CN112702164A - Multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum - Google Patents
Multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-user double-field QKD network system and a method based on orbital angular momentum, comprising N Alice parties (sender), N Bob parties (sender), two wavelength routers and N measuring parties; the N Alice parties and the N Bob parties can realize the communication between any Alice and any Bob; 2N senders are respectively connected with 2 wavelength routers; the specific wavelength outlet of the wavelength router is connected with a designated measuring party; the sender (Alice party and Bob party) sends the prepared single photons, the single photons reach the measuring end after passing through the wavelength router to generate single photon interference, then the single photons are measured, and the quantum key which is absolutely safe theoretically is generated after post-processing by the two communication parties. The invention improves the communication distance distributed by the unrepeatered quantum key, can resist all attacks aiming at the measuring end and enhances the safety of the system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of multi-user quantum communication, in particular to a multi-user double-field QKD network system and method based on orbital angular momentum.
Background
Quantum key distribution is an important technology for realizing symmetric key agreement between two communication parties based on quantum mechanics principle. In the case of the presence of an eavesdropper (Eve), the two communicating parties, i.e., Alice and Bob, can realize theoretically absolutely secure communication using the generated secret key in combination with the one-time pad protocol. The first quantum key distribution protocol was proposed by Bennett et al in 1984, referred to as the BB84 protocol, which presents various problems due to differences in real-world technological conditions and idealities. During the next decades, a great number of researchers have been proposing quantum key distribution protocols with greater security and greater transmission distances. In 2018, Lucamarini et al propose a double-field quantum key distribution protocol, namely TF-QKD (quaternary key distribution, QKD for short), that is, the double-field quantum key distribution protocol breaks through the theoretical limit of the quantum key distribution protocol transmission distance without quantum relay, and has the advantage of eliminating a side channel of a detection system. However, the original two-field QKD protocol implements point-to-point communication and employs phase encoding, with reference frame alignment issues. With the development of technology and the progress of society, it is obvious that the quantum secret communication between point-to-point users cannot meet the social requirements, the quantum secret communication between multiple users can well solve the problem, and the practical process of quantum secret communication is greatly promoted.
Orbital angular momentum was discovered and proposed by Allen et al in 1992, and photons have not only spin but also orbital angular momentum, which originates from the helical phase of light waves, and they have been found to have a phase structure
A light field of wherein
Is azimuthal, e.g. Laguerre Gaussian beam, with an average of each photon
Wherein l is any integer. Photon orbital angular momentum eigenstates mathematically form a complete set of orthogonal basis vectors, so that high-dimensional information coding can be realized by utilizing orbital angular momentum. States containing orbital angular momentum can be represented as
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
showing the relative phase used for encoding, bA，BE {0, pi } where 0 and pi represent 0 and 1 in the code, respectively.
For example, the sender and receiver generate coherent states
The above equation shows the photon state when the modulated beam value is 4.
Meng et al conducted some theoretical studies and simulations of TF-QKD with orbital angular momentum in 2020, but were limited to quantum secure communication between point-to-point single users. Quantum secure communication by multiple parties is not considered. TF-QKD is the present newer quantum key distribution protocol, suitable for the quantum secret communication of long distance, and orbital angular momentum can be very big extension transmission channel capacity, has important effects to carrying on the high dimensional quantum key distribution.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the inherent limitation of the current quantum key distribution protocol without quantum relay on transmission distance, and provides an orbital angular momentum-based dual-field QKD system which can break through the transmission distance of the traditional quantum key distribution protocol and realize multi-party key distribution. The invention can combine the advantages of TF-QKD and orbital angular momentum to build a quantum secret communication network among multiple users, and meets the requirement of quantum secret communication among multiple users.
So-called orbital angular momentum the description of the invention takesThe description is given by selecting the state of l-4, and a specific expression can be written as follows
The superposition may be performed according to different values of l. It can be derived from the relevant theoretical knowledge that when we measure the above quantum states, they will collapse with equal probability to a certain quantum state, for example, to | ψ1>＝s(1) A，B|1>。
Wherein
Showing the relative phase b used for encodingA，BE {0, pi }, where 0 and pi represent 0 and 1 in the code, respectively. For example, Alice and Bob produce coherent states
After single photon interference through BS
W1Representing the path of the particle emerging from BS, W1Is related to the phase value taken by both parties, and if the phases taken by both parties are the same, then from W3Emitting the light from the path, and emitting the light from W if the phases taken by the two parts are different4The path exits.
