CN221162996U - Chassis and new energy commercial vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model provides a chassis and a new energy commercial vehicle, and relates to the technical field of automobile parts. The electric drive unit is connected to the rear axle at a side facing away from the front axle to provide driving force for the rear axle. The battery unit is arranged at the bottom of the frame and between the front axle and the rear axle, and is electrically connected with the electric driving unit. The chassis provided by the utility model has the advantages that the installation space of the battery unit is larger, the arrangement of the battery and the rest part of the whole vehicle is facilitated, the integration level is high, and the layout is more reasonable.

Description

Chassis and new energy commercial vehicle

Technical Field

The utility model relates to the technical field of automobile parts, in particular to a chassis and a new energy commercial vehicle.

Background

The chassis of a vehicle is typically made up of parts such as a drive train, a running train, a steering train, and a brake train, and is used to support and mount various components and assemblies on the vehicle, thereby forming the vehicle as a whole, and the quality of the chassis directly affects the overall performance of the vehicle. In recent years, with the development of new energy technology, an electric commercial vehicle is generated, and the electric commercial vehicle is more energy-saving and environment-friendly.

In the prior art, the chassis of the new energy commercial vehicle adopts the transmission form of a motor, a transmission shaft and a rear axle, namely, the motor is arranged at the position between the front axle and the rear axle, the output end of the motor is connected with the transmission shaft, the transmission shaft extends backwards to be connected with the rear axle, and the driving force of the motor is transmitted to the rear axle through the transmission shaft so as to drive the whole vehicle to run.

However, the transmission part occupies more installation space, which is unfavorable for the arrangement of the battery and the rest of the whole vehicle.

Disclosure of utility model

Based on the structure, the utility model provides a chassis and a new energy commercial vehicle, which are used for solving the technical problem that the arrangement of a battery and the rest of the whole vehicle is not facilitated because the transmission part of the existing new energy vehicle occupies more installation space.

In a first aspect, the present utility model provides a chassis comprising a frame, a front axle, a rear axle, an electric drive unit, and a battery unit;

the front axle is arranged close to the front end of the frame, and the rear axle is arranged close to the rear end of the frame;

the electric drive unit is connected to one side of the rear axle, which is away from the front axle, so as to provide driving force for the rear axle;

the battery unit is arranged at the bottom of the frame and between the front axle and the rear axle, and is electrically connected with the electric driving unit.

In one possible implementation, the electric drive unit comprises an electric motor and a reduction gear, the electric motor being in driving connection with the rear axle via the reduction gear.

In one possible implementation manner, the vehicle frame further comprises a fixed bracket, wherein the vehicle frame comprises two longitudinal beams and a plurality of transverse beams, and the two longitudinal beams are arranged at intervals;

two ends of the cross beams are respectively connected with similar longitudinal beams, and a plurality of cross beams are arranged at intervals along the extending direction of the longitudinal beams;

the battery unit is placed on the fixed bolster, and the fixed bolster can be dismantled with the longeron and be connected.

In one possible implementation manner, the fixing bracket is provided with a plurality of first connecting parts, the outer side wall of the longitudinal beam is provided with second connecting parts, and the first connecting parts are in one-to-one correspondence with and connected with the second connecting parts.

In one possible implementation, the front axle includes a front axle body, two front suspensions, and two front wheel assemblies, the front axle body is respectively connected to the two stringers through the two front suspensions, and the two front wheel assemblies are respectively connected to two ends of the front axle body.

In one possible embodiment, the front axle further comprises two front wheel brakes, which are each connected to a respective front wheel assembly, and a steering gear, which is connected to both front wheel assemblies.

In one possible implementation, the rear axle includes a rear axle body, two rear suspensions, and two rear wheel assemblies, the rear axle body being connected to the two stringers by the two rear suspensions, respectively, the two rear wheel assemblies being connected to both ends of the rear axle body, respectively.

In one possible embodiment, the rear axle further comprises two rear wheel brakes, which are each connected to a respective rear wheel assembly, the rear wheel brakes being located on a side facing away from the electric drive unit.

