CN112702164B - Multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum - Google Patents
Multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum, comprising N Alice sides (sender) and N Bob sides (sender), two wavelength routers and N measuring sides; the N Alice sides and the N Bob sides can realize communication between any Alice and any Bob; the 2N senders are respectively connected with 2 wavelength routers; the specific wavelength outlet of the wavelength router is connected with a designated measuring party; the sender (Alice side and Bob side) sends the prepared single photon, the single photon interference occurs after the single photon reaches the measuring end through the wavelength router, then the single photon interference is measured, and the quantum key which is absolute and safe in theory is generated after the single photon interference is processed by the two communication sides. The invention improves the communication distance of unrepeatered quantum key distribution, can resist all attacks to a measuring end, and enhances the safety of the system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of multi-user quantum communication, in particular to a multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum.
Background
Quantum key distribution is an important technology for realizing symmetric key negotiation between two communication parties based on quantum mechanics principle. Both parties, alice and Bob, can use the generated keys in combination with a one-time pad protocol to achieve theoretically absolute secure secret communication, assuming the presence of an eavesdropper (Eve). The first quantum key distribution protocol was proposed by Bennett et al in 1984, called the BB84 protocol, which presents various problems due to differences in real-world conditions and idealities. During the last decades, a large number of researchers have continuously proposed quantum key distribution protocols that are more secret and that are transmitted over longer distances. 2018 Lucamarini et al propose a two-field quantum key distribution protocol, namely a TF-QKD (quantum key distribution, QKD for short) which breaks through the theoretical limit of the transmission distance of the quantum key distribution protocol without quantum relay and also has the advantage of eliminating the channel at the side of a detection system. The original two-field QKD protocol, however, enabled point-to-point communication and employed phase encoding, which had reference frame alignment issues. Along with the development of technology and the progress of society, obviously, the quantum secret communication between point-to-point users can not meet the social requirement, and the quantum secret communication between multiple users can well solve the problem, thereby greatly promoting the practical progress of the quantum secret communication.
The orbital angular momentum was found and proposed in 1992 by Allen et al, photons not only have spin angular momentum but also orbital angular momentum, which is derived from the helical phase of the light wave, and they found to have a phase structureIn the light field of/>Is the azimuth angle, such as Laguerre Gaussian beam, average each photon has/>Wherein l is any integer. Photon orbital angular momentum eigenstates mathematically constitute a complete set of orthogonal basis vectors, so that high-dimensional information encoding can be achieved using orbital angular momentum. States containing orbital angular momentum can be expressed as/>
Wherein,The relative phases used for the codes are shown, b A,B e {0, pi } where 0 and pi represent 0 and 1, respectively, in the codes.
For example, the sender and receiver generate coherence states
The above equation shows the photon state when the modulated beam value is 4.
Some theoretical studies and simulations were performed by Meng et al in 2020 on TF-QKD using orbital angular momentum, but limited to quantum secret communication between point-to-point single users. Quantum secret communication of multiple parties is not considered. TF-QKD is a new quantum key distribution protocol at present, and is suitable for remote quantum secret communication, while orbital angular momentum can greatly expand transmission channel capacity, and plays an important role in high-dimensional quantum key distribution.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the inherent limit of the quantum key distribution protocol without quantum relay on the transmission distance at present, and provides an orbital angular momentum double-field QKD system which can break through the transmission distance of the traditional quantum key distribution protocol and realize multi-party key distribution. The invention can combine the advantages of TF-QKD and orbital angular momentum to build the multi-user quantum secret communication network, and meet the requirement of multi-user quantum secret communication.
So-called orbital angular momentum the description of the invention takes the form of selecting the state of l=4, and specific expressions can be written as followsThe superposition can be performed according to different values of l. From the relevant theoretical knowledge, when we measure the above quantum states, they will collapse with equal probability to a certain determined quantum state, for example |ψ 1>＝s(1) A,B |1>.
Wherein the method comprises the steps ofThe relative phase b A,B epsilon {0, pi } for the code is shown, where 0 and pi represent 0 and 1, respectively, in the code. For example Alice and Bob produce coherent statesAfter single photon interference occurs through BS
W 1 represents a path along which particles exit from the BS, and the specific value of W 1 relates to the phase values taken by both sides, and exits from the path W 3 if both sides take the same phase, and exits from the path W 4 if both sides take different phases.
