CN220040733U - System for calibrating noise coefficient - Google Patents
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- CN220040733U CN220040733U CN202321057491.4U CN202321057491U CN220040733U CN 220040733 U CN220040733 U CN 220040733U CN 202321057491 U CN202321057491 U CN 202321057491U CN 220040733 U CN220040733 U CN 220040733U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a system for calibrating noise coefficients, which comprises a microwave signal source, a first fixed attenuator, a power divider, a coaxial attenuator, a microwave power sensor and a microwave power meter, wherein the first fixed attenuator is connected with the power divider; the output end of the microwave signal source is connected with the input end of the first fixed attenuator, and the output end of the first fixed attenuator is connected with the input end of the power distributor; the first output end of the power divider is connected with the input end of the coaxial attenuator, and the output end of the coaxial attenuator is used for being connected with a calibrated instrument; the second output end of the power distributor is connected with the input end of the microwave power sensor; the output end of the microwave power sensor is connected with the input end of the microwave power meter. The system has smaller reflection coefficient, can lead the microwave signal source at the input end to be less affected by device mismatch, can calibrate the noise coefficient of the calibrated instrument continuously in a wider frequency domain, and improves the accuracy of the calibration result of the noise coefficient.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of instrument calibration, in particular to a system for calibrating noise coefficients.
Background
The noise factor of the instruments such as the noise factor analyzer and the spectrum analyzer needs to be calibrated, because the noise factor is one of the main parameters directly affecting the testing accuracy of the instruments. The noise figure analyzer can simply, quickly and nondestructively measure the noise figure of the semiconductor device, thereby distinguishing qualified semiconductor devices from unqualified semiconductor devices.
At present, the noise coefficient of the calibrated instrument is calibrated by adopting a connection mode shown in fig. 1, and the system for calibrating the noise coefficient comprises a microwave signal source, an isolator, a coaxial attenuator and an isolator which are connected in sequence, wherein the calibrated instrument is connected with the isolator at the rear end.
However, in the process of calibrating the noise coefficient of the calibrated instrument by adopting the connection mode shown in fig. 1, the isolator increases the reflection coefficient of the system; in addition, because the working frequency band of the isolator is narrower, the data comparison of the noise coefficient to be measured can not be performed in a wide frequency domain, and thus, the calibration result is inaccurate.
Disclosure of Invention
The utility model provides a system for calibrating noise coefficients, which aims to solve the technical problem that the calibration result of the noise coefficients of a calibrated instrument is inaccurate.
In order to solve the technical problems, the utility model provides a system for calibrating noise coefficients, which comprises a microwave signal source, a first fixed attenuator, a power divider, a coaxial attenuator, a microwave power sensor and a microwave power meter;
the output end of the microwave signal source is connected with the input end of the first fixed attenuator, and the output end of the first fixed attenuator is connected with the input end of the power distributor;
the first output end of the power divider is connected with the input end of the coaxial attenuator, and the output end of the coaxial attenuator is used for being connected with a calibrated instrument;
the second output end of the power distributor is connected with the input end of the microwave power sensor; the output end of the microwave power sensor is connected with the input end of the microwave power meter.
Optionally, the system further comprises a second fixed attenuator, wherein an input end of the second fixed attenuator is connected with an output end of the coaxial attenuator, and an output end of the second fixed attenuator is connected with a detection end of the calibrated instrument.
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator have the same specification.
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator are pi-type balanced attenuators.
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator each include a first resistor, a second resistor, and a third resistor; one end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the second resistor, and the other end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the third resistor; the other end of the second resistor is connected with the other end of the third resistor; the resistance value of the first resistor is equal to the resistance value of the third resistor.
Optionally, the resistance value of the first resistor is equal to 96.25Ω, the resistance value of the second resistor is equal to 71.15 Ω, and the resistance value of the third resistor is equal to 96.25Ω.
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator each comprise a stainless steel housing, and the first resistor, the second resistor and the third resistor are all mounted inside the stainless steel housing
Optionally, the system further comprises a metal plate, and the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power divider, the microwave power sensor and the grounding end of the microwave power meter are respectively connected with the metal plate.
Optionally, the metal plate is a flat metal plate with a flat surface.
