CN2588552Y - Membrane electrode structure for fuel battery - Google Patents
Membrane electrode structure for fuel battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN2588552Y CN2588552Y CN02283449U CN02283449U CN2588552Y CN 2588552 Y CN2588552 Y CN 2588552Y CN 02283449 U CN02283449 U CN 02283449U CN 02283449 U CN02283449 U CN 02283449U CN 2588552 Y CN2588552 Y CN 2588552Y
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- sealing
- membrane electrode
- proton exchange
- exchange membrane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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Abstract
The utility model relates to a membrane electrode structure for a fuel battery. The utility model comprises a sealing area and an active area, wherein, the sealing area is arranged at the circumference of the active area; the active area comprises a proton exchange membrane, porosity backing materials, and catalysts which are attached to the porosity backing materials to be pressed at both sides of the proton exchange membrane; the sealing area is formed by that the proton exchange membrane or the porosity backing materials of the active area are outwards extended and are filled with penetrating hot melt adhesive plastics or thermoset rubber or resins. The thickness of the sealing area and the thickness of the active area is same. The utility model has the advantages of high sealing reliability, good manufacturability, favorable bulk production, etc.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a fuel cell's key part especially relates to a fuel cell's membrane electrode structure.
Background
An electrochemical fuel cell is a device that is capable of converting hydrogen fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy and reaction products. The inner core component of the device is a Membrane Electrode (MEA), which is composed of a proton exchange Membrane and two porous conductive materials sandwiched between two surfaces of the Membrane, such as carbon paper. The membrane contains a uniform and finely dispersed catalyst, such as a platinum metal catalyst, for initiating an electrochemical reaction at the interface between the membrane and the carbon paper. The electrons generated in the electrochemical reaction process can be led out by conductive objects at two sides of the membrane electrode through an external circuit to form a current loop.
At the anode end of the membrane electrode, fuel can permeate through a porous diffusion material (carbon paper) and undergo electrochemical reaction on the surface of a catalyst to lose electrons to form positive ions, and the positive ions can pass through a proton exchange membrane through migration to reach the cathode end at the other end of the membrane electrode. At the cathode end of the membrane electrode, a gas containing an oxidant (e.g., oxygen), such as air, forms negative ions by permeating through a porous diffusion material (carbon paper) and electrochemically reacting on the surface of the catalyst to give electrons. The anions formed at the cathode end react with the positive ions transferred from the anode end to form reaction products.
In a pem fuel cell using hydrogen as the fuel and oxygen-containing air as the oxidant (or pure oxygen as the oxidant), the catalytic electrochemical reaction of the fuel hydrogen in the anode region produces hydrogen cations (or protons). The proton exchange membrane assists the migration of positive hydrogen ions from the anode region to the cathode region. In addition, the proton exchange membrane separates the hydrogen-containing fuel gas stream from the oxygen-containing gas stream so that they do not mix with each other to cause explosive reactions.
In the cathode region, oxygen gains electrons on the catalyst surface, forming negative ions, which react with the hydrogen positive ions transported from the anode region to produce water as a reaction product. In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using hydrogen, air (oxygen), the anode reaction and the cathode reaction can be expressed by the following equations:
and (3) anode reaction:
and (3) cathode reaction:
in a typical pem fuel cell, a Membrane Electrode (MEA) is generally placed between two conductive plates, and the surface of each guiding plate in contact with the MEA is die-cast, stamped, or mechanically milled to form at least one or more guiding grooves. The guide electrode plates can be plates made of metal materials or plates made of graphite materials. The diversion pore canals and the diversion grooves on the diversion electrode plates respectively guide the fuel and the oxidant into the anode area and the cathode area on two sides of the membrane electrode. In the structure of a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell, only one membrane electrode is arranged, and a flow guide polar plate of anode fuel and a flow guide polar plate of cathode oxidant are respectively arranged on two sides of the membrane electrode. The flow guide polar plates are used as a current flow collection mother plate and mechanical supports at two sides of the membrane electrode, and flow guide grooves on the flow guide polar plates are also used as channels for fuel and oxidant to enter the surfaces of the anode and the cathode and as channels for taking away water generated in the operation process of the fuel cell.