The specific roles at BS are as follows:
assuming Alice and Bob production states
Limited by various factors, when arriving at the BS
After reaching the beam splitter, single photon interference is generated on the beam splitter
after substitution, the product can be obtained
From the above formula, it can be seen that the response of the detector is completely dependent on the phase difference between the two sending parties, when
The response probabilities of the two detectors are respectively
When in use
When the phase values of the two sending parties are the same, the SPD0 responds, namely the SPD exits from the W3 path, the Det0 responds, and the method is similar to the method
When the phase values of the two sending parties are different, the SPD1 responds, namely the SPD exits from the W4 path, and the Det1 responds correspondingly.
The TF-QKD described in the method is similar to an MDI-QKD protocol, the basic TF-QKD is composed of two senders of Alice and Bob and a measuring party of Charlie, and the communication method is as follows: 1. respectively and independently generating a single photon state with orbital angular momentum by Alice and Bob; 2. alice and Bob respectively send the prepared states to Charlie; 3. single-photon interference occurs on a BS beam splitter in front of Charlie in a single-photon state sent by Alice and Bob; 4. according to the response generated by the detection of the two OAM classifiers at the Charlie end, the original secret key can be obtained by the code forming rules Alice and Bob; 5. then both sides carry out post-processing procedures including monitoring and detection, error code analysis and privacy amplification. And finally generating a security key which can be communicated by Alice and Bob.
TABLE 1 OAM-TF-QKD measurement results and corresponding code values
In the invention, communication among multiple users is adopted, the communication comprises 2N sending ends and N Charlie ends, the measuring end is similar to an exchange station, and two parties needing communication transmit the prepared single photon state to the exchange station for measurement.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of multi-party communication, we have modified the measuring end to be suitable for the method.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum comprises 2N sending ends, two wavelength routers and N measuring ends, wherein the sending ends and the measuring ends are connected through quantum channels;
the transmitting end comprises a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator, a phase modulator, a random number generator and a spatial light modulator which are connected in sequence, wherein the variable wavelength laser generates light with specific wavelength (850 nm-1675 nm) and then transmits the light to the intensity modulator to modulate the intensity of the light, the light is transmitted to the phase modulator to be subjected to phase modulation after the intensity modulation, the intensity modulator and the phase modulator are controlled by the random number generator, the light is transmitted to the spatial light modulator after the phase modulation is finished, and orbital angular momentum information is loaded and then output to the wavelength router;
the N measuring ends comprise N beam splitters and 2N detectors, the two wavelength routers are connected with the N beam splitters, and one beam splitter is connected with the two detectors; in 2N sending terminals, light emitted by N sending terminals enters one wavelength router, light emitted by the remaining N sending terminals enters another wavelength router, the wavelength router outputs the light to a specified beam splitter from a port with a specific wavelength (850 nm-1675 nm) according to the wavelength of input light, the input light generates single-photon interference on the beam splitter, and a detector sends corresponding response according to different interference results.
Aiming at the problems of the double-field QKD scheme, the invention utilizes the orbital angular momentum to encode information, realizes the multipoint-to-multipoint quantum network, and the technical scheme of the invention not only can increase the capacity of a transmission channel, but also can avoid some problems caused by the alignment of a reference system.
Specifically, in the present invention, the 2N transmitting ends include N first transmitting ends and N second transmitting ends.
Preferably, in the present invention, the 2N transmitting ends adopt a single-photon source.
The method is suitable for multiple users, and each time one user is added, one sending end and one corresponding measuring end need to be added.
Preferably, in the present invention, both parties that need to communicate select light of the same wavelength for communication before performing communication.
In the invention, the third-party measuring end can be untrusted, the measuring end only needs to inform the response condition of the detector to the two communication parties through a classical channel, and the two communication parties can obtain codes according to different response conditions of the detector; if the third party measuring terminal gives out false information, the error rate of the communication parties is high when data processing is carried out, and the communication can be abandoned. And when the error rate is below a set safety threshold, the two communication parties perform further data processing on the generated key, including data negotiation, privacy enhancement and the like, and finally obtain the safety key with the same n bits.
A double-field QKD multi-user method based on orbital angular momentum applies the contents of the above orbital angular momentum and double-field quantum key distribution protocol, and the specific steps and contents of the method are as follows:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting a communication light wavelength; the two parties needing to communicate negotiate before communication, and light with the same wavelength is selected for communication;
step two: preparing photons required for transmission; two communicating parties respectively prepare photons loaded with phase and orbital angular momentum;
step three: information transmission; the two communication parties send the prepared photons to the wavelength router through the quantum channel, and the wavelength router sends the photons to the same third-party measuring terminal for measurement;
step four: key agreement; quantum state photons of both communication parties generate single photon interference at a third party measuring end so as to trigger different detectors to respond, and the third party measuring end discloses the response results of the detectors to both communication parties through a classical channel; according to the protocol content and the response result of the detector, both communication parties obtain keys with the same length;
step five: eavesdropping detection; the public key of the two communication parties is used for carrying out eavesdropping detection, if the obtained error rate is higher than a set safety threshold value, the interception of someone is indicated, the protocol of the current round can be selected to be stopped, and the interception is restarted;
step six: processing data; and C, acquiring the eavesdropping detection result obtained in the step V, and according to the eavesdropping detection result, if the error rate is lower than or equal to a set safety threshold, performing data processing after determining that no one monitors to obtain a final safety key. The data processing mainly comprises error correction, privacy enhancement and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the protocol of the invention is based on TF-QKD, which includes the advantages of quantum key distribution irrelevant to all measuring devices, i.e. all attacks to the measuring devices can be resisted.
