CZ2014366A3 - Method of separating working fluid into two groups with different temperature and thermal source employing such method - Google Patents

Abstract

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a method of distributing a working / heat transfer fluid to two regions of different pressure or temperature at which a working / heat exchange fluid in the membrane chamber (1) is brought into contact with at least one negative pressure membrane (4) and / or a negative thermal membrane (4). as a result, the working fluid flows from a region of lower pressure on one side of the diaphragm (4) to a region of greater pressure on the other side of the diaphragm (4) without applying external work, respectively. that the heat of the heat exchange fluid flows from the lower temperature region on one side of the membrane (4) to the higher temperature region on the other side of the membrane (4). The invention also relates to a heat engine comprising a diaphragm chamber (1) filled with a working / heat transfer fluid which is divided into two parts by at least one negative pressure resistance membrane (4) and / or a negative heat resistance.

Description

Technical field

The present invention relates to a method for separating a working fluid into two regions of different pressure.

The invention also relates to a method of dividing a heat transfer fluid into two regions with different temperatures.

In addition, the invention also relates to a heat machine for the production of mechanical or electrical energy, or for the production of heat or cold, which utilizes one of these methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is not known that a thermal machine is constructed which produces mechanical or electrical energy by cooling a single heat store (eg atmospheric air). It is also not known to construct a heat machine which, without supplying external energy, divides the medium of a single heat reservoir of the same temperature into two mediums of different temperatures, without supplying external energy.

Existing thermal machines that produce mechanical or electrical energy use two heat storage tanks with different temperatures. Thermal machines using a single heat reservoir are known only hypothetically. Hypothetically because it was not yet possible to construct them and verify their functionality. They are used in theoretical considerations

Existing machines that convert thermal energy into mechanical energy

Existing machines convert thermal energy into mechanical or electrical energy only if two heat storage tanks with different temperatures are available. The most widespread are thermal machines utilizing the volume change of the working fluid, with higher and lower temperatures. E.g. thermal machines that use a steam cycle (a set of thermal power stations) or a gas cycle (internal combustion engine, turbine).

There are other ways of converting thermal energy directly into electrical energy, for example by using a Peltier cell (an electrotechnical element in the form of a plate that generates electric current if its side is higher than the other). This, like all used or known machines, requires two heat accumulators.

The conversion efficiency of existing machines is given by the temperature difference between the two tanks. If there is a temperature difference in hundreds of degrees Celsius (power cycle, internal combustion engine) they achieve an efficiency of 30 to 40%. With a temperature difference of tens of degrees Celsius, efficiency is in the range of units of percent. For this reason, existing machines cannot be used to generate energy from low-potential heat such as atmospheric air

Hypothetical thermal machines

Propeller with ratchet and latch

Probably the most famous hypothetical thermal machine of this kind was designed by physicist Marian Smoluchowski about 100 years ago. It is based on a hypothetical miniature propeller placed in a fluid (see Figure 1). The propeller is complemented by a ratchet with a latch that prevents rotation in one direction. The propeller dimensions are so small that the impact of the liquid molecules on its blades causes the propeller to rotate. The ratchet ratchet ensures that the propeller only rotates in one direction and can perform mechanical work.

Smoluchowski's propeller was made famous by physicist Richard Feynman (in his theoretical works he tried to prove its malfunction, but later this evidence was refuted).

One-way liquid-permeable membrane

Another thermal machine is based on the principle of a one-way permeable membrane with a door (see Fig. 2). It has been published many times, eg by the German physicist prof.

Wilhelm Brenig, eg in Wilhem Brenig, W.: Statistical Theory of · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

Heat. Nonequilibrium Phenomena. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New YorkLondon-Paris-Tokyo-Hong Kong 1989. It is based on a fluid vessel (gas in this example) divided by a hypothetical membrane with miniature openings. Each of these openings is provided with a miniature door which is held, for example, by a tension spring in the closed position.

The assumption is that if the door has appropriate parameters (sufficiently small, light, etc.), the membrane will pass gas molecules preferentially in one direction and cause the gas pressure above the membrane to be higher than below it - the gas will flow out of lower pressure below the diaphragm to a higher pressure above the diaphragm without the need for external mechanical work.

The pressure difference above and below the diaphragm can be used for the operation of a conventional thermal machine, eg with a gas cycle: Compressed gas, expands from the space above the diaphragm, eg in a turbine and performs mechanical work. By expansion in a turbine, the gas is cooled below ambient temperature (eg atmospheric air). Subsequently, it passes through a heat exchanger, where it is heated from the environment to obtain the energy it has given in the turbine. It then returns to the space below the membrane and repeats the cycle.

The membrane will work even if the door is so heavy that it will not be able to open the impact of one molecule, and will need to be struck by multiple molecules at once in rapid succession - a cluster of molecules. The existence of such clusters is statistically inherent - it causes fluctuations in pressure in the gas, which are manifested, for example, by Brown's motion. The frequency of said clusters decreases with their size. Therefore, as the door weight increases, the door will not stop functioning, but will reduce its effect (the difference in pressure or flow they are able to achieve).

The fundamental drawback of hypothetical thermal machines of both types is the impossibility of their construction by existing technologies and these machines serve only as theoretical models.

Patents

On the above-described solution - a thermal machine using the described liquid-permeable membrane with a door, on June 20, 1972, US Patent No. 3670500 was granted, followed by US Patent No. 6962052. Both of these patents describe essentially the same solution - a membrane. provided with miniature holes with doors. I also describe and claim other types of heat machines.

A major drawback of both the above-mentioned patented solutions is the impossibility of constructing them with existing technologies.

Laboratory experiments

In some nanotechnology workplaces, attempts are being made to construct analogous known hypothetical thermal machines at the nanoscale level. At present, however, it is not known that a device functioning as the described thermal machine has been constructed, for example because it has always been necessary to supply information from outside to its operation.

A disadvantage of the described solutions is that they are not usable for practical use. Their purpose is purely scientific.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for separating working fluid into two regions of different pressure by contacting the working fluid in a diaphragm chamber with at least one diaphragm provided with through holes in which nanoparticles larger than is the dimension of the membrane openings / membranes that overlap the openings, wherein the nanoparticles are pressed against the membrane / membrane surface by applying at least one force field. As a result, these nanoparticles form non-movable obstacles for agglomerates of working fluid molecules moving in the direction of the force field, and movable obstacles for agglomerates of working fluid molecules moving upstream of the force field, which in contact with each other move the nanoparticles in the counter-direction force fields, thereby temporarily releasing the through holes of the membrane to penetrate the clusters of molecules

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Strana * * * a a a 5 5 Strana 5 5 5 5 5 5 Page 5 working fluids. As a result, the clusters of working fluid molecules move through the diaphragm through holes preferably upstream of the force field, so that they accumulate on one side of the membrane / membranes where the pressure of the working fluid increases, with the nanoparticles set in motion by at least one force. the field returns to the surface of the original membrane.

