CN220421837U - Multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation - Google Patents
Multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation, which comprises a signal generating end, a signal transmission module, a user end and a measuring end; the signal generating end generates light pulses, the light pulses enter the user end through the signal transmission module, and the user end returns the light pulses to enter the measuring end through the signal transmission module; the user terminal comprises a Sagnac circular polarization modulator, an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator and a Faraday reflector; the Sagnac circular polarization modulator includes a first polarizing beamsplitter, a phase modulator, and a second polarizing beamsplitter. The Sagnac circular polarization modulator adopted by the utility model modulates polarization through the phase modulator, has higher modulation speed and better stability, and solves the problem that the device modulation performance combining the plug-and-play system and the measurement device independent quantum key distribution protocol is not good enough at present.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of quantum information and optical fiber communication, in particular to a multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation.
Background
Quantum key distribution (quantum key distribution, QKD) technology is based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, which in theory have proven to enable unconditionally secure key sharing. However, because of non-ideal characteristics of actual devices and equipment, a certain gap exists between the actual safety of the quantum key distribution system and theory; the single photon detector in the detection end is the part which is most easily attacked, so that the actual safety of the quantum key distribution system is seriously influenced; secondly, in a specific implementation, the change of the external environment may affect the whole system, thereby affecting the key rate.
The measurement device independent quantum key distribution (Measurement Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution, MDI-QKD) protocol perfectly solves the problem of potential security risks due to detector imperfections. The plug-and-play system has the advantage of perfect stability and good compensation effect on errors caused by environmental changes.
However, the device combining the plug-and-play system and the measurement device independent quantum key distribution protocol is complex at present, so that the implementation cost is high, the modulation performance of the adopted polarization controller is not good enough, and the code rate is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The utility model provides a multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation, which aims to solve the problem that the device modulation performance of the combination of a plug-and-play system and a measurement device independent quantum key distribution protocol is not good enough at present.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the utility model is as follows:
a multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation comprises a signal generating end, a signal transmission module, a user end and a measuring end; the signal generating end generates light pulses, the light pulses enter the user end through the signal transmission module, and the user end returns the light pulses to enter the measuring end through the signal transmission module;
the user terminal comprises a Sagnac circular polarization modulator, an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator and a Faraday reflector; the Sagnac circular polarization modulator comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a phase modulator and a second polarization beam splitter;
the first port of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the signal transmission module, the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with one end of the electric control adjustable attenuator and one end of the phase modulator, the other end of the electric control adjustable attenuator and the other end of the phase modulator are respectively connected with the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter, and the first port of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the Faraday reflector.
Preferably, the signal generating end comprises a laser, a first beam splitter, a first circulator and a second circulator;
the output end of the laser is connected with the first port of the first beam splitter, and the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter are respectively connected with the first port of the first circulator and the first port of the second circulator;
the number of the user ends is two, one user end is connected with the second port of the first circulator through the signal transmission module, and the other user end is connected with the second port of the second circulator through the signal transmission module.
Preferably, the laser is a multi-wavelength laser for generating 45 degree polarized light pulses of different wavelengths.
Preferably, the first beam splitter is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
Preferably, the signal transmission module comprises a first wavelength router and a second wavelength router;
the first port and the second port of the first wavelength router are respectively connected with the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second circulator, the third port and the fourth port of the first wavelength router are respectively connected with the first port and the second port of the second wavelength router, and the third port and the fourth port of the second wavelength router are respectively connected with different user ends.
Preferably, the measuring end comprises a second beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a first single photon detector, a second single photon detector, a third single photon detector and a fourth single photon detector;
the first port and the second port of the second beam splitter are respectively connected with the third port of the first circulator and the third port of the second circulator, the third port and the fourth port of the second beam splitter are respectively connected with the first port of the third polarization beam splitter and the first port of the fourth polarization beam splitter, the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the input end of the first single photon detector and the input end of the second single photon detector, and the second port and the third port of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the input end of the third single photon detector and the input end of the fourth single photon detector.
