CN87100890A - Conduction heating subterranean oil shale is to give its permeability and to recover the oil subsequently - Google Patents
Conduction heating subterranean oil shale is to give its permeability and to recover the oil subsequently Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Use the present invention and can constantly handle extraction shale oil in the interval from subterranean oil shale, processing interval wherein is impermeable at first basically, and has specific oil shale grade and thickness.Said processing interval conducts heating from well inside, the well internal temperature is higher than about 600 ℃, and its firing rate can make the kerogen pyrolysis product that forms in the oil shale press off and flow through horizontal fracture, and makes the horizontal fracture expansion enter the liquid producing well that is in ad-hoc location then.
Description
The present invention relates to utilize the method for conduction heat driven technology recover petroleum from subterranean oil shale.More particularly, the present invention relates to utilize the method for conduction heating to handle quite thick and the method for complete impervious subterranean oil shale basically, conduction heating wherein can cause permeable belt producing oil shale petroleum hydrocarbon subsequently again at the selected interval of oil shale.
In Sweden, F.Ljungstroem has invented the permeability that helps of recovering the oil and has conducted heat driven technology from subterranean oil shale.This method of invention was used industrial on a small scale at the fifties before 40 years.This method was carried out explanation in following document: Swedish patent numbers 121,737,123,136,123,137,123,138,125,712 and 126,674; U.S. Patent number 2,732,195 and magazine on article, as: " the Ljujngstroem method pyrolysis of underground shale oil ", IV A rolls up 24(1953) the 3rd phase, the 118th to 123 page and " electricity be situated between the net energy of heating oil shale reclaim " on the spot, 11, the 311 to 330 pages of oil shale discussion collections of thesis (1978).Above-mentioned Sweden process is to finish heat injection well and liquid producing well in the permeability oil shale formation of near surface, makes spacing between the well less than 3 meters.The heat injection well is equipped with the heating element of electrical heating or other type, around these elements a large amount of materials is arranged, and as sand or cement, the mode of its arrangement can will be passed to oil shale, can prevent the inflow or the outflow of fluid simultaneously again.The oil shale of design and test Sweden process, its permeance property has reached such degree, promptly owing to phreatic continuous inflow, must continuously draw water, to avoid evaporating the energy consumption that this underground water is brought.
With regard to impermeable fully basically, quite dark and quite thick oil shale deposit layer, as the oil shale deposit layer in U.S. Piceance basin, it is believed that in the past, according to previous saying and understanding, the possibility of utilizing the conduction heating process to recover the oil is considered and can't be realized from economic angle.For example, in above-mentioned oil shale discussion, the feature of Ljungst.roem method is expressed as follows: this method " ... tubular electrical heating element is embedded in the high-grade oil shale deposit layer, thus successfully extraction shale oil.This method is by means of ordinary hot diffusion heating oil shale, and this needs very big temperature gradient certainly, therefore adds thermoae inhomogeneous; Need the time several months intact big or small oil shale interval of cubicle that resembles of destructive distillation fully.And, owing to having wasted a large amount of heat energy to the oil shale underheat beyond the destructive distillation band periphery and to the transition heating of the oil shale of close thermal source.When handling western oil shale, the back one problem particular importance that seems, because the heat energy of overheated zone, because more than 600 ℃ the endothermic reaction takes place about, and can not all obtain reclaiming by spreading." (313 pages)
In impermeable and quite thick basically subterranean oil shale stratum, the permeable belt that causes and keep a pyrolysis product to pass through has become a serious problem.United States Patent (USP) 3,468,376(the 1st and the 2nd hurdle) report: " mechanism that heat was passed oil shale has two kinds.Heat passed solid matter in the oil shale by conduction.Heat also passed solid matter in the oil shale by convection action.Conducting heat by conduction is slow process.The evenly heat conductivity of oil shale and evenly heat diffusivity and firebrick are roughly suitable.The permeability of solid oil shale matrix is extremely low, resembles very much unglazed ceramic products.Therefore, convection heat transfer' heat-transfer by convection only limits to utilize fluid in the duct that is communicated with oil shale to flow to heat.These runners can be the cracks of natural and artificial generation.During heating, on flow path wall, form the oil shale layer of one deck pyrolysis.The oil shale layer of this layer pyrolysis is the different inorganic mineral matrix of carbon content.It is for from the hot-fluid that adds hot fluid in the runner being an interlayer that constantly enlarges." this patent relates to the oil shale-pyrolyzation fluid that will heat and cycle through runner, adds abrasive grains simultaneously to wash away the method for the pyrolysis oil rammell that is forming on the flow path wall in circulation of fluid.
Though the pyroconductivity of many subterranean oil shales is in fact very similar with firebrick to unglazed ceramic products with thermal diffusivity, but United States Patent (USP) 3,237,689 point out, allow and carry out interchange of heat between oil shale and the nuclear reactor cooling fluid and just can make " heat front is expanded rapidly " (the 3rd hurdle, the 7th row), this patent has also illustrated the work system of using this class reactor that is positioned at the face of land or oil shale deposit layer.
United States Patent (USP) 3,284,281 point out (the 1st hurdle, 3-21 is capable), " people attempted ining all sorts of ways as ... be heated by resistive device ... the heating oil shale to be therefrom recovering the oil, but almost do not obtain what success ....With the oil shale pressure break, with the heating of combustion (of oil) insitu method or alternate manner, also almost do not obtain what success again before the heating, because oil shale expands when being heated, the result makes the crack partly or closed fully.This patent has also been described a kind of heating process method, its operating sequence is: heating oil shale (thereby and make its expansion), inject fluid, the oil shale that has expanded with fracturing then, repeat these steps afterwards again, enter oil-producing well until thermally-stabilised fracture propagation.
United States Patent (USP) 3,455,383 have described the gathering in the horizontal fracture that the exhausted oil shale fragment of part supports in runner as by the runner fluid pressure.This patent discloses, if with runner jacking height, so that keep circulation on so exhausted oil shale layer, its superstratum just must be bent so, and if do not have preventive action, such bending can develop gradually until making fracture extension to the face of land.This patent proposes intermittence and reduces such as the fluid pressure in the crack, thereby allows the weight crushing of overlying rock and the process of the exhausted oil shale of compacting.
