CS203969B2 - Guiding of ingot for continuous steel pouring - Google Patents

Abstract

1451624 Continuous casting; bending metal VEREINIGTE OSTERREICHISCHE EISENUND STAHLWERKE-ALPINE MONTAN AG 4 Oct 1973 [24 July 1973] 46394/73 Headings B3E and B3F In a continuous casting plant, which has a mould and a secondary cooling zone, there is a roller guideway including a straightening zone X<SP>1</SP> E , Fig. 20, and a zone X E with bending rollers 47<SP>1</SP>, 48<SP>1</SP> and opposing rollers 49<SP>1</SP>, 50<SP>1</SP> (or with bending rollers 4, 20, Fig. 1, and opposing rollers 7, 9, 13, 17, 19) or, if the strand 1 comes from an arcuate mould, including straightening rollers but no bending rollers; the straightening rollers are arranged along a transition curve from a circular arc, of radius RE at the outer side of the strand 1, into the horizontal, while the bending rollers, if present, are arranged along a transition curve from the vertical into the circular arc and the elongation of the strand 1 along the or each transition curve can be graphically represented (see, for example 44, Fig. 4) by an obliquely distorted S related to the x-axis 27, Figs. 1, 4, or 59 or 103, Fig. 20 (a tangent to the curve) of a Cartesian coordinate system whose origin, 4<SP>1</SP> or 47<SP>1</SP> or 98<SP>1</SP>, lies at the beginning of the transition curve which follows the differential equation of the change in curvature (y<SP>111</SP>) #<SP>1</SP>(x j ) being a function of elongation change of the cast strand, which change, over the length of the zone of bending or straightening, first increases, then, after reaching a maximum, decreases, XE standing for the vertical projection of the bending zone or for the horizontal projection (shown as X<SP>1</SP> E in Fig. 20) of the straightening zone and x j being a co-ordinate in the co-ordinate system, the change in strand elongation, represented by the part-polygonal curve 42<SP>1</SP> in Fig. 4, for the bending arrangement of Fig. 1, having a permissible maximum of 0À0025% mm. during bending and 0À0030% mm. during straightening. The projections X E , X<SP>1</SP> E amount to 1/7 to 1/5 of the radius R E of curvature of the circular arc. The inclination angle α 20 , Fig. 1, or α 48 , Fig. 20, to the respective y-axis 26 or 53 of the perpendicular 35 or 58 at the end of the bending zone at transition point 20<SP>1</SP> or 48<SP>1</SP> toward the circular are has a value of 3 to 10 degrees. The same applies for the inclination α 99 to the y-axis 102 of the perpendicular 104 from the straightening zone toward the horizontal. At least the rollers at the inner side of the strand 1 are displaceable for adjustment to different strand thicknesses.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an ingot guiding in a continuous steel casting plant with a secondary cooling zone downstream of the ingot mold and with support, guide, bending and / or straightening rollers of an ingot still having a liquid core, the bending rollers arranged along the transition curve from vertical to vertical. The circular arc and straightening rollers are along the transition curve from the circular arc to the horizontal.

Such continuous casting devices, in which the ingot is bent to the horizontal, have a smaller construction height compared to vertical devices. If a curved mold is used instead of a straight mold, which has metallurgical advantages, then an intermediate curve curved according to the transition curve must be inserted between the ingot mold or after the ingot mold with a short vertical guideway and a circularly arcuate guide with a diameter of for example 8-10 m. Avoid tearing stresses by stretching on the outside of the ingot whose core is still liquid. Therefore, it has been proposed to provide a transition curve with a gradually or stepwise increasing radius of curvature in the manner of hyperbola, parabola, ellipse or clotoid, see for example Sp. st. am. Nos. 3 290 741, Austrian Nos. 231 629 and 244 522.

Also, the straightening zone, when passing from the circular arc of the secondary cooling zone to the horizontal part of the conduit, should be formed according to the transition curve to avoid excessive elongation on the inside of the ingot.

Yet, these known solutions have not been able to prevent undesirable instability points so far, since all second-order curves such as a circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola are transformed from one tangent, an infinite radius of curvature, to a curve point, with a finite radius curvature, there is necessarily a step change of radius of curvature. Also, the known solutions did not take into account, in the creation of the transition arc, an immediate change in the elongation of the AD ingot, i.e. the derived elongation. The importance of maintaining the maximum permissible change in ingot elongation has not yet been recognized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to arrange the bending or straightening rollers in the bending and / or straightening zone of a continuous casting machine which still contains liquid cores so as to avoid cracks or cracks on the ingot surface caused by elongation at the outside of the ingot. during his: bending and on the inside of the ingot as he straightens.

This object is achieved by guiding the ingot in a continuous casting apparatus according to the invention, which is based on the fact that it is bending; At least four compressive forces transmitted by the bending rollers are in each case in the straightening zone or in the straightening zone next to the support rollers to absorb the ferro-static pressure. optionally straightening rollers, of which two support rollers on the outside of the ingot and at least two bending rollers on the inside of the ingot in the bending zone, or at least two straightening rollers on the inside of the ingot and at least two straightening rollers on the outside of the ingot in the straightening zone 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the change in ingot elongation induced by the bending rollers or the straightening rollers in at least one of the two bands firstly has an ascending trend from zero to a maximum of not more than 0.0025%. mm ¹ for bending and not more than 0,0030%. mm ¹ when straightening the ingot, and then again has a decreasing non-stepped course to zero. The length of the ingot bending transition curve or the ingot straightening curve according to the invention is 1/7 to 1/5 of the radius of curvature or the radius of the circular arc. According to the invention, the angle of inclination between the perpendiculars at the beginning and at the end of the transition zone is 3 to 10 °. In the bending zone, according to the invention, there may be two support rollers on the outside of the ingot and two bending rollers on the inside of the ingot, and the four rollers are adjusted such that their axes form the trapezoidal vertices.

Since the deformation resistance of the steel in the transition phase from the liquid to the solid state is dependent on the deformation rate, the stresses are induced only by changes in the ingot elongation and therefore only this change is decisive for the risk of cracks on the ingot surface.

If the derived elongation change φ ´ (Xj) exceeds the limit value, then they will appear at the crack ingot location in question; therefore, the elongation change according to the invention must take place in such a way that the specified limit value is not exceeded during bending or during ingot straightening. According to the invention, the bending and straightening rollers for bending and straightening the ingot are arranged at points which result from a locally continuous course of the ingot elongation function φ '(x,), in particular from a polygonal, particularly trapezoidal, circular, parabolic and other course.