Preferably, the second beam splitter is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
Preferably, the user terminal further comprises a fixed attenuator; one end of the fixed attenuator is connected with the signal transmission module, and the other end of the fixed attenuator is connected with the first port of the first polarization beam splitter.
The beneficial technical effects of the utility model are as follows:
(1) The Sagnac circular polarization modulator used in the utility model modulates polarization through the phase modulator, has higher modulation speed and better stability, and improves modulation performance.
(2) The utility model uses the Sagnac circular polarization modulator to generate the polarization state to carry out the multi-user measurement device independent protocol, thereby simplifying the complexity of the system, having simple operation and easy realization.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an overall frame of the present utility model;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a user terminal in the present utility model;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the measuring end in the present utility model.
In the figure: 1. a signal generating terminal; 11. a laser; 12. a first beam splitter; 13. a first circulator; 14. a second circulator; 2. a signal transmission module; 21. a first wavelength router; 22. a second wavelength router; 3. a user terminal; 31. a Sagnac circularly polarized modulator; 311. a first polarizing beam splitter; 312. a phase modulator; 313. a second polarizing beam splitter; 32. an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator; 33. a Faraday mirror; 34. a fixed attenuator; 4. a measuring end; 41. a second beam splitter; 42. a third polarizing beam splitter; 43. a fourth polarizing beam splitter; 44. a first single photon detector; 45. a second single photon detector; 46. a third single photon detector; 47. and a fourth single photon detector.
Detailed Description
The present utility model will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples, for the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present utility model more apparent, but the scope of the present utility model is not limited to the following specific examples.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-3, a multiuser MDI-QKD system based on a Sagnac loop modulation includes a signal generating terminal 1, a signal transmitting module 2, a user terminal 3, and a measuring terminal 4; the signal generating end 1 generates optical pulses, the optical pulses enter the user end 3 through the signal transmission module 2, and the user end 3 returns the optical pulses to enter the measuring end 4 through the signal transmission module 2;
the user terminal 3 comprises a Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31, an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and a Faraday reflector 33; the Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31 includes a first polarization beam splitter 311, a phase modulator 312, and a second polarization beam splitter 313;
the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 311 is connected to the signal transmission module 2, the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 311 are respectively connected to one end of the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and one end of the phase modulator 312, the other end of the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and the other end of the phase modulator 312 are respectively connected to the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 313, and the first port of the second polarization beam splitter 313 is connected to the faraday mirror 33.
In the specific implementation process, the optical pulse generated by the signal generating end 1 enters the user end 3 through the signal transmission module 2, and the polarization state is generated by the Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31 at the user end 3 to carry out a multi-user measurement device independent protocol, so that the complexity of the system is simplified, the operation is simple, and the implementation is easy; and the Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31 adopts the phase modulator 312 to modulate polarization, so that the modulation speed is faster, the stability is better, and the modulation performance is improved.
In the implementation process, there are a plurality of clients 3, and an even number is generally set, and every two matches are set as a pair.
Example 2
A multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation comprises a signal generating end 1, a signal transmission module 2, a user end 3 and a measuring end 4; the signal generating end 1 generates optical pulses, the optical pulses enter the user end 3 through the signal transmission module 2, and the user end 3 returns the optical pulses to enter the measuring end 4 through the signal transmission module 2;
the user terminal 3 comprises a Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31, an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and a Faraday reflector 33; the Sagnac circular polarization modulator 31 includes a first polarization beam splitter 311, a phase modulator 312, and a second polarization beam splitter 313;
the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 311 is connected to the signal transmission module 2, the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 311 are respectively connected to one end of the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and one end of the phase modulator 312, the other end of the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 and the other end of the phase modulator 312 are respectively connected to the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 313, and the first port of the second polarization beam splitter 313 is connected to the faraday mirror 33.