In one possible implementation, the motor is a flat wire motor and the front and rear wheel brakes are wedge brakes.

In a second aspect, the utility model also provides a new energy commercial vehicle, which comprises a chassis and a vehicle body arranged on the chassis, wherein the chassis adopts any one of the chassis provided in the first aspect.

The utility model provides a chassis and a new energy commercial vehicle. The front axle is arranged at a position close to the front end of the frame, and the rear axle is arranged at a position close to the rear end of the frame, so that a mounting space of the battery unit is reserved between the front axle and the rear axle. The electric drive unit is connected to one side, deviating from the front axle, of the rear axle, the integration level is higher, the occupation of the installation space of the battery unit is avoided, and the driving force is provided for the rear axle through the electric drive unit. The battery unit is arranged at the bottom of the frame and between the front axle and the rear axle, and is electrically connected with the electric driving unit, and provides electric energy for the electric driving unit through the battery unit. Therefore, the chassis of the new energy commercial vehicle provided by the utility model can accommodate the battery unit with larger volume capacity, is beneficial to the arrangement of the battery and the rest part of the whole vehicle, and has more reasonable layout.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present utility model or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, it will be obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present utility model, and that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort to a person skilled in the art.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a chassis according to an embodiment of the present utility model;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a portion of the rear axle of FIG. 1 connected to an electric drive unit;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a portion of the rear wheel assembly of FIG. 2 connected to a rear wheel brake;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a portion of the front axle of FIG. 1;

fig. 5 is a schematic view of a portion of the front wheel assembly of fig. 4 connected to a front wheel brake.

Reference numerals:

100: a frame;

110: a longitudinal beam;

111: a second connecting portion;

120: a cross beam;

200: a front axle;

210: a front axle body;

220: a front suspension;

230: a front wheel assembly;

240: a front wheel brake;

250: a steering gear;

300: a rear axle;

310: a rear axle body;

320: a rear suspension;

330: a rear wheel assembly;

340: a rear wheel brake;

400: an electric drive unit;

410: a motor;

420: a speed reducer;

500: a battery unit;

600: a fixed bracket;

610: a first connection portion.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, the same numbers in different drawings refer to the same or similar elements, unless otherwise indicated. The implementations described in the following exemplary examples do not represent all implementations consistent with the utility model. Rather, they are merely examples of methods and apparatus consistent with aspects of the utility model as detailed in the accompanying claims.

The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth" and the like in the description and in the claims and in the above drawings, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar objects and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged where appropriate such that the embodiments of the utility model described herein may be implemented, for example, in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

Just as in the background art, some new energy commercial vehicle types arrange motor and transmission shaft between front axle and rear axle, and the drive chain is longer, and transmission efficiency is lower relatively, has also taken more chassis space, makes to have to adopt two battery packs to arrange respectively in the both sides of frame, has influenced whole car's stability, also leads to the braking system, part such as electronic and electric appliances to arrange difficultly, needs to optimally solve.

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the utility model provides a chassis of a new energy commercial vehicle. The utility model provides a new energy commercial vehicle chassis which comprises a vehicle frame, a front axle, a rear axle, an electric drive unit and a battery unit. The front axle is arranged at a position close to the front end of the frame, and the rear axle is arranged at a position close to the rear end of the frame, so that a mounting space of the battery unit is reserved between the front axle and the rear axle. The electric drive unit is connected to one side, deviating from the front axle, of the rear axle, the integration level is higher, the occupation of the installation space of the battery unit is avoided, and the driving force is provided for the rear axle through the electric drive unit. The battery unit is arranged at the bottom of the frame and between the front axle and the rear axle, the battery unit is electrically connected with the electric drive unit, the electric drive unit is supplied with electric energy through the battery unit, the chassis can accommodate the battery unit with larger volume capacity, the arrangement of the battery and the rest part of the whole vehicle is facilitated, and the layout is more reasonable.

In the following, an exemplary application scenario of an embodiment of the present utility model is described.