In the impermeable basically and quite thick oil shale deposit layer of a large portion, in the sedimentary deposit as the Piceance basin, the bauxite resource of the preciousness that exists with the dawsonite form is arranged.United States Patent (USP) 3,389,975 propose that from oil shale deposit layer exploitation come out and the method for the aluminium of gathering in the oil shale of destructive distillation.Point out that wherein dawsonite changes into the crystallization sodium aluminate under about 1300 and anhydrous basically condition.Anhydrous destructive distillation operation like this can make the dolomite in the oil shale decompose and produce carbon dioxide, calcite and magnesia, thereby make the part silica bound in magnesia and the oil shale, the mode of its combination allows to obtain higher aluminium yield by leach extraction method.United States Patent (USP) 3,502,372 propose to utilize the solution mining method dawsonite of gathering, wherein point out, when pyrolysis is subjected to influencing of water-based fluid such as steam or underground combustion product, must carry out at low temperatures and relatively slowly, to avoid that dawsonite and other soluble aluminium compound are changed into undissolved analcime.At United States Patent (USP) 3,572, in 838, similar C.T pyrolysis down with inject the water-based alkaline fluid that contains non-solubility in acid chelating agent and hocket, help the lixiviate dawsonite, the while can not form this class insoluble matter again.
The present invention relates to conduct the process of descending oil shale layer heatedly, its mode of heating is applicable to from being to recover the oil impervious subterranean oil shale originally basically.According to the present invention, that part of oil shale deposit layer that desire is handled is to select with the variation of the degree of depth according to its composition and constitutive property thereof, thereby make it have interactional characteristic, and its mode of action can be brought up to the uniformity of heat front such degree, i.e. the level of the price of the oil of costs constraints extraction being lower than of the time that is consumed recovering the oil and the energy.Handle interval and be based on that the grade of that part of oil shale that desire handles and thickness selects, and its enhancing efficient that can provide is enough to reach and reduces because thermal energy that reaction consumes and the oil mass that improves institute's extraction from given grade oil shale are paid in heat release.
According to the present invention, in handling interval, subterranean oil shale finishes Liang Koujing at least, this processing layer section is impervious basically, wherein contain immobilising basically water, and its thickness is at least about 30m, can be with the fluid under the operation pressure, at least be that most of fluid is limited in the processing interval, and the average grade represented of the grade of its oil shale and the thickness gallonage with the oily aerating equivalent of oil shale per ton that can make that Fischer Assay method measures is at least approximately 10, and grade is at least about 900 with product with the oil shale thickness of rice calculating.
Subterranean oil shale may comprise the part that in general is suitable for as handling interval (as mentioned above); this part oil shale is the tool permeability owing to having disconnected basically dry and/or weak aspect; and oil production pattern boundary vicinity and/or near potential enlivening the water body; in such area, the inventive method and the oil production pattern boundary vicinity and or oil-producing well and water body between " protection well " combine that to carry out operation may be favourable.These protection wells will extend through the vertical depth of handling interval at least basically; and near the rock stratum initial stage it heats with conduction of heat; its mode of heating is similar to mode used in the heat injection well, and just the temperature of these protection well heating can not make the organic principle vaporization in most of oil shale and be enough to cause that significant thermal expansion takes place the rock matrix of oil shale deposit layer.
In some cases, may in most of at least shale oil extraction activities, keep the temperature of lower like this heated protective well.In other cases, initial with lower temperature heated protective well after, for the well pattern that conduction of heat is recovered the oil expands, again with roughly to be equivalent to be the temperature heated protective well selected of heat injection well, may be very favourable.
As for the grade of desiring handling oil shale part, " average grade of being measured by Fischer Assay method of representing with gallonage per ton " refers to: this mensuration is exactly or is equivalent to basically by the mensuration of carrying out described in the ASTM standard test method D3904-80.The sampling of broken original oil-generating shale is carried out with the cell separation method.In the cast aluminium alloy gas retort, original oil-generating shale is heated to 500 ℃ from room temperature, the total amount of definite oily aerating equivalent that from oil shale, obtains.The steam cooling that will steam from sample is also collected condensate fraction.The profit cut is separated, measured the volume (being converted into weight equivalent) of water, and from oil adds the weight of water, deduct.Calculate the not weight of condensible gas (gas adds loss amount) with differential technique then.Grade in " grade and the oil shale thickness that calculates with rice " long-pending is that the oil in gallon adds hydrocarbon gas equivalent, and it is equivalent to heat the gross weight that the oil that is produced adds the hydrocarbon gas.
Each well is finished in handling interval, and the layout of well provides a bite heat injection well and a bite oil-producing well at least, their well pass substantially parallelly the entire process interval and equidistant basically separately, spacing is at least about 6m.In passing each mouthful heat injection well of entire process interval basically, envelope has solid material and/or cement on the well perimeter surface of oil shale layer, and these material heat conductivities are fairly good and be impermeable fluid basically.In passing each oil-producing well of entire process interval basically, be fluid communication between well and the oil shale layer, and the layout of well is convenient to fluid recovered from the oil shale interval.At least be in most processing interval, with the inner heating of each mouthful heat injection well, the speed of its heating can (a) be brought up to about at least 600 ℃ with the well temperature inside, and (b) the well temperature inside is maintained about at least 600 ℃, the speed that just produces heat in the well is substantially equal to the speed that the oil shale layer pyroconductivity is allowed, and is too high and damage the equipment of well inside with regard to not making well temperature.
In the preferred embodiment of the inventive method, the material on Seal Oil shale surface is the bottom sleeve of a sealing in the well of a bite heat injection well at least, the while grout injection, make cement paste fill up basically between inner each the outermost metal part of well and the adjacent oil shale layer surface have living space, the pyroconductivity of this cement is roughly suitable with the pyroconductivity of oil shale at least.