More specifically, the signal generating terminal 1 includes a laser 11, a first beam splitter 12, a first circulator 13, and a second circulator 14;
the output end of the laser 11 is connected with a first port of the first beam splitter 12, and a second port and a third port of the first beam splitter 12 are respectively connected with a first port of the first circulator 13 and a first port of the second circulator 14;
two clients 3 are respectively denoted as Alice and Bob, one client 3 is connected with the second port of the first circulator 13 through the signal transmission module 2, and the other client 3 is connected with the second port of the second circulator 14 through the signal transmission module 2.
More specifically, the laser 11 is a multi-wavelength laser for generating 45-degree polarized light pulses of different wavelengths.
In the specific implementation process, 45-degree polarized light pulses with different wavelengths are generated through a multi-wavelength laser, so that key distribution with different user terminals 3 is realized; the first circulator 13 and the second circulator 14 respectively send the light pulses to the user terminal 3 and ensure that the light pulses reflected by the user terminal 3 enter the measuring terminal 4.
More specifically, the first beam splitter 12 is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
More specifically, the signal transmission module 2 includes a first wavelength router 21 and a second wavelength router 22;
the first port and the second port of the first wavelength router 21 are respectively connected with the second port of the first circulator 13 and the second port of the second circulator 14, the third port and the fourth port of the first wavelength router 21 are respectively connected with the first port and the second port of the second wavelength router 22, and the third port and the fourth port of the second wavelength router 22 are respectively connected with different user terminals 3.
In a specific implementation, the first wavelength router 21 and the second wavelength router 22 are used to distribute the light pulses with different wavelengths to the corresponding lines.
More specifically, the measuring end 4 includes a second beam splitter 41, a third polarizing beam splitter 42, a fourth polarizing beam splitter 43, a first single photon detector 44, a second single photon detector 45, a third single photon detector 46, and a fourth single photon detector 47;
the first port and the second port of the second beam splitter 41 are respectively connected with the third port of the first circulator 13 and the third port of the second circulator 14, the third port and the fourth port of the second beam splitter 41 are respectively connected with the first port of the third polarization beam splitter 42 and the first port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 43, the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter 42 are respectively connected with the input end of the first single photon detector 44 and the input end of the second single photon detector 45, and the second port and the third port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 43 are respectively connected with the input end of the third single photon detector 46 and the input end of the fourth single photon detector 47.
More specifically, the second beam splitter 41 is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
More specifically, the client 3 further includes a fixed attenuator 34; one end of the fixed attenuator 34 is connected to the signal transmission module 2, and the other end is connected to the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 311.
In the implementation process, firstly, the wave bands used by the two communication parties are determined, then, the multi-wavelength laser is utilized to generate optical pulses with corresponding wavelengths, the polarization of the optical pulses is 45 degrees, the optical pulses reach the first beam splitter 12 and are divided into two optical pulses with equal power, the two optical pulses respectively pass through the first circulator 13 and the second circulator 14 and reach the first wavelength router 21, the first wavelength router 21 sends the two optical pulses to the second wavelength router 22, and the second wavelength router 22 distributes the two optical pulses to the corresponding user end 3.
Since the operation of the light pulse at Alice and Bob is the same, in this embodiment, alice at the user end is selected for description, which is specifically as follows:
in Alice, the light pulse is attenuated into a single photon pulse by the fixed attenuator 34, and then passes through the first polarization beam splitter 311, and the first polarization beam splitter 311 transmits a horizontal polarization component (horizontal polarization light pulse) of the single photon pulse and reflects a vertical polarization component (vertical polarization light pulse) of the single photon pulse.