The present invention further provides a method of dividing a heat transfer fluid into two regions of different temperature by contacting the heat transfer fluid in a diaphragm chamber with at least one membrane provided with orifices in which nanoparticles are movably sealed to pass through the orifices. they close and prevent the penetration of clusters of heat transfer fluid molecules, wherein the nanoparticles are pressed to one end of the membrane or membrane through holes by the action of at least one force field. As a result, these nanoparticles form non-movable obstacles for clusters of heat transfer fluid molecules moving in the direction of the force field, and these clusters of molecules reflect from the nanoparticles without losing their velocity, respectively. kinetic energy, and movable obstacles for clusters of heat transfer fluid molecules moving upstream of the force field that move the nanoparticles in contact against the force field when contacted. In doing so, they transmit to them a part of their kinetic energy, as a result of which the temperature of the heat exchange fluid on the side of the membrane on which these clusters of molecules are located, respectively, decreases. to which it returns after contact with the nanoparticles, while the moving nanoparticles collide with the molecules and clusters of heat transfer fluid molecules in the membrane or membrane through-holes, to which they transfer some of their kinetic energy, and push them from the holes to the opposite side of the membrane / membranes. The temperature of the heat transfer fluid on this side of the membrane increases. The nanoparticles moved under the action of at least one force field then return to the original end of the membrane or membrane through holes.

In addition, the present invention also resides in a heat machine using one of the methods described above. Its essence is that it contains

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A 6-diaphragm chamber filled with working / heat transfer fluid, which is divided into two parts by at least one membrane provided with through holes, or by multiple parallel arranged membranes provided with through holes, and between which a spacer grid is provided to define space between them wherein, in a first variant, nanoparticles of a size larger than that of the diaphragm orifices overlapping the apertures are loosely deposited on one membrane / diaphragm surface, thereby providing the diaphragm (s) with a negative pressure resistance and / or a negative thermal resistance, and in a second variant, nanoparticles are movably encapsulated in the membrane / membrane openings, which enclose one end of the orifices, thereby providing a negative thermal resistance. One part of the diaphragm chamber is connected to at least one heat exchanger for heating the working / heat transfer fluid, or such a heat exchanger is connected or stored therein, and one part thereof is connected to either the heat exchanger heat energy or working fluid pressure energy aggregate. to mechanical or electrical energy, or with at least one heat exchanger for cooling the working / heat exchange fluid, or such heat exchanger is guided or stored therein.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one heat exchanger for heating the working / heat transfer fluid is connected or guided or housed in a portion of the membrane chamber facing away from the surfaces of the membrane / membranes with loosely deposited nanoparticles, respectively. facing the ends of the membrane / membrane closed apertures, and the at least one heat exchanger for cooling the working / heat transfer fluid is coupled or routed or stored, or the aggregate for converting the heat energy of the heat transfer fluid or working fluid pressure to mechanical or electrical energy is coupled to the opposite parts of the membrane chamber.

If a gravitational field or a centrifugal field is not used as a force field, the thermal machine according to the invention comprises at least one force field generator for urging the nanoparticles to the membrane / membranes surface, or. • ♦ ♦ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • • • · • •

A side 7 to press them against one end of the diaphragm (s) through holes, which is located outside or in the wall of the chamber or in the interior of the chamber.

In a variant where a centrifugal field is to be used as a force field, the membrane chamber of the heat engine is rotatably mounted about its longitudinal axis and coupled to a drive for this rotation, the membrane (s) being arranged around its longitudinal axis. The drive for the rotation of the diaphragm chamber can be, for example, a turbine which is connected to it and which processes the pressure sleep of the working fluid.

The heat exchanger for heating the working / heat transfer fluid is preferably in all variants connected to a source of low-potential heat.

If several membranes are arranged in the membrane chamber, a spacer grid must be arranged between them, which creates a free space between them. In this case, the grid may consist, for example, of a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs arranged on at least one surface of the membrane (s), or of particles and / or fibers interposed between the membranes.

In a specific variant of embodiment, the membrane can be formed by a layer of nanofibres deposited on the carrier layer, which carrier layer can at the same time form a spacer grid.

Clarification of drawings

In the accompanying drawings, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a prior art hypothetical thermal engine of Marian Smoluchowski and its principle; FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a heat engine based on the principle of a one-way permeable membrane with a prior art door and its principle; Fig. 3a shows a diagram of the heat engine according to the invention in the first variant, Fig. 3b a detail of the membrane according to the first variant used in this heat engine, Fig. 3c working cycle of the heat engine according to Fig. 3a shown in the pressure diagram; 4a is a diagram of a heat machine according to the invention in a second embodiment, FIG. 4b shows the operating cycle of the heat machine shown in FIG.

Fig. 5a shows a diagram of a thermal machine according to the invention in a third variant of the embodiment with a Peltier cell; Fig. 5b shows a detail of a membrane according to a second variant used in this thermal machine; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the membrane of the stacked membranes in Fig. 7a; FIG. 8b shows the operating cycle of the apparatus in the pressure-volume diagram, and FIG. 9 shows a section through a membrane according to the fourth embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The thermal machine according to the invention and its principle are based on the use of a membrane with apertures on which a surface of nanoparticles is loosely deposited on one surface or nanoparticles are movably enclosed in the apertures, these nanoparticles being at least one force field, eg centrifugal force field and / or by a magnetic and / or electrostatic and / or gravitational field, optionally by another type of force field, or a combination of different force fields, pressed against the membrane surface, respectively. to one end of the membrane openings. Due to this arrangement, the membrane has a unique property - negative pressure resistance and / or negative thermal resistance, making it permeable to a given working fluid and / or heat preferably in only one direction, which utilizes, as will be described hereinafter, a thermal machine according to the invention. .

Example 1 - Embodiment of a thermal machine according to the invention for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy with a membrane having a negative pressure resistance

The heat engine according to this embodiment (see Fig. 3a) comprises a diaphragm chamber 1 with working fluid, a turbine 2 and a heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid, which are interconnected by conducting the working fluid as follows: one part of the diaphragm chamber 1 upper * · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

• ·

The outlet from the turbine 2 is connected to the inlet to the heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid. The outlet of the heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid is connected to the opposite part of the diaphragm chamber 1 (in the illustrated embodiment with its lower part) than the one connected to the inlet of the turbine 2. The elements thus form a closed circuit filled with the working fluid. in this case, eg by gas (eg compressed nitrogen or argon). The diaphragm chamber 1 is horizontally divided by 5,000 to 10,000 membranes 4 parallel to each other, respectively. above each other. The membranes 4 comprise through holes 41, in a variant embodiment with a circular cross-section of 20 nanometer diameter (see Figures 3b and 3d). The thickness of each membrane 4 is 100 nanometers. Each membrane 4 comprises at least one surface thereof a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs 42 (see FIG. 3d), in a given embodiment variant at a height of 1000 nanometers. The membranes 4 are positioned close to one another such that the upper portion of the ribs 42 of the membrane 4 contacts the facing surface of the adjacent membrane 4. The membrane material 4 is preferably, for example, polyamide or other material allowing nanotechnological processing. In the space between the membranes 4 are deposited nanoparticles 5 in a variant of the form of circular flakes with a diameter of 30 nanometers and a thickness of 10 nanometers. The nanoparticle material 5 is a polyamide or other material which, by its properties, prevents the nanoparticles 5 from sticking together or sticking to the membranes 4. The diameter of the nanoparticles 5 is greater than the diameter of the through holes 41 of the membranes 4. The nanoparticles 5 are By this arrangement, the membranes 4 have a negative pressure resistance and are passable for clusters of working fluid molecules 7 preferably in one direction - in the variant shown design in the direction opposite to the electrostatic force field.

The function of the heat engine in the described embodiment is as follows:

Sfrono 1 ον of the entire working fluid volume and its microscopic volumes enclosed between the membranes 4 cause microscopic pressure fluctuations. These are due to statistically inherent formation of clusters of working fluid molecules 7.