Composition and character to the sedimentary deposit of oil shale are calculated with the situation of change of the degree of depth, and according to the pyroconductivity of oil shale deposit layer situation of change with the degree of depth, by particularly preferred program the heat injection well is heated, thus with the adjoining degree of depth of the lower oil shale deposit layer each several part of pyroconductivity on reach relative higher temperature.In addition, perhaps as a kind of selection way, be the diverse location in well, make the expansion of part well and the heat-conducting metal element is stretched out near the wall of well enlarged from well inside, thereby increase the effective radius of a bite heat injection well at least.
It is valuable that the inventive method is used in the processing interval of the oil shale that contains other important mineral such as dawsonite and/or nahcolite.In this case, the inventive method is to handle interval with interior and be to cause permeable belt with interior in selected place on the border of oil production pattern basically.The permeable belt that is caused is exactly can be by the gather exploitation band of described other mineral of solution mining method.
In general, the present invention can be used for nearly all subterranean oil shale sedimentary deposit that comprises impervious basically oil shale interval, such oil shale layer section is substantially free of flowable water, thickness is greater than 30m, and have the average grade of sufficiently high gallonage per ton (Fischer Assay method) expression, make the product of grade and thickness reach about 900 or higher.The average grade of heating interval should be higher than 10 gallons per ton approximately (Fischer Assay methods).Under these conditions, if other condition such as the degree of depth remain unchanged, then the product of grade and thickness is high more, unreasonablely thinks.
Explain the present invention in more detail hereinafter with reference to accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the relative yield (RR) of producing the equipment of shale oil (with the nineteen eighty-two calculation of price) and operation investment (nineteen eighty-two dollar) with the inventive method and the oil shale grade-thickness product (function relation curve of G * TH).
Fig. 2 is for observing the heating power section curve of well, wherein each temperature value be in observing well different depth (D) with record in the different time.
Fig. 3 is the radially heating power section relation curve at different heating middle part, heating tape after the time.
Fig. 4 is parallel to and perpendicular to the pyroconductivity and the functional relationship of temperature curve of oil shale aspect.
Fig. 5 is that the subterranean oil shale heating part is inner and it is with the Fischer Assay method productive rate on top and the relation curve of the degree of depth.
Fig. 6 is interior temperature profile curve level and vertical of subterranean oil shale layer with Fig. 7.
Fig. 8 is applicable to the part schematic diagram of implementing completion system of the present invention.
According to the knowledge of the applicant, the most close method formerly comprises above-mentioned Sweden's method.Sweden's method is that design is used for permeable oil shale layer, is therein to allow fluid flow through permeable oil shale layer improve by the heat injection well to the heat transfer rate of liquid producing well.In this oil shale, in case (as underground water and/or the kerogen pyrolysis product) heating of a part of fluid also is subjected to hot pressing function, make the volume of its volume greater than the farther place same fluid, increased pressure and volume leave the heat injection well with regard to the fluid that begins to drive heating.This has just formed convection heat transfer' heat-transfer by convection, and makes the speed of heat transfer be far longer than the heat transfer rate that all the components all can not flow and impervious oil shale layer conduction of heat is allowed.Because like this heat transfer will make fluid resemble as described above to flow, and well distance at interval has been found that less than 2.7m above-mentioned Sweden method is worthless from seeing economically, and its application stops.
Pointed as above-mentioned relevant patent of recovering the oil from impervious oil shale deposit layer basically, the formation of fluid permeability channel and maintenance are extremely difficult and very expensive between heat injection well and the oil-producing well.Think in view of the above, can not look to the handlebar conduction to be applied to the possibility of impermeable oil shale layer.Practice shows that the conduction heating is too slow, and efficient is too low, and is impracticable economically, even also be like this in the permeable oil shale that carries out part producing.The inventor of above-mentioned Sweden method seems that identical view is also arranged.He thinks the band or the runner that need be pre-existing in infiltration, and by United States Patent (USP) 2,780,450 are illustrated for this.When how the method for pyrolysis oil shale of the previous site trial of explanation just can be applicable to the material of impermeable fluid such as Athabasca Tar sands, Ljungstroem points out, heating and pyrolysis should be carried out in a part of so impervious oil shale layer on the spot, this part oil shale layer in vertical direction with the crack adjacency of connected well, perhaps with the fluid product that has different geological characteristics and can make heating or the pyrolysis stratum adjacency of seepage flow therein.
Different with these previous sayings with viewpoint, when the applicant finds that the conduction of this manual explanation is used for impervious basically subterranean oil shale, be desirable economically.This is not to be conspicuous, consider that particularly the used inter-well distance of the inventive method is far longer than the used inter-well distance of above-mentioned Sweden method, and the inventive method is that the heat injection well is heated at least about 600 ℃ (though said and be easy to cause under 600 ℃ because of the worthless economically endothermic reaction of heat waste; Referring to above-mentioned oil shale discussion collection of thesis).
By experimentize the chamber and the experimental test scene and mathematical simulation for the inventive method, the applicant finds when determining well spacing by this manual is described for each well, when completion and operation on the spot, the zone that the endothermic reaction consumes heat energy is less than 1% of heating surface (area) (HS, and the heat energy of loss by this way is inappreciable.The applicant has measured the conduction firing rate of impervious oil shale layer basically and has determined that pyrolysis kerogen and heating power add the pressure energy thermal decomposition product and is able to pressure and the infiltration crack required heat of thermodynamic-driven thermal decomposition product by setting up like this with dark oil shale pressure break.
The data that obtain with the such measurement in laboratory once were used for calculating in mathematical simulation at the scene needs electric weight, economic benefit, the time that begins to produce, engineering construction duration and total output etc.Mathematical simulation can be the shutting away with breadboard data of scene mutually, thereby and show the numbers of poles of above-mentioned each parameter when implementing in full this method.These calculating show, the defined method of this manual by the applicant know unique can be more economically quite low as Fischer Assay method measured value only is the method for production shale oil 15 gallons or the lower oil shale layer per ton from grade.This can improve 5 times with the petroleum reserves of most of oil shale layer.In addition, from underground mining and oil shale modification method for destructive distillation on the spot, the inventive method not be owing to need and provide at the pillar between each mining band and intermediate interlayer and handled the way of all very thick oil shale intervals basically, thereby improved obtainable stock number greatly.