Optionally, the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power distributor, the coaxial attenuator, the microwave power sensor and the microwave power meter are connected through a radio frequency cable.
The system for calibrating the noise coefficient has smaller reflection coefficient, can lead the microwave signal source at the input end to be less influenced by device mismatch, can calibrate the noise coefficient continuously for the calibrated instrument in a wider frequency domain, and improves the accuracy of the calibration result of the noise coefficient.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art system for calibrating noise figure.
Fig. 2 is a schematic connection diagram of a system for calibrating noise figure according to an embodiment of the present utility model.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a module corresponding to fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is a partial network configuration diagram corresponding to fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a pi-type balanced attenuator according to an embodiment of the present utility model.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another system for calibrating noise figure according to an embodiment of the present utility model.
Detailed Description
To make the objects, advantages and features of the present utility model more apparent, a system for calibrating noise figure according to the present utility model will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the drawings are in a very simplified form and are all to a non-precise scale, merely for convenience and clarity in aiding in the description of embodiments of the utility model.
In the description of the present utility model, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are added for convenience of description and reference, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining a qualifier such as "first," "second," etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature.
As shown in fig. 2-4, the present embodiment provides a system for calibrating noise coefficients, including a microwave signal source, a first fixed attenuator, a power divider, a coaxial attenuator, a microwave power sensor, and a microwave power meter; the output end of the microwave signal source is connected with the input end of the first fixed attenuator, and the output end of the first fixed attenuator is connected with the input end of the power distributor; the first output end of the power divider is connected with the input end of the coaxial attenuator, and the output end of the coaxial attenuator is used for being connected with a calibrated instrument; the second output end of the power distributor is connected with the input end of the microwave power sensor; the output end of the microwave power sensor is connected with the input end of the microwave power meter.
Wherein, the first fixed attenuator means that the attenuation amount of the attenuator is unchanged. The coaxial attenuator refers to an attenuator with adjustable attenuation. The power distributor plays a role in keeping the output two paths of power completely equal, and ensures that the power change of the calibrated instrument is monitored on line in real time on the premise of not adding an additional monitoring device. The microwave power sensor and the microwave power meter are mainly used for accurately capturing the change of the microwave power, and the highest can trace the source to the microwave power reference, so that the microwave power sensor and the microwave power meter have good accuracy. The calibrated instrument can be an instrument such as a noise coefficient analyzer or a spectrum analyzer which needs to calibrate the noise coefficient. The following examples will be explained mainly by taking a noise figure analyzer as an example.
The calibration principle of the system is as follows:
the coaxial attenuator can be regarded as a linear two-port network, and the mathematical functional relationship between the noise coefficient and the source reflection coefficient of the linear two-port network is shown in formula 1, which is generally called a noise parameter equation.
Wherein F is a noise coefficient; f (F) min Is the minimum noise figure (constant determined by the material environment, which can be obtained by looking up a table); r is R n Equivalent noise resistance (indicating how fast the noise figure changes with the source reflection coefficient); gamma-shaped article S Is the reflection coefficient of the source end; gamma-shaped article opt Is the optimal source reflection coefficient (the source reflection coefficient corresponding to the minimum noise figure).
At this time, the network analyzer records the S parameter of the two-port network. The S parameter is converted into the T parameter by bringing in a formula, and the formula is as follows:
the mismatch error of the two ports can be converted by the reflection coefficient equation:
wherein a represents the parameter of the two-port network at the initial value, b represents the parameter at the final value, S 22a S parameter, S representing initial value of two-port network 22b S parameter representing last value of two-port network; gamma-shaped article 1a Representing the reflection coefficient of the two-port network at the initial value, f 1b Representing the reflection coefficient of the two-port network at the end.
The first fixed attenuator is a precision attenuator, and the parameter matrix m isAfter the first fixed attenuator is combined with the two-port network, it is assumed that there is infinite reverse attenuation, so the two attenuators S matrix pair diagonals are up to 0. But the attenuator does not guarantee a perfect match and therefore retains the coefficients on the main diagonal. The mismatch error at this time can be reduced to:
at this time, the more ideal attenuator parameter in the expression replaces the original two-port S parameter to calculate, and the new S is synthesized 22a ，S 22b The influence of the reflection coefficient of the noise analyzer at the load end is further reduced, so that the influence of the reflection coefficient of the signal source at the input end on mismatch is much smaller. It can be proved that the combination of the first fixed attenuator and the coaxial attenuator can in principle reduce the reflection coefficient of the calibration system and improve the accuracyIs used.