The force field of the electrostatic field generator 6 presses the nanoparticles 5 to the surface of the membranes 4 on which they are deposited (in the embodiment shown to their upper surface). At the same time, the nanoparticles 5 are impacted by clusters of working fluid molecules 7, these nanoparticles 5 are immovable obstacles for clusters of working fluid molecules 7 moving in the direction of this force field, and movable obstacles for clusters of working fluid molecules 7 moving upstream. field.

If the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the layer of nanoparticles 5 on the surface of the membrane 4 (in the embodiment shown pointing downwards), it is likely to encounter one of the nanoparticles 5, thereby preventing it from penetrating through the opening 41 in the membrane 4.

However, if the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 faces the membrane 4 on the opposite side of the space (upwardly shown in the embodiment shown) and penetrates into the aperture 41 in the membrane 4, it is likely to collide with the nanoparticle 5 overlying the aperture 41 from the opposite side of the membrane 4. The ejected nanoparticle 5 is then again pulled by force / field onto the surface of the respective membrane 4.

The nanoparticles 5 deposited on the surface of the membranes 4, together with the force acting to press them against the surface, cause, by the above-described mechanism, fluctuations of pressures in the working fluid more easily pass through the membranes 4 in one direction. In other words, the permeability of the membranes 4 in one direction (in the shown embodiment variant downwards) is greater than in the opposite direction (in the shown variant embodiment upwards), respectively. the membranes 4 have a negative pressure resistance and permeate clusters of working fluid molecules 7 preferably in one direction. This causes the working fluid flows from a position • · · · ¹ Page 11menšího pressure on one side of the membrane 4 to the place of higher pressure on the opposite side of the membrane 4, using only the thermal motion of its molecules 7th

The pressure increase on one membrane 4 is relatively low (in tenths of percent). However, since the membranes 4 are large in number (usually tens to thousands) in succession and their effects add up, the resulting pressure difference of the working fluid is capable of performing mechanical work.

The pressurized working fluid from a portion of the membrane chamber 1 in the direction of movement of the working fluid behind the membranes 4 (in the embodiment shown above the membranes 4) then expands in the turbine 2, performing mechanical work thereby reducing its temperature and pressure. The cooled working fluid flows through the heat exchanger 3 to heat the working fluid where it receives energy, preferably from atmospheric air or another source of low-potential heat (however, any source of high-potential heat may also be used). Subsequently, it enters the membrane chamber 1, where it gradually passes through all the membranes 4, thereby compressing again, and again flows into the turbine 2 and the whole cycle is repeated.

The heat output taken from atmospheric air or another source of low / high potential heat by the heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid coincides with the mechanical output produced by the turbine 2.

Fig. 3c shows the working cycle of this variant of the heat machine according to the invention in a pressure-volume diagram between the inlet of working fluid into the turbine 2 (point T - pressure p ₂ ) and the outlet of the working fluid from turbine 2 (point TV - pressure p-ι) ) and the outlet of the heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid (point VV - pressure pi).

The advantage of this variant of the thermal machine according to the invention is its constructional and operational simplicity, and that, unlike the thermal machines according to US 3670500 and US 6962052, it is realistically assembled and thus industrially usable.

Example 2 - Embodiment of a thermal machine according to the invention for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy with a membrane having a negative thermal resistance

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The heat engine of this embodiment (see Fig. 4a) comprises a membrane chamber 1 with a heat transfer fluid (eg, an inert liquid or gas, eg, argon or nitrogen). The diaphragm chamber 1 comprises a heat exchanger 33 for heating the working gas in one of its parts (in the illustrated embodiment) and a heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid in its second part (in the illustrated embodiment). a heat exchanger 32 for cooling the working gas.

The diaphragm chamber 1 is in the embodiment shown approximately 2/3 of its height divided horizontally by 5,000 to 10,000 membranes 4 parallel to each other, respectively. above each other. The membranes 4 comprise through holes 41, in a variant embodiment with a circular cross-section of 50 nanometer diameter. The thickness of each membrane 4 is 100 nanometers. Each membrane 4 comprises at least one surface thereof a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs 42, given a variant of 1000 nanometer height. The membranes 4 are positioned close to each other such that the upper portion of the ribs 42 of the membrane 4 contacts the facing surface of the adjacent membrane 4. The membrane material 4 is preferably, for example, polyamide or another material allowing nanotechnological processing. In the space between the membranes 4 are deposited nanoparticles 5, in a given embodiment of the form of circular flakes with a diameter of 70 nanometers and a thickness of 20 nanometers. The diameter of the nanoparticles 5 is greater than the diameter of the through holes 41 of the membranes 4. The nanoparticles 5 are pressed against the surface of the membranes 4 on which they are deposited by a force action, in this case eg electrostatic field produced by an electrostatic field generator 6 located outside the membrane chamber 1. In the arrangement, the membranes 4 have a negative thermal resistance, so that they transfer heat preferably in one direction - in the embodiment shown, in the direction opposite to the direction of the electrostatic force field.

The heat engine according to this embodiment further comprises a turbine 2 and a compressor 21, which are interconnected by a working gas line to form a closed system filled with working gas (eg nitrogen, argon, or other inert gas). The compressor outlet 21 and the turbine inlet 7 are coupled to

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The heat exchanger 33 for heating the working gas stored or guided in the diaphragm chamber 1 in the space in the direction of heat movement behind the diaphragms 4. The outlet of the turbine 2 and the inlet to the compressor 21 are connected to the heat exchanger 32 for cooling the working gas.

The function of the heat engine in the described embodiment is as follows:

Microscopic pressure fluctuations occur throughout the volume of the heat transfer fluid and its microscopic volumes enclosed between the membranes. These are caused by statistically inherent formation of clusters of molecules 7.

The force field of the electrostatic field generator 6 presses the nanoparticles 5 to the surface of the membranes 4 on which they are deposited (in the embodiment shown to their upper surface). At the same time, the nanoparticles 5 are impacted by the clusters of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7, the nanoparticles 5 forming immovable obstacles for the clusters of the working fluid molecules 7 moving in the direction of the force field and moving obstacles for the clusters of the working fluid molecules 7 force field.

If the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the layer of nanoparticles 5 on the surface of the membrane 4 (downwardly shown in the variant shown), it is likely to hit some of the nanoparticles 5. This, being pressed against the surface of the membrane 4, constitutes a stationary obstacle, and of molecules 7 will be reflected from it without losing its velocity and thus kinetic energy.

However, if the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 faces the membrane 4 on the opposite side of the space (upwardly shown in the embodiment shown) and penetrates the through-hole 41 in the membrane 4, it will probably hit the nanoparticle 5 overlying the hole 41 from the opposite side of the membrane 4 and it throws it away from the membrane 4, while it bounces itself back into the space on the side of the membrane from which it exits. The collision of molecules 7 by collision gave nanoparticle 5 some of its kinetic energy - its molecules 7 reduced their speed. This reduced the temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the room.

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The nanoparticle 5 thrown away from the membrane 4 preferably collides with the heat transfer fluid molecules 7 in the space behind the membrane 4 (in the embodiment shown above the membrane 4), which move against it. By colliding them some of its kinetic energy - it increases the speed of these molecules 7 while slowing itself. This increases the temperature of the heat transfer fluid on a given side of the membrane 4. The nanoparticle 5 is then attracted by a force field back to the surface of the membrane 4. Its residual kinetic energy is changed by the impact on heat which increases its temperature and temperature of the membrane 4. the impacts of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7 on both sides of the membrane 4 were taken.

