CN85102335B - Composite ultrasonic transducer and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Composite ultrasonic transducer and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN85102335B CN85102335B CN85102335A CN85102335A CN85102335B CN 85102335 B CN85102335 B CN 85102335B CN 85102335 A CN85102335 A CN 85102335A CN 85102335 A CN85102335 A CN 85102335A CN 85102335 B CN85102335 B CN 85102335B
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- piezoelectric
- piezoelectric ceramic
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 18
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052451 lead zirconate titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910008651 TiZr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037237 body shape Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- RZVXOCDCIIFGGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium gold Chemical compound [Cr].[Au] RZVXOCDCIIFGGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKZSPGSOXYXWQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxido(oxo)titanium;lead(2+) Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NKZSPGSOXYXWQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
Abstract
An ultrasonic transducer using a piezoelectric composite comprising: several piezoelectric columns made of piezoelectric ceramics are arranged in the plate-like polymer matrix, and the piezoelectric columns are perpendicular to the surface of the plate. The volume ratio occupied by the piezoelectric pillars is set in the range of 0.15 to 0.75, and the distance between respective adjacent piezoelectric pillars is adjusted to be smaller than the thickness of the polymer plate, thereby making a transducer higher in sensitivity than a conventional transducer using a homogeneous piezoelectric ceramic plate.
Description
The invention belongs to the ultrasonic transducer that in ultrasonic diagnostic equipment or miscellaneous equipment, uses.
So far, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pottery is widely used as the piezoelectric vibrator material of ultrasonic transducer.But there are following shortcomings in above-mentioned piezoelectric ceramic: (1) needs a well-designed acoustic matching layer when being used for diagnostic purpose, this be because its acoustic impedance significantly greater than the acoustic impedance of human body; (2) its dielectric constant is quite big, thereby piezoelectric voltage constant g is too little, to such an extent as to can not produce high voltage according to received ultrasonic wave; (3) they are difficult to form and the matched curvature of body shape.In order to address these problems, the notion of so-called piezoelectric composite has been proposed, polymer is mutually compound with piezoelectric substance in piezoelectric composite.As an example, can enumerate the portion report of people such as Newnham in the U.S.: a kind of like this composite structure is effective, wherein some PZT posts 12 are imbedded in the polymer 11, as shown in Figure 1 (referring to " Material Research Briden ", Vol.13, PP.525-536(1978)).In fact, PZT has caused a kind of have low acoustic impedance and big piezoelectric voltage constant g material with the composite structure of forming jointly such as polymers such as silicon rubber or epoxy materials.
In above-mentioned piezoelectric composite, their piezoelectric property changes very big along with the different of the volume ratio of piezoelectric substance and polymer.Existing detailed introduction in the list of references that this point is mentioned in the above.But, can expect: though the piezoelectric property of piezoelectric composite also can be along with the different of the size of piezo column and configuration and change-and the volume ratio of piezoelectric substance and polymer is identical also to be like this.
An object of the present invention is: a kind of composite ultrasonic transducers is provided, and it transmits and receives the sensitivity that total sensitivity is higher than the conventional transducer that uses piezoelectric ceramic plate.
Another object of the present invention is: a kind of method that helps the piezoelectric composite of mass-produced manufacturing high reliability is provided.
The invention is characterized in that a kind of ultrasonic transducer of being made by piezoelectric composite has such structure: some piezoelectric ceramic posts are imbedded in the tabular polymer matrix, and the piezoelectric ceramic post is perpendicular to the surface of plate, wherein the shared volume ratio of piezoelectric ceramic post is 0.15-0.75, and the height of each piezoelectric ceramic post is all greater than the distance between each adjacent piezoelectric ceramic post.
Further feature of the present invention can disclose from detailed description hereinafter.
Fig. 1 is the perspective view of a kind of embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are the characteristic curves of transducer sensitivity characteristic;
Fig. 4 A-4C, Fig. 5 A-5H, Fig. 6 A-6B and Fig. 7 A-7G are the schematic diagrames of the manufacture method of the foregoing description;
Fig. 8 A-8E, Fig. 9 and Figure 10 A-10B are the schematic diagrames of the manufacture method of another embodiment of the present invention.