The specific roles on BS are as follows:
Suppose Alice and Bob produce states Limited by various factors, when arriving at BS/>Upon reaching the beam splitter, single photon interference is generated on the beam splitter
The first term may be omitted, and the last term may be omitted with a small value of η. Further the above is simplified intoFrom the unitary transformation of the beam splitter we can get:
Can be obtained after substitution
From the above formula, it can be seen that the response of the detector is completely dependent on the phase difference between the two transmitting sides, whenThe response probabilities of the two detectors are respectively
When (when)When the phase values of the two sending sides are the same, SPD0 responds, and the invention is correspondingly that the wave is emitted from the W3 path, det0 responds, and the same thing is the/>When the phase values of the two sending sides are different, SPD1 responds, and the invention is correspondingly adopted, namely the invention outputs from a W4 path, and Det1 responds.
The TF-QKD is similar to the MDI-QKD protocol, the basic TF-QKD consists of two senders of Alice and Bob and a measurer of Charlie, and the communication method is as follows: 1. respectively and independently generating a single photon state with orbital angular momentum by Alice and Bob; 2. alice and Bob send the prepared states to Charlie, respectively; 3. single photon interference occurs on a BS beam splitter in front of Charlie in a single photon state sent by Alice and Bob; 4. according to the response generated by the detection of the two OAM sorters at the Charlie end, the original secret key can be obtained by the coding rules Alice and Bob; 5. then, the two parties carry out post-processing procedures including monitoring detection, error code analysis and privacy amplification. Eventually generating a secure key that Alice and Bob can communicate.
TABLE 1 OAM-TF-QKD measurement results and corresponding code values
In the invention, communication among multiple users is adopted, wherein the communication comprises 2N sending ends and N Charlie ends, the measuring ends are similar to the exchange station, and the two parties needing communication transmit the prepared single photon state to the exchange station for measurement.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal of multiparty user communication, we have modified the measurement end so as to be suitable for the present method.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
A multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum comprises 2N sending ends, two wavelength routers and N measuring ends, wherein the sending ends and the measuring ends are connected through quantum channels;
The transmitting end comprises a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator, a phase modulator, a random number generator and a spatial light modulator which are sequentially connected, wherein the variable wavelength laser generates light with specific wavelength (850-1675 nm) and then transmits the light to the intensity modulator to modulate the intensity, the intensity modulator transmits the light to the phase modulator to perform phase modulation, the intensity modulator and the phase modulator are controlled by the random number generator, the light is transmitted to the spatial light modulator after the phase modulation is finished, and the light is loaded with orbital angular momentum information and then output to the wavelength router;
The N measuring ends comprise N beam splitters and 2N detectors, the two wavelength routers are connected with the N beam splitters, and one beam splitter is connected with the two detectors; and among the 2N transmitting ends, light emitted by the N transmitting ends enters one wavelength router, light emitted by the remaining N transmitting ends enters the other wavelength router, the wavelength router outputs the light from a specific wavelength (850-1675 nm) port to a specified beam splitter according to the wavelength of the input light, the input light generates single photon interference on the beam splitter, and the detector emits corresponding response according to different interference results.
Aiming at the problems of the double-field QKD scheme, the invention utilizes orbital angular momentum to encode information, realizes a multipoint-to-multipoint quantum network, can increase the capacity of a transmission channel, and can avoid some problems caused by reference system alignment.
Specifically, in the present invention, 2N transmitting ends include N first transmitting sides and N second transmitting sides.
Preferably, in the present invention, the 2N transmitting ends use single photon sources.
The method is suitable for multiple users, and one transmitting end and one corresponding measuring end are needed to be added when one user is added.
Preferably, in the present invention, both parties that need to communicate select the same wavelength of light for communication before communication.
In the invention, the third party measuring end can be untrusted, the measuring end only needs to inform the two communication parties of the response condition of the detector through a classical channel, and the two communication parties can obtain codes according to different response conditions of the detector; if the third party measuring end gives false information, the error rate of the two communication parties is higher when the data processing is carried out, and the communication can be abandoned. And under the set safety threshold value, the two communication parties further perform data processing on the generated secret key, wherein the contents comprise data negotiation, confidentiality enhancement and the like, and finally the n-bit identical safety secret key is obtained.
