CN86108934A - Improve toughness vegetable fibre and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Improve toughness vegetable fibre and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN86108934A CN86108934A CN86108934.0A CN86108934A CN86108934A CN 86108934 A CN86108934 A CN 86108934A CN 86108934 A CN86108934 A CN 86108934A CN 86108934 A CN86108934 A CN 86108934A
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01C—CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FILAMENTARY OR FIBROUS MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FILAMENTS OR FIBRES FOR SPINNING; CARBONISING RAGS TO RECOVER ANIMAL FIBRES
- D01C1/00—Treatment of vegetable material
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of improved toughness vegetable fibre, especially a kind of improved linen fibre.It has bigger fineness, and is more less than cellulosic content of material, and cellulosic crystal structure is same the arrangement at least.Its preparation method is with the high-pressure water vapor processing that is hydrolyzed in the time that limits, and follows rapid puffing to atmospheric pressure, carries out carrying out washing treatment then and can obtain improved toughness fiber.
Description
The present invention relates to be specially adapted to the improvement tough vegetable fibre of textile industry, especially relate to linen fibre, the present invention also relates to the preparation method of this fiber.
So-called tough vegetable fibre, promptly from the fiber of plant phloem, for example from flax, hemp, jute, mestha, ramie etc., or the fiber of esparto grass, sisal hemp section plant phloem, that is to say aspect fibre bundle, to have fiber with the similar structure of adhesive.
In specification and claim, relate to linen fibre as preferred example, but the present invention is not limited to linen fibre morely.
In flax stem that is used for processing, fiber is arranged on the top layer between the epidermis and the core of nature with the form of primary filament bundle, and each fibre bundle has 30 to 40 primary filaments, and is glued together by organic gel mixture (pectin, hemicellulose, lignin etc.).Extract for example textile industry with fiber adopted machinery or chemical distinct methods in because adhesive does not have complete filtering in the different process segments, therefore, the fiber of being produced is commonly referred to as processing fiber, they are aggregates of primary filament.These linen fibres are because therefore their special construction, just has the fineness that a kind of primary filament bundle is had, but also comprise the material of the knot caliche of most non-cellulose.
People have tried to move back glue and bleach the fineness that processing increases linen fibre by chemistry, reduce the content of the material of non-cellulose.
In fact, for unprocessed linen fibre, carrying out moving back the linen fibre that glue and bleaching handle (below be referred to as the bleaching linen fibre) and have bigger fineness, and also contain very important many fibre bundles in cracking process, is undamaged fibre bundle sometimes; Carried out moving back the linen fibre of glue and bleaching processing, also contained the material of fewer knot caliche,, but still had a sizable part as what seen in infrared spectrometer and enthalpy difference analysis, arrive.Yet we know, bleach the crystal structure of meeting damaged fiber element.
Yet improved tough vegetable fibre, especially linen fibre are compared with existing linen fibre unprocessed or bleaching, have bigger fineness, and the small number of the material of non-cellulose, crystal structure are at least as having arranged.
According to the present invention, these improved fiber-spinnables are after combing and before spinning, basically be primary filament, may have the fibre bundle of small amount of residual, but with regard to the bleached fiber composition of raw yarn particularly, be negligible on ratio, linen fibre is more like this.This is the advantage of primary filament, and their standard fineness number is starkly lower than other and does not improve the fineness number that fiber has: lower at least by 30% than unprocessed linen fibre, hang down 15% at least than the bleaching linen fibre.
According to the present invention, the characteristics of preferable improved linen fibre are, cellulosic purity is very high, and simultaneously, the surplus of the knot caliche material of non-cellulose is few, and its crystal structure is not destroyed, even improves on the contrary by processed.The surplus of the knot caliche material of non-cellulose can be determined by various analyses, or directly adopt ion-exchange chromatography to measure after the hydrolysis of dosage can to extract the total content of sugar to determine, or the ketone group quantity of measuring the material of the knot caliche that can represent that lignin and pectin are such by infrared spectrometer is indirectly determined.Or by the little section of transmission electron microscopy, compare with enthalpy difference analysis and observation depolymerization peak value shape.The material of the knot caliche of these non-cellulose contains different compositions in the linen fibre, when hydrolysis, can produce galactolipin, wood sugar, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, glucose, pectin and lignin etc.
