹ essential drawback in the commercial use of the systems has been. In particular, this applies where the energy output does not justify the installation costs. In this context, it should be appreciated that systems must be designed to withstand the maximum swell and thus to operate satisfactorily. The designs of the systems must also be such as to be economically adapted to waves of normal or smaller waves and to work satisfactorily with these wave conditions. Saltwater installations involve the additional problem of corrosion, which has not been satisfactorily addressed in previous systems.

In co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 127,990, filed March 7, 1980, entitled "Wave Action Generation System" (Peter M. Borgren and Albert J, Amatuzio), a wave-action generating system is described. in which a support structure

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is used, which has the shape of a Absperrdammes or a silo-like construction. The attachment of this support structure is relative to the body of water to separate them into a relatively shallow reservoir, which is bounded by the Absperrkonstruktion, and the open Viassermasse with the normal water level, which is subject to the wave effect. The difference in the water level between the reservoir and the open body of water creates a controllable hydrostatic pressure gradient. A plurality of pumps are disposed around the silo-like structure or on the walls of the dam. During operation, the piston of each pump is connected to a floating element which is exposed to the action of the vapors. When the wave forces touch the floating elements, they are lifted, move the piston of the pump upwards and create a vacuum in the lower pump chamber, through which water from the reservoir passes into these lower pump chambers »As a result, the water level of the reservoir is reduced. The hydrostatic pressure generated in such a way relative to the water around the silo-like construction or along the dam causes the water to pass through the turbogenerators and generate energy. The water leaving the turbines is then returned to the reservoir and closes the circuit substantial amount of electrical energy are generated «obwoh}. While the described system is essential for wave-action generation systems of this type, it is very much limited in practical use to condition conditions in which a real wave action activity is encountered. D _a s system can be adapted to any tidal conditions where wave action is minimal, yet the system can be described where the

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Water flows in a stream, as in rivers where there is no wave effect.

In terms of tidal action generators, the basic concept of exploiting differences in water levels due to tidal conditions for generating electrical energy is well known in the art. Extensive research in this area has been conducted for many years to determine the correspondence of tidal motions and the distinguishing features of high and low tides at particular sites. However, tidal generators have also been constructed which, for the most part, include structures or devices that convert the vertical waterfall into rotational motion to drive power plants.

Likewise, cheap energy of unidirectional mass of water has also been exploited for power plants. Of course, this refers to dams where the water masses fall vertically, which is exploited for energy production.

With respect to the inventive concept of utilizing the increase in the flow rate of water for the separation of surface contaminants from the water, such as oil, the problem of pollution in recent years has greatly increased and represents a serious environmental concern. The pollution can have multiple causes. The two main causes may be the oil leakage in downhole drilling rigs and oil tanker leakages

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on their way to the port facilities. The development close to the coast aims at a continuous increase in production in order to obtain more oil wells. This affects the waters of our coasts as well as other places around the world. The problem is exacerbated by the continuing increase in tonnage of oil tankers, with the loss of partial or full tanker loads involving huge amounts of oil.

By the increasing environmental awareness with a view towards the ecological damage caused by oil soiling a large number of systems for the treatment of oil contaminants developed has recently. Some of these systems allow the absorption of the oil from the water surface. Subsequently, the absorbed oil is treated or discarded. Chemical solutions have also been tried. However, prior art attempts to solve the problem have been limited to systems which attempt to scavenge the oil from the water surface or trap a mixture of oil and water and then separate the oil from the water in place. A typical example of such a plant is described in US Pat. No. 4,182,679 (Paul van Hekle). It is a Ölabschöpfanlage in which oil and water are collected as a mixture and then physically separated. The oil is removed and the water is discharged. A large number of openings are located on the front of the unit and serve to direct the oil / water mixture into the separation zone. The separation is in the Hauptsech? through the different weights of oil and water. Both the oil and the water are separately fed to a barge and stored there, with which the scoop is operatively connected.

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U.S. Patent No. 4,120,793 (P.G. Strain) describes a ship having a bow with openings through which oil and water pass. The mixture of the oil and the water then passes through pipelines that lead the mixture to the separation plant.

U.S. Patent No. 4,058,461 (T.I. Gaw) also describes a ship in which the bow has a specific construction. The oil / water mixture enters a collection zone and is then pumped into settling tanks. After settling, the water is separated from the oil, the oil is collected and the water is pumped out through drain pipes from the containers.

US Pat. No. 3,890,234 (Galicia, Frank) describes a separation and bückgew innungsanlage for oil, in which the incoming oil / gas mixture is passed over corrugated troughs which are inclined upwards and forwards to the separation of the Oil from the water easier. The oil is collected after separation due to its buoyancy and pumped through a drain pipe.

Bs is also known to use in situ separation plants mainly in the form of centrifugal separators. These separate the oil from the water due to the differences in weight. Reference is made to U.S. Patent No. 3,662,099 (Frank Galicia), which contains corresponding disclosures.

In all of the prior art plants described above and in other plants with which the applicant is familiar, the systems for separating and recovering the oil become rather complicated and expensive

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Construction marked. Normally, pampas are required to pump the collected oil / water mixture to a separation zone, making the equipment relatively slow under normal conditions. In plants where it is possible, for example, to attempt to scrape off the oil from the surface of the water, the results are unsatisfactory. This is due to the existing difficulty, just to collect the oil in contrast to a ölA / asser mixture. If special bow constructions are present to facilitate collection of the oil / water mixture, they serve primarily to confine the mixture, gradually entering the ship, rather than providing a surface covering the ship altered or other characteristics of the mixture.

Object of the invention

The object of the invention is to increase the economy and flexibility of plants for power generation and for the separation of surface contaminants from water.

Explanation of the essence of the invention

The invention has for its object to design the means for increasing the flow rate of water or aqueous liquids in a suitable manner.

The object is achieved according to the invention by providing a structural element in a flow of water or liquid. The water flows at a variable speed as a result of relative movement

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the water and the structural element. The structural member consists of at least one sidewall curved longitudinally from a deflecting point at its outer end to a gradually flattened curvature at its inner end. A vertical plane through the edges of the wall is generally more perpendicular to such a flow path. The curvature of the wall is continuous from its outer to inner ends. The wall also has a transverse curvature of a in the general _r my flat surface at its outer end to a nearly circular curvature at its inner end. The water or liquid is substantially accelerated as it flows along the wall. Further, elements for receiving and utilizing the water or liquid at such increased flow rate are provided.