The inventive method can be used for effectively such as the quite high oil shale layer of mineral concentration such as dawsonite or nahcolite.In such oil shale layer, the inventive method can provide the permeable belt of these mineral matters of can therefrom gathering.In addition, the inventive method can change into dawsonite water miscible aluminium compound (may become ρ-alumina form) especially effectively, thus be suitable for (no matter be from chemical terms see or from physical angle) extraction of solution mining technology to be to produce the base stock of aluminium-a kind of U.S. short supply.Compare with each previous method, the inventive method does not need water basically, and the soil of damage is minimum, and the environment pollution that technological operation brings is the lightest.
Fig. 1 carries out mathematical simulation equipment that draws and the relative yield of operating investment (nineteen eighty-two dollar) for utilizing scene and laboratory tests data to the inventive method The field.
A series of heat injection well and producing well under the 120m topsoil, have been bored in the thick 48m oil shale layer.The average oil grade of determining with Fischer Assay method in the interval is 20 gallons per ton.
Well pattern arranges on regular heptagonal each angle of a bite center producing well a bite heat injection well is being arranged by 7 methods.Well spacing between producing well and the heat injection well is 22.5m.This well pattern is to repeat to arrange in producing well mode of all shared heat injection well on each orientation, and lasts till the well pattern of the whole oil filed scope of the big gauging of formation energy extraction always.In bigger oil field, the ratio of heat injection well and producing well is near 2 to 1.Among the embodiment 1 between the effective on-stream period of engineering total oil production of every day be 25,000 barrels.
Heat injection well electric heater is cemented in the oil shale layer and with ground power supply with cement and is communicated with.The oil field that standard is housed in the producing well with oil well pump so that the oil of output is evacuated to ground.Electric power heat injection speed is every day 3.23 * 10
6British thermal unit/well, the temperature of heat injection well reach 750 ℃.The final temperature of producing well reaches 300 ℃ behind the operation 33-34.The average oil production of every mouthful of well is 5-6 bucket/sky during this period of time, and average effective producing well number is about 4000 to 5000 mouthfuls.Heat consumption is 1.1 * 10
6British thermal unit/bucket fluid oil output.
The gaseous products of collecting in the producing well can be used for on-site generated power or makes other purposes.The oil phase oil of extraction is better than the shale oil that conventional destructive distillation goes out like this.Illustrate with " EX.1 " graticule among Fig. 1 and can expect the relative yield that obtains under embodiment 1 situation.
Under the 300m topsoil, set up a series of heat injection well and producing well in the oil shale layer of thick 225m.Average grade with the definite oil shale interval of Fischer Assay method is 26 gallons per ton.
Described identical with embodiment 1, well pattern arranges that by 7 methods just the distance between well is 13.5m, rather than 22.5m.Total output between the effective on-stream period of engineering is 25,000 barrels/day.The ratio of heat injection well and producing well is still near 2 to 1.Heater is described similar to embodiment 1 with production equipment in the well.Electric power heat injection speed is every day 10.55 * 10
6British thermal unit/well.Heat injection well temperature reaches 750 ℃, and the final temperature of producing well after producing 9-10 reaches 300 ℃.Average product during this is every mouthful of well 42-43 bucket/sky, and flat effective producing well number is about 600 mouthfuls.Heat consumption is 5.6 * 10
5The fluid oil of British thermal unit/bucket extraction.
With embodiment 1, gaseous products is used for on-site generated power or makes other purposes, and fluid oil is at the shale innage that goes out than conventional destructive distillation qualitatively.Illustrate with " EX.2 " graticule among Fig. 1 and can expect the relative yield that obtains.
Table 1 is listed the oil shale grade that generally is applicable to the inventive method, the combined situation of thickness and grade-thickness product.In Fig. 1, consider from relative dollar return angle, (P.R.) and " special preferable range (E.P.R.) shows the relative position of these grade-thickness product with graticule " preferable range ".
Table 1
Grade (Gallons Per Ton) thickness (m) grade * thickness
30 30 900
20 45 900
10 90 900
More satisfactory grade thickness embodiment is as follows:
Grade (Gallons Per Ton) thickness (m) grade * thickness
30 150 4500
25 60 1500
20 300 6000
15 600 9000
10 225 2250
In general, the grade thickness product is the bigger the better, and practical application only is subjected to heating the restriction that desire is handled the ability of interval.
Field trial is measured
Test is to carry out in the appearing of typical impervious basically and quite thick oil shale layer.Bored 13 wells in 6 to 12m depth boundses, these wells are arranged in the heat injection well, observe the well pattern of well and liquid producing well formation, and the well spacing is about 0.6m, so that obtain data fast.Heat injection speed is every meter about 1000 watts in 5 days.Heat injection well temperature reaches after 450 ℃, has carried out one day pull-down test.
Shown the heating power section curve of observing in the well as the vertical direction of the function of time among Fig. 2.Experimental data on the figure accords with the mathematical solution of finite length line source ambient temperature distribution in the medium of cal/cm-sec-℃ of explanation 3.25m cal/cm-sec-℃ of pyroconductivity (being parallel to bed plane) and pyroconductivity (perpendicular to bed plane) 3.25m.Used specific heat capacity is that the heat of institute's coring passes to rate, thermal diffusivity and average external volume density calculation and comes out during the drilling well in the calculating.The thermophysical property of the oil shale of testing shows table 2.
Table 2
9.8 ℃ of initial reservoir temperatures
Fischer Assay method measured value 20 Gallons Per Tons
Bulk density: 2.20gm/cm
3
Thermal diffusivity: 6.6 * 10
-3Cm
2/ sec
Specific heat coefficient: 0.224cal/gm. ℃
Fig. 3 shows the radial temperature section curve that in the different heating time (t) middle part, heating tape is calculated.When 140.5 hours elevated temperature tests finished, heated well and the average formation temperature of observing between well were 120 ℃.