The nanoparticles 5 deposited on the surface of the membranes 4, together with the force field, cause the membranes 4 to receive the heat energy of the heat transfer fluid more intensively than their other surface (in the illustrated embodiment with their lower surface more intensively than their upper surface). The heat permeability of the membranes 4 is therefore greater in this direction than in the opposite direction, respectively. the membranes 4 have a negative thermal resistance and transfer heat preferably in this direction. This causes the heat to flow from the lower temperature location on one side of the membrane 4 to the higher temperature location on the opposite side of the membrane 4, only by using the thermal movement of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7.

The temperature rise on one membrane 4 is relatively low (in tenths of degrees Celsius). However, since there are a large number of membranes 4 (usually hundreds to thousands) in succession and their effect adds up, the resulting temperature difference of the heat transfer fluid in the portion of the membrane chamber 1 is downstream of the membranes 4 (shown above the membranes 4). parts of the diaphragm chamber 1 in the direction of heat movement upstream of the diaphragms 4 (in the embodiment shown below the diaphragms) so large (several hundred degrees) that it can effectively drive the heat machine and do mechanical work.

The heat passing through the membranes 4 then heats the heat transfer fluid, which heats the compressed working gas from the compressor 21 by means of the working gas heat exchanger 33, thereby increasing its volume. Working gas • · • ·

The shear 15 expands in the turbine 2, doing mechanical work, thereby reducing its temperature and pressure. The cooled working gas then flows through the working gas cooling heat exchanger 32 where it is cooled by the heat transfer fluid in a portion of the diaphragm chamber 1 in the direction of movement of heat upstream of the membranes 4. It further flows into the compressor 21 where its pressure and temperature increase. From there again to the heat exchanger 33 for heating the working gas and the whole cycle repeated.

For example, atmospheric air flows through the heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid in the part of the membrane chamber 1 in the direction of heat movement upstream of the membranes 4, or the exchanger is connected to another low-potential heat source (however any high-potential heat source). cools, transmits heat to the heat transfer fluid.

The heat output taken from the atmospheric air or other low-potential / high-potential heat source by the heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid coincides with the mechanical power produced by the turbine 2.

Fig. 4b shows the working cycle of this variant of the device according to the invention in the pressure-volume diagram between the working gas inlet to the compressor 21 (point K - pressure p-ι), the working gas outlet from the compressor 21 (point VK - pressure p ₂ ) , by inlet of working gas into turbine 2 (point T - pressure p ₂ ) and outlet of working gas from turbine 2 (point VT - pressure pi).

The advantage of this embodiment is that the nanoparticles 5 and the apertures 2 of the membranes 1 may be larger than in the previous variant, since the nanoparticles 5 may be heavier for the unidirectional heat permeability than the unidirectional permeability of the heat transfer fluid alone. This is mainly due to the fact that because of the thermal permeability, unlike the permeability to the heat transfer fluid, it is not necessary for the molecules of the molecules 7 to entrain the nanoparticle 5 with them, it is sufficient if they only transmit some of their kinetic energy to it. Bounce back.

Example 3 - Embodiment of a thermal machine according to the invention for converting thermal energy into electrical energy with a membrane having a negative thermal resistance

The heat machine according to this embodiment (see Fig. 5a) comprises a membrane chamber 1 with a heat transfer fluid, in this case eg an inert liquid or a gas (eg argon or nitrogen). One part of the diaphragm chamber 1 (its upper part in the shown embodiment) is connected by gravity circuit to the heater 81 of the Peltier cell 8. In the other part of the diaphragm chamber 1 (its lower part in the shown embodiment) is a heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid. . The diaphragm chamber 1 is horizontally divided by 500 to 1000 membranes 4 arranged parallel to each other, respectively. above each other. The thickness of each membrane 4 is 200 nanometers. Each membrane 4 comprises at least one surface thereof a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs 42 at a height of 500 nanometers. The membranes 4 are positioned close to one another such that the top of the ribs 42 of the membrane 4 contacts the facing surface of the adjacent membrane 4. The membrane material 4 is preferably a non-magnetic material allowing nanotechnological processing such as silicon or aluminum oxide, etc. Each membrane 4 it is provided with through holes 41, in a variant embodiment with a circular cross-section of 50 nanometer diameter, and each of these holes 41 houses nanoparticles 5 of ferromagnetic material (eg iron or nickel compound, etc.) - see Fig. 5b, and 5c. The through holes 42 are provided at both ends with a constriction smaller than the size of the deposited nanoparticles 5. The nanoparticles 5 are thus enclosed in these openings 41, but can be moved in a linear movement (up and down in the embodiment shown). In doing so, they are pressed against one end of the apertures 41 (in the embodiment shown to their lower end) by a force action, in this case e.g. a magnetic field created by a magnetic field generator 6 located outside the membrane chamber. thermal resistance, so that it transmits the heat preferably in one direction - in the illustrated embodiment in the direction opposite to the direction of the electrostatic force field.

The heat engine according to this embodiment further comprises a cooler 82 of the Peltier cell 8, with the inlet of atmospheric air or other low-potential source.

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Strana 17tepla. The outlet of the cooler 82 of the Peltier element 8 is connected to a heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid, which is arranged in or passes through the membrane chamber 1 in the direction of heat movement upstream of the membranes 4 (shown in the variant below).

The function of the heat engine in the described embodiment is as follows:

Microscopic pressure fluctuations occur throughout the volume of the heat transfer fluid and its microscopic volumes enclosed between the membranes. These are caused by statistically inherent formation of clusters of molecules 7 of the heat transfer fluid.

The force field of the magnetic field generator 6 presses the nanoparticles 5 towards the lower ends of the apertures 41 of the membranes 4. The nanoparticles 5 are also exposed to the impacts of said clusters of molecules 7 (fluctuating pressure). direction of application of this force field, and movable obstacles for agglomerates of working fluid molecules 7 moving upstream of this force field.

If the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the surface of the membrane 4 with the free ends of its through holes 41 (downwardly shown in the embodiment shown), it penetrates into the through hole 41 and strikes the nanoparticle 5 at its opposite end. As it is pressed against the lower end of the through-hole 41, it constitutes an immovable obstacle, and said cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 bounces therefrom without losing its velocity and thus kinetic energy.

However, if the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 is directed to the surface of the membrane 4 with the end of their openings 41 of closed nanoparticles! 5 (in the illustrated embodiment), hits the nanoparticle 5 and plunges it upward while bouncing itself back into the space on the side of the membrane 4 from which it exits. In this way, she gives her some of her kinetic energy. Reflection will decrease its speed - and thus reduce the temperature in the given microscopic volume

The heat transfer fluid on the side of the membrane in which the cluster of molecules 7 moves.

The upwardly displaced nanoparticle 5 collides with the heat transfer fluid molecules 7 on the opposite side of the membrane 4 moving against it, thereby imparting some of its kinetic energy to them. Since the likelihood of precipitation is due to the direction of movement of the nanoparticle 5, the nanoparticle 5 imparts a greater amount of kinetic energy to the heat exchange fluid on the side of the membrane 4 to which it moves (in the embodiment shown above membrane 4). The membrane 4 will increase the velocity of the molecules 10 and the temperature of the heat transfer fluid. The nanoparticle 5 is then pulled back by the force field back to the original end of the aperture 41 of the membrane 4. Its residual kinetic energy is changed by the impact on heat, which increases its temperature and the temperature of the membrane 4. This temperature increase is subsequently removed. 4.