The structure that Fig. 1 has drawn a kind of embodiment of the present invention.A piezoelectric composite 100 made from described manufacture method hereinafter has such structure: some piezoelectric ceramic posts 101 are configured in the polymer matrix 102, each other at a distance of d.At each self-forming electrode 103 and 104 of the upper and lower surface of piezoelectric composite 100, thereby form a combined type transducer.
The PZT(Pb(TiZr that polarized along its length direction) O
3) pottery or lead titanate ceramics (PbTiO
3) the most suitable as piezo column 101.Silicon rubber, polyurethane or epoxy resin are the most suitable as polymer 102.The most handy chromium-gold thin film forms electrode, and certainly, other conductive film that is suitable for also can be used for forming electrode.
The change of sensitivity that Fig. 2 has provided combined type transducer shown in Fig. 1 is corresponding to the measurement result apart from the variation of d between the piezoelectric ceramic post 101, and this combined type transducer is made with PZT pottery and silicon rubber.This measurement result is obtained by four kinds of situations: the piezoelectric ceramic post in the piezoelectric composite transducer is 10 square millimeters, and thickness h is 0.3 millimeter, and intercolumnar distance d is respectively 0.15 millimeter, 0.2 millimeter, 0.3 millimeter and 0.4 millimeter.Piezoelectric ceramic post 101 is 25% with respect to the volume ratio of whole piezoelectric composite to every kind of transducer.Every kind of transducer approximately all is 4.5 megahertzes along the resonance frequency of the compressional vibration of its depth direction.
In order to compare, Fig. 2 gives the data (shown in broken lines) of conventional ultrasonic transducer, and the ultrasonic transducer of this routine is to make with the PZT pottery of homogeneity, and has same bore and identical resonance frequency.As what seen among Fig. 2, as intercolumnar distance d less than ceramic thickness h the time, the conventional transducer of remolding sensitivity that transmits and receives of the transducer among the present invention wants high, still, as d during greater than h, the sensitivity that transmits and receives of the transducer among the present invention reduces rapidly.This can be owing to such fact: when d＜h, the polymer of being filled can pass to piezo column effectively with the pressure of accepting, thereby causes polymer and piezo column together to vibrate along depth direction; Otherwise when d＞h, said pressure transmission can not be carried out effectively, so polymer can not together vibrate with piezo column.
Fig. 3 has provided the relation between the sensitivity of transmitting and receiving of shared volume ratio of PZT pottery and transducer.In order to compare, Fig. 3 has also provided the data (shown in broken lines) of conventional ultrasonic transducer, and the ultrasonic transducer of this routine is to make with the PZT ceramic wafer of homogeneity, and has same bore.As what seen among Fig. 3, when volume ratio 0.15 between 0.75 the time, the transducer among the present invention transmit and receive the conventional ultrasonic transducer height of total sensitivity than the PZT ceramic wafer that uses homogeneity.This shows, even satisfied condition d＜h, if the shared volume ratio of PZT pottery so still must not obtain high sensitivity less than 0.15 or greater than 0.75.
As mentioned above, for the composite ultrasonic transducers among Fig. 1, the condition that obtains highly sensitive transducer is: the volume ratio that the piezoelectric ceramic post accounts for whole piezoelectric composite is 0.15 to 0.75, and between the piezoelectric ceramic post apart from the height h of d less than the piezoelectric ceramic post.
And then, shown in the dotted line among Fig. 1, can accomplish: a backing spare of being made by the material of epoxy resin and so on is attached on any one surface of piezoelectric composite that two surfaces have all formed electrode, and its another one surface promptly can be used for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic wave.
Now, with reference to Fig. 4 A-4C, will the manufacture method of the piezoelectric composite 100 among the embodiment above-mentioned be described.
In that step, to cutting base 203, bonding is used the binding agent 202 such as wax with piezoelectric ceramic plate 201 temporary bondings of a flat at Fig. 4 A, and this adhesive can met heat back deliquescing.Seen at Fig. 4 B, after the longitudinal and transverse cutting of piezoelectric ceramic plate, form some grooves 204, and meanwhile produce some elements 205.Then, insert polymer 206 among each groove that cuts out and solidify, last, compound is pulled down from cutting base, can obtain the piezoelectric composite 100 among Fig. 1.