Among Fig. 4 to about being parallel to and comparing perpendicular to the pyroconductivity laboratory test value of oil shale layer bed plane and field test data function as temperature.The mensuration that laboratory heat passes to rate is with observing carrying out in abutting connection with sample of well core, and in used core, a part is parallel to bed plane to be chosen, and another part is perpendicular to that bed plane chooses.Inflated with nitrogen is to eliminate oxidation reaction in the operation.In vertical direction sample is limited, but but sample free wxpansion diametrically, sample is heated to after 800 ℃, expanded radially average out to 1.45%.As shown in the figure, the laboratory test value is coincide fine with the value that is calculated by field test data.Test shows, pyroconductivity is lower on perpendicular to the direction of bed plane, because the conductivity of kerogen layer is lower than dolomite matrix.When temperature was lower than 100 ℃, viewed as field trial, pyroconductivity was isotropic basically.But when kerogen was eliminated (between 300 to 400 ℃) and gas and begins to occupy interlayer space, this conductivity had just become anisotropy day by day.In the time of more than 700 ℃, parallel conductivity and vertical conduction rate are all decomposed because of dolomite and generation silica sharply descends.
When descending oil shale layer heatedly, oil shale constantly expands with the rising of temperature.When the oil shale temperature reaches kerogen pyrolysis temperature (for example, from about 275-325 ℃), can produce additional expansion force.Kerogen converts fluid to, occupies the volume bigger than kerogen, and temperature continuous pressurized of these fluids when raising.When more fluid forms and has more fluid to be heated, will form the crack that waterpower causes in the oil shale layer.
The crack that is caused by waterpower in the subsurface formations is along forming perpendicular to minimum one plane in three compressive stress (i.e. a vertical compressive stress and two orthogonal horizontal compressive stress) that all exist in the where sub-surface in office.But, tend to vertical place at hydraulic fracture, can add the wall of hot fluid by injection with the heating vertical fracture, it is closed to expand until vertical fracture, then, improves the fluid injection pressure to the pressure greater than overlying strata, just can form horizontal fracture.Inject the fluid of heating and supercharging to reach these class methods that are subjected to the thermosetting horizontal fracture, at patent documentation such as above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 3,284,281 from the outside; C.S.Matthews all has explanation in the United States Patent (USP) 3,455,391 of P.Vanmeurs and C.W.Volek and the United States Patent (USP) 3,613,785 of P.J.Closmann.
The applicant has now found that, when the impervious basically subterranean oil shale with the combination of described grade of this manual and thickness conducts heating by this manual is described, can set up permeable belt between each well in oil shale.Although the present invention is not a precondition with any specific mechanism, in such processing procedure, the dynamic change of the oil shale that is heated is with to stand the above-mentioned type activities similar with the dynamic change that is subjected to the thermosetting horizontal fracture.Such dynamic change once was unpredictable, because the inventive method is not injected any fluid in operating process.It seems when the inventive method in impervious oil shale during operation, produce on the spot every now and then and displacement is heated and is subjected to the fluid of high pressure, and reached in proper order by each oil shale part (when these parts are subjected to conduction and heat) and continue to expand the degree that causes the crack with along continuous straight runs.It seems that the heating tape be to carry out quite uniform, expansion level and radially with the speed that the oil shale pyroconductivity is limited.Reach in each heating tape of kerogen pyrolysis temperature in order, fluid forms immediately, is heated and pressurized, thereby makes any crack of the perpendicular that forms in the heating tape all be transformed into horizontal fracture subsequently.
The test that the applicant carries out shows, all basically oil shale fluid thermal hydrolysis products all tend to be retained in it and form near place or its, until they by displacement by till in the inflow of substantially horizontal crack and the liquid producing well that the heat injection well is connected.In addition, the initial cracking pressure of horizontal fracture inner fluid has reduced when these fluid expansions, and is cooled down when they move apart the hottest part of heating tape.
So, the inventive method it seems that being is to bring out kerogen pyrolysis temperature Tape movement outside horizontal fracture or the local pressure break band that becomes horizontal fracture at once to pass through oil shale in adjacent crack.Each heating and pressure break band it seems be with basically uniformly, expansion level and radially passes through oil shale, reaching up to the pressure break band can be till wherein the place of extraction oil shale pyrolysis product (as the well of producing well).
In addition, the applicant finds that also at least in the less place of overlying strata pressure ratio, the permeable belt of setting up between adjacent well still remains with very high permeability after the oil shale layer cooling.Therefore, even the overlying strata pressure ratio is higher, uses the inventive method and also can form the interwell communication band, permeability wherein partly or entirely just can keep the dried up recovery of putting down or be easy to by injecting fluid after the heat consumption.And the speed of control oil-producing well extraction fluid just can be controlled above-mentioned infiltrative level and layer position.
Measuring the data of trying to achieve in the field trial of above-mentioned form comprises: the pyroconductivity of oil shale layer, the oil shale of determining with the analysis of Fischer method before and after the heating respectively heats the oil recoverable at interval different depth place, thermal decomposition product amount of extraction or the like.Although there is not connectedness during on-test between heat injection well and oil-producing well, at the end show in heat injection test to have formed the permeability passage.Conventional engineering calculation result shows that above-mentioned notion is applicable to test gained result.
Fig. 5 is the productive rate of the field trial target zone measured of Fischer Assay method and the function relation curve of depth D.The heating interval is 4.2 to 6m.Solid line is represented the productive rate before the heat treated, and dotted line represents to finish destructive distillation productive rate afterwards.Productive rate beyond in the heating tape before and after the heating is identical basically.Use before the heating and be used in beyond about 15cm the core of taking-up after the core that takes out from the well pattern center and the heating and measure.The variation that occurs in these productive rates is all in the mensuration accuracy standard scope of these values.