Exemplary embodiments of an ingot line according to the invention in a continuous steel casting plant are shown in the drawings. 1 to 4 show a first exemplary embodiment, with a side view of the bending device in a schematic non-scale embodiment, FIG. 2 showing the bending and support forces acting on the cast billet, FIG. 3 is a diagram corresponding to the normalized course of the apparent torque line, or the apparent elongation change on the outside of the solidified ingot crust, or the apparent third derivative у '”(χ,), relative to the X axis of the coordinate system. The ingot crust, wherein у (xj) is a function for the geometric course of the bent solidified ingot crust, FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the actual elongation of the ingot crust and the change in elongation of the outer ingot crust in relation to said coordinate system. Giant. Figures 5 to 8 show a second embodiment according to the invention, wherein Figures 5 and 6 show similar embodiments to Figures 1 and 2, and Figures 7 and 8 correspond to Figures 3 and 4. Figs. 9 and 10 show similar embodiments to Figs. 3 and 7 for the various bending stresses of the ingot in the bending device according to the invention. Giant. Figures 11 to 14 show similar embodiments to Figures 4 and 8 and relate to the prior art, wherein Figure 11 corresponds to the geometric course of bending the solidified ingot crust according to the circle, Figure 12 according to the ellipse, Figure 13 according to the parabola and Figure 14 according to clotoid .

Giant. Figures 15 to 18 relate to a third embodiment of the invention, the straightening device, with Figures 15 and 16 showing similar embodiments to Figures 5 and 6, and Figures 17 and 18 similar to Figures 7 and 8. 19 shows a side view of an ingot which was first bent in the device according to the invention and then straightened in the straightening device and serves to show the position of the coordinate system in the bending device or in the straightening device.

1 and 2 show a straight Ingot 1 which is introduced into the bending device. The ingot 1 is made of cast steel, is formed from a water-cooled ingot mold, has a rectangular cross-section and a thickness d of 200 mm, having a surface temperature of about 1400 ° C, and a solidified outer crust thickness of about 30 mm. Below the ingot mold is a vertical straight roller guide with opposed rollers arranged in pairs to support and guide the ingot 1, the last pair of support and guide roll 2, 3 of this straight guide 1 being shown in dashed lines.

The bending device according to the invention has nine non-driven, freely rotatable pairs of rollers, wherein the bending rollers 4, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19 and 20 belong to the part of the device that bends the ingot 1 and the supporting rollers 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 , 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 21 have a purely supportive function, i.e. counteract the bulging of the ingot caused by ferostatic pressure. The ingot 1 starts from a bending device with a radius R _{E of} 8 m and enters in the direction of the arrow into a circular arc-shaped ingot guide, which also consists of pairs of rollers, the first pair of rollers 22, 23 being shown in dashed lines.

The bending device itself comprises bending rollers 7, 9, 13, 17, 19 and the reaction forces engage the supporting bending rollers 4,

20. Wednesday, respectively. the axes of these beam bending bars are indicated by 7 ”, 9”, 13 ”, 17” and 19 ”and the contact points which form a curved contact surface on which the bending rollers contact the solidified surface of the ingot 1 are marked 7 ', 9 ', 13', 17 'and 19'. The other support rollers, which only absorb ferostatic pressure, touch the solidified surface crust of the ingot 1 at the 5 ', 6', 8 'contact points. 10 ', 11', 12 ', 14', 15 ', 16', 18 ', and 21' and their centers are marked analogously, ie 5 ", 6", 8 ", 10", 11 ", 12" , 14 ”, 15”, 16 ”, 18” and 21 ”.

All the rollers, i.e. the support rollers and the bend rollers 4 to 21 and the support rollers and guide rollers 2, 3, 22, 23 are equidistantly arranged and their contact points 4 'to 21' lie on the transition curve of the bending zone 24, 25. corresponds to the curvature ♦ of the outer and inner sides of the ingot 1. The transition curve of the bending zone 24 corresponds to the function y (xj) whose coordinates need to be determined, with the beginning of the x, y coordinate system at the contact point. 4 '. The Y-axis of the coordinate system. is denoted by 26 'and denotes. beginning of the bending zone 24, 25. Coordinate axis · X. is indicated by 27 and is the tangent transition curve of the bending band. The direction of the positive axis X is in the direction of movement of the ingot 1 and the direction of the positive axis Y or 26 is perpendicular to the inside of the ingot 1. Reference numeral 26 therefore indicates. . at the same time, a plane that passes through the centers of the 4 ”, 5” rollers and the 4 ', 5' rollers' touch points, respectively. perpendicular to tangent at 4 ”, 5” contact points on the transition curves of the bending zone 24, 25. Similarly, the respective planes - perpendiculars 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35, extend through the other pairs of bending and supporting rollers. At the contact point 4 'of the roller 4, the curve path of the bending zone 24 has a radius of curvature R 1 and the radii of curvature of this transition zone of the bending zone at further contact points 6', 8 ', up to 20' of the rollers. are. similarly denoted by Re, R «R (io, Riz, Ru, Rie, Ri« and R20) · · is equal to the radius of curvature · Re, which is • 8000 mm. The contact points 6 ', 8', up to 20 'of the rollers, to the axis 4 are marked with θ 6, θ axis, θ 12, δ 12, δ 16, 18 18 and 20 and for the bending device according to the invention must be determined.

For the construction of the ingot guide according to the invention, the following are given: x coordinates of the 6 ', 8', 12 ', 16', 18 'and 20' contact points or the relative distances of these points; for example, the distance A is 200 mm; thus, the total length Xe of the 'X axis' in the Y-axis direction is projected, in FIGS. 1 and 2, the heavily drawn transition curve of the bending zone 24 equals 1600 mm and the distance A' between contact points 4 ', 6', and 8 16 ', 18' and 20 'are equally large, i.e. always equal to 200 mm, and the distances A between the contact points 8', 12 'and 16' are twice as large, i.e. equal to 400 mm.

Fig. 2 shows schematically the bending force vectors P7, P9, Pn, P19 occupying the inside of the ingot 1 and the corresponding support reaction forces P1, P29; The carriers of these vectors lie in planes, i.e. perpendicular 28, 29, 31, 33, 34 and 26, 35. Also shown in FIG. 2 is a parallel displaced tangent to the X axis, marked 27, of the bending band transition curve. 25, which passes through the contact point 5 'of the support roller 5.