The advantage of the manufacture method of Fig. 4 is that operation is few, still, has following shortcoming:
(1) because piezoelectric ceramic plate is cut dearly, easily element 205 is cut away;
(2) in cutting action, usually may on base 203, also cut out groove, on base 203 so that polymer 206 can enter and cement.In this case, will be difficult to piezoelectric composite is pulled down from base 203, and in pulling down process, the element 205 that has may be damaged.In addition, after pulling down, also be difficult to remove adhesive 202.
In Fig. 5 A-5H, a kind of improved manufacture method that overcomes above-mentioned shortcoming of having drawn.At first, shown in Fig. 5 A, with wax 302 with a piezoelectric ceramic plate temporary bonding to cutting base 302.Thereafter, shown in Fig. 5 B, cutting piezoelectric ceramic plate 301 in vertical and horizontal ground makes the degree of depth of institute's dissected valley groove 304 approximate half of thickness h of piezoelectric ceramic plate 301, does not make and cuts.In this cutting action, on piezoelectric ceramic plate 301, establish reference line 305 and 306.Fig. 5 C is the vertical view of Fig. 5 B.Then, shown in Fig. 5 D, in the groove 304 that cuts out, insert the polymer 307 of polyurethane or epoxy material and so on and make it and solidify.Then, shown in Fig. 5 E,, and oscillator turned over be bonded on the cutting base 303 with wax or analog 308 again wax 302 fusing.After this, shown in Fig. 5 F,, piezoelectric ceramic plate is cut to the position of polymer 307 by means of reference line 305 and 306.In operation shown in Fig. 5 G, insert in the groove 309 that cuts out polymer and curing, thereby form polymer part 310 at the back side of this transducer.After with wax 308 fusings, compound is pulled down on base 303, can obtain piezoelectric composite shown in Figure 1 100.In this manufacture method, require polymer 307 to have the good character that when cutting groove 309, does not reduce machinability.If the filler in the groove 304 is the soft material of silicon rubber and so on, so just the problem of a machinability has appearred.For this situation, can be in the operation shown in Fig. 5 B, insert groove 304 with wax or analog earlier, afterwards, piezoelectric board turned over is bonded to (situation of Fig. 5 E) on the base 303 again.Situation through shown in Fig. 5 F has cut out groove 309, can insert silicon rubber and also be solidified in groove.At this moment, to the state shown in Fig. 5 G, 307 expression waxes, and 310 expression silicon rubber.Then, oscillator is taken off (at this moment, each element is promptly adhered to one another by silicon rubber each other) from base 300, and the wax in the groove 304 is washed, so, the situation shown in Fig. 5 H caused.At last, insert silicon rubber or analog in the groove 311 that has now removed wax and solidify it, thereby provide the piezoelectric composite 100 shown in Fig. 1.
It should be noted that polymer 307 and 310 does not always require to be made by identical materials, for example, it is possible forming polymer 307 and form polymer 310 with silicon rubber with polyurethane.
As an alternative way, piezoelectric composite 100 can also be made with such method: as shown in Figure 6A, the piezoelectric ceramic plate in Fig. 5 D operation is taken off from cutting on the base, then, shown in Fig. 6 B,, be ground to 312 places, plane with the grinding on its bottom surface of this piezoelectric ceramic plate always.As a method of replacing grinding, piezoelectric ceramic plate can be cut at 312 places from the plane.
According to the above manufacture method that is shown among Fig. 5 A-5H or Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B, those grooves that are used to fill polymer needn't be cut to cutting base, thereby have caused such advantage: be easy to the piezoelectric ceramic plate of having filled in polymer is pulled down from cutting base.
In any one method of Fig. 4 A-4C, Fig. 5 A-5H and the shown manufacture method of Fig. 6 A-6B, other polymer that preferably will be cleaned easily covers in advance on the upper and lower surface of piezoelectric ceramic plate 201 or 301, and the polymer of filling in order to prevent clings the upper and lower surface of piezo column.