A key feature of the present invention, when used to generate electrical energy, is the adaptability of the invention to environmental conditions, including wave action, tidal effects, or water flow in one direction to a manageable extent, or combinations of these hydro-forces; It will be appreciated that in each of these environmental conditions a particular installation system is preferred, although in each case the results obtained are based on the same scientific premise. In particular, in each barrel water is directed along a curved path, at the end of which is a fairing with a reduced diameter towards the exit. The exit end is directly connected to a turbine, which generates the electrical energy. This path of water is not only longitudinally curved, but the surface on

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which meets the water is also curved transversely to a gradually greater extent as the path of the water approaches the disguise. This causes a whirling movement that increases the flow velocity of the water. Of course, this larger flow rate of water can be converted directly into a force, which is proven by well-founded scientific principles.

The invention is particularly applicable to immutable water condition conditions. Where a wave effect serves as a source used for power generation, a generally V-shaped structure is erected at the appropriate location in the coastal waters with the vertex of the V facing outward. It is well known for the vicinity of waves that the movement of the water is essentially limited to the depth of the wave. The waves are split by the tip of the V and move along the sides of the V-shaped construction. It has already been noted above that the sides are curved both longitudinally and transversely. As a result, there is a substantial increase in the flow velocity of the water as it flows past the curved wall. Near the inner end of each wall is a panel whose outer end is generally complementary to the shape of the wall immediately adjacent the entrance end of the panel. The lining is tapered in the interior in the direction of the discharge end, where the turbine is located, which is to be driven by the water. The shroud may be a separately designed structural member or the sidewall formed to provide a generally circular, inwardly tapered opening through which the water enters the turbine at high velocity. "It has been empirically determined that the

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speed of water as it passes through the fairing and entering the turbine is approximately 914.4 Era per second.

Where the invention is used in an environment utilizing the tidal action, the basic principles are as described above. Here, however, a second, generally V-shaped construction, either separate from the first or in one piece, is disposed behind the first structure to take advantage of return times. In this case, a further pair of curved sidewalls with a point is arranged such that the "flow of the return tails passes directly into separate panels which are located at the end of the longitudinally and transversely curved walls and communicate at their outer ends with the turbines for power generation.

The invention can be adapted to the conditions in rivers by providing a single longitudinally and transversely curved wall surface at the end of which the turbogenerator is arranged, as described above. In one flow, the water flow is split, with part of the flow still flowing downstream and the other being directed along the curved water surface. The water leaving the turbine is also passed downstream.

There are, of course, circumstances where both river and tidal currents exist. In a further embodiment of the invention, the construction is modified to increase the flow rate of the water in both directions when it is of construction

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approaches.

Here, too, several Seitenvtände are provided, the longitudinal and transverse arrangement of which is similar to at least one sideband. The outer end of the second sideband is spatially separated from the first sidewall. The curvature of the side wall is such as to form a generally funnel-shaped opening for receiving the flowing water. On the second side wall a panel is attached. At the outlet of the panel is followed by a turbogenerator. Opposite the first and second side walls, third and fourth side walls are arranged. The third and fourth side walls form a generally funnel-shaped opening for the flowing water. Like the first and second side walls, they are longitudinally and transversally curved. The third and fourth side panels have panels. These lead into the turbogenerators. Thus, in a tidal environment, the water flows along the first and second sidewalls and then through the turbo-generators connected thereto. During the opposite tide condition, the water flows along the third and fourth sidewalls towards the liners and enters the turbogenerators. which are related to the third and fourth side walls.

If desired, side walls and turbines exposed to flow of WaBэегаДп in a direction can be displaced vertically. This is done relative to the sidewalls and turbines in the sidewalls, which are exposed to the flow of water in the opposite flow direction. This can save space.

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Advantageously, the cladding consists of a separate cladding element, attached to the innermost end of the associated sideband. Slide sidewall тле is in front of the panel in general a round cross section and is closed. In each panel filters are installed.

To prevent debris from entering the turbogenerators, the directional liners are preferably provided with grids or filters at appropriate locations to ensure fairly clean flow of water into the turbines.

When used for the collection and removal of an impurity / water mixture from the surface of a body of water, the installation comprises a fishing vessel and machinery for propelling the vessel. The ship has a transverse longer opening in the bow at the level of the water surface. The trap is located in this opening and cuts the path of the flowing water. The collector includes "second and third sidewalls, the second sidewall also being curved longitudinally and transversely inwardly from its outer end to a progressively increased curvature at its inner end. A vertical plane through the edge of the second wall is generally more perpendicular to such a flow path. The longitudinal curvature of the second wall is continuous from its outer to its inner end. The second wall also has a transverse curvature from a generally vertical upper surface at its outer end to a generally semi-circular curvature at its inner ends. The inner ends of the first and second side walls are arranged spatially separated and

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form an outlet opening for the mixture, upper and lower walls define the vertical dimension of the opening, with the side walls they form a funnel-shaped collection zone, which ends at the outlet opening. Pipes connect to the outlet openings and extend in the rearward direction in the vessel for receiving the mixture and its further transport. Further aids are not used. The mixture enters a separator to separate the contaminant from the water. The separator is equipped with means for discharging the water outboard after the contaminant has been separated and collected.

Furthermore, third and fourth side walls are provided in the longer opening in the bow of the ship. These are disposed opposite the first and second sidewalls. The third and fourth sidewalls are curved longitudinally and transversely inwardly from their outer end to a gradually increased curvature at their inner end. A vertical plane through the edges of the side sands is generally more perpendicular to such a flow path. The longitudinal curvature of the. third and fourth sidewalls are continuous from their outer to their inner ends. The third and fourth sidewalls also have a transverse curvature from a generally vertical planar surface at their outer ends to a generally semi-circular curvature at their inner ends. The inner ends of the third and fourth Seitenviände are spatially separated angeox-dnei; and form an outlet for the mixture. The adjacent first, second, third and fourth side walls are separated by a manifold. This forms the outermost ends of the neighboring ones

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Side walls. It serves to bring the impurity / water mixture into the collection and capture zone formed by the first and second or by the third and fourth sidewalls. Another funnel-shaped collection zone ends at its outlet openings. Pipes close to the outlet opening, which is one of the third and fourth eitenwänden ^s, and extend in the rearward direction in the ship for the purpose of receiving the mixture and its further transportation, are used, no other aids. The forwarding of the mixture takes place to the separator.