The etalon used in calibration of the system may be as follows:
1. microwave signal source/vector signal source: frequency range: 250 kHz-40 GHz; frequency accuracy: 1X 10 -7 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Output power: (-110- +20) dBm; output power flatness ± 0.1dB/10MHz.
2. Power meter/power probe: frequency range: DC-18 GHz; measuring the range (-35- +20) dBm; linearity <0.16%.
3. First fixed attenuator/precision attenuator: a number of 1; frequency range: DC-18 GHz; attenuation amount: 10dB, voltage standing wave ratio: less than or equal to 1.1.
4. Network analyzer: the frequency range is 9 kHz-18 GHz; the maximum allowable error of the transmission coefficient amplitude measurement is +/-0.01 dB.
5. A power divider: frequency range: DC-18 GHz; the maximum allowable error of the power distribution of the two output channels is +/-0.02 dB.
6. Coaxial attenuator: frequency range: DC-18 GHz; attenuation amount: 20dB, voltage standing wave ratio: less than or equal to 1.2.
The step of calibrating the noise figure comprises the following steps:
a. recording the readings of the noise figure analyzer and the power meter to be calibrated when the output power of the signal source is 5dB, and respectively taking the readings as P 0 And P s,0 The original record is recorded. The output power range of the signal source is-6 dB to +5dB, and the power output variation is 1dB.
b. Setting the output power of a signal source, taking the indication value measured by a power meter as a standard noise coefficient standard value, and recording P s,i And calculating the noise coefficient standard value of the corrected noise coefficient analyzer according to the original record table.
NFS i : the noise coefficient standard value of the corrected noise coefficient analyzer is dB;
ENR: noise source super-noise ratio set value;
P s,0 : the analog signal source outputs continuous wave power of 5dBm, the measured value of the power probe and dBm;
P s,i : the noise power measured value dB of the corrected noise coefficient analyzer;
i: the number of detection times is 1-11.
c. Regulating the output power of the signal source, recording the indication value of the noise figure analyzer to be calibrated as the noise power of the instrument, obtaining the noise figure measured value of the noise figure analyzer, recording P i In the original record
The table is:
NF i : a noise figure measured value dB of the corrected noise figure analyzer;
ENR: noise source super-noise ratio set value;
P 0 : the analog signal source outputs continuous wave power of 5dBm, a power meter measured value of dBm;
P i : when the analog signal source outputs different continuous wave power, the power probe measures dBm;
i: the number of detection times is 1-11.
The difference between equation 6 and equation 5 may be used as an error in calibration, and the error is within a predetermined range, indicating that the calibration result is acceptable.
The most obvious mismatch during calibration is that the frequency domain in the noise coefficient measurement process fluctuates greatly and is uneven. The system allows for significant cancellation of mismatch errors as shown in table 1.
In general, the uncertainty of the power measurement due to mismatch is given by the following formula:
Δ miss ≈(20loge)·|Γ S ||Γ 1 |cos(Φ s +Φ L ) (7)
The maximum mismatch error value is:
Δ miss_max ＝(20loge)·r S r 1 ＝±8.686r S r L (8)
Wherein: r is (r) S ＝|Γ S |；r 1 ＝|Γ 1 |；Γ S : voltage reflection coefficient of microwave signal source; Γ -shaped structure 1 : the voltage reflection coefficient at the power input of the first stage network (i.e., the first fixed attenuator).
Table 1 calibration system measurement and uncertainty of voltage standing wave ratio before and after improvement
The system for calibrating the noise coefficient has smaller reflection coefficient, can enable the microwave signal source at the input end to be less affected by device mismatch, can calibrate the noise coefficient continuously for the calibrated instrument in a wider frequency domain, and improves the accuracy of the calibration result of the noise coefficient.
Optionally, as shown in fig. 6, the system further includes a second fixed attenuator, an input end of the second fixed attenuator is connected to an output end of the coaxial attenuator, and an output end of the second fixed attenuator is connected to a detection end of the calibrated instrument. The second fixed attenuator can reduce the reflection coefficient of the system, so that the calibration result of the system is more accurate.