The nanoparticles 5 in the apertures 41 of the membranes 4, together with the force field, cause the membranes 4 to receive the heat energy of the heat exchange fluid more intensively than their other surface (in the illustrated embodiment with their lower surface more intensively than their upper surface). The thermal transmittance of the membranes 4 is therefore greater in this direction than in the opposite direction, respectively. the membranes 4 have a negative thermal resistance and transfer heat preferably in this direction.

This causes the heat to flow from the lower temperature location on one side of the membrane 4 to the higher temperature location on the opposite side of the membrane 4, only by using the thermal movement of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7.

The temperature rise on one membrane 4 is relatively low (in tenths of degrees)

Celsius). However, since the membranes 4 are large (usually tens to thousands) in succession and their effects add up, the resulting difference in temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the portion of the membrane chamber 1 is downstream of the membranes 4 (shown above the membranes 4) and a portion of the diaphragm chamber 30 of the heat transfer fluid in the direction of heat travel upstream of the membranes 4 (shown in FIG

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• · · · ···

It is possible to drive the thermal machine efficiently and to produce n eg electric current.

The heat passing through the membranes 4 then heats the heat transfer fluid which, via the heater 81 of the Peltier cell 8, transfers heat to one wall of the Peltier cell 8. The cooled heat transfer fluid is then returned to the same portion of the heat transfer fluid reservoir 1.

The other side of the Peltier cell 8 is cooled by a Peltier cell 8 cooler through which atmospheric air flows or which is connected to another source of low-potential heat (however, any source of high-potential heat may also be used). The atmospheric air or other source of low / high potential heat is heated through the condenser 82 and flows further into the heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid, where it heats the heat transfer fluid in a portion of the membrane chamber 1 in the direction of heat travel upstream of the membranes 4 (in the illustrated embodiment) under the membranes 4). The difference between the thermal power that the Peltier 8 receives by one side and the thermal power that the other hand transmits is equal to the electrical power that the Peltier 8 produces. This electrical power is the same as the value of the thermal power which is taken from the passing atmospheric air or other source of low / high potential heat.

The advantage of this embodiment is several times higher efficiency of membranes 4 than in the previous embodiment with nanoparticles 5 deposited on the membrane surface

4.

Example 4 - Embodiment of a heat machine according to the invention for producing a pulse or a cold with a membrane having a negative thermal resistance

The heat engine according to this embodiment (see Fig. 6) comprises a membrane chamber 1 with a heat transfer fluid, in this case eg an inert liquid or a gas (eg argon or nitrogen). In one part of the diaphragm chamber 1 (in the embodiment shown in its upper part) a heat exchanger 31 is located or guided for cooling the heat transfer fluid. In the second part membrane

The side of the chamber 1 (in the illustrated embodiment variant at the bottom thereof) is located or guided by a heat exchanger 3 for heating the heat transfer fluid. The diaphragm chamber 1 is horizontally divided by 200 to 500 parallel-arranged membranes 4 arranged side by side, respectively. above each other. The thickness of each membrane 4 is 200 nanometers. Each membrane 4 comprises, on at least one surface thereof, a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs 42, in a given embodiment variant having a height of 500 nanometers. The membranes 4 are disposed close to each other such that the top of the ribs 42 of the membrane 4 contacts the facing surface of the adjacent membrane 4. The membrane material 4 is preferably a non-magnetic material allowing nanotechnological processing, such as silicon or aluminum oxide, etc. the membrane 4 is provided with through holes 41, in a variant embodiment with a circular cross-section of 50 nanometers in diameter, each of these holes 41 with nanoparticles 5 of ferromagnetic material (eg an iron or nickel compound, etc.). The through holes 41 are provided at both ends with a constriction smaller than the size of the deposited nanoparticles 5. The nanoparticles 5 are thus closed in these holes 41, but can only be moved in a linear motion (up and down in the illustrated embodiment) within the holes 41 They are pressed against one end of the apertures 41 (in the embodiment shown at their lower end) by a force action, in this case e.g. a magnetic field created by a magnetic field generator 6 (magnet) located outside the membrane chamber 6. Due to this arrangement, the membranes 4 have a negative thermal resistance, so that they transfer heat preferably in one direction - in the embodiment shown, in the direction opposite to the electrostatic force field.

The function of the heat engine in the described embodiment is as follows:

Microscopic pressure fluctuations occur throughout the volume of the heat transfer fluid and its microscopic volumes enclosed between the membranes. These are caused by statistically inherent formation of clusters of molecules 7 of the heat transfer fluid.

• • •. <

The force field of the magnetic field generator 6 forces the nanoparticles 5 to the lower ends of the apertures 41 of the membranes 4. The nanoparticles 5 are also exposed to the impacts of said clusters of molecules 7 (fluctuating pressure). direction of application of this force field, and movable obstacles for agglomerates of working fluid molecules 7 moving upstream of this force field.

If the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the surface of the membrane 4 with the free ends of its through holes 41 (downwardly shown in the embodiment shown), it penetrates into the through hole 41 and strikes the nanoparticle 5 at its opposite end. As it is pressed against the lower end of the opening 41, it constitutes an immovable obstacle and the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 bounces therefrom without losing its velocity and thus the kinetic energy.

However, if the cluster of heat transfer fluid molecules 7 faces the surface of the membrane 4 with the end of the through holes 41 closed by the nanoparticles 5 (in the embodiment shown upwards), it hits the nanoparticle 5 and throws it upward while bouncing itself back into the space. the side of membrane 4 where it came from. In this way, she gives her some of her kinetic energy. Reflection will decrease its velocity - and thus reduce the temperature in a given microscopic volume of the heat transfer fluid on the side of the membrane 4 in which the cluster of molecules 7 moves.

The nanoparticle 5 thrown upwards preferably collides with the heat transfer fluid molecules 7 on the opposite side of the membrane 4 moving against it, thereby imparting some of its kinetic energy to them. Since the likelihood of precipitation is due to the direction of movement of the nanoparticle 5, the nanoparticle 5 imparts a greater amount of kinetic energy to the heat transfer fluid on the side of the membrane 4 to which it moves (in the embodiment shown above membrane 4). the membrane 4 will increase the velocity of the molecules 7 of the heat transfer fluid and hence its temperature. The nanoparticle 5 is then attracted by force

The side 22 half back to the original end of the aperture 41 of the membrane 4. Its residual kinetic energy is changed by the impact on heat, which increases its temperature and the temperature of the membrane 4. This temperature increase is subsequently removed by impacts of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7 on both sides of the membrane 4.

The nanoparticles 5 in the through holes 41 of the membranes 4, together with the force field, cause the membranes 4 to receive the heat energy of the heat transfer fluid more intensively than their other surface (in the illustrated embodiment with their lower surface more intensively than their upper surface). The heat permeability of the membranes 4 is therefore greater in this direction than in the opposite direction, respectively. the membranes 4 have a negative thermal resistance and transfer heat preferably in this direction.

This causes the heat to flow from the lower temperature location on one side of the membrane 4 to the higher temperature location on the opposite side of the membrane 4, only by using the thermal movement of the heat transfer fluid molecules 7.