The conduits from the exit ports run rearwardly and extend generally parallel and substantially horizontal to the water surface to a location generally in the center of the vessel. From here, the pipelines extend upwards beyond the level of the ship's deck and further towards the rear to the separator,

In order to separate oil from the water, a centrifugal separator can be used which is arranged in a barge towed by the ship. The means for discharging the water comprise a pipe in connection with the separator for receiving the water and for discharging it into the water outside the barge,

The means for receiving the separated oil consist of a sump on the barge and pipelines between the centrifugal separator and the sump,

Further, in the opening of the bow of the ship

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Provided mechanisms for closing the opening, through which the ship can be converted for other uses.

Mechanisms are provided on the lower wall of the opening and the bow of the vessel to move the lower wall and thus the upper and sidewalls of the opening, thereby varying the height of the opening in the bow to prevent entry of the impurity / water mixture to maximize in the bow opening.

Where the present invention serves to separate impurities from the water, such as oil, it is characterized by its ability to treat the incoming oil / water mixture as if the flow rate of the mixture is accelerated or increased in the curved flow paths , This results in a throughput speed of the collected mixture such that it is transported without further assistance by the ship in a barge or the like., Which is steered by the ship. The bow of the ship is shaped to provide a front vertex. Longitudinal curved side walls are arranged, which are relatively adjacent to the sides of the ship on the front. The innermost ends of each adjacent pair of walls terminate in a central opening through which the mixture passes into a barge or similar boat towed by the ship. The speed of the vessel and the acceleration of the oil / water mixture allows the description to be made of a transport of the liemiscues to a separation plant without the use of pumps located either in the bow of the ship or in the drilling or drilling lines through which the mixture passes passes.

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The invention is further characterized by a separate, towed ship with separation plant, through which the oil / water mixture can be separated. The oil is sent to a transport ship and the water outboard. So the whole separation and collection can be done while the ship is sailing.

Sin another feature of the invention is that the ship can be composed for receiving the oil / water mixture from a variety of commercially available boats. G _eQ ig _ne te Modifications are possible, including the bulkhead construction and the pipes or piping, through which the mixture is transported under the pressures achieved into the barge, which in practice is towed by the ship. The barge may have a simplified construction. It contains a separation system for receiving the mixture, a storage container to which the separated oil can be fed for storage, and a drainage pipe for the discharge of the water outboard. The entire assembly including the barge can be made at a relatively low cost.

The ship used for catching and separating is also good for removing other contaminants from the water surface. For example, it is well known that various chemicals, such as DDT, accumulate in concentrated amounts in the upper 6.35 mm to 12.7 mm of the water surface. The plant according to the present invention can collect such concentrated amounts of contaminants and treat them to remove the contaminants from the water, which is then subsequently discharged outboard of the ship. In the case of DDT, such impurities can be detected with

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elevated speeds are passed through the treatment plant according to the invention, which is located in the Trailerschute to collect the impurities. Such a plant may, for example, have layers of activated carbon to which the contaminants adhere. These activated charcoal layers can be degraded or renewed to obtain a fresh & durable material. If desired, the treatment material, such as the activated carbon, can be removed from the trailer barge and worked up on land.

Of course, the local mobility of the fishing vessel represents a significant advantage. Today's fishing vessels are characterized by their relatively large dimensions and limited capacity utilization. On the other hand, the present invention relates to a relatively small ship, which is a modified boat of comparatively small dimensions and hence low cost. The ship can be brought by plane or helicopter without difficulty to the place of oil pollution or other pollution. This obviously adds a desirable dimension to the advantages of the present invention.

Examples

The invention will be explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. In the accompanying drawing show:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment, specifically designed for a wave action environment;

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FIG. 2 shows an embodiment, specially designed for a tidal environment; FIG.

Fig. 3 shows an embodiment, especially designed for water flow conditions with a flow in one direction, such as in rivers;

Fig. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of the invention, particularly designed for flow-through conditions with gauging effects;

Fig. 5ϊ is a partially schematic perspective view of the embodiment of Fig. 1 according to the invention, showing in more detail the curvature and construction of the side walls of the support structure;

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary front view detailing the straightening trim located at the end of the sidewall adjacent to the turbogenerator;

Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken on line 7-7 of Fig., Showing the lateral curvature of the sidewall at the intersection hatching line;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken on line 8-8 of Fig. 5; Fig. 9 is a sectional view taken on line 9-9 of Fig. 5;

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10 is a plan view of a fishing vessel according to the basic concept of the invention, showing a barge being towed by the fishing vessel in practice;

FIG. 11: a side view of the combination of fishing vessel and barge shown in FIG. 10; FIG.

Fig. 12 is a front view of the fishing vessel showing the adjacent collection cavities and the varying cross-section along the sidewalls of the cavities;

Fig. 13 is a sectional view taken on line 13-13 of Fig. 12;

14 is a Schnittzeicbnung along the line 14-14 of FIG. 12th

In the drawing of the patent application, the same parts are numbered the same. The Aasgang thereby forms the reproduced in FIGS. 1 to 9 embodiments of the invention, of which for the B _rZ eugung of electrical energy use made. In the two Figs. 1 and 5 is the reproduction of a system 10, which is built near the shore as a fixed system. The embodiment of Fig. 1 according to the invention is particularly adapted to environments where wave forces are encountered. The plant 10 can be erected as a fixed installation at the desired location, characterized by the distance from the bank and the depth of the water such that the side walls of the plant are subjected to maximum impact forces. The system 10 can be made of any suitable building material.