The chassis provided by the utility model can be applied to new energy commercial vehicles, and the new energy commercial vehicles generally refer to cargo vehicles and more than 9 buses with new structures, which adopt unconventional vehicle fuels as power sources. The chassis provided by the utility model is applied to the vehicle type, so that the installation space of the battery unit is larger, the arrangement of the battery and the rest part of the whole vehicle is facilitated, the integration level is high, the layout is more reasonable, and the vehicle experience can be improved.

The technical scheme of the utility model is described in detail below by specific examples. The following embodiments may be combined with each other, and some embodiments may not be repeated for the same or similar concepts or processes.

Referring to fig. 1 to 5, the chassis provided in this embodiment includes a frame 100, a front axle 200, a rear axle 300, an electric drive unit 400, and a battery unit 500. Front axle 200 is disposed proximate the front end of frame 100 and rear axle 300 is disposed proximate the rear end of frame 100. An electric drive unit 400 is connected to the rear axle 300 on a side facing away from the front axle 200 to provide driving force to the rear axle 300. The battery unit 500 is disposed at the bottom of the vehicle frame 100 between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300, and the battery unit 500 is electrically connected to the electric drive unit 400.

In this embodiment, the frame 100 is used as a skeleton of a whole vehicle for carrying the front axle 200, the rear axle 300, the electric drive unit 400, the battery unit 500 and the installation of the vehicle body. The frame 100 may be a frame structure formed by connecting longitudinal beams and cross beams, which should at least ensure that the arrangement requirements of the front axle 200, the rear axle 300, the electric drive unit 400 and the battery unit 500, i.e. not interfere with each other, are met.

The front axle 200 is used for supporting a front section of the frame 100 and for steering the frame 100, the front axle 200 is arranged near the front end of the frame 100 in the vehicle width direction, the front axle 200 can be connected with the frame 100 through a suspension, and the two ends of the front axle 200 in the vehicle width direction are respectively used for mounting wheels and other components for driving, steering, braking and the like.

The rear axle 300 is used for supporting a rear portion of the frame 100 and driving the frame 100 to travel, the rear axle 300 is arranged near the rear end of the frame 100 in the vehicle width direction, the rear axle 300 can also be connected with the frame 100 through a suspension, and the two ends of the rear axle 300 along the vehicle width direction are respectively used for installing wheels and other components for traveling, braking and the like.

The electric driving unit 400 is used for providing rotational power for the rear axle 300, and may include a motor, a decelerator, etc., the electric driving unit 400 is integrally installed on the rear axle 300, and the electric driving unit 400 may drive a driving shaft in the rear axle 300 through a gear to drive the rear wheel to rotate. The transmission efficiency is higher, and the response is faster.

In addition, the electric drive unit 400 is disposed at a side of the rear axle 300 away from the front axle 200, so that the electric drive unit 400 does not occupy a space between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300, more space is made for mounting the battery unit 500, and the electric drive unit 400 faces to the rear of the frame 100, thereby facilitating disassembly, assembly, maintenance and the like.

The battery unit 500 is used to supply power to the electric driving unit 400, and the battery unit 500 may be a battery pack, and the battery unit 500 is electrically connected to the electric driving unit 400 through a wire harness. The battery unit 500 is arranged below the frame 100 between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300, so that compared with the case that two partitioned battery packs are arranged on two side frames 100 of the vehicle width, the vehicle frame can adapt to single-pack battery installation, the problem that double-pack batteries occupy larger space is solved, and the gravity center is concentrated on the inner side of the frame 100, so that the stability is better.

The battery unit 500 may be fixedly connected to the bottom of the frame 100 through a connecting member, or may be integrally mounted to the bottom of the frame 100. Thus, the arrangement and installation of the rest of the whole vehicle are facilitated.