The temperature rise on one membrane is relatively low (in tenths of degrees Celsius). However, since the membranes 4 are large (usually tens to thousands) in succession and their effects add up, the resulting temperature difference of the heat transfer fluid (in the illustrated embodiment above the membranes 4) and in the portion of the heat transfer fluid container 1 (in the embodiment shown below the membranes 4) up to several tens of degrees.

Thus, the heat transfer fluid in the portion of the diaphragm chamber 1 in the direction of heat movement behind the membranes 4 can heat any medium - for example, the heating system water - via the heat exchanger 31 for cooling the heat transfer fluid. While the heat transfer fluid in the portion of the diaphragm chamber 1 in the direction of heat movement upstream of the membranes 4, it is possible to cool any medium, e.g.

«· · · · ·

-Page 23Example 5 - Embodiment of the thermal machine according to the invention for the production of pulse or cold with a membrane with negative thermal resistance from nanofiber structures

The thermal machine according to this embodiment is almost identical to the thermal machine described in Example 4. The difference is a larger number of membranes 4, in this case 1000 to 10 000, their construction and the type of force acting on the nanoparticles

5. In this embodiment, each membrane 4 is formed by a backing layer made, for example, of a fabric of any type, eg woven, non-woven, knitted (see Fig. 7a) or a textile or other grid, on which one nanofiber layer is applied. Between the individual membranes 4 there are placed spacer raster, formed in the given variant of embodiment, for example by fiber meshes 9 (see Fig. 7b) with a thickness (fiber diameter) of about 10 micrometers. The fibers of the nanofibrous layer 44 are arranged so that there are through holes 41 / pores of up to 50 nanometers in size.

In the space between the membranes 4, nanoparticles 5, in a given variant of a spherical or oval shape with a diameter of about 100 nanometers, are freely dispersed. These nanoparticles 5 are suppressed to the surface of the membranes 4 by the gravitational field of the Earth.

The function of the heat machine in the described exemplary embodiment is analogous to the function of the heat machine in the preceding exemplary embodiment and will therefore not be further described herein.

In other variants not shown, their underlying layers 43 or other additional layers formed by a porous fabric or a grid can serve as a spacer grid between the layers of nanofibres 44.

Example 6 - Embodiment of a thermal machine according to the invention for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy with a membrane having a negative pressure resistance

The heat engine according to this embodiment (see Fig. 8a) comprises a diaphragm chamber 1 with working fluid, a turbine 2 and a pair of heat exchangers 3 for heating the working fluid, which are interconnected by conducting the working fluid

24 as follows: The center of the diaphragm chamber 1 is connected to the inlet of the turbine 2. The two outlets of the turbine 2 (opposite to each other) are connected to the inlets of the heat exchangers 3 for heating the working fluid. Outputs from the heat exchangers 3 for heating the working fluid are connected to the membrane chamber 1 in the space in the direction of heat movement in front of the membranes

4. The elements thus form a closed circuit, which is filled with a working fluid, in this case eg an inert gas (eg compressed nitrogen or argon).

Said elements are fixedly connected to one another in such a manner that the turbine 2 and the working fluid reservoir 1 lie on one axis 12.

The assembly is mounted in the support frame 10 in a pair of bearings 11 so as to allow its rotation about said axis 12.

The turbine 2 is distinguished by the fact that its central part (vane shaft), which usually rotates, is stationary, fixedly connected to the support frame 10, while its peripheral part (vane shrouds with jacket) rotates together with said assembly and drives it.

The frame assembly 10 is surrounded by atmospheric air.

The working fluid reservoir 1 comprises membranes 4 arranged parallel to its axis 12, in the present case 1000 membranes 4 which form equidistants to its cylindrical surface. These membranes 4 extend from one base of the membrane chamber 1 to the other and thus divide its space into a central part and a peripheral part.

The membranes 4 comprise through holes 41, in a given embodiment with a circular cross-section of about 20 nanometers in diameter. The thickness of each of the membranes 4 in the embodiment shown is 100 nanometers. Each membrane 4 comprises, on at least one surface thereof, a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs 42, in a given embodiment variant at a height of 1000 nanometers.

The membranes 4 are positioned adjacent to each other and to each other. on the other, such that the upper portion of the ribs 42 of the membrane 4 contacts the facing surface of the adjacent membrane 4. The material of the membranes 4 is preferably, for example, polyamide or other material allowing nanotechnological processing. In the space between the membranes 4 there are

The nanoparticles 5 are freely dispersed in the embodiment, in the form of circular flakes having a diameter of 30 nanometers and a thickness of 10 nanometers. The material of the nanoparticles 5 is a polyamide or other material that by their properties prevents their mutual agglomeration and their adhesion to the membranes 4. The diameter of the nanoparticles 5 is larger than the diameter of the apertures 41 of the membranes 4. The nanoparticles 5 are pressed against the surface of the membranes a force action, in this case a centrifugal force field, resulting from the rotation of the machine set about the axis 12.

The function of the heat engine in the described embodiment is as follows:

The entire set with the drive (not shown) is rotated. Microscopic pressure fluctuations occur throughout the working fluid volume and its microscopic volumes enclosed between the membranes. These are caused by statistically inherent formation of clusters of molecules 7.

The centrifugal force field forces the nanoparticles 5 to those surfaces of the membranes 4 that face the axis of the working fluid membrane container 1. At the same time, the nanoparticles 5 are subjected to the impact of the clusters of the working fluid molecules 7, the nanoparticles 5 forming immovable obstacles for the clusters of the working fluid molecules 7 moving in the direction of the force field. force field.

If the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 points away from the axis 12 towards the membrane 4, it is likely to collide with one of the nanoparticles 5 that close the through holes 41 of the membranes 4. This prevents the loop of molecules 7 from passing through the hole 41 in the membrane 4 the working fluid reservoir 1.

However, if the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 is directed to the membrane surface on the opposite side of the space, it penetrates through the membrane opening 41

4, it is likely to collide with the nanoparticle 5 overlapping this opening from the opposite side of the membrane 4 and entrain it with it. The cluster of molecules 7 thus penetrates to the opposite side of the membrane 4 and approaches the axis 12 of the membrane chamber 1. The ejected um

The side 26 of the particle 5 is then again pulled by force / field onto the surface of the respective membrane 4.

The nanoparticles 5 deposited on the surface of the membranes 4 together with the force exerting them on this surface cause, by the above-described mechanism, that pressure fluctuations in the working fluid more easily pass through the membrane 4 towards the axis 12 than vice versa. In other words, the permeability of the membranes 4 in this direction is greater than in the opposite direction, respectively. the membranes 4 have a negative pressure resistance and permeate clusters of working fluid molecules 7 preferably in one direction. This causes the working fluid to flow from the lower pressure point on one side of the membrane 4 to the higher pressure point on the opposite side of the membrane 4 only by using the thermal movement of its molecules 7.

The pressure increase on one membrane 4 is relatively low (in tenths of percent). However, since the membranes 4 are large (usually tens to thousands) in succession and their effects add up, the pressure in the central part of the membrane chamber 1 is several times higher than in its peripheral part.

The pressurized working fluid from the central part of the diaphragm chamber 1 flows through the interconnecting pipeline to the inlet of the turbine 2, expands in the turbine 2, performing mechanical work, thereby reducing its temperature and pressure. The cooled working fluid flows through the heat exchangers 3 to heat the working fluid where it receives energy, preferably from atmospheric air or another source of low-potential heat (however, any source of high-potential heat may also be used). Subsequently, it enters back into the membrane chamber 1, where it gradually passes through all the membranes 4, whereby it is again compressed and again flows into the turbine 2 and the cycle is repeated.