The vertically polarized light pulses pass through an electrically controllable adjustable attenuator 32,
if Alice wants to generate a vertical polarization state, the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 will block the vertical polarization state from passing through, and no operation is performed subsequently, that is, a final output vertical polarization state is generated to the measurement end 4;
if Alice wants to generate a horizontal polarization state, then the electrically controllable adjustable attenuator 32 is deactivated and the vertical polarization state light pulse reaches the second polarization beam splitter 313; the horizontal polarization state passes through the phase modulator 312, and at this time the phase modulator 312 is deactivated, the horizontal polarization state light pulse reaches the second polarization beam splitter 313 and combines with the vertical polarization state light pulse. The horizontal polarization state and the vertical polarization state are reflected by the faraday mirror 33 after the second polarization beam splitter 313 combines the beams, and all the polarization states are rotated by 90 degrees, that is, the horizontal polarization state is rotated by 90 degrees to become the vertical polarization state, and the vertical polarization state is rotated by 90 degrees to become the horizontal polarization state. The reflected light pulse returns to the second polarization beam splitter 313, the light pulse with the horizontal polarization state reaches the first polarization beam splitter 311 through the phase modulator 312, the phase modulator 312 is not in action at this time, the light pulse with the vertical polarization state passes through the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32, and the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32 blocks the vertical polarization state from passing at this time, so as to generate a final output horizontal polarization state to the measurement end 4;
if other polarization states are generated, the electrically controllable adjustable attenuator 32 is not active. The vertically polarized light pulses reach the second polarization beam splitter 313; the horizontal polarized light pulse passes through the phase modulator 312, and the phase modulator 312 is deactivated, and the horizontal polarized light pulse reaches the second polarization beam splitter 313 to be combined with the vertical polarized light pulse. The light pulses of horizontal polarization and the light pulses of vertical polarization are combined by the second polarization beam splitter 313 and reflected by the faraday mirror 33, where all polarization is rotated by 90 degrees. The reflected light pulse returns to the second polarization beam splitter 313, and the horizontal polarized light pulse passes through the phase modulator 312 to reach the first polarization beam splitter 311, where the phase modulator 312 modulates the horizontal polarized light pulse and loads it with a phi B Can be expressed asThe light pulse with vertical polarization state passes through the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32, and the light pulse with horizontal polarization state and the light pulse with vertical polarization state can be expressed as +.>When phi is B When the polarization state is 0, the polarization state of 45 degrees is output, namely I+>When phi is B When pi is the output is-45 degrees polarization state, i.e. | ->Through the second wavelength router 22 and the first wavelength router 21 to the measurement end 4.
The horizontal polarized light pulse and the vertical polarized light pulse can be adjusted according to the requirements of the preparation base when reaching the electrically controlled adjustable attenuator 32, and the specific adjustment modes and the results are shown in table 1
TABLE 1
In the table, |H>Represents the horizontal polarization state, |V>Represents the vertical polarization state, | +>Representing 45 degree polarization state |>Representing a-45 degree polarization state. When the pulse modulated by both communication parties reaches the measuring end 4, BSM measurement is carried out, the detector has different responses according to different polarization states modulated by both communication parties, specifically, the BSM measurement can only measure the polarization state |psi generated after the two signals are combined + >And |psi - >When the polarization state of the light pulse is measured to be |ψ + >The first single photon detector 44 and the second single photon detector 45 or the third single photon detector 46 and the fourth single photon detector 47 respond simultaneously when the polarization state of the light pulse is measured to be |ψ - >The first single photon detector 44 and the fourth single photon detector 47 or the second single photon detector 45 and the third single photon detector 46 are responsive at the same time. Wherein |H>And |V>Is Z base, | +>And->When the base selected by Alice and Bob is different, the base is considered to be not selected, in this case, the base is omitted when the two communication parties pair the base, and when the two communication parties simultaneously select one of the base X or the base Z, the measurement end 4 performs bellstate measurement, and codes can be formed according to the response results of different single photon detectors. The corresponding relation between the detection result and the coding result is shown in table 2:
TABLE 2
| Alice&Bob | Measuring |psi + > | Measuring |psi - > |
| X base | Bit non-flip | Bit flipping |
| Z base | Bit flipping | Bit flipping |
In the specific implementation process, alice publishes the condition of the selection base of Alice through a classical channel, and Bob discards detection results different from Alice base according to the condition of the selection base of Alice so as to obtain an original secret key; then, bob selects part of the secret key to detect error code; if the error rate exceeds the set threshold, proving that an eavesdropper exists, discarding the result and restarting; if the error rate does not exceed the set threshold, the usable safety key is obtained after post-processing procedures such as data screening, key negotiation, confidentiality enhancement and the like are carried out on the original key.