Fig. 3 shows the coordinates of the touch points 4 ', 6', 8 ', 12', 16 ', 18' and 20 'on the x-axis, designated X4, xe, xe, X12, xi6, xji8 and Xžo . Three mass numbers 1,000, 0,667 and 0,375 are plotted on the y-axis on any scale, representing standardized values, in which case they are y coordinates for X12 points, for x «and xte points and for xe and xi8 points, k forming a mirror-symmetrical curve 42 that extends through points 4 ', 39, 37, 36, 38, 40, and 41, wherein the axis of symmetry of this curve 42 extends through points 36 and x12, the curve 42 is plotted and dashed area 43 between the symmetrical curve 42 and axis x is hatched.

The course of the mirror-symmetrical curve 42 has three meanings:

The course of the symmetrical curve 41, which in this embodiment corresponds to the polygonal thrust, represents the course of the torque line that would result from the example of the load shown in Figure 2, which is statically definite. Further, the course of the symmetrical curve 42 represents the course of the curve corresponding to the change in the elongation of the ingot bark line element measured along the X axis, i.e. 27, expressed in% / mm. Thirdly, the course of the symmetrical curve 42 represents the corresponding change in the curvature of the transition curve of the bending zone 24, i.e. the third derivative of y '´ (xi) of the function · y (xj).

Essential to the invention is the following characteristic of the symmetric curve 42: It has a first relative zero point at the beginning of the coordinate system at the touch point 4, i.e., its coordinate point, x <. Curve · '42 · 'initially rises relatively quickly · and then · gradually flattens to the maximum at point 36, whereupon the second · mirror-symmetrical portion of curve 42' decreases relatively slowly from the maximum at 36 and then gradually decreases faster The existence of two 'real zero points 4' and 41 at the beginning and end of the mirror-symmetric curve 42, i.e., at the beginning and end of the bending zone, 24, 25 extending between the planes 26. and 35 projected onto the X axis, i.e. 27, and the maximum lying between them at point 36, is an essential core of the invention on which to base the determination of the geometric location of all the contact points of the bending rollers that is, the points of application of the bending apparatus and its construction, wherein the curve path of the bending zone 24 from the vertical to the circular arc does not result from a curve such as a circle. an ellipse, parabola, hyperbola or clotoid; catenary according to the prior art. It is further essential that points 39, 37, 36, 38 and 40 on the symmetrical curve 42, according to this embodiment, where the ingot bending causes multiple individually acting forces P7, Po, Ri3, Pn and Pie, represent the discontinuity points of the symmetrical curve 42 , not places of discontinuity.

The area 43 in Fig. 3, expressed in mm ^2, is an auxiliary variable FLE needed for further calculation. In order to obtain a curve of the elongation curve 42 'shown in FIG. 4 and to a scale, a symmetrical curve 42, shown in FIG. 3, is marked as p' (xj), i.e. it is converted by a packing factor k '. Then the following equation holds:

Equation 1

X ~~ x _E

FLE = / p '(ixj) dx

X = 0

Equation 2 k ”. p '(xj) = £' (xj)

Equation 3 _k » ₌ _ R _e . FLE

Equation 4 _k > ₌ ____

R _e .FLE k 'is another upsetting factor which is further used to calculate the curve path of the bending zone 24 that results from the function у (xj).

Coordinate values of the curve 42 ° resp. points 39 ', 37', 36 ', 38' and 40 'are obtained by multiplying the values of the symmetric curve by 42 by a packing factor k'.

By integrating the curve 42 'according to dx, a curve 44 according to FIG. 4 is obtained which corresponds to the elongation of the ingot outer crust line element expressed in% and scaled. The percent scale is shown in Fig. 4 on the right-hand coordinate and the left scale indicates the elongation change, expressed in 10 ³ % / mm.

This mathematical connection between curves 42 'and 44 shows that at the relative zero points 4', 41 on curve 42 'there are extreme values and tangents to curve 44 parallel to the X axis; waveform 44 of the left ^one of the extreme value at point 4 'is designated 44 and * the course to the right of the extreme value in point 46 is indicated by 44 ", one tangent line 27 coincides with the axis x and the second tangent line is designated 27". At point 36 ', where curve 42' reaches a maximum, on curve 44 there is a turning point 45.

The following shall be noted for the calculation procedure: the following applies to the curvature of the geometric position у (xj) external to the elongated stressed ingot bark in the bending apparatus:

Equations 5

R) wherein R 1 is always the radius of curvature in question. For calculation of the% elongation of the line element of the outer bark of the ingot in the bending device or of the inner bark of the ingot, which is stretched in the straightening device, the following applies:

Equations · 6

EM) =

D

Rj where d is the ingot thickness in mm and in this case is equal to 200 mm. It follows from equations 5 and 6 that the curvature is proportional to the elongation ((xj). Further, it is possible, without becoming a negligible error, to substitute the curvature K as equal to the second derivative y '(xj), so that then:

Equations 7

”(Xj)

Similarly, the change in curvature K is proportional to the change in elongation 2 ’(xj), ie.

Equations 8

K '= k'. '(XJ)

Equation 9 and K '= y ”´ (xj) ie the change in curvature is also proportional to the third derivative of y (xj). These differential equations 1 to 9 generally apply to the calculation of y (xj), respectively. bending mechanism.

In order to obtain numerical values for the present embodiment, it is necessary to start from equation 4. Here it holds:

The equation 10 y ”(xj) = k´.p ´ (xj) to obtain an easily solvable third order differential equation for y (xj). Next, the integral, y, equation 7 is obtained by the integral calculation, and is obtained by the integral integral again

Equation 11 ý '(xj) y' (xj) gives the pitch of the function y (xj), expressed as · tg aj, so that the magnitude of the angles сев, «в, oio to auo, Fig. 2, can be calculated because planes 28, 29 to 35 are perpendicular to the contact points 6 ', 8' to 20 'that lie on the transition curve of the bending zone 24, respectively. y (xJ) By further integral calculation of Equation 11, the function sought is obtained

Equation 12 y (ixj)