The heat output taken by cooling the atmospheric air or other source of low or high potential heat by the heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid corresponds to the mechanical power transmitted to the output shaft 13 (however, it is greater by the air resistance and friction in the bearings H).

Fig. 8b shows the operating cycle of this variant of the heat machine according to the invention in a pressure-volume diagram between the turbine outlet 2 (VT point - pressure 27p-i), the turbine inlet 2 (point T - pressure p ₂ ) and outlet of one of the heat exchangers 3 for heating the working fluid (point VV - pressure pi).

An advantage of this embodiment of the heat machine according to the invention is that the rotation of the unit generates a centrifugal force field, while at the same time providing an intense flow of atmospheric air around the surface of the heat exchangers 3 for heating the working fluid. cooling air intensified.

Example 7 - Embodiment of membrane 4 with nanoparticles 5 movably mounted in through holes of membrane 4 with negative pressure resistance

FIG. 9 shows a fourth variant of the negative pressure resistance diaphragm 4 usable in the respective variants of the heat engine according to the invention. The construction of this membrane 4 is substantially the same as that of the membrane 4 described in Example 3 and shown in Figures 5b and 5c, except that the through-holes 41 of the membrane 4 are provided with a widening 410 and 40b in their central part, respectively. bypass (s) in which the diameter of the aperture 41 is greater than the diameter of the nanoparticle 5. The nanoparticles 5 are thus closed in the through holes 41 of the membrane 4 but can be moved in a linear movement (up and down in the illustrated embodiment). The central extension 410 or in the bypass area (s) do not completely fill the cross-section of the through holes 41.

Then, if the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the surface of the membrane 4 with the free ends of its through holes 41 (in the illustrated embodiment), it penetrates into the through hole 41 and hits the nanoparticle 5 at its opposite end. This, because it is pressed by the at least one force field to the lower end of the through-hole 41, constitutes a stationary obstacle, and the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 bounces therefrom without losing its velocity and thus kinetic energy.

However, if the cluster of working fluid molecules 7 is directed towards the membrane surface with the end of its apertures 41 closed by the nanoparticle 5 (in the variant shown)

Upside-down side 28), hits and plunges up the nanoparticle 5, and after moving the nanoparticle 5 to the middle extension region 410 or to the bypass / bypass region, the through opening 41 opens for the passage of molecules (not shown) and clusters of molecules 7 working fluids. This construction of the membrane 4, together with the force applied to the nanoparticles 5 to one end of the through holes 41, makes fluctuations in pressures in the working fluid more easily pass through the membrane (s) 4 in one direction. In other words, the permeability of the diaphragm 4 in one direction (in the embodiment shown in the downward direction) is greater than in the opposite direction (in the embodiment shown in the upward direction), respectively. this membrane 4 has a negative pressure resistance and permits clumps of working fluid molecules 7 preferably in one direction. This causes the working fluid to flow from the lower pressure point on one side of the membrane 4 to the higher pressure point on the opposite side of the membrane 4 only by using the thermal movement of its molecules 7.

Thus, the membrane 4 with the nanoparticles embedded in its through holes 41 can have both a negative thermal resistance and a negative pressure resistance, and one or more of its properties, or a combination of both, is used in the operation of the thermal machine according to the invention.

The above-described variants are only exemplary embodiments of the thermal machine according to the invention, and as will be apparent to one skilled in the art, these variants can be further modified in a number of ways or combined with each other.

Such modifications include, in particular, a change in the number of membranes 4 and / or their construction and / or their location. The number of membranes 4 can vary according to the need and the material or principle used, in particular in the interval from 10 to 10 000, however, generally one membrane 4 is a minimum.

• • •

The thickness of the membranes 4 can then be 100 to 10000 nanometers, depending on the state of the art used in their manufacture. The diameter of the through holes 41 in the membranes can be in the range of 20 to 200 nanometers, and if the nanoparticles 5 are to be deposited on the surface of the membranes 4, they must always be smaller than the diameter of the nanoparticles 5. than one) is provided on at least one surface thereof with a regular or irregular grid of stiffening and spacer ribs 42, the purpose of which is to create a space between adjacent membranes 4 in which the nanoparticles 5 move by Brown's movement. The height of this space, and thus the ribs 42 of the grid, should preferably be at least 10 to 100 times the diameter of the nanoparticles used 5. The spacer grid does not have to be an integral part of the membranes 4,

4. Other shapes such as separate protrusions and / or particles and / or fibers regularly or randomly distributed on the surface of the individual membranes 4 may be used in place of the rib pattern 42 described above.

The material of the membranes 4 and the nanoparticles 5 must have as little adhesion to each other as possible in order to prevent the nanoparticles from adhering to the surface of the membranes 4. From this point of view it is advantageous if the membranes 4 or their spacer grid are slightly repelled.

The membranes 4 can be produced by various technologies from different materials by epitaxial lithography or similar methods of optically controlled layering. However, it is also possible to use eg nanofibrous structures.

Another possible modification is, for example, the placement of membranes 4, which can be disposed obliquely or vertically in the working fluid reservoir 1, or can be divided into parts of different size and shape, which possibly corresponds to other placed power generator 6 field, and possibly other components of the thermal machine according to the invention.

It is also possible in various ways to avoid the agglomeration of the nanoparticles 5 or their adhesion to the membranes 4. To this end, the knowledge of colloidal solutions can be used, for example two-layer materials, where the topsheet ensures mutual repulsion. It is also possible to disrupt agglomerated nanoparticles 5 by external influence, for example by ultrasound.

Likewise, the force acting on the nanoparticles 5 can be provided in various ways: Either by at least one external generator 6, such as a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, an electrostatic field generator 6, or by using a gravitational field or centrifugal force. At the same time, it is possible that the force field (eg electrostatic or magnetic) is also generated by the material of the membranes 4 or nanoparticles 5). Individual types of force action can be combined or complemented as needed.

The force field generator 6 is, in all the above-described embodiments, located outside the working / heat transfer fluid reservoir 1, but in other variants it can be stored, for example, in its wall and / or in its interior.

As working, respectively. the heat transfer fluid can then be used in virtually any fluid (liquid or gas) that is inert to the materials with which it is in contact. In this connection, it is advantageous to have the highest heat capacity. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the working / heat transfer fluid is compressed, which in particular in cases where the working / heat transfer fluid is a gas increases the efficiency of the membranes 4 as the number of pressure fluctuations increases.

The pressure / temperature difference of the working / heat transfer fluid can then be used with a variety of units to convert the heat energy of the heat transfer fluid or the pressure energy of the working fluid to mechanical or electrical energy such as turbines (steam, gas), piston or diaphragm machines. In this case, it is possible to apply various known methods for increasing the effect of heat engines, such as heat recuperators (as in thermal power stations), additional compression coolers (as in diesel engine blowers), etc.

Furthermore, a plurality of heat exchangers can be used to transfer heat energy - one heat exchanger in each of the above embodiments is illustrative only.

• • •

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Cl Cil IQ O I

Further variants of the thermal machines according to the invention consist in different arrangement of the individual components of these machines, for example a heat exchanger 3 for heating the working fluid can be placed downstream of the working fluid outlet with increased pressure from the membrane chamber 1. fluid supplied to the diaphragm chamber 1 from the turbine 7 and only thereafter to heat it. This can then be applied analogously to other heat exchangers.