2. The invention uses photons with orbital angular momentum as information carriers, does not need to calibrate a reference system, and simplifies the complexity of the system.
3. The orbital angular momentum state has the characteristic of infinite dimension, so that the invention has strong expansion capability, can be conveniently combined with a multiplexing/separating device of the orbital angular momentum, greatly improves the channel capacity and expands the user side;
4. the invention has simple structure, easy realization and low economic cost;
5. the invention is a multi-user system;
6. the invention breaks through the limit of the distribution distance of the quantum key without relay in theory, and the transmission distance is farther than that of the traditional quantum key distribution protocol.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a first sender to an nth sender according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a first measuring method to an Nth measuring method according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a measuring end structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an overall structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an overall flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
Example 1:
first, both parties that need to communicate before communication starts need to select communication light wavelengths, and both parties should select light of the same wavelength to load information. The light of both communication parties reaches the same detector through the wavelength division router to carry out communication. Therefore, in order to facilitate multi-party communication, the two communication parties adopt the variable wavelength laser, and multi-party communication can be realized.
As shown in fig. 4, a multi-user dual-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum includes N sender Alice parties (Alice 1, Alice 2.. Alice N), N sender Bob parties (Bob 1, Bob 2.. Bob N), N measurement ends, and two wavelength routers. The measuring party can disclose the obtained measuring result, and anyone can obtain the measuring result published by the measuring party;
all senders, namely either Alice or Bob, will adopt single photon sources;
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the realization of the single photon source is generated by connecting a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator and a polarization modulator in sequence, and since a real single photon source is difficult to realize, the scheme is only a method similar to the single photon source. The specific mode for generating the single photon is to generate a pulse through a variable wavelength laser, attenuate the pulse into a pulse only containing a single photon through an intensity modulator, randomly modulate three different intensities to be used as a temptation state, and modulate the phase of the optical quantum through a phase modulator.
The random number generator shown in fig. 1 and 2 acts on the intensity modulator and the phase modulator in such a way that the random number generator first acts on the intensity modulator to generate random numbers
One of the three intensities is then used by the phase modulator to randomly generate phases of 0 and pi.
Fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a probe end of the method, where N measurement ends have the same structure and are connected to a transmitting end through a wavelength router, and each measurement end is connected to a fixed wavelength, that is, each measurement end corresponds to only one wavelength, and N measurement ends correspond to N wavelengths. The measuring end is composed of two OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum) sorting detectors and a BS. Photons transmitted from both Alice and Bob transmitters through the wavelength router undergo single-photon interference at the BS, and the corresponding detectors respond. That is, if the phases modulated by Alice and Bob are both 0 or both pi, detector D0 responds, and if the phases modulated by Alice and Bob are not the same, detector D1 responds.
As shown in the overall flow chart of figure 5,
a dual-field QKD multi-user method based on orbital angular momentum is realized by the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: preparation work: the two parties needing to communicate define the communication optical wavelength, and the two parties need to adopt the light with the same wavelength for communication;
step two: preparing information to be measured: two sending ends, namely Alice and Bob, respectively modulate photons to be sent, load intensity and phase information randomly, and then send the intensity and phase information to a wavelength router;
step three: sending information to be tested: the wavelength router transmits the received light wavelength to a corresponding measuring end for measurement according to the difference of the received light wavelength;
step four: measurement: the single photon coming out of the wavelength router enters a corresponding measuring end, single photon interference occurs on the beam splitter BS, different responses can occur to the detector according to information loaded by the two communication parties, and the measuring end can publish the response condition of the detector;
step five: forming an original code: forming an original code according to an initially agreed double-field QKD coding mode;
step six: eavesdropping detection: calculating the error rate according to partial original keys disclosed by two communication parties, namely an Alice party and a Bob party, comparing the error rate with the range of a theoretical error rate value, if the error rate exceeds a credible range, terminating the protocol of the current round, and restarting;
step seven: and (3) data post-processing: and the Bob side performs data post-processing on the generated key, and the steps of data negotiation, privacy enhancement and the like are included, so that the security key is finally obtained.