In order to increase the total power of the whole proton exchange membrane fuel cell, two or more single cells can be connected in series to form a battery pack in a straight-stacked manner or connected in a flat-laid manner to form a battery pack. In the direct-stacking and serial-type battery pack, two surfaces of one polar plate can be provided with flow guide grooves, wherein one surface can be used as an anode flow guide surface of one membrane electrode, and the other surface can be used as a cathode flow guide surface of another adjacent membrane electrode, and the polar plate is called a bipolar plate. A series of cells are connected together in a manner to form a battery pack. The battery pack is generally fastened together into one body by a front end plate, a rear end plate and a tie rod.
A typical battery pack generally includes: (1) the fuel (such as hydrogen, methanol or hydrogen-rich gas obtained by reforming methanol, natural gas and gasoline) and the oxidant (mainly oxygen or air) are uniformly distributed in the diversion trenches of the anode surface and the cathode surface; (2) cooling fluid (such as water) is uniformly distributed into cooling channels in each battery pack through an inlet and an outlet of the cooling fluid and a flow guide channel, and heat generated by electrochemical exothermic reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell is absorbed and taken out of the battery pack for heat dissipation; (3) the outlets of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas and the corresponding flow guide channels can carry out liquid and vapor water generated in the fuel cell when the fuel gas and the oxidant gas are discharged. Typically, all fuel, oxidant, and cooling fluid inlets and outlets are provided in one or both end plates of the fuel cell stack.
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell can be used as a power system of all vehicles, ships and other vehicles, and can also be used as a portable, movable and fixed power generation device. Sealing is critical to ensure that the fuel and oxidant gases in a pem fuel cell are distributed over the entire membrane electrode surfaces without mixing. If the seal is not good, two situations may arise: one is that the fuel gas and the oxidant gas are mixed inside the fuel cell, and in the fuel cell operating with hydrogen and oxygen, the mixing is extremely fatal and, once an explosion is initiated, the destructive power is extremely large; another situation is that the fuel gas or the oxidant gas leaks to the outside of the fuel cell, which not only reduces the efficiency of the fuel cell, but also causes explosion once the fuel hydrogen gas accumulates to some extent in the outside concentration. Therefore, great attention is paid to the sealing technique of the fuel cell. The sealing technology of the current fuel cell mainly comprises the following 3 methods:
method 1: the area of the proton exchange membrane adopted by the membrane electrode is far larger than that of a porous supporting material in the membrane electrode, such as the area of carbon paper, the membrane exceeding the area of the carbon paper is not an active area of electrochemical reaction, and two pieces of carbon paper (the catalyst layer is pressed in the middle) are respectively pressed on two sides of the membrane of the electrochemicalactive area. The membrane electrode is placed between two flow guide plates, wherein the membrane with electrochemical activity greater than that of the membrane is directly used as a base material of a sealing material and has the function of preventing the two adjacent flow guide plates from being in direct contact and short circuit, for example, as shown in figure 1, the membrane electrode is a structural schematic diagram of the existing membrane electrode, the membrane electrode comprises an air inlet 1, a cooling water inlet 2, a hydrogen inlet 3, a proton exchange membrane 4 and an activation part 5 coated with a catalyst, as shown in figure 2, the membrane electrode is a structural schematic diagram of a flow guide plate and a sealing ring, and the membrane electrode comprises an air inlet 1, a cooling water inlet 2, a hydrogen inlet 3, a flow guide plate 6.
The 2 nd method: the sealing device adopted in european patent EP0604683a1 is shown in fig. 3, the device comprises an air inlet 1, a sealing ring 8 and a membrane electrode 10, fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of fig. 3, the figure comprises the air inlet 1, a proton exchange membrane 4, the sealing ring 8 and carbon paper 9, and the sealing device is characterized in that two porous supporting materials on the membrane electrode, such as two pieces of carbon paper 9, greatly extend out of the active area of the membrane electrode, and the sealing material 8 is placed on the proton exchange membrane 4 of the membrane electrode, so that two diversion plates clamping the membrane electrode do not need to be placed with sealing materials.
The 3 rd method: the sealing device adopted in Shanghai Shenli company patent (patent No. 01238847.5) is characterized in that a membrane electrode is divided into two parts as shown in FIG. 5, wherein part 10 in FIG. 5 is the membrane electrode which is the active part of the reaction, and part 11 in FIG. 5 is the frame (the part except the dotted line) of the membrane electrode. The 10 and 11 parts are two distinct materials, and the two parts 10 and 11 are well defined, the 11 part is generally made of plastic or elastic rubber, resin, and is connected with the 10 part into a whole by bonding method. The sealing between the whole electrode and the guide plate can also be realized by adopting a sealing ring to be placed on the frame or on the guide plate.