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For example, cast concrete, either a coated or topcoated structural steel to prevent corrosion or combinations of these materials or other suitable building materials. Likewise, the surface of the plant, including the surface of the sidewalls, now to be the hutch, may be coated, if desired, to reduce construction costs and extend the life of the plant or, in the case of the sidewalls, the friction of the water as it flows along to reduce this.

The system 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes two longitudinally and transversely curved side walls 12 and 14, of which the outer ends unite at a vertex 16. At the end of each wall is a panel 18, which is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The exit end of each panel communicates with a turbo-generator 20, is generated by the energy from the water at the flow along the ^s eitenwänden electric energy.

The arrows in FIG. 1 illustrate the bypass of the water as it approaches the plant 10. The shaft which acts directly on the sidewalls 12 and 14 will flow therealong, as will now be described with reference to FIG. The wave, which touches the system in the area of the vertex 16, is split. She will either get to one or the other side of the side walls. It will be appreciated that the apparatus 10 is intended to absorb the force of the wave action only insofar as the wave action is the sidewalls

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touched the plant. The purpose of the installation is not to restrict the waves or to prevent them in any way from reaching each side of the installation.

The turbines do not in themselves form part of the present invention, wherein any satisfactory generator can be used for the intended use. Examples of turbine designs which can satisfactorily be used in accordance with the present invention are the "door" turbo units ¹¹ made by the water turbine division of Allis-Chalmers, York, Pennsylvania, and the turbine pumps manufactured by Johnston Pump Company, Glendora, California, with turbine pumps number 27CC and 27DC being typical. The latter have impellers having a diameter of about 48.26 to 53.34 cm. They are particularly well suited in relatively flat wave action environments. It will be appreciated that turbines with larger diameter flights may also be used. This depends on the respective environmental conditions.

FIG. 5 shows a more detailed schematic perspective view of a longitudinal and transverse curvature of the side walls 12 and 14, respectively. The trim 18 at the inner ends of each sideband is located within the inner end of the sidewalls. Each fairing communicates at its inner end with a turbine 20. It can be seen that the sidewalls are curved longitudinally from the vertex toward the turbine, the angle of inclination being relatively stretched adjacent to each wall, i.e., the turbine head. h., approaching a plane which is generally perpendicular to the path of travel of the shaft. Each wall 12 and 14 is relatively

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adjacent the vertex 16 is substantially planar, with the transverse curvature increasing towards the turbine end of the wall. The manner in which the side walls are gradually curved transversely is shown in a sectional drawing in FIGS. 7, S and 9. As can be seen from Fig. 6, the side walls immediately before the panel 18 substantially a closed circular cross-section. As a result of the longitudinal and transverse curvature, the flow velocity of the water in the form of the relatively rapidly moving waves gradually increases as it flows along each side wall. This process is attributed to both vertical and horizontal wave forces. Bs is one of the elemental foundations that water reaching turbine 20 requires the same amount of time as water flowing directly to the coast. This results in an increase in the speed of the water as it flows along each curved wall. Thus, both the kinetic and the potential energy of the vertical and horizontal wave forces are exploited. The longitudinal curvature is, as mentioned above, continuous and the transverse curvature increasingly pronounced, which can be seen in FIGS. 7 to 9. This transverse and longitudinal curvature causes the water to swirl rapidly as it flows along the sidewalls. Arrows along each side wall 12 and 14 reflect this condition.

In Fig. 6, the panel 18 is reproduced on a slightly larger scale. Preferably, this panel constitutes a separate structural element which is within the closed, tapered end of the side wall. The cladding tapers in diameter from the outer end to the inner and filters 22 and 24 are present.

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preferably provided at the inlet and outlet ends. Depending on the shape of the closed inner end of each wall, the cross section of the panel will vary, but in the form shown, the panel will generally have a round cross section. The taper is from a larger to a smaller diameter as indicated. The two filter cartridges 22 and 24 are used to remove debris or the like. From the water before it flows into the turbo-generator, vias schematically in each case in Figs. 5 and 6 is shown.

Although the shroud 18 is shown as a separate structural member in FIGS. 1, 5 and 6, it will be appreciated that the innermost end of each sidewall may be composed to provide a tapered opening similar in shape to the shroud 18. This would eliminate the need for a separate construction of the lining, although filters would preferably still be used for the purpose stated. As stated, the cladding is inside the inner end of the wall, although a total cladding would be absolutely unnecessary. The sheathing of the sidewall at its inner end or the provision of a separate shroud, or both, results from the need to maintain the swirling water as it flows along each sidewall in its condition and as long as a substantial amount of water is retained for the purpose of propelling the turbine , this is enough.

As mentioned, the side panels 12 can be made along the plant 10 of any suitable building material, concrete being an example. To the friction of the

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Reduce water as it flows along the wall, the surfaces of the walls may be coated with an anti-glare coating, such as fiberglass or the like. It can be seen that the horizontal forces of the shaft directly on the sidewalls between the apex and hit the turbine, be deflected in the direction of the curvature of the walls, resulting in considerable frictional forces. The application of a friction reducing surface would reduce as much as possible such Keibungskräfte. This would maximize the horizontal wave forces directed along the curved sidewalls.

As mentioned, Fig. 1 corresponds to a specific construction for a reaction environment, the general principles of the invention being equally applicable to the conditions of flow and / or tides. Figures 2 to 4 illustrate such other environments: Figure 2 schematically illustrates a plan view of an installation taking advantage of or taking advantage of the tidal effect; Fig. 3 illustrates a system in a body of water, for example in a river, where the flow is substantially or completely in one direction; and Figure 4 includes a system with particular application to a flow environment in which tidal conditions also exist.

In Fig. 2, the schematically drawn abutment 30 includes the sidewalls 32, 34, 36 and 38. The sidewalls 32 and 34 meet at their extremities at apex 40 and the opposing walls 36 and 3s likewise at their extremities at apex 42. The

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Garments 18 are located at the inner end of each curved sidewall, as described. In this case, each panel of the card communicates with a separate turbogenerator 20.