All integral calculations are always based on x = 0, the origin of the coordinate system ,. ie it integrates up to the normal point x = = xj; the last point xi is the length X _E of the ingot bending transition curve, which in this embodiment is equal to 1600 mm and 1000 mm respectively. xj®. In the exemplary embodiment, all rollers have the same radius r equal to 50 mm and the centers of the 4 ”, 6”, 8 ”to 20” rollers 4, 6, 8 to 20 on the outside of the ingot, respectively. The transition curves of the bending zone 24 can be calculated from the xr and yr coordinates:

Equation 13 x _r = xj + r. sin iaij

Equation 14 - yj - r. cos aj

Centers of 5 ”, 7”, 9 ”to 21” rollers 5, 7, 9 to 21 on the inside of the ingot, respectively. the transition curves of the bending zone 25 may be similarly determined from the x, ·, and y _r 'coordinates:

Equation 15 x _r '= ^y j - (d + r). sin .aj

Equations 16

/ / = Yj + (d + r). cos aj

The coordinates of the transition curve of the bending zone 25, coinciding with the geometric shape of the ingot inner side, can be calculated from the following equations:

Equation 17 x = xj - d. sin aj

Equation 18 у = yj 4- d. cos aj

The coordinates х _м , Ум for the geometric point of curvature of the transition curves of the bending zone 24, 25 are calculated from the following equations:

Equation 19 x _M = xj - Rj. sin aj

Equation 20

Ум = yj + Rj · cos et al

The result of the numerical calculation of the monitored embodiment according to the invention is summarized in the following tables:

In tab. 1 shows the elongation and total elongation values on the outside of the ingot, which correspond to curves 42 'and 44 of Figure 4 and have a radius of curvature R1.

In tab. 2, the coordinates for; the transition curve of the bending zone 24, corresponding to the function y (xij and the slope of this curve expressed as y '(xi), ie tg aj is in column 3. Angles ais, a8 to auo can be calculated immediately from the numerical values in column 3 .

In tab. 3, in the upper part a) the coordinates of the rollers 4, 6, 8 to 20 on the outside of the ingot according to equations 13 and 14 and in the lower part bj the coordinates of the opposing rollers 5, 7, 9 to 21 on the inside of the ingot 1 according to equations 15 and 16.

203869

Table 1

Bending zone (Figures 1 to 4)

Distance on X axis mm Elongation change Total elongation Radius Rj mm 10 ³ % / mm ° / o

0 (= X4] 0 0 50 0,124 0.00310 3,222,901 100 ALIGN! 0.248 0.01241 865 810 150 0.372 0,02792 358 164 200 (X; = X6) 0.496 0,04963 201 489 250 0.593 0.07685 130 123 300 0,689 0.10888 91 836 350 0.785 0.14574 68 614 400 (= X8) 0,881 0.18740 53 360 450 0,936 0.23284 42 948 500 0,990 0.28099 35 588 550 1,045 0.33188 30 138 600 1,099 0.38547 25 942 650 1,153 0.44179 22 635 700 1,208 0.50081 19 968 750 1,262 0.56254 17 777 800 (= X12) 1,316 0.62696 15 950 850 1,2599 0.69135 14 464 900 1.2044 0.75296 13 281 950 1,1491 0.81179 12 318 1000 1,0938 0.86787 11522 1050 1,038 0.92118 10 856 1100 0,984 0.97173 10 291 1150 0,928 1,0195 9 808 1200 (= Х16) 0,874 1,0646 9 393 1250 0,778 1,1059 9 043 1300 0,682 1,1424 8 754 1350 0,586 · 1.1740 8 516 1400 (= Xi «) 0.490 1,2009 8 327 1450 0.368 1,2224 8181 1500 0.245 1,2010 8 079 1550 0,123 1,2469 8 019 1600 (= X20) 0 1,2500 8 000

0 3'9'69

Table 2

Bending zone (Figures 1 to 4)

Distance on X axis mm Yj mm Yj '(tjga) 0 (= X4) 0 0 50 0.000065 0.000005 100 ALIGN! 0.001034 0,0000414 150 0.005236 0.0001396 200 (= x5) 0.016546 0.000331 250 0.040379 0.000645 · 300 0,083525 0.0011074 350 0.15399 0.001742 400 (= xe) 0.26099 0.002573 450 0.41493 0.003622 500 0.62713 0.004906 550 0.90964 0.006437 600 1,275 0.008229 650 1,737 0.010296 700 2,310 0.012651 750 3,007 0.015309 800 (= xiz) 3,845 0.018281 850 4,841 0,021578 900 6,009 0,025190 950 7,364 0,029103 1000 8,924 0.033039 1050 10,699 0,037777 1100 12,706 0,042511 1150 14,955 0,047490 1200 (xie) 17,459 0,052702 1250 20,229 0.051296. 1300 23,275 0.06375 1350 26,607 0,06954 1400 30,232 0.07548 1450 * 34,157 0.08155 1500 38,388 0.08769 1550 42,928 0.09391 1600 · (= xzo) = Xe 47,779 = Ye 0.10015 T and b. U 1 k and 3 Bending zone (Figures 1 to 4) Position of roller axes Xr mm Yr mm a) on the outside of the ingot Roller 4 0 -50 Roller 6 200.02 —49.98 Roller 8 400.13 —49.74 Roller 10 600.41 —48.72 Roller 12 800.91 -66.15 Roller 14 1001.67 —41.05 Roller 16 1202.63 —32.47 Roller 18 1403.76 —19.63 Roller 20 1604.98 -. 1.97 X _r 'mm Y _r 'mm · b) on the inside of the ingot Roller 5 0 250 Roller 7 199.92 250.02 Roller 9 399.36 250.26 Roller 11 597.94 251.27 Roller 13 795.43 253,80 Roller 15 991.68 258.78 Roller 17 1186.84 267.11 Roller 19 1381.18 297.52 Roller 21 1575,09 296.54

2039 В 9

Figures 5 to 8 show a similar example of an ingot design in a continuous casting apparatus according to the invention. A straight ingot 1 enters the bending zone; The dotted line guides 2, 3 are the last rollers of the straight ingot section. The ingot 1 has a thickness d equal to 200 mm and is guided, in a blend of the arrow from the bending zone, by a pair of dashed guide rollers 22, 23 in the indicated direction into a circular arc, the outer radius of curvature R _e being 8000 mm.