Although the sealing technique can achieve the purpose of sealing the fuel cell, the following defects exist:
firstly, the defect corresponding to the method 1 is that the proton exchange membrane is generally a relatively expensive material, and after a large amount of proton exchange membrane is exposed, the proton exchange membrane is not fully utilized, so that the waste is serious; the proton exchange membrane is an easily-aged and easily-cracked material, is directly contacted with a sealing material under pressure for a long time, and is more prone to cracking, so that sealing failure is caused; the proton exchange membrane is a corrosive material with strong acid, and is in long-term contact with the sealing material on the guide plate, so that the sealing material is easily denatured, and the sealing failure is caused.
Secondly, the drawback of the method 2 is that it is difficult to arrange the sealing ring material on the diffusion layer material (carbon paper) of the membrane electrode, especially on the diffusion layer material (carbon paper) on both sides of the membrane electrode. Because the diffusion layer material (carbon paper) is usually very thin, mainly in order to strengthen the rapid diffusion of fuel gas and oxidant air, so place the sealing washer on such thin material, the thickness of sealing washer must be very thin, and thin sealing washer is very easy to be out of shape, in addition, electrode both sides all set up the sealing washer, proton exchange membrane under the sealing washer bears huge concentrated pressure, is easily pressed the deformation, long-term pressurized is easy to rupture and leads to sealing failure.
Thirdly, the method corresponding to the method 3 has the disadvantages that the membrane electrode is divided into two parts 10 and 11, the technical requirement of mutual adhesion is very high due to different materials of the two parts 10 and 11, and the thickness of the cross-connecting belt after the two parts 10 and 11 are adhered is almost the same as that of the two parts 10 and 11, so the adhesion difficulty is increased, and the high-difficulty adhesion technology is not beneficial to the mass production of the membrane electrode.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The utility model aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a membrane electrode structure of a fuel cell, which has high sealing reliability, good manufacturability and is beneficial to batch production.
The purpose of the utility model can be realized through the following technical scheme: the membrane electrode structure of the fuel cell comprises a sealing area and an active area, wherein the sealing area is arranged on the periphery of the active area, the active area comprises a proton exchange membrane, a porous supporting material and a catalyst, the catalyst is attached to the porous supporting material and is pressed on two sides of the proton exchange membrane in a pressing mode, and the membrane electrode structure is characterized in that the sealing area is formed by the proton exchange membrane or the porous supporting material of the active area extending outwards and filled with hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber and resin, and the thickness of the sealing area is the same as that of the active area.
The proton exchange membrane extends outwards less, and is partially extended outwards, the hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber and resin are three layers, wherein the middle layer is a liner layer and is in butt joint with the end part of the extended proton exchange membrane, sealing layers are attached to two sides of the middle layer, the sealing layers are in butt joint with the end part of the porous support material and generate permeation, and the three layers of sealing materials are fused into a whole.
The proton exchange membrane extends outwards to form an outer frame edge extending from the proton exchange membrane to the sealing area, the two layers of hot melt adhesive plastics or thermosetting rubber and resin are attached to the two sides of the extending proton exchange membrane and are butted with the end part of the porous support material to generate permeation.
The porous support material outwards extends to the edge of the outer frame of the sealing area, the hot melt adhesive plastic or the thermosetting rubber and the resin are three layers, the middle layer is arranged in the middle of the extended porous support material, the other two layers are arranged outside the extended porous support material, the two layers of the hot melt adhesive plastic or the thermosetting rubber and the resin are permeated into the porous support material in a hot pressing mode, and the three layers of sealing materials are integrated.
The sealing area and the active area are formed by one-time hot pressing.
The hot melt plastic can be polyester engineering plastic, and the thermosetting rubber and resin can be uncured rubber and resin.
The porous supporting material is carbon paper or carbon fiber material.