In the thermal treatment zone, average 20 Gallons Per Tons of the productive rate that Fischer Assay method records before test drop to 2 Gallons Per Tons that are lower than after the heat injection.Therefore, the dry distillation efficiency in the heat treated band is greater than 90% of Fischer Assay method measured value.
Oil production pattern and recovery percent of reserves conclusive evidence almost do not have oil to lose by vertical fracture in whole oil-yielding stratum scope.In addition, the uniformity of dry distillation efficiency also shows in the heating tape, and heat front is uniform basically in most of zone of heating segment limit.
The uniformity of heat front is more obvious in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.Two figure represent the level and the Vertical Temperature section curve that calculate with a series of vertical heat injection wells in the five-spot quadrangle well pattern.What adopt in the calculating is four-hole heat injection well and a bite center oil-producing well (not shown, but be arranged in the center of each heater of figure).Each heater is assumed to be long 24m, and heats with the speed of 814W/m.
Section among Fig. 6 (curve that temperature changes with the distance from the heat injection well) is along the horizontal line section I that extends through the mid point of quadrangle diagonal angle upper heater
1I
3Calculate.Fig. 7 is along the vertical line segment I on the axis of symmetry of well pattern
5I
6The similar section that calculates.
The calculating of carrying out shows like this, when the well pattern central temperature reaches pyrolysis temperature (275-325 ℃), and all the transforming more than 87% of its volume, and 14% the conversion volume of only having an appointment has been heated to more than 325 ℃.And calculate and also to show, turn off before as 325 ℃ or close small power supply if reach target temperature at the center, then heat front tends towards stability, and still the well pattern center can be heated to pyrolysis temperature, also can reduce the temperature rising trend of heater simultaneously.Such work pattern guarantees that the heating volume less than 10% is heated to 325 ℃, thereby and improves the thermal efficiency of this process.
From above-mentioned result of the test and the calculating carried out with these results, opposite with previous saying and viewpoint, the initial impenetrability of oil shale deposit layer can be used as advantage and is used, initial impenetrability can be limited to fluid and crack within the well pattern, because up to producing the horizontal fracture net and become and do not have permeability before permeable through heat injection in the area between heat injection well and liquid producing well.
In the methods of the invention, the speed of conducting heat to the oil shale deposit layer is subjected to heat injection well and the influence of temperature gradient between the stratum on every side to a great extent.In preferred embodiments, to the mensuration that the composition and the characteristic of oil shale deposit layer are carried out with the variation of the degree of depth, comprise the relation of pyroconductivity and the degree of depth in the stratum of measuring contiguous heat injection well.Based on the result of these mensuration, at least the temperature that reaches of a bite heat injection well heating on each lower degree of depth of adjacent stratum thermal conductivity ratio than higher.So just can make along heat injection borehole axis line even basically by the heat transfer rate on stratum.Can utilize known method of operating to improve stratum adjoining heat injection well partly the temperature lower with pyroconductivity.For example, in utilizing the well of resistance heated, can more add the additional resistive element of position arrangement of heat at needs in addition, preferably take preventive measures to avoid setting up " hypervelocity focus " simultaneously, its reason is because thereby the temperature that has raise has further improved resistance and strengthened heating, as submitting on April 6th, 1984 for example by P.Van Mears and the common sequence number of transferring the possession of of C.F.Van Eagond is to narrate in 597,764 the patent application.In well with the burning heating, can be more in these positions arrangements, or bigger, or the stronger combustion elements of burning.
Use analytical methods such as known well logging, oil reservoir sampling, can suitably measure the variation of the composition of the mineral of oil shale deposit layer and/or organic component and character and these character with the degree of depth.Can utilize geophysics or geochemistry data or laboratory or core analysis data or the like of previous mensuration when measuring.For example, adjacent stratum pyroconductivity can be determined according to the kind and the quantity calculating of existing material, and/or determine by calculating such as pyroconductivity log datas with the situation of change of the degree of depth.United States Patent (USP) 3,807,227 have illustrated and have comprised that constant output thermal source and three hygrosensors are to measure the logging tool of different depth place relatively hot conductivity profile.United States Patent (USP) 3,892,128 have illustrated and use constant output thermal source and three hygrosensors to measure setting of casing well or bore hole to obtain the method for temperature, specific heat and pyroconductivity.United States Patent (USP) 3,864,969 illustrated by heated formation a period of time, measured temperature then and dropped to the well logging apparatus of the speed of room temperature with fixed point mensuration pyroconductivity.United States Patent (USP) 3,981,187 illustrated by mensuration be subjected to thermal probe move along casing wall before and after the temperature of casing wall measure the method for the pyroconductivity of cased hole.
Just as noted, even use the Five-point method pattern that is surrounded a bite liquid producing well by four-hole heat injection well, all get involved oil shale basically can both and become permeable by destructive distillation.But, the present invention preferably be used for 7 of a series of adjacency or ten three well patterns-once these two kinds of systems any and discuss (particularly ten three well patterns), have six mouthfuls or 12 mouthfuls of heat injection wells to surround each mouthful liquid producing well, can improve dry distillation rate greatly.
Almost can and/or open a former well that pre-exists and make it and will communicate, finish the employed well of the inventive method as the subterranean oil shale layer fluid of oil shale processes interval with any method well of brill.There is not a large amount of flowable water except what illustrate previously, and have beyond the oil shale thickness and grade that illustrates previously, using interval of the present invention should be able to be limited to fluid in the processing interval at least basically, and when fluid pressure reaches the pressure of technological requirement, can not occur obvious phenomenon at least, and handling interval with the interior stratum that presses off to the superstratum seepage.Using each well finish for the inventive method should be parallel and basically to separate at least about the equidistant of 6m basically.Suitable especially separation distance is about 9 to 30m between heat injection well and oil-producing well.Suitable especially is not break away from parallel no deviated wellbore, can cause that about variation more than 20% takes place inter-well distance because break away from parallel deflection.