Thus, the chassis provided in the present embodiment includes the frame 100, the front axle 200, the rear axle 300, the electric drive unit 400, and the battery unit 500. The front axle 200 is disposed near the front end of the frame 100 and the rear axle 300 is disposed near the rear end of the frame 100 such that an installation space of the battery unit 500 is left between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300. The electric drive unit 400 is connected to the rear axle 300 at a side facing away from the front axle 200, so that the integration level is higher, the occupation of the installation space of the battery unit 500 is avoided, and the electric drive unit 400 provides driving force for the rear axle 300. The battery unit 500 is arranged at the bottom of the frame 100 and is positioned between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300, the battery unit 500 is electrically connected with the electric drive unit 400, the electric drive unit 400 is provided with electric energy through the battery unit 500, the chassis can accommodate the battery unit 500 with larger volume capacity, arrangement of batteries and other parts of the whole vehicle is facilitated, the layout is more reasonable, and the vehicle experience is improved.

In one possible design, as shown in fig. 2, in this embodiment, the electric drive unit 400 includes at least a motor 410 and a reducer 420, and the motor 410 is in driving connection with the rear axle 300 through the reducer 420.

The motor 410 and the reducer 420 may be connected by screwing, clamping, riveting, or the like, and the reducer 420 and the rear axle 300 may be connected by screwing, clamping, riveting, or the like. The output end of the motor 410 is connected with the driving shaft in the rear axle 300 through the reducer 420, so that the transmission is more direct, the efficiency is higher, the reaction is faster, the structure is more compact, the arrangement space is saved, and meanwhile, the motor is convenient to disassemble, assemble and maintain.

Further, as shown in fig. 1, the chassis provided in this embodiment further includes a fixing bracket 600, where the frame 100 includes two longitudinal beams 110 and a plurality of cross beams 120, and the two longitudinal beams 110 are spaced apart. Two ends of the cross beam 120 are respectively connected with adjacent longitudinal beams 110, and a plurality of cross beams 120 are arranged at intervals along the extending direction of the longitudinal beams 110. The battery unit 500 is mounted on the fixing bracket 600, and the fixing bracket 600 is detachably connected to the side member 110.

Illustratively, the fixing bracket 600 has a placement cavity thereon, which is matched with the battery unit 500, and the battery unit 500 is placed in the placement cavity. In this way, the battery unit 500 may be supported and protected by the fixing bracket 600. The fixing bracket 600 may be connected to the bottom of the frame 100 by screwing, clamping, riveting, etc., which is not limited in this embodiment.

Specifically, the two longitudinal beams 110 are arranged side by side along the vehicle width direction, the plurality of cross beams 120 are arranged at intervals along the vehicle front-to-vehicle rear direction, and two ends of the cross beams 120 along the vehicle width direction are respectively and fixedly connected with the longitudinal beams 110, such as welding, screwing and the like. The specific number and positions of the cross beams 120 may be determined according to actual requirements, and are not specifically limited in this embodiment.

The fixing bracket 600 may be connected to the longitudinal beam 110 by screwing, clamping, or the like. Thus, the assembly and disassembly are convenient, and the stability of connection can be ensured. The specific connection manner of the fixing bracket 600 and the longitudinal beam 110 is not limited in this embodiment.

Further, as shown in fig. 1, in the present embodiment, the fixing bracket 600 has a plurality of first connecting portions 610, and the outer side wall of the longitudinal beam 110 has second connecting portions 111, and the first connecting portions 610 are in one-to-one correspondence with and connected to the second connecting portions 111.

Specifically, the first connection portion 610 may be a connection block disposed around the periphery of the fixing bracket 600, and the connection block may be provided with a first mounting hole, and correspondingly, the second connection portion 111 may be a mounting surface on an outer sidewall of the longitudinal beam 110, and the mounting surface may be provided with a second mounting hole corresponding to the first mounting hole, and the first mounting hole and the second mounting hole may be fixed by bolts.

Wherein, the connecting block and the mounting surface can be arranged on the outer side wall of the longitudinal beam 110 at intervals along the direction from front to back of the automobile, thereby facilitating the disassembly and assembly operations. The specific number and positions of the connection blocks and the mounting surfaces are not excessively limited in this embodiment.