The utility model discloses an utilize hot melt polymer engineering plastics or thermosetting rubber, resin, like polyester engineering plastics, the characteristics of this kind of engineering polymer plastics or rubber, resin are similar (under certain temperature and pressure) under the hot pressing condition with the membrane electrode preparation, can cover and bond the proton exchange membrane protectively during melting, and the outline that the membrane electrode outwards extends can be the multiple condition listed in following embodiment like this. Compared with the prior art, the utility model discloses sealing reliability is high, and the manufacturability is good, is favorable to mass ground production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional membrane electrode;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional baffle and sealing ring;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of a membrane electrode of the prior European patent;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view A-A of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another conventional membrane electrode;
fig. 6 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a schematic structural view of embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 9 is a schematic structural view before hot press forming according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a schematic structural view after hot press forming according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 11 is a schematic view of the overall structure of embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 12 is a schematic view of an installation structure of the present invention applied to a fuel cell.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, a membrane electrode structure of a fuel cell includes an active region 5 and a sealing region 13, the active region 5 includes a proton exchange membrane 4 and a carbon paper 9 attached with a catalyst, the sealing region 13 is disposed around the active region 5, the upper and lower ends of the sealing region 13 are provided with an air inlet 1, a cooling water inlet 2 and a hydrogen inlet 3, the sealing region 13 is formed by extending the proton exchange membrane 4 or the carbon paper 9 of the active region 5 outwards and filling a permeable hot melt adhesive plastic 12, and the thickness of the sealing region 13 is the same as that of the active region 5.
In the embodiment, the proton exchange membrane 4 only slightly extends outwards from the membrane electrode active region 5, the outer frame of the membrane electrode extending outwards is composed of three layers of hot melt adhesive plastic layers 12, and is formed by hot pressing with the membrane electrode in one step, so that the upper end and the lower end of the proton exchange membrane slightly extending outwards are connected with the backing layer 121, two layers of hot melt adhesive plastic layers 122 are attached to two surfaces of the backing layer 121, and the thickness of the three layers of plastic layers after hot pressing is completely thesame as that of the membrane electrode.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 6 and 8, a membrane electrode structure of a fuel cell includes an active region 5 and a sealing region 13, the active region 5 includes a proton exchange membrane 4 and a carbon paper 9 attached with a catalyst, the sealing region 13 is disposed around the active region 5, the upper and lower ends of the sealing region 13 are provided with an air inlet 1, a cooling water inlet 2 and a hydrogen inlet 3, the sealing region 13 is formed by extending the proton exchange membrane 4 or the carbon paper 9 of the active region 5 outwards and filling a permeable hot melt adhesive plastic 12, and the thickness of the sealing region 13 is the same as that of the active region 5.
In the embodiment, the proton exchange membrane 4 completely extends outwards from the membrane electrode active region to the edge of the outer frame, the upper and lower hot melt adhesive plastic layers 12 are covered on the proton membrane by hot pressing during hot pressing of the membrane electrode, and the thickness of the proton exchange membrane is completely the same as that of the membrane electrode.
Example 3
As shown in fig. 6, 9, 10, and 11, a membrane electrode structure of a fuel cell includes an active region 5 and a sealing region 13, where the active region 5 includes a proton exchange membrane 4 and a carbon paper 9 attached with a catalyst, the sealing region 13 is disposed around the active region 5, the upper and lower ends of the sealing region 13 are provided with an air inlet 1, a cooling water inlet 2, and a hydrogen inlet 3, the sealing region 13 is formed by extending the proton exchange membrane 4 or the carbon paper 9 of the active region 5 outward and filling a hot melt adhesive plastic 12, and the thickness of the sealing region 13 is the same as thatof the active region 5.
This embodiment is a very different method, which is to extend a small part of the diffusion layer material (carbon paper 9) from the two sides outside the membrane electrode active region 5, and to line up a plurality of hot melt adhesive plastic layers 12 in the middle, wherein the two outermost layers cover the proton membrane, as shown in fig. 9, when the membrane electrode is hot pressed under the hot pressing condition, the plurality of hot melt adhesive plastic layers 12 are melted and then forced to squeeze into the porous diffusion layer material (carbon paper 9), wherein the two outermost layers cover the proton exchange membrane with a small part of extension. Thus, the hot-pressed membrane electrode and the epitaxial frame are hot-pressed together, the thickness of the multilayer hot-melt plastic is just melted under the hot-pressing condition and is extruded into the porous diffusion layer material (the carbon paper 9), and the surface of the diffusion layer material (the carbon paper 9) is also plasticized, so that the thickness of the membrane electrode is the same as that of the epitaxial frame, as shown in fig. 10 and 11.
The method is characterized in that the hot melt adhesive plastic is utilized to complete the membrane electrode and the frame thereof at one time when the electrode is hot-pressed, the thickness of the frame is equal to that of the membrane electrode, and the surface of the frame is a flat high-molecular elastomer. When the membrane electrode is applied to a fuel cell, as shown in fig. 12, when the flow guide plate 6 and the membrane electrode are assembled into a fuel cell, a sealing ring 8 (a rigid or elastic elastomer) may be provided on the flow guide plate 6 for sealing.