Be starkly lower than the content of the residue sugar of undressed linen fibre and bleaching linen fibre according to residue sugar amount contained in the preferable improved linen fibre of the present invention; In fact, when linen fibre 150 ℃ down with the molar weight sulfuric acid treatment after four hours, such situation can appear in the content of the sugar that quantitatively records by ion-exchange chromatography; The total content of the sugar that extracts from improved linen fibre according to the present invention is lower than the twice of the total content of the sugar that extracts at least from undressed linen fibre or bleaching linen fibre.We also find, low three times at least of the galactose contents that extracts from improved linen fibre according to the present invention.
By some other analytical method, for example the method for round-about way or comparison can draw following conclusion, and promptly improved linen fibre contains the material of the knot caliche of very small amount of non-cellulose according to the present invention.Can find the absorption of ketone group (C=O) and (CH by infrared spectrometer
2) ratio of absorption of base, for improved linen fibre of the present invention, be starkly lower than the ratio that is obtained in the undressed linen fibre, and be lower than the ratio that is obtained in the bleaching linen fibre slightly.With the little section of the undressed linen fibre of transmission electron microscope observation, will see a kind of very significantly concentric ring structure; For the bleaching linen fibre, this structure is slightly fainter, and for improved linen fibre of the present invention, this circulus almost disappears, and has only the ring of one or two the most close fiber lumen.Can find that according to the enthalpy difference analysis if the improved linen fibre of the present invention, then the peak value of depolymerization has very large intensity; If the bleaching linen fibre then has moderate strength; And if unprocessed linen fibre, then this intensity can't be calculated, and undoubtedly, this is that superposition owing to different peak values causes.
The improved linen fibre according to the present invention has the crystal structure that does not have change through processed, and the bleaching linen fibre is then opposite.In fact, observe on the one hand and can find with X-ray diffraction method, for unprocessed linen fibre, bleaching linen fibre and improved linen fibre according to the present invention, with atypic cellulose standard by comparison, the ratio of degree of crystallinity is the same, still, on the other hand, with unprocessed linen fibre by comparison, when improved linen fibre carried out the bleaching of the bleaching of same degree even higher degree according to the present invention, the big I of crystal grain reduced more than 10%.
The linen fibre of the broken stem of understeeping, in the time that limits,, then sharply be decompressed to atmospheric pressure, and then wash with the high-pressure water vapor processing that is hydrolyzed, can obtain improved linen fibre of the present invention.According to a kind of ad hoc approach, hydrolysis process can in the time in 10 seconds and pressure be 30 the crust situations under carry out.
The linen fibre of the present invention of the broken stem of understeeping comprised with acid solution or aqueous slkali handle the first time in being immersed in, then, in longer a little time for example in 90 seconds, with the lower processing that for example are hydrolyzed in the water vapours of 15 crust of pressure, then sharply be decompressed to atmospheric pressure, and then wash, also can obtain improved linen fibre of the present invention.According to a kind of advanced person's ad hoc approach, the dipping solution of handling for the first time usefulness is that the weight that contains alkali is 4% to 6% aqueous slkali.
Because a kind of embodiment of exemplifying of specification has compared four kinds of coarse tows: unprocessed linen fibre, bleaching linen fibre and according to the present invention improved two fibers that grow flax, and with photo and curve map, therefore, the present invention is fine understanding.
Fig. 1 to Fig. 4 is this four fiber photo under light microscope that grows flax, and is respectively: unprocessed linen fibre (Fig. 1), bleaching linen fibre (Fig. 2), improved linen fibre A(Fig. 3), improved linen fibre B(Fig. 4).
-Fig. 5 to Fig. 8 is this four fiber photo under perspective electron microscope that grows flax, and is respectively: undressed linen fibre (Fig. 5), bleaching linen fibre (Fig. 6), improved linen fibre A(Fig. 7), improved linen fibre B(Fig. 8).