The orbital angular momentum-based double-field QKD multi-user method applies the contents of the orbital angular momentum and double-field quantum key distribution protocol, and the specific steps and contents of the method are as follows:
step one: selecting a communication light wavelength; two parties needing to communicate negotiate before communication, and select light with the same wavelength to communicate;
step two: preparing photons required for transmission; the two communication parties respectively prepare photons loaded with phase and orbital angular momentum;
Step three: information transmission; the two communication parties send the prepared photons to a wavelength router through a quantum channel, and the wavelength router sends the photons to the same third party measuring end for measurement;
Step four: key agreement; quantum photons of both communication parties generate single photon interference at a third party measuring end so as to trigger different detectors to respond, and the third party measuring end discloses the response result of the detectors to both communication parties through a classical channel; according to the protocol content and the response result of the detector, the two communication parties obtain keys with the same length;
step five: eavesdropping detection; the public partial secret key of both communication parties is used for eavesdropping detection, if the obtained error rate is higher than the set safety threshold value, the interception of someone is indicated, the current round of protocol can be selected to be stopped, and the process is restarted again;
Step six: data processing; and step five, acquiring a eavesdropping detection result, and if the error rate is lower than or equal to a set safety threshold value according to the eavesdropping detection result, determining that no person is listening, and then carrying out data processing to obtain a final safety key. Data processing mainly includes error correction, privacy enhancement, and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. The protocol of the invention is based on TF-QKD, which includes the advantages of all measuring device independent quantum key distribution, i.e. can resist all attacks on measuring devices.
2. The invention uses photons with orbital angular momentum as the carrier of information, does not need to calibrate a reference system, and simplifies the complexity of the system.
3. The orbital angular momentum state has the characteristic of infinite dimension, so that the invention has extremely strong expansion capability, can be conveniently combined with a multiplexing/separating device of the orbital angular momentum, greatly improves the channel capacity and expands the user side;
4. The invention has simple structure, easy realization and low economic cost;
5. the invention relates to a multi-user system;
6. The invention breaks through the limit of the distribution distance of the relay-free quantum key in theory, and the transmission distance is farther than that of the traditional quantum key distribution protocol.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a first sender to an nth sender according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the first to Nth measuring units according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the measuring end of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an overall block diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is an overall flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings, for the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
Example 1:
First, the two parties who need to communicate before starting communication need to select the wavelength of communication light, and the two parties should select the light with the same wavelength to load information. The light of both communication parties reaches the same detector through the wavelength division router to communicate. Therefore, in order to facilitate multiparty communication, the two communication parties adopt variable wavelength lasers, so that multiparty communication can be realized.
An orbital angular momentum based multi-user two-field QKD network system as shown in fig. 4 includes N sender Alice sides (Alice 1, alice 2.. AliceN), N sender Bob sides (Bob 1, bob 2..bob N) and N measurement sides, two wavelength routers. The measuring party can disclose the obtained measuring result, and any person can obtain the measuring result published by the measuring party;
all senders, either Alice or Bob, will employ a single photon source;
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the implementation of the single photon source is generated by sequentially connecting a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator and a polarization modulator, and the scheme is just a method similar to the single photon source because the actual single photon source is difficult to implement. The method for generating single photon is that a variable wavelength laser generates pulse, an intensity modulator attenuates the pulse into pulse containing single photon, three different intensities are modulated randomly to be used as tempting state, and then the phase modulator modulates the phase of the photon.
The random number generator shown in fig. 1 and 2 acts on the intensity modulator and the phase modulator in such a way that the random number generator acts on the intensity modulator at first to randomly generateOne of the three intensities is then applied to a phase modulator to randomly generate phases of 0 and pi.
Fig. 3 shows a structure diagram of a probe end in the method, structures of N measurement ends are the same, the N measurement ends are connected with a transmitting end through a wavelength router, each measurement end is connected with a fixed wavelength, that is, each measurement end corresponds to only one wavelength, and the N measurement ends correspond to the N wavelengths. The measuring end consists of two OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum ) sorting detectors and one BS. Photons transmitted from both Alice and Bob through the wavelength router interfere single-photon at the BS, and the corresponding detectors respond. That is, if Alice and Bob are both modulating phases 0 or pi, detector D0 responds, and if Alice and Bob are not modulating phases the same, detector D1 responds.
As shown in the overall flow chart of figure 5,
A QKD multi-user method based on orbital angular momentum comprises the following steps:
Step one: preparation: the two parties needing to communicate are about the wavelength of the communication light, and the two parties need to communicate by adopting the light with the same wavelength;
Step two: preparing information to be measured: two sending ends, namely Alice and Bob, respectively modulate photons to be sent, randomly load intensity and phase information, and send the intensity and phase information to a wavelength router;
step three: transmitting information to be tested: the wavelength router transmits the received light wavelengths to corresponding measuring terminals for measurement according to the difference of the received light wavelengths;
Step four: measurement: the single photon from the wavelength router enters a corresponding measuring end, single photon interference occurs on a beam splitter BS, different responses can occur to the detector according to the information loaded by two communication parties, and the measuring end can publish the response condition of the detector;
Step five: forming a primary code: forming an original code according to an initially agreed double-field QKD code forming mode;
Step six: eavesdropping detection: calculating the error rate according to part of original keys disclosed by both communication parties, namely an Alice party and a Bob party, comparing the error rate with the range of theoretical error rate values, and if the error rate exceeds a trusted range, terminating the round of protocol and restarting;
Step seven: post-processing data: and the Bob side performs data post-processing on the generated secret key, and the steps of data negotiation, confidentiality enhancement and the like are included, so that the security secret key is finally obtained.