Claims (7)
1. The membrane electrode structure of the fuel cell comprises asealing area and an active area, wherein the sealing area is arranged on the periphery of the active area, the active area comprises a proton exchange membrane, a porous supporting material and a catalyst, the catalyst is attached to the porous supporting material and is pressed on two sides of the proton exchange membrane in a pressing mode, and the membrane electrode structure is characterized in that the sealing area is formed by the proton exchange membrane or the porous supporting material of the active area extending outwards and filled with hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber and resin, and the thickness of the sealing area is the same as that of the active area.
2. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the proton exchange membrane is less extended outward and partially extended outward, and the hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber, resin is three layers, wherein the middle layer is a gasket layer which is in butt joint with the end of the extended proton exchange membrane, and sealing layers are attached to both sides of the middle layer, the sealing layers are in butt joint with the end of the porous support material to cause permeation, and the three sealing layers are integrated into one body.
3. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the proton exchange membrane extends outward to the outer frame edge of the proton exchange membrane extending to the sealing area, the two layers of the hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber and resin are attached to the two sides of the extended proton exchange membrane and butt-jointed with the end of the porous support material to generate permeation.
4. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the porous support material extends outward to the outer frame edge of the sealing region, the hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber, and resin are three layers, the middle layer is disposed in the middle of the extended porous support material, the other two layers are disposed outside the extended porous support material, and the two layers of hot melt adhesive plastic or thermosetting rubber, and resin are infiltrated into the porous support material by hot pressing, and the three layers of sealing materials are integrated.
5. The membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the sealing region and the active region are formed by one-time hot-press molding.
6. The membrane electrode assembly for fuel cells according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the hot-melt plastic is polyester engineering plastic, and the thermosetting rubber or resin is uncured rubber or resin.
7. The membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the porous support material is a carbon paper or a carbon fiber material.
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CN02283449U CN2588552Y (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2002-12-23 | Membrane electrode structure for fuel battery |
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CN02283449U CN2588552Y (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2002-12-23 | Membrane electrode structure for fuel battery |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100352091C (en) * | 2004-11-03 | 2007-11-28 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Method for preparing fuel cell membrane electrode with integrative structure |
CN100452500C (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2009-01-14 | 英属盖曼群岛商胜光科技股份有限公司 | Procedure for preparing membrane electrode layer of fuel cell, and structure |
CN103715435A (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-04-09 | 清华大学 | Frame sealing technology for polymer electrolyte membrane electrode |
CN104617310A (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2015-05-13 | 昆山桑莱特新能源科技有限公司 | Method for preparing fuel cell membrane electrode with sealing frame |
CN106941182A (en) * | 2017-02-20 | 2017-07-11 | 南京大学 | A kind of membrane electrode of fuel batter with proton exchange film sealed frame |
CN112186216A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2021-01-05 | 深圳市南科燃料电池有限公司 | Packaging method and membrane electrode assembly |
CN112909289A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-06-04 | 苏州泰仑电子材料有限公司 | Preparation method and system of proton exchange sealing membrane of fuel cell |
-
2002
- 2002-12-23 CN CN02283449U patent/CN2588552Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100352091C (en) * | 2004-11-03 | 2007-11-28 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Method for preparing fuel cell membrane electrode with integrative structure |
CN100452500C (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2009-01-14 | 英属盖曼群岛商胜光科技股份有限公司 | Procedure for preparing membrane electrode layer of fuel cell, and structure |
CN103715435A (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-04-09 | 清华大学 | Frame sealing technology for polymer electrolyte membrane electrode |
CN103715435B (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2015-10-28 | 清华大学 | A kind of edge banding frame technique of polymer electrolyte membrane electrode |
CN104617310A (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2015-05-13 | 昆山桑莱特新能源科技有限公司 | Method for preparing fuel cell membrane electrode with sealing frame |
CN106941182A (en) * | 2017-02-20 | 2017-07-11 | 南京大学 | A kind of membrane electrode of fuel batter with proton exchange film sealed frame |
CN112186216A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2021-01-05 | 深圳市南科燃料电池有限公司 | Packaging method and membrane electrode assembly |
CN112909289A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-06-04 | 苏州泰仑电子材料有限公司 | Preparation method and system of proton exchange sealing membrane of fuel cell |
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CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20031126 Termination date: 20100125 |