The longitudinal and transverse curvature of each side wall preferably having the curvature of the ^s eitenwände 12 and 14 in Fig. 5 identical or similar. It can be seen that, under tidal conditions, the water first flows in one direction and then returns in the other, as indicated by arrows in Fig. 2 above and below. For example, during high tides, the water strikes sidewalls 36 and 38 increasing its flow velocity. The associated turbogenerators 20 are driven. The spent water then flows downstream downstream of the plant.

Of course, during low tides, the current is opposite. The body of water impinges on the sidewalls 32 and 34. The forces resulting from the water flowing along the walls drive the associated turbogenerators 20. It will, of course, be appreciated that the plant 30 in Figure 2 would be exploited in an environment where there is sufficient momentary effect to justify the construction of the plant. There may also be wave action forces where the equipment is installed in environments that normally cause a wave action.

The plant of Fig. 2 is preferably installed in an open body of water and the system can be installed as a fixed installation in any suitable manner and with any suitable materials. As described above

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Ьѳп, can eitenwände ^s, if desired, be coated with a friction reducing coating to reduce the frictional losses that arise when the water impinges on the side walls in both directions of movement of the water. As a result, the horizontal force component of the water when hitting the sidewalls is maximally utilized with regard to increasing the flow velocity of the water when it flows along the sidewalls. The output power of the turbogenerators is maximized in this way.

It is understood that in the two embodiments of the invention in Figs. 1 and 2 and the like in Pig. 3 and 4, the energy generated by the turbogenerators can be taken in any suitable manner and manner. This electrical energy can be used directly or indirectly. An example of indirect utilization of energy is hydrogen conversion. In any case, the utilization of electrical energy does not form part of the present invention,

In Fig. 3 a typical plant is reproduced, in which the idea of the invention are exploited for use in rivers, in which the flow rate of the water is sufficient to generate electrical energy. In the embodiment of Fig. 3, the system 50 forms substantially a half of the Doppel3eitenwandanordnung of Fig. 1, the side wall 52 communicates at its inner end with a lining 18 and 20, a turbogenerator The ^s eitenwand 52 terminates at its outer end in a Vertex 54 · together with the adjacent wall 56 of the plant. The vertex 54 distributes the water on the side walls and leaves the unobstructed water behind the adjacent wall 56 of the system

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stream. Again, the longitudinal and transverse curvature of the sidewall 52 is preferably identical or similar to the arrangement in FIG. There is an increase in the flow velocity of the water and thus in the force, as described above.

In Fig. 4, a system is illustrated, especially designed for rivers, tidal zones or other environments where natural streams are present. The system includes separate structures 60 and 62. The plant 60 includes the curved sidewalls 64 and 66 while the plant has the curved sidewalls 68 and 70 . Instead of distributing the flow as in the embodiment of the present invention described above, the plants and 62 in FIG. 4 adjacent thereto serve to direct the incoming water in the direction of the relatively narrow opening between the central curved parts of the plants. At the end of each curved wall in the central region of the system are panels 18 and a turbogenerator or turbogenerators 20 are provided. These communicate the schematic playback with the exit ends of the panels.

As is known, the system in Fig. 4- is particularly applicable to environments where there is a tidal effect. It is similar in many respects to FIG. 2. The longitudinally and transversely curved sidewalls are arranged to converge at their inner ends instead of diverge, as shown in FIG.

It is understood that the vertical position of the sidewalls and 70 will contribute to optimal energy production. These walls can be located above or below the main

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elongation of the opposing walls 64 and 68 have. The same naturally applies to the embodiment according to the invention according to FIG. 2, which is also constructed especially for a tidal environment. Where there is a height difference between the walls 66 and 70 and the walls 64 and 68, it will be appreciated that a pair of simultaneously switched turbines may be used. One turbine is driven by the water coming from the walls 66 and 70, the other by the water flowing along the walls 64 and 68 at a high flow rate.

Although the angle of curvature of the sidewalls in the numerous embodiments described is not at all critical, it seems to be the case that the maximum flow velocity of the water is achieved when the longitudinal curvature is parabolic. It is difficult to calculate the overall speed increase. This circumstance is attributable to the frictional forces and the fact that the water, whether in wave form or in a single flow, contacts the longitudinal side wall substantially along the entire surface of the curve. However, water which, for example, moves undulating will flow along the curved walls 12 and 14 (FIG. 1) in exactly the same time as would be required by the shaft to travel straight from the apex 16 a distance that is in the generally parallel to the turbogenerators 20 extends. Since the Strömlings away along the curved S _Q itenwände obviously much longer, for example 2 to 3n * ^a l so long, the flow velocity of the water will be correspondingly larger. For example, when a 487.68 cm second shaft moves, a typical speed, the water of such a shaft will enter the turbo-generators

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move at about 1219.2 cm per second. The transverse curvature of the lateral vias serves to confine the flow path. It increases as the flow rate of the water increases, thereby precluding or preventing the water from being removed from the surface of the sidewall. It has been demonstrated that this combination of longitudinal and transverse curvature of the sidewalls is of fundamental importance in the present invention.

The available potential energy of the numerous suitable embodiments can be calculated without difficulty. Of course, it is well known that the energy of a moving mass or moving object is expressed as follows:

(1) E a 1 / 2mv ²

where: E = energy m = mass

ν = velocity of the mass, in this case velocity of the working medium

It also belongs to the elementary foundations that the density (p) of a mass is defined as the amount of mass in a specific volume, or:

(2) p = m / volume

Therefore, assuming that a moving working fluid flows through an opening of a specified size, the volume of the working fluid would be within a presumed or predetermined period of time

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Product is the cross-sectional area (A) of the opening times the velocity (v) of the working medium times the time (t), or:

(3) Volume = Avt

Using equation (3) in equation (2), the following equation is obtained:

(4) ρ = m / Avt or m =: pAvt

If ^т лir now uses the equivalence of m according to equation (4) for m in equation (1), the following equation results:

(5) E =: 1/2 (pAvt) v ² я 1 / 2pAv ³ t or E / t = 1 / 2pAv ³

Since the power (P) is defined as energy per unit time (E / t), the result is:

(6) P = 1 / 2pAv ³ , which can also be expressed as follows:

(7) P / A = 1 / 2pv ³

With Equation (7), the amount of available energy can be easily calculated, taking into account certain known facts and assumptions. For example, it is known that the density of the water between 0 ⁰ C and

ο -λ λ

18 C equals 1000 kgm ^J , because 1 cnr of water is 1 g _# Assuming that the working medium with 9Ή, 4 cm / §ec is covered by a turbine casing with a diameter of

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609.6 cm, and based on a turbine efficiency of 100%, the calculations are as follows:

(8) P / A = 1 / 2pv ³

where: P = power

A =: cross section

ρ =: density of the working medium

ν = flow velocity of the working medium.