Depending on the different detector response conditions, bob sometimes needs to perform bit flipping. For example, when detector D0 responds, a bit flip is required, i.e., 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.
It should be noted that, as described herein, alice may be any Alice, that is, alice 1, alice 2. So that the invention can realize the communication among multiple users.
Variations and modifications to the above would be obvious to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains from the foregoing description and teachings. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, but some modifications and changes of the invention should be also included in the scope of the claims of the invention. In addition, although specific terms are used in the present invention, these terms are for convenience of description only and do not limit the present invention in any way.
Claims (6)
1. The multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum is characterized by comprising 2N sending ends, two wavelength routers and N measuring ends, wherein the sending ends and the measuring ends are connected through quantum channels;
The transmitting end comprises a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator, a phase modulator, a random number generator and a spatial light modulator which are sequentially connected, wherein the variable wavelength laser generates light with specific wavelength and then transmits the light to the intensity modulator to modulate the intensity of the light, the intensity modulator transmits the light to the phase modulator to carry out phase modulation after modulating the intensity, the intensity modulator and the phase modulator are controlled by the random number generator, the light is transmitted to the spatial light modulator after the phase modulation is finished, and the light is loaded with orbital angular momentum information and then is output to the wavelength router;
the N measuring ends comprise N beam splitters and 2N detectors, the two wavelength routers are connected with the N beam splitters, and one beam splitter is connected with the two detectors; among the 2N transmitting ends, light emitted by the N transmitting ends enters one wavelength router, light emitted by the remaining N transmitting ends enters the other wavelength router, the wavelength router outputs the light from a specific wavelength port to a specified beam splitter according to the wavelength of the input light, the beam splitter performs single photon interference on the received light, and the detector emits corresponding response according to different interference results;
The 2N sending ends comprise N first sending ends and N second sending ends;
the 2N sending ends adopt single photon sources;
each time one user is added, a transmitting end and a measuring end corresponding to the transmitting end are added;
each measuring end is connected with a fixed wavelength, namely, each measuring end corresponds to one wavelength only, and N measuring ends correspond to N wavelengths.
2. The multi-user, two-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum of claim 1, wherein the two communicating parties select the same wavelength of light for communication prior to communication.
3. The multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum according to claim 1, wherein the measuring terminal transmits the probe response result to both communication parties through classical channels, and both communication parties obtain the original key information according to the probe result respectively; if the error rate is higher than the safety threshold, there may be a risk of eavesdropping, and both parties give up the communication and restart the next key distribution.
4. The multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum according to claim 3, wherein the error rate is under a set security threshold, and the two communication parties perform data processing on the generated key to finally obtain the n-bit same security key; wherein the data processing includes data negotiation and privacy enhancement.
5. A method of communication of a multi-user, two-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum according to any of claims 1-4, comprising the steps of:
Step one: selecting a communication light wavelength; two parties needing to communicate negotiate before communication, and select light with the same wavelength to communicate;
step two: preparing photons required for transmission; the two communication parties respectively prepare photons loaded with phase and orbital angular momentum;
Step three: information transmission; the two communication parties send the prepared photons to a wavelength router through a quantum channel, and the wavelength router sends the photons to the same third party measuring end for measurement;
Step four: key agreement; photons of both communication parties generate single photon interference at a third party measuring end so as to trigger different detectors to respond, and the third party measuring end discloses the response result of the detectors to both communication parties through a classical channel; according to the protocol rule and the response result of the detector, the two communication parties obtain the original secret keys with the same length;
Step five: eavesdropping detection; the public partial secret key of both communication parties is used for eavesdropping detection, and if the obtained error rate is higher than a set safety threshold, the round protocol can be selected to be stopped and restarted again;
step six: data processing; and step five, obtaining a eavesdropping detection result, and according to the eavesdropping detection result, if the error rate is lower than or equal to a set safety threshold value, performing data processing to obtain a final safety key.
6. A method of communication in a multi-user, two-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum according to claim 5, wherein in said step six, data processing includes error correction and privacy enhancement.
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