Variations and modifications to the above would be obvious to persons skilled in the art to which the utility model pertains from the foregoing description and teachings. Therefore, the utility model is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, but some modifications and changes of the utility model should be also included in the scope of the claims of the utility model. In addition, although specific terms are used in the present specification, these terms are for convenience of description only and do not limit the present utility model in any way.
Claims (8)
1. The multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation is characterized by comprising a signal generation end, a signal transmission module, a user end and a measurement end; the signal generating end generates light pulses, the light pulses enter the user end through the signal transmission module, and the user end returns the light pulses to enter the measuring end through the signal transmission module;
the user terminal comprises a Sagnac circular polarization modulator, an electrically controlled adjustable attenuator and a Faraday reflector; the Sagnac circular polarization modulator comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a phase modulator and a second polarization beam splitter;
the first port of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the signal transmission module, the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with one end of the electric control adjustable attenuator and one end of the phase modulator, the other end of the electric control adjustable attenuator and the other end of the phase modulator are respectively connected with the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter, and the first port of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the Faraday reflector.
2. The Sagnac loop modulation based multi-user MDI-QKD system of claim 1, wherein said signal generation end comprises a laser, a first beam splitter, a first circulator, and a second circulator;
the output end of the laser is connected with the first port of the first beam splitter, and the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter are respectively connected with the first port of the first circulator and the first port of the second circulator;
the number of the user ends is two, one user end is connected with the second port of the first circulator through the signal transmission module, and the other user end is connected with the second port of the second circulator through the signal transmission module.
3. The multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation of claim 2, wherein the laser is a multi-wavelength laser.
4. The Sagnac loop modulation based multi-user MDI-QKD system of claim 2, wherein said first beam splitter is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
5. The Sagnac loop modulation-based multi-user MDI-QKD system of claim 2, wherein said signal transmission module includes a first wavelength router and a second wavelength router;
the first port and the second port of the first wavelength router are respectively connected with the second port of the first circulator and the second port of the second circulator, the third port and the fourth port of the first wavelength router are respectively connected with the first port and the second port of the second wavelength router, and the third port and the fourth port of the second wavelength router are respectively connected with different user ends.
6. The multi-user MDI-QKD system based on Sagnac loop modulation of claim 2, wherein the measurement terminals include a second beam splitter, a third polarizing beam splitter, a fourth polarizing beam splitter, a first single-photon detector, a second single-photon detector, a third single-photon detector, and a fourth single-photon detector;
the first port and the second port of the second beam splitter are respectively connected with the third port of the first circulator and the third port of the second circulator, the third port and the fourth port of the second beam splitter are respectively connected with the first port of the third polarization beam splitter and the first port of the fourth polarization beam splitter, the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the input end of the first single photon detector and the input end of the second single photon detector, and the second port and the third port of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the input end of the third single photon detector and the input end of the fourth single photon detector.
7. The Sagnac loop modulation based multi-user MDI-QKD system of claim 6, wherein said second beam splitter is 50:50 for splitting a single light pulse into two light pulses of equal power.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the client further comprises a fixed attenuator; one end of the fixed attenuator is connected with the signal transmission module, and the other end of the fixed attenuator is connected with the first port of the first polarization beam splitter.
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