Therefore, P = 1 / 2pAv ^

1000 kg 9,144 ш о (expressed in

P = 1/2 χ = 5 χ ( У metric units

no lake with "see" the same

seconds)

_o 1000 kg 9.144 m _ч

= 29,2p χ ч χ ( У

m- ⁵ sec

= 11162488.4 kgm ² / sec ³

Since, by definition, 1 watt = 1 joule / sec and one joule corresponds to a neoniton meter (1 kgm / sec), the result is:

1 watt з 1 joule / sec

= 1 Nevjton meter / sec

=: 1 kgm / sec (m / s)

2 І

= 1 kgm / ^

Therefore:

P = 11162488.4 watts

= 11162.5 kW as total energy available in the water.

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The water flows through a panel with a diameter of 609.4 cm and from there into the turbo-generator. To calculate the power available per m, divide the total power by the total area or:

P / A expressed in watts per square meter P / A = 111624.4 watt / 29.2 m ²

я 382.276 watts per m ²

s 382 kW per m ²

Thus, Bs results that substantial amounts of electrical energy can be obtained in accordance with the present invention. Even assuming turbine efficiency of 60%, one with a diameter of 304.8 cm (about 7 m) can produce about 1.56 MW, enough to power about 600 homes. In turbines with a larger diameter, of course, the energy generated will be much larger, increasing in proportion to the area of the turbine.

10 to 14, the basic ideas of the invention are applied to systems for the effective and inexpensive separation of surface contaminants, for example oil layers, from the water. These applications of the present invention similarly make use of the flow rate enhancement characteristics which so uniquely distinguish the present invention from the prior art.

The fishing vessel 100 includes a hull 102 and a bridge 104, which are shown only in FIGS. 11 and 12.

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given is. The vessel 100 may be constructed in any suitable manner and is subsequently modified to meet the capture and collection characteristics of the present invention.

In the bow 106 of the ship is a longer opening 108 and in this extend side walls 110, 112, 114 and 116 in the rearward direction. A flow distributor 118 is located between the sidewalls 112 and 114 and since the walls 112 and 114 are curved longitudinally rearward in addition to their transverse curvature, the manifold 118 serves to split the incoming oil / water mixture into the capture and collection regions , These are defined by the walls 110 to 112 and 114 to 116. The longitudinal or front-to-back curvature of the lateral walls can be seen in Fig. 10 where the curvature is more pronounced towards the area where the adjacent walls meet. The transverse curvature of the sidewalls tapers rearwardly from a very gradual curvature at the manifold 118 in Fig. 13 to a more pronounced transverse curvature at the end of each sidewall in Fig. 14. Although Figs. 13 and 14 are cross-sectional views along the wall 114, it can be seen that the transverse curvature of the side walls 110, 112 and 116 is similar.

In Fig. 10, the opening of the respective pairs of walls 110 to 112 and 114 to 116 is closed at the top and bottom by the walls 120 and 122. As can be seen from this figure, the walls 120 and 122, which extend to the rear, taper downwards or upwards. As a result, the incoming mixture in the ^{T is} funnel-shaped through the pipes

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124 and 126 passed. The diameter of each pipe has a cross section at the front end similar to that formed at the inner end of the side walls and the upper and lower walls 120 and 122. The conduits 124- and 126 extend generally horizontally from the capture and collection zones and then extend upwardly (126 'in FIG. 11). This keeps the ship's angrenzеок adjacent to the stern. The pipelines take a generally horizontal course 127 prior to union to a single pipeline 13O in FIG.

The pipe 13О extends to a separator 132, which is located on a barge 134. The separator in itself does not form part of the present invention and may include a centrifugal separator in a commercially available construction. Through this, the heavier water components reach the outside of the separator and the oil remains in the middle or in the vortex area. The oil is discharged from the separator through a discharge pipe 136 into a storage container 13S. A water trap X ¹ O 140 communicates with the separator relatively adjacent to its bottom for discharging the water out of the separator outboard. Thus, the oil is collected in the storage bin 138 and when the bin is full, pumping may be performed to prepare the plant for further separation and collection.

The ship 100 is powered by two motors E, each of which drives a propeller 15Ο in a known manner. The design of the motors does not form part of the present invention, although preferably they must be of sufficient size to propel the ship at a speed of 15 miles per hour or greater.

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The barge 134 may be towed by the vessel 100 with tow haws or by other towing means, if desired. Although it is appreciated that the chute ^s 134 could be constructed and arranged to serve as a drive ship, wherein the ship is pushed 100, is considered preferable that the ship 100 and the driven barge vaird dragged 134th

If the vessel is not used for oil scavenging purposes, the opening 108 by a plurality of cylinders 160 and Block 162 in conjunction ^mi * d ^Q can ^<3em cylinder will be covered. In Fig. 10, four cylinders and associated locks are preferably provided. The barriers are lowered in Fig. 11, whereby the openings are closed. When the ship is prepared to collect oil / water mixtures, the barriers 162 are raised by the cylinders 160 so that the pick-up opening 108 is made accessible,

Hydraulic cylinders 164 are located on the upper wall 120, with the piston rods 166 of the cylinders communicating with the upper and lower walls 120 and 122. By proper adjustment of the cylinders 164, the height of the walls 120 and 122 can be adjusted so that the opening 108 has an optimum height for collecting the oil / water mixture.