-Fig. 9 to Figure 12 is this four fiber curve map in enthalpy difference is analyzed that grows flax: undressed linen fibre (Fig. 9), bleaching linen fibre (Figure 10), improved linen fibre A(Figure 11), improved linen fibre B(Figure 12).
The undressed linen fibre of staple fibre is to carry out the fiber that machinery comb fiber crops are handled with various different wool opener tools behind a kind of broken stem.For many years, the undressed linen fibre of this staple fibre is industrial and the commodity flax product.It is used for textile industry, produces the blended yarn that contains linen fibre and synthetic fiber, and in this yarn, the ratio that linen fibre accounts for is little; Generally be no more than 25%.
Through the linen fibre of bleaching is linen fibre after a kind of machinery comb fiber crops are handled, and as above-mentioned, glue is handled and the bleaching processing through moving back, and is existing net product on the market.
Improved first fiber that grows flax according to the present invention, be called improved linen fibre A, at first be that flax of the broken stem of understeeping is all cut into 70 millimeters long and puts into reactor, then, they are placed on the hydrolysis process of carrying out for 10 seconds in the water vapour that pressure is 30 crust, after the hydrolysis process process finishes, open the steam drain of reactor, make reactor from the high pressure atmospheric pressure that sharply reduces pressure, the linen fibre of discharging from reactor is put into a groove, this groove contains alkalescent water (alkali is 0.4%), and linen fibre is washed in groove, then rinse.
According to second kind of improved linen fibre of the present invention, be called improved linen fibre B, at first, flax of the broken stem of understeeping is all cut into 70 millimeters long, with the weight that contains alkali is that 4% aqueous slkali carries out the impregnation process first time, then, through the above-mentioned first time flax that impregnation process is crossed put into aforesaid reactor, in the time in 90 seconds, be the processing that are hydrolyzed of 15 water vapours that cling to pressure.After this operation is the same with the operation of improved linen fibre A.
All check experiment is now described, and all tests are all adopted after common carding machine combing and spun preceding raw material (undressed linen fibre, bleaching linen fibre, improved linen fibre A and improved linen fibre B) and carry out.
Light microscope
With light microscope the undressed linen fibre shown in Fig. 1 (amplifying 520 times) is observed, can be clear that a large amount of undamaged fibre bundles (1), perhaps be in the fibre bundle (2) in the cracking process.Bleaching linen fibre (Fig. 2) (amplifying 325 times) contains the fibre bundle (2) in the cracking process, contains undamaged fibre bundle (1) sometimes.Improved linen fibre A almost only contains primary filament (3) among improved linen fibre A and the improved linen fibre B, if then may have some fibre bundle (4).
The standard fineness number
The mensuration of standard fineness number (IFS), at first be to give under the fixed pressure, the material feeler gauge of mass conservation be pressed into mould, then, mensuration is passed the pressure loss Δ H of the air-flow of representing with millimeter propyl alcohol post of material feeler gauge, and standard fineness number (IFS) is tried to achieve by following formula:
IFS＝ 1000/(ΔH)
Be respectively with four values that fiber tries to achieve that grow flax: for unprocessed linen fibre is 23.2 to be 17.2 for the bleaching linen fibre, is 13.8 for improved linen fibre A, is 11.3 for improved linen fibre B.In all tests, variation coefficient is 2% or 3%.
Ion-exchange chromatography
At first, linen fibre flooded four hours with molar weight sulfuric acid down at 105 ℃, then, according in Institut Textile De France's Science Bulletin the above breadboard carbohydrate red, orange, green, blue, yellow (ROGBY) of the Bu Luoni of Institut Textile De France that reaches of the 6th the 23rd phase of volume third season in 1977, the extract that is obtained is analyzed.This method can be percentagewised out with the total content of the sugar that extracts after the effect of being hydrolyzed of molar weight sulfuric acid, these sugar are more weak wood sugar, galactolipin, rhamnose, mannose and glucose of hemicellulose and pentosan, especially arabinose, the glycosidic linkage in the linen fibre.Total content about the sugar that extracted, amount with the linen fibre that is used for analyzing is compared, shared percentage is respectively: being 8.5% to be 11% for bleaching the linen fibre for undressed linen fibre, is 2.9% to be 3% for improved linen fibre B for improved linen fibre A.Amount about the galactolipin that extracted, amount with the linen fibre that is used for analyzing is compared, shared percentage is respectively: be 3.0% for undressed linen fibre, for the bleaching linen fibre is 3.5%, being 0.4% for improved linen fibre A, is 0.6% for improved linen fibre B.