Alternatively, as shown in fig. 1 and 4, in the present embodiment, the front axle 200 includes a front axle body 210, two front suspensions 220, and two front wheel assemblies 230, wherein the front axle body 210 is respectively connected to the two stringers 110 through the two front suspensions 220, and the two front wheel assemblies 230 are respectively connected to two ends of the front axle body 210.

Illustratively, the front axle 200 is disposed along the vehicle width direction, and two front suspensions 220, such as leaf spring type, coil spring type, torsion beam type, air spring type, and the like, are disposed opposite to each other on both sides of the front axle 200 in the vehicle width direction, and two front wheel assemblies 230 are respectively mounted on both ends of the front axle 200 in the vehicle width direction. In this way, the side member 110 and the front axle body 210 are connected by the front suspension 220, and cushioning is provided.

Of course, as shown in fig. 4 and 5, in the present embodiment, the front axle 200 may further include two front wheel brakes 240 and a steering gear 250, wherein the front wheel brakes 240 are respectively connected to the corresponding front wheel assemblies 230, and the steering gear 250 is connected to the two front wheel assemblies 230.

In this way, the front wheel assemblies 230 are braked or released by the front wheel brakes 240, and both front wheel assemblies 230 are controlled to deflect leftward or rightward simultaneously by the steering gear 250. The steering gear 250 may be of a rack-and-pinion type, a worm crank pin type, a recirculating ball type, or the like, and is not particularly limited in this embodiment.

Further, in the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the rear axle 300 at least includes a rear axle body 310, two rear suspensions 320 and two rear wheel assemblies 330, wherein the rear axle body 310 is respectively connected to the two stringers 110 through the two rear suspensions 320, and the two rear wheel assemblies 330 are respectively connected to two ends of the rear axle body 310.

Illustratively, the rear axle 300 is disposed along the vehicle width direction, and two rear suspensions 320, such as leaf spring type, coil spring type, torsion beam type, air spring type, etc., are disposed opposite to each other on both sides of the rear axle 300 in the vehicle width direction, and two rear wheel assemblies 330 are respectively mounted on both ends of the rear axle 300 in the vehicle width direction. In this way, the side member 110 and the rear axle body 310 are connected by the rear suspension 320, and cushioning is provided.

Of course, as shown in fig. 3, in the present embodiment, the rear axle 300 may further include two rear wheel brakes 340, wherein the rear wheel brakes 340 are respectively connected with the corresponding rear wheel assemblies 330, and the rear wheel brakes 340 are located at a side facing away from the electric drive unit 400. In this way, the rear wheel assembly 330 may be braked or released by the rear wheel brake 340.

Alternatively, as shown in connection with fig. 2, 3, and 5, in the present embodiment, the motor 410 is a flat wire motor, and the front wheel brake 240 and the rear wheel brake 340 are wedge brakes. The motor 410 is a flat wire motor, and compared with a traditional round wire motor, the flat wire motor has higher slot filling rate, and has the characteristics of high efficiency, light weight and excellent cost under the same power and torque conditions.

In addition, the wedge brake has fast braking response and great braking force, and has high braking performance, no parts including regulating arm, cam shaft, air chamber push rod, regulating arm, etc. compared with available cam shaft type braking system, and thus saving in layout space and lowering in weight.

It should be noted that the rear wheel brake 340 is located at a side close to the battery unit 500 to satisfy the installation requirement of avoiding interference with the electric drive unit 400. Of course, its occupation space is much smaller with respect to the electric drive unit 400, thereby ensuring a large installation space requirement of the battery unit 500. The position of the battery unit 500 near the rear wheel brake 340 may be designed to be a clearance gap, so as to meet the installation requirement.

The embodiment of the utility model also provides a new energy commercial vehicle, which comprises a chassis and a vehicle body arranged on the chassis, wherein the chassis adopts the chassis provided by any one of the embodiments.

The structure of the chassis is described in detail in the above embodiments, and will not be described here again.