The bending device according to the invention has 4 rollers 47, 49, 50 and 48, with the bending rollers 49, 50 exerting pushing forces P49, Рзо on the inside of the ingot and the supporting rollers 47, 48 exerting reaction forces P47, P48 (Fig. 6j). The guide rollers 51, 52, which are not involved in the bending of the ingot 1, but counteract the ferro-static pressure of the liquid core of the ingot 1, are supported against the bending rollers 49, 50. The corresponding contact points 47 ', 48' of the rollers are marked in a manner similar to the embodiment shown in Figures 1 to 4, as well as the centers of the 47 "axes, The positive axis у is designated as ¹ 53 and the positive axis 59 of the coordinate system passes through the contact point 47 'on the transition curve of the bending zone 54. This is a rectangular The transition curve of the bending zone 54 corresponds to the outside of the ingot or the function y (xjj and the transition curve of the bending zone 55 corresponds to the equidistant display of the inner surface of the ingot 1. contact points 51 ', 52' and 48 'having a radius of curvature R51, Ø52, R48 at these contact points. Ohiy «si,« 52 and α4β are the angles of inclination of these perpendiculars to the y-axis, denoted by 53.

The distance V of the contact point 51 'of the guide roller 51 from the contact point 47' of the support roller 47 projected on the x-axis marked 59 is 530 mm, the distance C between the contact points 51 'and 52' of the guide rollers 51 and 52 is 180 mm and distance D between the contact point 52 'of the guide rollers and the contact point 48' of the support roll 48 is 570 mm. The length X _E of the bending zone transition curve in this embodiment is 1280 mm.

The calculation procedure and equations used in the calculation are the same as in the embodiment of Figures 1 to 4. The results are explained in more detail with reference to Figures 7 and 8 and Tables 4 to 6.

In accordance with the considered loading of the ingot 1 by two bending forces P49, P50, a trapezoidal curve of the curve 63, resp. 63 ', which have the two highest values at 60 and 61 and form the highest value range with the coordinates хм and * 52, which corresponds to the highest value of the Ingot elongation change. At points 47 'and 62, the relative zero points and the area 64 delimited by the curve 63 and the x axis are shaded in Figure 7 and represent, as mentioned above, the numerical auxiliary variable FLE to detect the curve 63', drawn to scale. The corresponding numerical values of the elongation change are shown in Tab. 4. The table also shows the numerical values of the total ingot elongation on the basis of which the curve 65 in Figure 8 was drawn. 3 and 4. Curve 65 consists of a straight section 65 'that coincides with a tangent in the x-axis 0hucked 59 to a touch point 47', further comprising a parabolic section up to point 66, a tangent 65 '' between the points 66 and 67, from the next parabolic section from point 67 to the highest point 68 and from the straight section 65 ”, which runs parallel to the x-axis indicated by 59 and converges at tangent 59 at point 68.

In tab. 5, the numerical values for the transition curve of the bending zone 54 and its slope, expressed as tg α, are given. The bending zone transition curve 54 is the geometric location of the bent outer side of the ingot 1 in the bending zone. At its beginning and at its coach, the supporting forces P47, Pie and the bending forces P49, P50 act on the equidistant transition curve of the bending zone 55.

The corresponding radius of curvature of the transition curve of the bending zone 54 can be found from Table 1. 4 and tab. 6 contains the coordinates x _r '' to y _r '' of both bending rollers 49, 50 on the inside of the ingot.

Table 4

Bending zone (Figures 5 to 8)

Distance on X axis mm Elongation change Total elongation Radius Rj mm 10 ³ ° / o / mm o / o

0 (= X) 0 0 OO 50 0.16 0.00406 2,460,679 100 ALIGN! 0.33 0.01625 615 212 150 0.49 0,03657 273 456 200 0.65 0,06500 153 841 250 0.81 0.10155 98 476 300 0.97 0.14620 68 402 350 1.14 0.19894 50 267 400 1.30 0.25976 38 498 450 1.46 0.32864 30 428 500 1.62 0.40557 24 657 530 (X5i) 1.71 0.45558 21 950 550 1.71 0.48988 20 413 600 1.71 0.57558 17 373 650 1.71 0.66120 15 124 700 1,7'1 0.74675 13 391 710 (= xsz) 1.71 0.76385 13 091 750 1.59 0.82983 12 051 800 1.44 0.90505 11043 850 1.29 0.9736 10 278 900 1.14 1,034 9 669 950 0.99 1,087 9197 1000 0.84 1,133 8 827 1050 0.69 1,171 8 540 1100 0.54 1,202 8 322 1150 0.39 1,225 8165 1200 0.24 1,240 8 062 1250 0.08 1,248 8 009 1280 (X48) 0 1,250 8 000 Table 5 Bending zone (Figures 5 to 8) Distance on X axis mm Yj mm Yj '(tg «j) 0 (= X47) 0 0 50 0.000085 0.000007 100 ALIGN! 0.00135 0.000054 150 0.00686 0.000183 200 0.02167 0.000433 250 0.05291 0.000846 300 0.10969 0.001462 350 0.20320 0.002322 400 0.34661 0.003465 450 0.55513 0.004933 500 0.84597 0.006765 530 (X51) 1,06791 0.008056 550 1,238 0.009001 600 1,753 0.01166 650 2,412 0.01475 700 3,236 0.01828 710 (X52) 3,423 0.019032 750 4,247 0,02222 800 5,465 0.02656 850 6,909 0.03126 900 8,597 0,03628 950 10,542 0,04159 1000 12,760 0,04714 1050 15,261 0.05291 1100 18,054 0.05884 1150 21,147 0.06491 1200 24,546 0.07108 1250 28,256 0.07730 1280 (= X 48) X = _E ' 30632 _E = Y ' 0.08105

Table 6

Bending zone (Figures 5 to 8)

Position of roller axes Xr ”mm Yr ”mm and on the outside of the ingot Support roller 47 0 —50 Guide roller · 51 530.40 —48.93 Guide roller 52 710.95 —46.57 Support roller 48 1284.04 —19.20 xr ”mm Yr 'mm b) on the inside of the ingot Bending roller 49 527.99 251.06 Bending roller 50 705.24 253.24 . and

FIGS. 9 and 10 show further exemplary embodiments characterizing the invention for arbitrarily selectable standardized torque lines corresponding to different types. loading of the ingot according to the invention.