The Bob side sometimes needs to perform bit flipping according to different probe response conditions. For example, when the detector D0 responds, a bit flip is required, i.e., 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.
It should be noted that the Alice party described herein may be any one of Alice, i.e., Alice 1, Alice 2.. Alice N, and similarly, the Bob party may also be any Bob, i.e., Bob 1, Bob 2.. Bob N. Therefore, the invention can realize communication among multiple users.
Variations and modifications to the above-described embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope and spirit of the above description. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, and some modifications and variations of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention. Furthermore, although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
Claims (9)
1. A multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum is characterized by comprising 2N sending ends, two wavelength routers and N measuring ends, wherein the sending ends and the measuring ends are connected through quantum channels;
the sending end comprises a variable wavelength laser, an intensity modulator, a phase modulator, a random number generator and a spatial light modulator which are connected in sequence, the variable wavelength laser generates light with a specific wavelength and then transmits the light to the intensity modulator to modulate the intensity of the light, the intensity is modulated and then transmitted to the phase modulator to be subjected to phase modulation, the intensity modulator and the phase modulator are controlled by the random number generator, the light is transmitted to the spatial light modulator after the phase modulation is finished, and orbital angular momentum information is loaded and then output to the wavelength router;
the N measuring ends comprise N beam splitters and 2N detectors, the two wavelength routers are connected with the N beam splitters, and one beam splitter is connected with the two detectors; in the 2N sending terminals, light sent by the N sending terminals enters one wavelength router, light sent by the remaining N sending terminals enters the other wavelength router, the wavelength router outputs the light to a specified beam splitter from a specific wavelength port according to the wavelength of input light, the beam splitter performs single photon interference on the received light, and a detector sends out corresponding response according to different interference results.
2. The multi-user dual-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum of claim 1, wherein said 2N sending ends comprise N first sending ends and N second sending ends.
3. The multi-user dual-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum of claim 2, wherein said 2N sending ends employ a single photon source.
4. The orbital angular momentum-based multi-user two-field QKD network system according to claim 1, wherein for each additional user, a transmitting end and a corresponding measuring end are added.
5. The orbital-angular-momentum-based multi-user two-field QKD network system according to claim 1, wherein both communicating parties select the same wavelength of light for communication before communicating.
6. The multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the measuring end sends the probe response result to the communicating parties through a classical channel, and the communicating parties obtain the original key information according to the probe result; and selecting a part of the original key information to estimate the error rate, wherein if the error rate is higher than a safety threshold, the eavesdropping risk possibly exists, the two communication parties abandon the communication at the time, and the next key distribution is restarted.
7. The multi-user double-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum as claimed in claim 6, wherein said bit error rate is below a set security threshold, both communicating parties perform data processing on the generated key to finally obtain a security key with the same n bits; wherein the data processing comprises data negotiation and privacy enhancement.
8. The method for communicating of a multi-user two-field QKD network system based on orbital angular momentum of any of claims 1-7, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting a communication light wavelength; the two parties needing to communicate negotiate before communication, and light with the same wavelength is selected for communication;
step two: preparing photons required for transmission; two communicating parties respectively prepare photons loaded with phase and orbital angular momentum;
step three: information transmission; the two communication parties send the prepared photons to the wavelength router through the quantum channel, and the wavelength router sends the photons to the same third-party measuring terminal for measurement;
step four: key agreement; photons of both communication parties generate single photon interference at a third party measuring end so as to trigger different detectors to respond, and the third party measuring end discloses the response results of the detectors to both communication parties through a classical channel; according to the protocol rule and the response result of the detector, both communication parties obtain original keys with the same length;
step five: eavesdropping detection; the public key of the two communication parties is used for carrying out eavesdropping detection, and if the obtained error rate is higher than a set safety threshold, the protocol of the current round can be selected to be stopped, and the process is restarted again;
step six: processing data; and C, acquiring the eavesdropping detection result obtained in the step V, and processing data to obtain a final security key if the error rate is lower than or equal to a set security threshold according to the eavesdropping detection result.
9. The communication method of the orbital angular momentum-based multi-user two-field QKD network system according to claim 8, wherein in said sixth step, data processing includes error correction and privacy enhancement.
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| CN114448621A (en) * | 2022-01-21 | 2022-05-06 | 西安电子科技大学 | Multi-party double-field quantum key distribution protocol implementation method and system |
| CN114448621B (en) * | 2022-01-21 | 2024-04-23 | 西安电子科技大学 | Multi-party double-field quantum key distribution protocol implementation method and system |
| CN114338018A (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2022-04-12 | 南京大学 | Double-field quantum key distribution method and system for safety of actual signal source |
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