It will be appreciated that the chassis frame 100 has a plurality of frame connection portions, and correspondingly, the vehicle body has a plurality of vehicle body connection portions, which are in one-to-one correspondence and connection with the frame connection portions. Thus, stable connection of the chassis and the vehicle body can be realized.

The new energy commercial vehicle provided by the embodiment of the utility model comprises a chassis, a frame 100, a front axle 200, a rear axle 300, an electric drive unit 400 and a battery unit 500. The front axle 200 is disposed near the front end of the frame 100 and the rear axle 300 is disposed near the rear end of the frame 100 such that an installation space of the battery unit 500 is left between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300. The electric drive unit 400 is connected to the rear axle 300 at a side facing away from the front axle 200, so that the integration level is higher, the occupation of the installation space of the battery unit 500 is avoided, and the electric drive unit 400 provides driving force for the rear axle 300. The battery unit 500 is arranged at the bottom of the frame 100 and is positioned between the front axle 200 and the rear axle 300, the battery unit 500 is electrically connected with the electric drive unit 400, the electric drive unit 400 is provided with electric energy through the battery unit 500, the chassis can accommodate the battery unit 500 with larger volume capacity, arrangement of batteries and other parts of the whole vehicle is facilitated, the layout is more reasonable, and the vehicle experience is improved.

Other embodiments of the utility model will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the utility model disclosed herein. This utility model is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the utility model following, in general, the principles of the utility model and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the utility model pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the utility model being indicated by the following claims.

It is to be understood that the utility model is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, which have been described above, and that various modifications and changes may be effected without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the utility model is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. The chassis is characterized by comprising a frame, a front axle, a rear axle, an electric drive unit and a battery unit;

The front axle is arranged close to the front end of the frame, and the rear axle is arranged close to the rear end of the frame;

The electric drive unit is connected to one side, away from the front axle, of the rear axle so as to provide driving force for the rear axle;

The battery unit is arranged at the bottom of the frame and is positioned between the front axle and the rear axle, and the battery unit is electrically connected with the electric driving unit.

2. The chassis of claim 1, wherein the electric drive unit comprises a motor and a reducer, the motor being drivingly connected to the rear axle through the reducer.

3. The chassis of claim 2, further comprising a fixed bracket, wherein the frame comprises two stringers and a plurality of cross members, the two stringers being spaced apart;

Two ends of the cross beam are respectively connected with the similar longitudinal beams, and a plurality of cross beams are arranged at intervals along the extending direction of the longitudinal beams;

The battery unit is placed on the fixed support, and the fixed support is detachably connected with the longitudinal beam.

4. A chassis according to claim 3, wherein the fixing bracket is provided with a plurality of first connecting portions, the outer side wall of the longitudinal beam is provided with second connecting portions, and the first connecting portions are in one-to-one correspondence with and connected with the second connecting portions.

5. The chassis of claim 3 or 4, wherein the front axle comprises a front axle body, two front suspensions, and two front wheel assemblies, the front axle body is respectively connected to the two stringers through the two front suspensions, and the two front wheel assemblies are respectively connected to both ends of the front axle body.

6. The chassis of claim 5, wherein the front axle further comprises two front wheel brakes each connected to a corresponding one of the front wheel assemblies and a steering gear connected to both of the front wheel assemblies.

7. The chassis of claim 6, wherein the rear axle comprises a rear axle body, two rear suspensions, and two rear wheel assemblies, the rear axle body being connected to the two stringers by the two rear suspensions, respectively, the two rear wheel assemblies being connected to both ends of the rear axle body, respectively.

8. The chassis of claim 7, wherein the rear axle further comprises two rear wheel brakes respectively connected to the corresponding rear wheel assemblies, the rear wheel brakes being located on a side facing away from the electric drive unit.

9. The chassis of claim 8, wherein the motor is a flat wire motor and the front wheel brake and the rear wheel brake are wedge brakes.

10. A new energy commercial vehicle comprising a chassis and a vehicle body provided on the chassis, characterized in that the chassis employs the chassis as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9.