According to FIG. 9, it acts in the region of the points xst, X32, X35 and X34. Four bending forces on the inside of the ingot. · The respective supporting reaction forces are applied at points хзо and X35 on the outside of the ingot. This results in a dashed polygon pattern of curve 69 'with the maximum value at point 169, respectively. at point X33 if the bending forces are selected so that the resultant lies in this area. Fully '. pulled curve. 89 corresponds to the ideal case in terms of bending stress of the ingot, i.e. if there is a constant uniform load on the inside of the ingot, which occurs in the case of continuous bending elements distributed over the ingot bending zone of the ingot. To minimize friction between the ingot and the support rollers,. according to the invention, the maximum value at the point '169 is translated into the region of the last third of the entire bending zone; Thus, xss is equal to 2/3 X35. . Points 70, 71 and 72 on curve. 69 ', therefore, are breakpoints, but are not places of discontinuous change.

Referring to FIG. 10, the maximum polygon pattern of the curve 75 'is expressed by the range between points 78, 76 and 79, which corresponds to the maximum value, while points 77 and 80 are breakpoints but are not' discrete-grained '. This is an ideal case of forming a bending device according to the invention using bending rollers, their bending forces acting at points xsi, XS2, X53, X54, and xss, and the support reaction forces of the support rollers are at points xso and xse. Taking into account the uniform bending load, the elongation curve 75 is elongated. the ingot is carried out in a circular arc, respectively. according to the respective moment line · or the third derivative of y ”´ (xj). · Flat curve of curve 75 'stretched to length,' .tj; The long bending zone or the flat curve of the elongation curve 75 is characterized by an evenly slight ingot load. However, it must be taken into account that the greater length of the bending zone results in greater friction.

Figures 11 to 14 are intended to clarify the nature of the invention in comparison with the prior art. According to the prior art described, for example, in Austrian Patent No. 231 629, it is known to use the ingot from vertical to circular arc or vice versa as a transition curve; a curve that corresponds to a circular arc with. step-wise radiuses ellipses, parabola, hyperbola, clotoid or catenary.

¹ In a similar representation as in FIGS. 4 and 8, but that the transition curve of the bending zone, i.e. · · locus outer side of the strand takes place in the ring. Figs. 11 to 14 show the arc of an ellipse, parabola or clotoid. the elongation curve 81 'elongated 2' (xj) is drawn which is at the beginning of the bending zone. at point xeo the infinity to zero jump point, and at the end of the bending zone at point xei, another jump point from zero to infinity, indicated. curve. 81 ”. . This means that in the infinitely small band at the point .. --xeo occurs sudden, distinctive, infinitely large. change ingot elongation while bending ratio. and at the end of the bending zone at the point xei, there is again an infinitely large change in the ingot elongation in the infinitely small band at the transition to the joining krur. · Arc. Similarly, it is dashed ·. a plotted curve 82 that corresponds to a continuous curve. . elongation Σ ( ^χ ϊ ') 1 at xeo · ee jump point 83, ie elongation suddenly increases from zero to. value of point 83, then remains up to point. xei constant make in step. point 84 suddenly rose suddenly to the final maximum value of point 85. FIG. 11 thus shows that according to FIG. the distribution of circular arcs hitherto proposed will produce a · gradient · stepwise curve. extension,. ie extremely adverse impact. ingot stress in each. place from a straight line to the first circular. or between individual circular arcs and also at the end of the transition curve into the circular arcuate ingot guide.

Giant. 12. shows a similar case when transient. . 'curve follows ellipse.

Although the elongation curve 86 '(xj) at the beginning of the bending zone, rises very slowly from the point x 70, i.e. first linearly and then very strongly in the last part. in the shape of a parabola to the maximum value at a point and hence falls to zero at the same time along the 86 ”curve. At point xzi there is again an undesirable jump point. Similarly, the elongation curve 88 (χΐ) runs. in paragraph 70 of Soura _{d and} nothing is XZO · jump from zero to a final value - the point 89, which underlies curve like. curve 86 'to the maximum, the value at 90 where the break occurs. In this case, the ingot is also stressed at the xz point and relieved at the xz point. The use of the ellipse as a transition curve gives some better ratios. than circular arcs, but optimal bending conditions cannot be achieved.

FIG. 13 is a similar illustration of an example using a general higher dish. order as a transition curve. The 91 'stretch change' (xj) curve is based on. zero values in. point - X80, then rises. soaring up, then. is slowly flattening and. then it rises. up to other maxims, value 'in. paragraph 92, where. is a jump site. and it occurs. decrease. suddenly. on . zero in point. x # i. . Curve. 93 the elongation gradually rises from the. . point. . x 'o do'. point of the coordinate. »R to maximum,. where .is a placeboat. .....

Giant. 14 shows the facts when using the clotoid as a transient. curves. Curve 94 of the 'stretch' change at the beginning shows a jump from zero to X90 at X90 and at the end at X90. xsi. at point 96 where the second jump point is. because the curve falls down to. zero value. The elongation curve 97 extends. from scratch. in the wake of the X90 and rises quickly and fairly even to the maximum value, where there is another breaking point. Clotida as transient. the curve is therefore. comparable to ellipse. and gives. also inappropriate. conditions. for ingot bending.

Hyperbola .. a. catenary. report. on . transition per vertical to. bending. bands of the final radius of curvature a. irregularities, i.e., sudden leaps, also occur there.

Figures 15 and 16 show a straightening device according to the invention, wherein the ingot. 1 enters a circular arc having a radius equal to 7800 mm and a thickness d equal to 200 mm. The ingot 1 is stretched on its inner side in the straightening device and packed on its outer side and thus aligned. The ingot 1 extends in the direction of the arrow from a straightening device having a radius R _e 'equal to L. The straightening device consists of straightening rollers 100, 101 and backing straightening rollers 98, 99, which. they capture reaction forces. Fig. 16 shows the straightening forces Pioo and Pioi and the supporting forces Ai, B (i. The contact point 98 'of the support straightening roller 98 on the inside of the ingot forms the zero point of the coordinate system whose positive y-axis is indicated. x is indicated by 103 and is tangent to the transition curve of the straightening zone 111, y (xi) at the contact point 98 ', and on the y axis marked 102, which is also perpendicular to the contact point 98', On the perpendiculars 104, 105, 106 lie the holders of the supporting force Bi and the straightening forces P100 and Pioi The contact points 107 ', 108' are the intersections of the perpendicular 102, 104 of the internal transition curve 111 equidistant to the external transition curve The intersection 112 'and the contact points 109', 110 'are similar intersections at the inner transition curve of the alignment zone 111. The distance and intersection of the contact point 98' from the intersection at The point b 'of the intersection of the contact point 110' from the intersection at the point 109 'on the x-axis is also given and is 180 mm and the distance c between the contact point 99' of the alignment point · Supporting. of the roller 99 and the intersection 110 'is 570 mm. Thus, the length Xe 'of the straightening band transition curve is 1280 mm. The search is - Ye ', the curve of the inner straightening curve 111, which corresponds to the function y (xj),' and the curve of the equidisciplinary outward straightening curve 112 and the angle or angle «109, yes, 099 the y-axis marked. 102, which are. for. design straightening mechanism important.