In the used heat injection well of the present invention, preferably heat conductivity is fairly good and be impermeable fluid basically to be used for the cement on surface, Seal Oil rammell or its materials similar.Particularly preferred cement is stable at least about 800 ℃ the time, and its pyroconductivity is quite high, and permeability is quite low, has little or no shrinkage, and easy pumping and chemical resistance of concrete performance are good or the like.The permeability of encapsulant and configuration mode should be able to provide good sealing, to prevent that occurring any tangible fluid between well inside and oil shale layer surface flows, lean on conduction thereby make by well basically fully to the heat transfer on stratum.If utilize underreamer device for example effectively to increase the diameter of heat injection well handling near part interval top edge and the lower limb, then preferably make the diameter of reaming hole part be at least about 110% of nominal borehole diameter.The concrete of calcium aluminate bonding and/or the cement that contains alumina silicate group's material (or fine grained material) are suitable for the encapsulant as this surface of stratum especially.Be suitable for cement and concrete example and be included in United States Patent (USP) as 3,379,252; 3,507,332 and 3,595, cement described in 642 and coagulation figure.
Fig. 8 illustrates and is suitable for use in the present invention and is positioned at the part that the subterranean oil shale sedimentary deposit is handled the heat injection well well of interval, and promptly well 1.Well 1 comprises expanding reach, and as expanding reach 1 and 3, this can be with formation such as conventional method such as underreamer devices during drilling well.Sleeve pipe shown in the figure 4 places in the well and without the heat conducting material such as the well cementing of cement of osmotic fluid and locatees.
At each expanding reach of well, sleeve pipe 4 is equipped with at least one heat-transfer metal element, heating conductive loop 6, and it comprises the element such as the ductile metallic members 7 of radially extending.This heat conducting material has constituted goodish channel conduction, and heat is passed on the wall of well expanding reach basically from well inside.The example of the heat-transfer metal element that is suitable for comprises 101 Bar S type centralizers that metallic walls scraping blade, turbulent flow initiation element, centralizer and similar elements maybe can be buied from Antelope Oil Tool ang Manufacturing Company as the Hammer-Lol type turbine connector that can buy from Bakerlinedivisionof Baker Oil Tools or Boltlok type turbine connector or the like.
By arrangement mode shown in Figure 8, says at least to a certain extent, can make the vertical line that crosses the quite low rock stratum of pyroconductivity to the heat front edge of conducting heat from the heat injection well more even, and need not keep higher temperature in well section in abutting connection with this rock stratum.When in well inner sustain even temperature, along the surface of stratum of well expanding reach can be heated and reach with along the essentially identical temperature of the surface of stratum of well narrow section.Because the surface of stratum in abutting connection with well has been heated to the maximum temperature in the stratum, so radially change from well from the radially abducent temperature gradient of well expanding reach.
In general, the heating of the heat injection well inside heater of available any kind is basically carried out, as available burning and/or electrical heating elements or the like.Heating element should extend and runs through entire process interval (preferably run through at least handle interval about 80%) basically.As using burning heating element, preferably gas combustion heater.The burning of burning heater and oxidant (as methane and oxygen) preferably provide with pipeline independently, and these pipelines are communicated with heat exchangers, and the combustion product with outflow in heat exchanger heats the fluid that enters.The burner housing of burning heater and fluid line preferably are contained in the sleeve pipe of the well that is surrounded by annular space, and annular space is filled with the surface of cement with Seal Oil shale.All kinds of burning heaters that generally are applicable to the inventive method at United States Patent (USP) as 2,670,802; Be illustrated in 2,780,450 and 2,902,270.
Resistance heater is suitable for heating the inside of the heat injection well in the inventive method especially and preferably uses a plurality of resistive elements.Resistive element can be contained in the inside or the outside of inner sleeve or action bars, or stretches in the well simply.When resistive element is contained in the outside of supporting member such as sleeve pipe or action bars or is not having under the situation of these supporting members, preferably these resistive elements are embedded along in the cement of handling interval Seal Oil shale.All kinds of electric heaters that generally are applicable to the inventive method at United States Patent (USP) as 2,472,445; 2,484,063; 2,670,802; Be illustrated in 2,732,195 and 2,954,826.
In different oil reservoir positions, as described in our the mother application, generally being suitable for use as each oil shale deposit layer segment of handling interval may be because the existence of intrinsic fracture and/or weak aspect but permeable.When the compression fluid that goes out from the heat injection well array enters these quite weak rock stratum, in these rock stratum quite long vertical fracture can appear.This just may make the fluid passage extend in the oil-producing well beyond opening and/or in the adjacent water body, make the water yield that enters reach the degree that is unfavorable for oil production technology.
We find now; bore " protection well " and be heated the fracture propagation that just can avoid these to occur too early in those quite weak oil shale bands in the rimland of heat injection well and liquid producing well well pattern and/or in the area between heat injection well or liquid producing well and the adjacent water body.These protection wells be used for conducting heating traverse basically whole oil shale processes interval in abutting connection with the rock stratum, the organic principle gasification that its temperature is reached neither can make in most of oil shale, and be enough to make rock that tangible thermal expansion takes place.When these rocks were heated, intrinsic fracture was kept closed, and tended to only to form the horizontal fracture of concentrating near each limit of heat injection well along by the pressure break that approaching compression fluid (from heat injection and outwards displacement) causes.If each liquid producing well is between heat injection well and the protection well basically, then the crack preferentially extends into the high pressure of fluid because the fluid that output flows into and in those wells of reducing rapidly.
Bore to meet this quite appropriateness sign of weak reservoir rocks and be in each well that has water to enter to creep into this rock.In general, the intrinsic fracture that causes the relative thin incompetent rock and/or have water to flow into, about 5% as long as its degree of porosity is not more than, carry out gentle relatively heating and just can make its closure of being heated.