Fig. 7 A-7G has drawn and can obtain a kind of alternative manufacture method of the piezoelectric composite 100 among Fig. 1.A piezoelectric ceramic plate 501 temporarily is bonded on the cutting base 503 with wax or analog 502 (sees Fig. 7 A), then, and with piezoelectric board, that is oscillator, cut fully from 504 places, have the oscillator section 505(of suitable spacing to see Fig. 7 B mutually to form).Then, oscillator section 505 is taken off, and with wax or analog 507 once more temporary bonding to cutting base 506, keep certain interval, see Fig. 7 C.On every oscillator section 505, cut out the groove 508 that each width all is d.Then, shown in Fig. 7 D, polymer 509 is inserted each groove.Then, each oscillator section 505 is taken off from base, so become segment 510 shown in Fig. 7 E.At this moment, each element 511 is clung each other by polymer 509.After this, shown in Fig. 7 F, each segment 510 is arranged on the base 512, each other at a distance of d., as Fig. 7 G shown in, with polymer 514 insert each space 513, and then take off base 512 thereafter, so, piezoelectric composite made.In this manufacture method, can form polymer 509 and 510 with different materials.
In above-mentioned manufacture method, in order to settle those segments 510 effectively in the represented operation of Fig. 7 F, preferably prior upper surface at base 512 forms some shallow slots, in order to arrange segment 510.
The advantage of the manufacture method shown in Fig. 7 A-7G is: because needn't cut in order to fill the groove of polymer, so reduced the breakage of the piezoelectric ceramic that may cause when the cutting groove.
In the piezopolymer that obtains with said method, if employed polymer material is flexible, then compound itself also becomes flexible.Therefore, the feasible different shape of formation easily, for example the surface becomes possible for the transducer of spill.As an example, Fig. 8 A-8F has drawn and has made a manufacture method that the transducer of circular concave surface is arranged.
At first, shown in Fig. 8 A, be ready to the piezoelectric composite 410 of a circle.This piece circular piezoelectric compound is cut into circle with the piezoelectric composite made from method shown in Fig. 4 A-4C, Fig. 5 A-5H or Fig. 6 A-6B and obtains.Perhaps, if the piezoelectric ceramic plate that uses a circle as 301 among Fig. 4 A, the circular piezoelectric compound can prepare naturally so.Notice: the expression of 402 among Fig. 8 A polymer matrix, and 403 expression piezo columns.After this, as shown in cutaway view 8B, piezoelectric composite 401 is bonded on the surface of ball 404 with resin (wax or analog), used adhesive is met when hot must deliquescing, and said ball 404 should have the curvature identical with desired recessed surface.
Then, with methods such as screen printing or evaporations, on the upper surface of piezopolymer 401, form an electrode 406.At this moment, also form electrode in order to prevent the side 401, the most handy wax covers said side.Then, as shown in cutaway view 8C, one signal lead 407 is connected to ball 404, and on electrode 406, forms a backing spare 408 with conductive paste.Perhaps, with molded a kind of adhesive of backing spare 408 usefulness to required form to electrode 406.And then, be used as electrode 406 if having the conductive paste of adhesive effect, then electrode itself also can play the adhesive effect.Afterwards, through heating ball 404 is taken off, so shown in Fig. 8 D, the front surface 409 of piezoelectric composite 401 promptly forms.After this, shown in cutaway view 8E,, on front surface 409, form another electrode 410 with methods such as screen printing or evaporations.In this example, the 410th, be used as the ground termination electrode.Thereafter, a ground wire 411 is connected to electrode 410.But, if ground termination electrode and lead-in wire just are set like this, then electrode 410 is torn probably.For this reason, on front surface, form a film 412 again, in order to guard electrode 410.So far, shown in Fig. 8 F, a transducer making that has concave surface finishes.
In the method for Xu Shu manufacturing circular transducer, preferably give suitable consideration in the above, so that transducer can be made disymmetric.More specifically, preferably piezoelectric composite is cut into such circle: its center is the center of the piezo column shown in the A point among Fig. 9, perhaps, its center be among Fig. 9 shown in the B point to around around the equidistant point of four piezo columns.