In Fig. 17 ai. 18. are similar. 7 and 8. To calculate the elongation and total change curves. stretching. equations 2,. 5, 6, .7, 8, 9, 19 and. 20 and modified other equations:

Equation la

X = X _E 'FLE = f>' (xj) dx x - o · ....... . ...... ...

Equation 3a '50d-50d ^kl- R _a . FLE. (R ^e -d) ... FLE

Equation 4a “Ra .FLE ~ (Re - d). FLE

Equation 10a y "(xj) = ki" V (xj)

Equation 10b ix == xj y '”(^ jj = - ⁴ - k' f Hxjjdx ^Ka x == o

^{X x x} i —p - ki 'f 9>' (xj) dx

Equation 11a x = xj y '(xj) = f x = o

Equation 12a

Equation 13a x ”= Xj - r sin (wj)

Equation 14a y ”= Yj + 'r cos (« Ijj

Equation 15a xi ”= Xj + (d + r). sin

Equation 16a

Yj ”- Yj- (d + r]. Cos («,]

Equation 17a x ‘= Xj + d. sin (i)

Equation 18a

7 '= Yj - d. cos ( _tf j)

Equations 13a, 14a relate to the inside of the ingot and equations 15a, 16a, 17a, 18a to the outside of the ingot. The principle of the calculation procedure is the same as; for calculating the bending device. The characteristics of the straightening device are apparent from Figures 17 and 18. The trapezoidal curve of curve 113 indicates the course of a standardized torque line or curve that represents a change in curvature or a change in elongation p '(xj). The curve 113, delimited by the x 'coordinate points 98', the хз coordinate points 114, 115, 116, encloses the hatched surface 117 with the x-103 axis, which is an auxiliary variable FLE. The reduced and scale-drawn curve 113 'of the elongation change Σί ( ^χ 1) I ^{е in} Figure 18 and has two relational zero traces 96' and 116 and two points 114 ', 11S' with a maximum value. The total elongation curve vychází ( ^χ ί) 118 extends from the horizontal branch 118 and passes through the first reversal point 119 to the inflection tangent 118 '' and from there to the second reversal boid 120 and further up to the maximum at 121, corresponding to the highest elongation. then ends in the second horizontal branch 118 ”. With this second horizontal branch 118 ', the tangent 103' converges to a point 121 that is parallel to the x-axis and is a characteristic of the course of the elongation curve 118.

As shown in FIG. 15, additional pairs of support rollers 122 may be provided in the straightening device to guide and support the solidified bark of the ingot when the straightening device is used to straighten the cast iron; liquid-core ingot produced in a continuous casting plant. The pairs of support rollers 122 may be arranged to be floating, i.e. they are freely movable while maintaining their relative distance equal to the ingot thickness d along a perpendicular that passes through their centers. The other guide rollers 107, 108, 109, 110 do not participate in the straightening of the ingot, as do the support rollers 122. The same is true of the pairs of fixed rollers 123 located at the beginning of the ingot circular guide in front of the straightening zone and full rollers 124 behind the straightening zones. ingot line with a radius of curvature R _e 'equal to R'<».

The results of the numerical calculation are shown in Tab. 7 to 9; 7, the numerical values for the elongation change curve 113 &apos; 8 shows the numerical values Yj for the transition curve of the straightening zone 111 and its pitch y'j, again expressed as tg «j, which implies roller contact points directly on the inside of the ingot and angles of« 109, «по and« 99 inclination. Tab. 9 contains the x / ', y' coordinates of the straightening rollers 100, 101 on the outside of the ingot.

Table 7

Straightening band (Fig. 15 to 18)

Distance on X axis mm Change in elongation 10 ³ % / mm Total elongation% Radius 0 (= Xž) 0 0 7 800 50 0.169 0.00417 7 825 100 ALIGN! 0.338 0.01667 7 903 150 0.506 0,03751 8 035 200 0,675 0.06668 8 228 250 0.844 0.10416 8 490 300 1,012 0.14997 8 833 350 1,178 0.20406 9 277 400 1,345 0.26644 9 846 450 1,512 0.33710 10 583 500 1,682 0.41602 11 547 530 (xi3) 1.78 0.46731 12 274 550 1.78 0.50250 12 828 600 1.78 0.59039 14 458 650 1.78 0.67821 16 560 700 1.78 0.76595 19 376 710 (= xii) 1.78 0.78349 20 058 750 1.65 0.85116 23 207 800 1.49 0.92875 28 305 850 1.34 0.99863 35 283 900 1.18 1,0608 45 193 950 0.994 1,125 63 749 1000 0,869 1,162 83 279 1050 0,714 1,201 123 447 1100 0.558 1,232 201 581 1150 0.403 1,256 386 487 1200 0.248 1,272 1,020,465. 1250 0,093 1,281 7,243,851 1280 0 1,282 ОС

j mm

Table 8

Straightening band (Fig. 15 to 18)

Distance on X axis mm Yj mm Yj '(* 8 and) 0 (= Xž) 0 0 50 0.1602 0.0064 100 ALIGN! 0.6396 0.0128 150 1.4353 0.0190 200 2.5418 0.0252 250 3.9521 0.0312 300 5,6567 0,0369 350 7,644 0,0424 400 9,901 0,0477 450 12,411 0,0526 500 15,158 0.0572 530 (= X13} 16,911 0,0597 550 18,121 0,0613 600 21,278 0,0649 650 24.609 0,0682 700 28.091 0.0710 710 (= Xld) 28,803 0.0715 750 31,701 0.0734 800 35,420 0.0753 850 39,227 0,0769 900 43,105 0,0782 950 47,039 0,0791 1000 51,014 0,0798 1050 55,020 0.0803 1100 59,046 0.0807 1150 63.084 0.0808 1200 67,129 ’0,0809 1250 71,177 0,0810 1280 (= X3) = X _E ' 73606 _E = Y " 0,0810