Infra-red sepectrometry
At first, the sample pulverize of linen fibre, then, before the record absorption spectrum, make sheet with anhydrous potassium bromide.In the spectrum that is obtained, same ketone group (C=0) absorbs, with many 1730cm
-1The relevant peak value of ripple demonstrate the variation of linen fibre, these change, and what are relevant with the content of material, the especially lignin of knot caliche and pectin.In order to make these change more quantization, we have calculated by (C=0) and have absorbed (CH
2) a kind of index of being limited of the ratio of absorption.
Be respectively with four values that grow flax this index that fiber obtains: be 0.635 for undressed linen fibre, for the bleaching linen fibre is 0.639, being 0.344 for improved linen fibre A, is 0.264 for improved linen fibre B.
Transmission electron microscope
In the time is one hour, and temperature is under 20 ℃ the situation, with the sodium periodate solution of 0.1M; In the time is that 1 hour, temperature are that ， Yong Zhu pitches two hydrazine saturated solutions under 20 ℃ the situation; In the time is that 12 hours, temperature are under 20 ℃ the situation, uses osmium tetroxide solution, and linen fibre is handled continuously.Then, the water rinse also carries out drying, more this linen fibre is enclosed in the epoxy resin, and is cut into little section with ultra micro, is placed under the transmission electron microscope and observes.
Can verify following situation with four photos that grow flax fiber (Fig. 5 to Fig. 8) acquisition.Undressed linen fibre (Fig. 5) (amplifying 11000 times) has the concentric ring structure of knot caliche material property.In bleaching linen fibre (Fig. 6) (amplifying 9000 times), can see that circulus slackens to some extent, yet still have circulus.On the contrary, (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) (amplifying 11000 times) can see that circulus nearly all disappears in improved linen fibre A and improved linen fibre B; Sometimes, only at the lumen of close fiber, promptly there is one or two ring in the centre of fiber.
The enthalpy difference analytic approach
The material of 1 to 5 milligram nitrogen flux is heated up under the linear temperature of 20 ℃ of per minute risings, and record is equipped with the melting pan of material and the temperature difference between the contrast melting pan is measured.The peak value of depolymerization illustrates by temperature and intensity simultaneously.
Four curve maps that grow flax fiber relatively can draw such conclusion: undressed linen fibre obviously with other three fiber differences that grows flax, and can not correctly calculate the temperature of depolymerization peak value on curve shape.Why can not correctly calculate the intensity of above-mentioned depolymerization peak value, cause owing to peak value overlaps.The temperature of the depolymerization peak value of undressed linen fibre is 375 ℃ (Fig. 9).
The depolymerization peak value that the bleaching linen fibre has moderate strength, temperature is 369 ℃ (Figure 10).
Improved linen fibre A has the high strength peak value, and temperature is that 373.5 ℃ (Figure 11) improved linen fibre B has the peak value than higher intensity, and temperature is 378.5 ℃ (Figure 12).
X-ray diffraction method
Linen fibre is cut into 80 microns section, at 359kg/cm
2Pressure under make its disorientation and ingotization.The record difraction spectrum can be measured the area of diffraction peak in 10 °-40 ° 2 θ angular ranges, and can more unsetting cellulosic standard, calculates the degree of crystallinity of sample.All similar significantly with four crystallinity values that fiber obtains that grow flax, for undressed linen fibre, improved linen fibre A and improved linen fibre B, degree of crystallinity is 40%; For the bleaching linen fibre, degree of crystallinity is 39%.