As mentioned, an essential feature of the present invention is the manner in which the mixture is accelerated as it trembles longitudinally along the curved walls 110-116. It is true of the basic characteristics that the water flows along the curved walls 110 to 116 in their entire length in exactly the same time,

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which would require the water to travel in a straight line from the top of the manifold 118 to a rearward position parallel to the forward ends of the conduits 124 and. Since the entire distance along the curved side walls is much longer, the flow rate of the water is increased accordingly. Of course, the water will enter the opening 108 at a speed equal to the ship's speed. It is the transversely and longitudinally curved surfaces which give rise to the acceleration or greater flow velocity of the water, as opposed to, for example, simple straight walls which bring the water into the manifolds.

Although the exact curvature can not be absolutely critical longitudinally and transversely, it seems to be the case, as mentioned above, that maximum velocity will be achieved if the longitudinal curvature is parabolic. It is difficult to calculate the total increase in the flow rate of the water. This is related to the frictional forces and the fact that the water contacts the longitudinal sidewalls substantially along the entire surface of the wall curvature.

As explained, it is preferable to propel the ship 100 at speeds of Λ 5 miles per hour or greater. Such speeds serve two advantageous purposes. First, the production or amount of the treated oil / water mixture is increased because the amount of the collected mixture is obviously proportional to the ship's speed. The second is the speed of the ship and consequently the relative

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Speed between the water and the ship is the basis for the increase in the flow rate of the water through the transverse and longitudinal curvature of the walls 110 to 116. At such speeds and without the aid of pumps, the mixture flows through the conduits 124, 126, 126 ", 127 and 130 in the separator 132. The ship can therefore be manufactured or modified with minimal effort. Only the opening 108, the side walls 110 to 116 and the pipes 124-, 126 and 126 ¹ are to be installed. A ship with a common drive can be retrofitted quickly and cheaply to get to a ship with the added function of collecting oil / water mixtures from oil spills. ^w hen the so refitted ship for Those purpose must not be used, the locks can be closed 162, and the ship is used for normal recreational purposes.

The side walls 110 to 116 may be made of any suitable material. As an example, fiberglass can be mentioned. This results in a surface with a low friction, whereby the friction losses are reduced. When wood or metal is used for the sidewalls, the exposed surfaces are preferably coated with a friction reducing material. The conduits 124, 126, 126, 127, and 130 may also be made of any suitable material, preferably also having the property of reducing the friction as much as possible,

Although barge 134 is provided in the drawings of the specification and in the above description for on-site separation and storage, it will be understood that other separators and implements of the same kind could be used.

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When the oil pollution occurs relatively close to the coast, also could be the oil / water mixture may racing by pampas to ^T and collection systems are pumped on the coast.

The amount of oil / water mixture that can be treated is clearly dependent on the size and speed of the vessel. However, at a speed of 15 miles per hour as the preferred minimum operating speed and 30.48 cm diameter of each conduit 124 and 126, approximately twenty five (25) tons of the oil / water mixture per minute may be collected and treated. The working capacity of the centrifugal separator must obviously be commensurate with the volume prepared. "

As stated above, the ^s chiff are conveyed on request, by plane or helicopter to Sinsatzort. This is a clear advantage compared to the relatively large capture systems currently used for the same purpose. Although the above description applies primarily to the treatment and treatment of oil spills, it can also be applied to the treatment of other surface contaminants.

Claims (17)