Claims (11)
1, in the method for from the subterranean oil shale sedimentary deposit, recovering the oil, its step is to set up heat injection well and each a bite of liquid producing well in sedimentary deposit at least, between the sedimentary deposit of each mouthful heat injection well inside and adjacency, set up the conduction of heat barrier of impermeable fluid, heat the inside of each mouthful heat injection well then, its heating-up temperature is enough to conduct the dry cool root in the heating oil shale and makes thermal decomposition product cause the formation crack in the oil shale deposit layer, and thermal decomposition product is entered a bite producing well at least through these cracks by displacement, and inhomogeneity the improving one's methods of wherein improving the heat front that passes the oil shale deposit layer comprises:
Determine the composition of oil shale deposit layer and character situation of change with the degree of depth;
Optionally said heat injection well and liquid producing well are finished in the processing interval of oil shale, oil shale deposit layer (a) thickness wherein is at least about 30m, (b) but impermeable basically and nothing circulating water, (c) its composition and thickness should make the product of handling interior mean F ischer Assay grade of interval and thickness reach about 900, (d) thereby contain can be with the interactional composition of inhomogeneity mode of the heat front that improves heat transmission by conductivity, and the hole pattern of said each well can reach, in entire process interval at least basically, make well substantially parallel and basically to separate at least about the equidistant of 6m; And
Inner sustain one average temperature at each mouthful heat injection well, this temperature is elected as at least about 600 ℃ along said processing interval, but can be too not high and damage equipment in the well with heating power, it is fast that the speed of outwards conducting heat from well connects the speed that pyroconductivity allowed on the stratum of heated well section in the well near can be not significantly simultaneously.
2, relate to the described method of claim 1, wherein require to keep to a certain extent by the heat transfer rate of oil shale deposit layer even basically along the axis of heat injection well heated well section, the temperature to the heating of a bite heat injection well is quite high on the degree of depth of each quite low oil shale deposit layer segment of adjacency pyroconductivity at least.
3, method according to claim 1, the degree that changes of the firing rate of a bite heat injection well inside balance heat front effectively at least wherein, make heat front pass the speed that oil shale moves forward and continue, and reduce the speed that the well internal temperature raises simultaneously greatly with substantially the same speed.
4, method according to claim 1, wherein heat injection well and liquid producing well are arranged among a series of adjacent well patterns, and wherein each mouthful liquid producing well is surrounded by four-hole heat injection well at least.
5, method according to claim 4, wherein each mouthful liquid producing well is surrounded by 12 mouthfuls of heat injection wells.
6, method according to claim 1, wherein the oil shale grade product that is at least about 20 gallons and grade-thickness per ton is at least about 4500.
7, method according to claim 1 comprises the steps
In each mouthful heat injection well, fairly good and be the surface, solid material Seal Oil rammell of impermeable fluid basically with heat conductivity in entire process interval basically,
In a bite heat injection well at least, enlarge the effective diameter of handling at least a portion well in the interval and also make at least one heat-transfer metal element from the inner surface of extending of well near the enlarged of well,
In each mouthful liquid producing well, in entire process interval basically, between well and oil shale layer, set up the fluid communication channel, and the equipment well so as from the oil shale well extraction fluid.
8, method according to claim 7, be that cement and the cement inserted have been full of the outermost metal element of well inside and the whole space between the oil shale layer surface basically along the material on surface, heat injection well well Seal Oil rammell wherein, the pyroconductivity of the used cement pyroconductivity with oil shale layer at least basically is high equally.
9, method according to claim 1, wherein near the edge of the well pattern that heat injection well and liquid producing well are constituted, have at least a bite well to extend through the entire process interval basically, and its heating-up temperature is enough to make the adjacent formations expanded by heating and/or causes compressive stress, but can avoid the organic principle in the oil shale to be heated and obvious moving.
10, method according to claim 9, wherein the well that heated like this of a bite serves as that the selected temperature of heating heat injection well heats roughly to be equivalent to subsequently at least.
11, method according to claim 1, wherein the well of heat injection well and liquid producing well is basically with equidistant separating of about 9 to 30m.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 87100890 CN1016001B (en) | 1987-01-17 | 1987-01-17 | The oil production method of heating oil shale |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 87100890 CN1016001B (en) | 1987-01-17 | 1987-01-17 | The oil production method of heating oil shale |
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| CN87100890A true CN87100890A (en) | 1988-08-31 |
| CN1016001B CN1016001B (en) | 1992-03-25 |
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| CN 87100890 Expired CN1016001B (en) | 1987-01-17 | 1987-01-17 | The oil production method of heating oil shale |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101113344B (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2010-04-21 | 东北电力大学 | Kerosene shale comprehensive utilization process |
| CN102209835A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2011-10-05 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| CN101553628B (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2013-06-05 | 埃克森美孚上游研究公司 | Improved method of developing subsurface freeze zone |
| US9784084B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2017-10-10 | Jilin University | Method for heating oil shale subsurface in-situ |
| CN112983370A (en) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Method for extracting oil shale by electrically heating and electrically heating coupling catalyst between same well seams of horizontal well |
| CN113338875A (en) * | 2021-07-08 | 2021-09-03 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Method for increasing permeability of unconsolidated sandstone reservoir by using carbon dioxide-water solution |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1676870B (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2010-05-05 | 太原理工大学 | Method for extracting oil and gas by convection heating of oil shale |
-
1987
- 1987-01-17 CN CN 87100890 patent/CN1016001B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101553628B (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2013-06-05 | 埃克森美孚上游研究公司 | Improved method of developing subsurface freeze zone |
| CN101113344B (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2010-04-21 | 东北电力大学 | Kerosene shale comprehensive utilization process |
| CN102209835A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2011-10-05 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| CN102209835B (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2014-04-16 | 美国页岩油公司 | Heater and method for recovering hydrocarbons from underground deposits |
| US9784084B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2017-10-10 | Jilin University | Method for heating oil shale subsurface in-situ |
| CN112983370A (en) * | 2021-02-10 | 2021-06-18 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Method for extracting oil shale by electrically heating and electrically heating coupling catalyst between same well seams of horizontal well |
| CN113338875A (en) * | 2021-07-08 | 2021-09-03 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Method for increasing permeability of unconsolidated sandstone reservoir by using carbon dioxide-water solution |
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| CN1016001B (en) | 1992-03-25 |
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