In order to measure the size of crystal grain, can make fibrillar center position diffraction, measure the thickness of diffraction ray, just can calculate the mean value of the smallest crystals of raw material.The selection of ray is consistent with 22.5 ° 2 θ angles, and relevant with cellulosic 002 crystalline plane.
Size according to the crystal grain that records with the perpendicular direction of 002 crystalline plane is respectively: be 51.4 for undressed linen fibre
, for the bleaching linen fibre, be 40.5
, for improved linen fibre A, be 54.5
, for improved linen fibre B, be 60
Bleaching is handled and can be destroyed cellulosic crystal structure, and according to linen fibre of the present invention, has the crystal structure of equally arranging with undressed linen fibre.
Obviously, since the composition of linen fibre is grown and the weather conditions of retted fibre and the influence in the place of production, so, because growth time changes every year, the place of production is also different, so above-mentioned result of calculation should be considered as general numeral.Yet these numerals can illustrate well that still improved linen fibre is better than undressed linen fibre according to the present invention, and are better than being undertaken by conventional method the feature of chemically treated linen fibre.
What emphatically point out is that the basic material that is used as the improved linen fibre of the present invention is the linen fibre of understeeping, for example, is collected in the linen fibre of underground dipping prematurely.With the linen fibre of the understeeping of conventional method processing, always more coarse than flooding linen fibre with standard, in mensuration, fiber is glued together mutually and make fibre bundle mutually adhesive glued together be not enough to destroy microbial inoculum in the dipping.The material of the knot caliche that linen fibre contained that has flooded like this, is many than in the linen fibre of normal dipping often.It should be noted that improved linen fibre has reasonable performance according to the present invention, and linen fibre has not so good performance.
Improved linen fibre A has been used for spinning, and same synthetic fiber become the linen fibre yarn as acrylic fiber blending together.As what reach described in the foregoing description, the above-mentioned yarn of producing, compare with the yarn that undressed linen fibre blending is produced, can find, for the yarn that carries out blending one-tenth with 75% acrylic fiber with 25% linen fibre, more even with the spun yarn ratio of improved linen fibre A with the spun yarn bar of undressed linen fibre bar, in addition, we can produce yarn based on linen fibre with improved linen fibre A, and producing above-mentioned yarn at the undressed linen fibre of industrial usefulness does not then have development prospect.
Fiber, the especially linen fibre handled according to the present invention can use in all traditional textile industries, especially can be used for changing in proportion maximum natural fabric or chemical fibre and carry out blending together, but also be applicable to other ranges of application.
Claims (12)
1, improved tough vegetable fibre is characterized in that, with unprocessed fiber and bleaching, fiber is compared,
-it has bigger fineness;
-it comprises the material of more a spot of non-cellulose;
-its feature is that also its cellulose is at least equally arranged in crystal structure.
2, according to the improved linen fibre of claim 1, it is characterized in that, compare with the bleaching linen fibre with undressed linen fibre, it has bigger fineness, the material that contains a small amount of non-cellulose, its feature are that also its cellulose is at least equally arranged in crystal structure.
According to the linen fibre of claim 2, it is characterized in that 3, it has a standard fineness number, this standard fineness number is lower than 15% at least for the bleaching linen fibre, be lower than 30% at least for undressed linen fibre.
According to the linen fibre of one of claim 2 and 3, it is characterized in that 4, it is after combing and be primary filament basically before spinning.
5, according to the linen fibre in any one claim in the claim 2 to 4, it is characterized in that, the content of the sugar that extracts after the dosage hydrolysis that goes out with Analysis by Chromatography lacks twice than corresponding amount in unprocessed linen fibre or the bleaching linen fibre at least.
6, according to the linen fibre in any one claim in the claim 2 to 5, it is characterized in that, the content of the galactolipin that extracts after the dosage hydrolysis that goes out with Analysis by Chromatography lacks three times than the respective amount of unprocessed linen fibre or bleaching linen fibre at least.