Table 9

Straightening band (Fig. 15 to 18)

Position of roller axes x, ”mm Yi ”mm a) on the inside of the ingot Straightening roller 98 0 50 Support roller 109 527.02 66.82 Support roller 110 706.43 78.67 Straightening roller 99 1275,96 123.44 Xi ¹ mm ÝŤ mm

b) on the outside of the ingot

Bending roller 100 544.89 —232.64 Bending roller 101 727.83 —220.56

FIG. 19 is a schematic drawing of the bending apparatus of FIGS. apparatus of FIGS. 15 and 16, which are arranged in the device ¹ for continuous casting, and the bending device and the straightening device is ·. {placed circularly. , ingot arc guidance, which. has. an external radius of curvature R, equal to 8000 mm and an internal radius of curvature R, _and equal to 7800 mm,. where the ingot thickness. d is 300 m and has a center of curvature M. Fig. 19 shows the position of the coordinate system. The x, y coordinate system with axes 59, 53 has its start at the outside of the ingot at the start of the bending zone at the touch point 47 '. The coordinate system x, y with J axes 103, 102 has its own. beginning on the inside of the ingot at the touch point 98 'at the beginning of the straightening zone. . In the bending band. se. packs the inside of the ingot; • the outer band is packed in the straightening zone. ingot side.

Another computational variable for casting machine construction. 19, wherein the ingot of FIG. vertically. gradually transforms into horizontal,. ie it is bent and. subsequently equal, the angle ak. Angle. «K can be calculated in relation

Equation 21 «k = 90 ° -« 48 - «99

The angles 48 48 and 9999 of the inclination between perpendiculars are taken from Figs. 5 and 16. This is the angle «48 of the inclination of the perpendicular 58 at the end of the bending device from the horizontal, i.e. the y-53 axis. a device to a vertical which coincides with the angle between the normal 104 and the y-axis, designated as perpendicular 102.

According to the invention, when bending a liquid-core ingot with a solidified crust, the elongation induced is not more than 0.0025%. . mim ^-1 and straightening, where the surface layer of the ingot solidified thicker and colder, no> may change elongation exceed 0.0030%.

. 'miih'1. Further, the length of transition curve _E X ingot or bending length X _E ingot straightening transition curve, measured in each case in the 5 direction of the x-axis, according to the invention makes 1/7 to 1/5 from the radius R or radius _R of the circular arc.

According to the invention, it is preferred that the angle of inclination θ, θ 148 between perpendiculars 26 and 35 and perpendiculars 53 and 58 at the end of the bending zone at the transition point 20 ', 48' to the circular arc is 3 to 10 °, preferably 5 to 7 °. The same applies to the angle «99 between the perpendicular 102 and 104 at the transition point 99 'from the straightening zone. into the horizontal.

The advantage of guiding the ingot in the continuous casting plant is that all the supporting and bending forces. inside how. bending mechanism, so. The straightening devices are transferred to the ingot by preferably non-driven rollers. For setting different ingot thickness d. serve rollers parallel to the ingot surface 1, which are arranged on the inside of the ingot in the perpendicular direction to the bending forces points inside the bending device and in the perpendicular direction to the bearing forces points inside the straightening device.

The likelihood of cracks due to the dynamic change of the ingot shape in the device according to the invention is reduced to a minimum, particularly in the devices. for fast casting with output over 1.5 t / min.

As is evident from the curves. on the attached. diagrams, ingot stretching, on the outside of the ingot at. bending and on the inside of the ingot during straightening, according to a curve that rises from zero. value to the set maximum value and then decreases again to zero at the end of the bending or straightening band. There are no step or uneven spots where all the known devices in which the ingot is stressed in the range are characterized. very small areas causing cracks inside or on the surface. ingot. By arranging the bending and straightening rollers according to the invention on transition curves which differ substantially from the known curves, an ingot with a very thin and delicate bark can be bent in a relatively short band or even straightened and hence the installation height of the device for. continuous casting can be very low.

The ingot line according to the invention can also be used exclusively for straightening. the ingot, if a circular arcuate mold is used for continuous casting from which the bent protrudes and then cooled and fed to the horizontal. The ingot guiding according to the invention can also be used for guiding a completely solidified ingot, except for continuous casting, and can be used not only for ingots but also for plates, profile products, rails. and billets of ferrous and non - ferrous metals.

Claims (4)

1. Guide the ingot in a continuous steel casting machine with support, guide, bending or straightening rollers of an ingot which still contains a liquid core, the bending rollers being arranged along the transition curve from the swath to the circular arc and the straightening rollers are along the transition curves from a circular arc to a horizontal, characterized in that, in the bending zone or in the straightening zone (24, 25; 54, 55; 111, 112), next to the support rollers (4, 5, 6, 8); 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, · 18, 20, 21, 47, 48; · 107, 108, · · 109, 110, 122) at least four compressive forces transmitted by bending rollers or straightening rollers (7, 9, 13, 17, 19; 49, 50; .98, 99, 100, 101), two support rollers (4, 20; 47, 48) on the outside of the ingot; and at least two bending rollers (7, 9, 13, 17, 19; 49, 50) per inner. the at least two straightening rollers (98, 99) on the inside of the ingot and the at least two straightening rollers (100, 101) on the outside of the ingot in the straightening zone are so set that the bending rollers or straightening rollers caused by a change in ingot elongation in at least one of the two bands first having a rising curve from zero until it reaches a maximum of 0.0025% / mm at the maximum bending and a maximum of 0.0030 % / mm when the ingot is aligned and then again has a decreasing non-step to zero, 2. Leading ingot according to claim 1 · · ¹ characterized in that the length (X _E) of the transition curve bending ingot or length · (X _E 'j' transition curve straightening ingot makes up 1/7 · 1/5 · radius the curvature (R _E ) or radius (Ra) of the circular arc. 3. The ingot guide according to claim 1, characterized in that the angle of inclination (αΚ, «ω; · 'steel' between perpendiculars (26, 35; 53, 58; '102, 104) at the beginning and at the end of the transition zone is 3 to 10 °. The ingot line according to claim 1, characterized in that two bending rollers (47, 48) on the outside of the ingot (1) and two bending rollers (49, 50) on the inside are in the bending zone. · ·· (, 1) and, these four rollers (47, 48, 49, 50) are set so that their axes (47 ”, 48”, 49 ”, 50”) form the trapezoidal vertices.