Wherein, the situation that obtains piezoelectric composite for adopt method shown in Fig. 5 A-5H at the very start with the dish type piezoelectric ceramic plate had better adopt the method shown in Figure 10 A and the 10B.More particularly, like that, at first form a subring 703 around discoid piezoelectric ceramic plate 701 shown in Figure 10 A, subring 703 can be the material of epoxy resin and so on.Then, shown in Figure 10 B, subring 703 self-reference lines 704 and 705 places are cut, the reference line 704,705 here is corresponding to the reference line among Fig. 5 C 305,306.Like this, to be the method shown in the available Fig. 5 of the being similar to A-5H make through operation such as cutting and filling desired piezoelectric composite.
Claims (3)
1, a kind of is that some piezoelectric ceramic posts (101) are imbedded tabular polymer matrix (102) and the piezoelectric ceramic post surface perpendicular to plate by structure, the ultrasonic transducer that the height (h) of its each piezo column (101) is made greater than the piezoelectric composite of the spacing distance (d) between two adjacent piezo columns, it is characterized in that described piezo column (101) with respect to the volume ratio of piezoelectric composite (100) in 0.15 to 0.75 scope.
2, a kind of is that some piezoelectric ceramic posts (101) are imbedded tabular polymer matrix (102) and the piezoelectric ceramic post surface perpendicular to plate by structure, the ultrasonic transducer that the height (h) of its each piezo column (101) is made greater than the piezoelectric composite of the spacing distance (d) between two adjacent piezo columns, it is characterized in that forming:, and keep a part and do not make and cut along depth direction cutting piezoelectric ceramic plate by following operation; Polymer is inserted in the groove that cuts out; Said piezoelectric ceramic plate overturns; Cut out other grooves and communicate with the said groove that cuts; Polymer is inserted in the said groove that other cut.
3, a kind of is that some piezoelectric ceramic posts (101) are imbedded tabular polymer matrix (102) and the piezoelectric ceramic post surface perpendicular to plate by structure, the ultrasonic transducer that the height (h) of its each piezo column (101) is made greater than the piezoelectric composite of the spacing distance (d) between two adjacent piezo columns, it is characterized in that forming by following operation: any one the surface incision along depth direction from piezoelectric ceramic plate, and keep a part and do not make and cut; Polymer is inserted in the said groove that cuts out; The another side of the said piezoelectric ceramic plate of grinding is till exposing said filling polymer.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102335A CN85102335B (en) | 1985-04-01 | 1985-04-01 | Composite ultrasonic transducer and manufacturing method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102335A CN85102335B (en) | 1985-04-01 | 1985-04-01 | Composite ultrasonic transducer and manufacturing method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN85102335A CN85102335A (en) | 1987-01-17 |
| CN85102335B true CN85102335B (en) | 1988-07-20 |
Family
ID=4792434
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102335A Expired CN85102335B (en) | 1985-04-01 | 1985-04-01 | Composite ultrasonic transducer and manufacturing method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN85102335B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005044440A2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2005-05-19 | The Crest Group, Inc. | Ultrasonic apparatus with multiple frequency transducers |
| CN100427222C (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2008-10-22 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | Method for making microcapacitor type ultrasonic transducer by using impression technique |
| WO2006083245A1 (en) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-10 | Ge Inspection Technologies, Lp | Process for plating a piezoelectric composite |
| CN100433395C (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2008-11-12 | 北京信息工程学院 | High-frequency air ultrasonic energy exchanger |
| DE102008000816A1 (en) * | 2008-03-26 | 2009-10-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Device and method for excitation and / or damping and / or detection of structural vibrations of a plate-shaped device by means of a piezoelectric strip device |
| CN103710494B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2016-04-27 | 江苏大学 | A kind of based on hyperacoustic reinforcement method for small hole and device |
| CN105170435B (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2017-12-22 | 深圳先进技术研究院 | High-frequency transducer and preparation method thereof |
| JP6656879B2 (en) * | 2015-10-23 | 2020-03-04 | 株式会社ディスコ | Processing method |
| CN106646371B (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2019-05-03 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of underwater ultrasound source positioning system |
| CN106824733A (en) * | 2017-01-11 | 2017-06-13 | 上海爱声生物医疗科技有限公司 | A kind of ultrasonic transducer of matching layer optimization and preparation method thereof |
| CN110234056B (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2021-01-12 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Transducer, preparation method thereof and transducer device |
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1985
- 1985-04-01 CN CN85102335A patent/CN85102335B/en not_active Expired
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN85102335A (en) | 1987-01-17 |
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