7, according to the linen fibre in any one claim in the claim 2 to 6, it is characterized in that, in same degree of crystallinity, the size of the cellulose crystal grain that records with X-ray diffraction method, greater than the crystal grain of undressed linen fibre, more many greatly significantly than the crystal grain of bleaching linen fibre.
8, according to the linen fibre in any one claim in the claim 2 to 7, it is characterized in that, use transmission electron microscope observation, can find, it does not almost have tangible circulus.
9, according to the preparation method of the linen fibre in any one claim in the claim 2 to 8, it is characterized in that, fibrous plant is placed under the effect of high steam, then, puffing is to atmospheric pressure, wash at last, its feature is that also fibrous plant is the linen fibre of the broken stem of understeeping.
According to the method for claim 9, it is characterized in that 10, hydrolysis process is approximately in the time under the situation of about 30 crust of 10 seconds and pressure carries out.
According to the method for claim 9, it is characterized in that 11, linen fibre carries out the impregnation process first time with acid solution or aqueous slkali, its feature also is, hydrolysis process is about under the situation that 15 crust and time is about 90 seconds at pressure carries out.
According to the method for claim 11, it is characterized in that 12, the solution that gives processing is the solution that the weight content of alkali accounts for 4-6%.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8519526A FR2592400B1 (en) | 1985-12-27 | 1985-12-27 | MODIFIED LIBERIAN VEGETABLE FIBERS AND PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME. |
| FR8519526 | 1985-12-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN86108934A true CN86108934A (en) | 1987-07-15 |
| CN1015652B CN1015652B (en) | 1992-02-26 |
Family
ID=9326389
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN86108934A Expired CN1015652B (en) | 1985-12-27 | 1986-12-27 | Modified tough vegetable fibre and its processing method |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0253828B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63502520A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR940005920B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1015652B (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8607038A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3675213D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2592400B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1987004194A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1302160C (en) * | 2005-01-04 | 2007-02-28 | 陈建旭 | Production of fibre from plant stem |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0608949B1 (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1998-05-06 | Ceres B.V. | Process for the preparation of moisture resistant vegetable fibres |
| WO1998027269A1 (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1998-06-25 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Treatment process for cellulosic fibers |
| ITCZ20060006A1 (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2007-09-07 | Univ Calabria | CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PLANT FIBERS |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB476569A (en) * | 1936-06-05 | 1937-12-06 | Albert Taylor Ratliff | Process of decortication of fibrous plants |
| GB388561A (en) * | 1932-02-08 | 1933-03-02 | Charles Victor Rowell | Process for decorticating vegetable fibre and the manufacture of products therefrom |
| US2633421A (en) * | 1947-10-23 | 1953-03-31 | Elmer R Perkins | Fiber liberation by steam expansion |
-
1985
- 1985-12-27 FR FR8519526A patent/FR2592400B1/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-12-23 BR BR8607038A patent/BR8607038A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-12-23 DE DE8787900173T patent/DE3675213D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-12-23 WO PCT/FR1986/000443 patent/WO1987004194A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1986-12-23 JP JP62500424A patent/JPS63502520A/en active Pending
- 1986-12-23 EP EP87900173A patent/EP0253828B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-12-24 KR KR1019860011178A patent/KR940005920B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-12-27 CN CN86108934A patent/CN1015652B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1302160C (en) * | 2005-01-04 | 2007-02-28 | 陈建旭 | Production of fibre from plant stem |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0253828A1 (en) | 1988-01-27 |
| DE3675213D1 (en) | 1990-11-29 |
| BR8607038A (en) | 1987-12-22 |
| KR870006241A (en) | 1987-07-10 |
| JPS63502520A (en) | 1988-09-22 |
| KR940005920B1 (en) | 1994-06-24 |
| WO1987004194A1 (en) | 1987-07-16 |
| CN1015652B (en) | 1992-02-26 |
| EP0253828B1 (en) | 1990-10-24 |
| EP0253828B2 (en) | 1993-11-18 |
| FR2592400B1 (en) | 1988-08-26 |
| FR2592400A1 (en) | 1987-07-03 |
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