233168 59 686/16 inventions addressed A plant for increasing the flow rate of water or aqueous liquids, characterized in that a structural element is arranged in a water or liquid flow, which flows water at a variable speed as a result of the relative movement between the water and the structural element, the structural member consists of at least one sidewall curved longitudinally from a deflecting point at its outer end to a gradually flattened curvature at its inner end, a vertical plane passing through the edges of the Y / and being generally more perpendicular to such a flow path; the curvature of the axis is continuous from its outer to inner end, the wall also having a transverse curvature from a generally planar surface at its outer end to an almost circular curvature at its inner end, substantially water or liquid when it flows along the wall and that elements are provided for receiving and utilizing the liquid or the liquid at such an increased flow rate. 2. Installation according to item 1, characterized in that for the production of electrical energy, the structural element is a substantially solid means, a contact with a mass of flowing water or flowing liquid cft & ttxiiiddu, further panels are provided at the inner end of the side wall, which is a in the have a general conical shape and are of a larger diameter at the transition point with 3.3.1982 59 686/16 3.3.19Q2 59 686/16 Receiving the mixture and its further transport, no further aids are used and that the forwarding of the mixture takes place to the separator. 3.3.1982 59 686/16 Facilities for discharging the water outboard equipped, 3.39898 59 686/16 3.3.19S2 59 686/16 form flowing water, they are curved like the-first and second longitudinally and transversely, are attached to the third and fourth ^s eitenwänden panels and open out this in the turbo-generators, which along with a tidal environment, the water at the first and second side walls and then through the turbo-generators, which are connected thereto, during the opposite tide condition, the water flows along the third and fourth sidewalls towards the panels and enters the turbo-generators associated with the third and fourth sidewalls. 3. Plant according to item 2, characterized in that the cladding consists of a separate cladding element, which is attached to the inner end of the side wall, wherein the cross section of the side wall immediately before the cladding is generally round and closed, whereby the collected water in the Panel flows in. 3 31 6 8 3.3.1982 59 686/16 taper the sideband to a relatively smaller opposite diameter, at the opposite end of the panel is a turbogenerator, at the outer end of the side wall it comes to a distribution of water, the flow rate of the water is increased and thus the force with which the water longitudinally and transversely curved sideband flows along, and that the flow rate of the water is further increased during passage through the shroud prior to reaching the turbogenerator. 4 ·. Installation according to item 3 », characterized in that filters are provided in the cladding near their outer and inner ends, through which debris and the like are removed as they travel along the side wall, before the water enters the turbo-generator. 5. Installation according to item 2, characterized in that the structural element has a zvjeite side wall whose other end with the outer end of the first side wall forms a Scheitelpui.kt, the aweite side wall has a similar longitudinal and transverse curvature, at the inner end of the second string wall is a panel, this in general 3168 59 686/16 is conical and tapers from a larger diameter at the transition point to the second side wall to a relatively smaller opposite diameter, a turbogenerator is located at the opposite end of the casing in communication with the second side wall, at the apex of the structural element is a distribution of water flow, wherein the water flows along each of the two sidewalls, the longitudinal and transverse curvature of the respective sidewall, and the construction of each shroud increase the flow velocity of the water before it enters and drives the turbogenerators. The system of item 2, characterized in that the structural member has a second sidewall generally similar in longitudinal and transversal construction to the first sidewall, the outer end of the second sidewall merges with the outer end of the first sidewall at apex in that it serves to distribute the water along the apex walls, a cladding is provided at the end of the second side wall, to the outlet end of the cladding is connected a turbogenerator, the structural element further comprises third and fourth side walls which are mutually relative to the first and second side walls facing the assembly, the inner ends of the third and fourth sidewalls converge in a vertex for distributing the water, the third and fourth sidewalls have similar longitudinal and transverse curvatures, which are the flow velocity of the water along the W. larger walls, panels and the inner turbogenerators 316 8 59 686/16 With each of the third and fourth sidewalls provided, the flowing water during one tide condition contacts the first and second sidewalls and drives the turbo-generators at the inner ends of the first and second sidewalls, while in the other tide condition the flowing water in the opposite direction equals the third and fourth sidewalls and drives the turbogenerators located at the inner end of the third and fourth sidewalls. Installation according to item 2, characterized in that the structural element of the body of water is constructed such that the outer end of the side wall serves as a distributor or deflector, a part of the water flowing along the side walls and the undeflected water behind the structure element flows unhindered downstream, 8, Appendix to Puakt 2, characterized in that further comprises the structural element has a second side wall, the longitudinal and transverse arrangement of at least one side wall is similar, the outer side of the second side wall of the first side wall spatially separated ifjt, the curvature of the side wall is such as to form a generally funnel-shaped opening for receiving the flowing water, a cladding is attached to the second side wall, the outlet of the cladding is adjoined by a turbo-generator, the third and fourth side walls are located opposite the first and second side walls, the third and fourth side walls together form a similar, generally funnel-shaped opening for the 233168 9. Plant according to item 8, characterized in that the structural element is arranged with the first, second, third and fourth side walls in a body of water such to distribute a portion of the flowing water, wherein the non-derived by the structural element water unhindered behind the structural element continues to flow and is a special adaptation of the structural element to rivers where there is a tidal effect, Installation according to any one of items 5 to 8, characterized in that the covering consists of a separate covering element, attached to the innermost end of the associated side wall, the side wall immediately in front of the lining, generally round in cross section and closed, in each covering Filters are installed to remove debris ouu the like. From the water, which happens before the entry of water into the turbo generators. 233168 11. Installation according to item 1, characterized in that the system for collecting and removing an impurity / water mixture from the surface of a body of water comprises a fishing vessel and machinery for propelling the vessel to travel through the water masses, the vessel a transverse longer Having opening in the bow at the level of the water surface, the trap is located in this opening and the ^W eg of the flowing water cuts, the collecting system contains first and second side walls, the second side wall also longitudinally and transversely inwardly from its outer end to a stepwise reinforced curvature at its inner end is curved, a vertical plane through the edge of the second wall is generally perpendicular to such a flow path, the longitudinal curvature of the second wall is continuously from its outer to its inner end, the second wall also has a transverse curvature from a generally vertical planar surface at its outer end to a generally semi-circular curvature at its inner ends, the inner ends of the first and second side walls are arranged spatially separated and form an outlet opening for the mixture, upper and lower walls of the vertical dimension define the opening which forms with the sidewalls a funnel-shaped collection zone which terminates at the exit opening, pipes adjoin the exit opening and extend rearward in the vessel to receive the mixture ш <3 of its forwarding, no further aids being used are, the mixture enters a separator for separating the impurity from the water and the separator with 233168 The system according to item 11, characterized by further comprising third and fourth side walls in the longer opening in the bow of the ship, which are arranged opposite the first and second side walls, the third and fourth side winds longitudinally and transversely inwardly of a vertical plane through the edges of the sidewalls is generally more perpendicular to such a flow path, the longitudinal curvature of the third and fourth sidewalls is continuous from their outer to their inner ends continuously curved to a gradually increased curvature at its inner end , the third and fourth side walls also have a transverse curvature of a generally vertical planar surface at their outer ends to a semi-circular curvature generally at their inner ends, the inner ends of the third and fourth spatially separated ^s eitenwände angeor are dnet and form an outlet for the mixture, the adjacent first, second, third and fourth sidewalls are separated by a manifold which forms the extremities of the adjacent sidewalls and serves to introduce the contaminant / water mixture into the manifold To bring collection and capture zone, which is formed by the first and second or by the third and fourth side walls, another funnel-shaped Sammeizone ends at their Austrittsöfx'nungen, pipes connect to the outlet opening belonging to the third and fourth side walls, and extend backwards in the ship for the purpose of 233168 13. Plant according to item 12 ,, characterized in that the pipes run from the discharge openings to the back and to a position extending parallel to and at -wesentlichen horizontal to the water surface in general, which is generally located in the center of the ^s chiffes, from here the pipelines extend upwards beyond the level of the ship's deck and continue in the direction of the separator to the rear, Installation according to item 11 or 12, characterized in that, when the contamination of the water is oil, the separator corresponds to a centrifugal separator housed in a barge towed by the vessel which serves centrifugal separator Separate oil from the water . Due to the different weights of the oil and the water, the means for discharging the water comprise a pipe in connection with the separator for receiving the water and discharging it outboard into the water outside the barge. 15. Installation according to item 14, characterized in that the means for receiving the separated oil from a collecting container on the barge and from pipelines between the centrifugal separator and the collecting tank for 3eförderung the oil in these. 233168 16. Installation according to item 11, characterized in that further provided in the opening of the bow of the ship mechanisms for closing the opening, through which the ship can be converted for other uses. 17. Installation according to Ри: ЛгЬ 11, characterized in that further mechanisms are attached to the lower wall of the opening and the bow of the ship, which in practice occupy the lower viad and thus the upper and the side walls of the opening, whereby the Height of the opening in the bow is varied in order to maximally increase the entry of the impurity / water G-emischen in the bow opening. For this ... ü. Rarely drawings