The various variants of the heat machine according to the invention have a very wide application. They can be used to generate energy wherever a low-potential heat source is available. Practically inexhaustible and all available source of this heat is for example atmospheric air, but it is also possible to use heat of water or rock, the heat machine according to the invention converts this heat into electrical or mechanical energy, produces heat for heating, cooling for cooling etc. can bring solutions to problems in many areas. Get rid of dependence on existing energy sources (especially fossil, nuclear). This can also make a major contribution to solving many environmental, social and social problems. Heat machines based on this principle can then be used in various applications - for driving vehicles, agricultural and construction machines, virtually all power sources, supplying domestic appliances, domestic hot water, as a source of heat and cold in industry and households, for water desalination, etc. This principle cannot be applied only where there is no thermal energy storage - eg in outer space.

The advantage of this source is that its most use is climate neutral. This is because the vast majority of energy-using technologies (heating, production, transport, etc.) do not consume heat or mechanical and electrical energy, but convert it into low-potential heat, which almost always passes into the atmosphere. Therefore, the greatest use of atmospheric heat by this technology cannot cause global cooling.

It is fair to mention that some problems, like any invention, on the contrary, can deepen: The invention can also be used for military purposes. A bomber with such

The propulsion system does not need to be refueled and can endlessly circle the sky. A massive use of this invention would undoubtedly bring a civilization leap on our Earth.

Claims (11)

PATENT CLAIMS Method for dividing the working fluid into two regions of different pressure, characterized in that the working fluid in the membrane chamber (1) is brought into contact with at least one membrane (4) provided with through holes (41), on one surface of which are free deposited nanoparticles (5) with a dimension larger than that of the diaphragm orifices (4) overlapping the apertures (41) or in which the nanoparticles (5) that enclose the through holes are movably mounted, the nanoparticles (5) are pressed against the surface of the membrane (s) (4) or at one end of the diaphragm / membrane (4) through holes (41) under the action of at least one force field, thereby forming immovable obstacles to clusters of molecules (7) direction of application of this force field, and movable obstacles for agglomerates of working fluid molecules (7) moving upstream of this force field a field which, when in contact with each other, moves the nanoparticles (5) in a direction counteracting the force field, thereby temporarily releasing the through holes (41) of the membrane (4) for penetrating the clusters of working fluid molecules (7); ) working fluids move through the apertures (41) of the membrane (4) preferably upstream of the force field, thereby collecting on one side of the membrane / membranes (4) where the pressure of the working fluid is increased, the nanoparticles (5) it then moves back to the surface of the original diaphragm (4), respectively, under the action of at least one force field. back to the original end of the diaphragm through holes (4). Method for dividing the heat transfer fluid into two regions with different temperatures, characterized in that the heat transfer fluid in the membrane chamber (1) is brought into contact with at least one membrane (4) provided with through holes (41) on one surface of which are loosely mounted nanoparticles (5) having a dimension larger than that of the diaphragm orifices (4) overlapping the apertures (41) or in which nanoparticles (5) that enclose the through holes (41) are movably enclosed; and it prevents the penetration of clusters of molecules (7) The nanoparticles (5) are pressed against the surface of the membrane (s) (4) or at one end of the through-holes (41) of the membrane (s) (4) under the action of at least one force field, thereby forming immovable obstacles to clusters of molecules. 7) heat transfer fluids moving in the direction of the force field, and these clusters of molecules (7) are reflected from the nanoparticles (5) without losing their velocity, respectively. kinetic energy, and movable obstacles for agglomerates of heat transfer fluid molecules (7) moving upstream of the nanoparticles (5) in contact with each other upstream of the force field, transmitting a portion of their kinetic energy, as a result, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the side of the membrane (4) on which these clusters of molecules (7) are located, respectively, decreases. to which it returns after contact with the nanoparticles (5), while the moving nanoparticles (5) collide with molecules (7) and clusters of molecules (7) of the heat transfer fluid on the opposite side of the membrane (s) (4) or through holes (41) membranes / membranes (4) to which they transmit some of their kinetic energy and push out of these holes (41) to the opposite side of the membrane (s) (4), thereby increasing the temperature of the heat transfer fluid on that side of the membrane (4); the nanoparticles (5) set in motion are returned to the surface of the original membrane (4), respectively, by the action of at least one force field. to the original end of the diaphragm through holes (4). A heat machine, characterized in that it comprises a diaphragm chamber (1) filled with working / heat transfer fluid, which is divided into two parts by at least one diaphragm (4) provided with through holes (41) or multiple membranes arranged in parallel ( 4), which are provided with through holes (41), and between which a spacer grid is arranged which defines a space between them, wherein: a) on one surface of the membrane / membranes (4) there are loosely deposited nanoparticles (5) larger than the dimensions of the holes (41) of the membrane / membranes (4), which overlap these holes (41), thanks to the membrane / membranes (4) negative pressure resistance and / or negative thermal resistance, or -Page 35 - b) nanoparticles (5) are movably enclosed in the apertures (41) of the membrane / membranes (4), which close one end of the apertures (41), thereby causing the membrane (s) (4) to have a negative thermal resistance and / or negative pressure resistance wherein one part of the diaphragm chamber (1) communicates with or is guided or stored in at least one heat exchanger (3) for heating the working / heat exchange fluid (3) and one part thereof is connected with: a1) an aggregate for converting the heat energy of the heat transfer fluid or the pressurized energy of the working fluid into mechanical or electrical energy, or b1) at least one heat exchanger (31) for cooling the working / heat transfer fluid. . The heat machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the at least one heat exchanger (3) for heating the working / heat transfer fluid is connected or guided or housed in a portion of the membrane chamber (1) facing away from the membrane / membranes (4) surfaces. deposited nanoparticles (5) resp. facing the ends of the diaphragm (s) orifices (4) enclosed by the nanoparticles (5), and at least one heat exchanger (31) for cooling the working / heat transfer fluid is interconnected or routed or stored, or an aggregate for converting heat energy of the heat transfer fluid or pressure the energy of the working fluid to mechanical or electrical energy is connected to the opposite part of the membrane chamber (1). Thermal machine according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that it comprises at least one generator (6) of at least one force field for pressing the nanoparticles (5) against the surface of the membrane (s) (4) or for pressing them towards one end of the through holes. (41) a diaphragm (s) (4), which is mounted outside or in the wall of the chamber (1) or inside the chamber (1). Thermal machine according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the membrane chamber (1) is rotatably mounted about its longitudinal axis (12) and is The diaphragms 36 are coupled with a drive for this rotation, the diaphragm (s) (4) being arranged around its longitudinal axis (12). Heat machine according to any one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that the heat exchanger (3) for heating the working / heat transfer fluid is connected to 5 source of low-potential heat. Thermal machine according to any one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that the spacer grid is formed by a grid of reinforcing and spacer ribs (42) arranged on at least one surface of the membrane (s) (4). Thermal machine according to any one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that: 10, the spacer grid consists of particles and / or fibers (9) interposed between the membranes (4). Thermal machine according to any of claims 3 to 7, or 9, characterized in that at least one membrane (4) is formed by a layer of nanofibres (44) deposited on the supporting layer (43). Thermal machine according to claim 10, characterized in that the spacer grid is formed by a supporting layer (43) on which the layer of nanofibres (44) is deposited.