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator have the same specification. This facilitates the design and assembly of the system.
Alternatively, as shown in fig. 5 and 6, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator are each pi-type balanced attenuators. The use of pi-balanced attenuators reduces the mismatch errors of the system, since the characteristic impedances of the input and output terminals of the two-port network formed by the coaxial attenuators are equal.
Optionally, as shown in fig. 5 and 6, each of the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator includes a first resistor, a second resistor, and a third resistor; one end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the second resistor, and the other end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the third resistor; the other end of the second resistor is connected with the other end of the third resistor; the resistance value of the first resistor is equal to the resistance value of the third resistor. The pi-type balanced attenuator can be customized, and the pi-type balanced attenuator provided by the embodiment has a simple structure and is easy to manufacture.
Alternatively, as shown in fig. 5, the resistance of the first resistor is equal to 96.25Ω, the resistance of the second resistor is equal to 71.15 Ω, and the resistance of the third resistor is equal to 96.25Ω. The characteristic impedance of the device in the microwave radio frequency field usually defaults to 50 ohms, so the characteristic impedance of the first fixed attenuator provided by this embodiment is 50 ohms. The input impedance and the output impedance of a microwave device are typically equal without impedance transformation. The attenuator has high attenuation insertion loss, and shows good low standing wave coefficient.
Specifically, Z is the characteristic impedance, Z S For the source impedance, Z L Is the load impedance. Wherein K is an impedance factor, R 1 For the input impedance, i.e. the impedance of the first resistor, R 2 For the impedance of the second resistor, R 3 The output impedance is the impedance of the third resistor. The pi balanced attenuator is constructed of passive devices so that the circuit design appears linear, with R1 and R3, i.e., the input and output terminal impedances, being interchangeable. Therefore, the pi-type balanced attenuator can effectively reduce the signal level when the characteristic impedance is equal to the first fixed attenuator impedance. The precision attenuator required by the calibration system is 10dB attenuation degree and is matched with network impedance of 50 omega.
Z＝50Ω
K＝10dB＝10 10/20 ＝3.1623
Optionally, the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator each comprise a stainless steel housing, and the first resistor, the second resistor and the third resistor are all mounted inside the stainless steel housing. The stainless steel housing may reduce the impact of external signals on calibration, thereby improving the calibration results of the system. The inner conductor of the attenuator can be made of nickel-plated brass, because the power is usually smaller and aluminum fins are not needed for heat dissipation, and the power can be additionally increased if the later improvement is high. The material used for the ceramic substrate attenuation sheet can be beryllium oxide, the lead-out film is thick film, and the lead-out belt on the coaxial can be gold-plated copper belt.
Optionally, the system further comprises a metal plate, and the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power divider, the microwave power sensor and the grounding end of the microwave power meter are respectively connected with the metal plate. The calibration results of the system can be improved using the same reference ground plane.
Optionally, the metal plate is a flat metal plate with a flat surface. This facilitates the fixing of the components comprised by the system.
Optionally, the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power distributor, the coaxial attenuator, the microwave power sensor and the microwave power meter are connected through a radio frequency cable. The radio frequency cable can reduce the influence of external signals on calibration, thereby improving the calibration result of the system.
In summary, the system for calibrating the noise coefficient has smaller reflection coefficient, can lead the microwave signal source at the input end to be less affected by device mismatch, can calibrate the noise coefficient continuously for the calibrated instrument in a wider frequency domain, and improves the accuracy of the calibration result of the noise coefficient.
The above description is only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present utility model and is not intended to limit the scope of the present utility model, and any alterations and modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the above disclosure shall fall within the scope of the present utility model.
Claims (10)
1. A system for calibrating noise coefficients, comprising a microwave signal source, a first fixed attenuator, a power divider, a coaxial attenuator, a microwave power sensor and a microwave power meter;
the output end of the microwave signal source is connected with the input end of the first fixed attenuator, and the output end of the first fixed attenuator is connected with the input end of the power distributor;
the first output end of the power divider is connected with the input end of the coaxial attenuator, and the output end of the coaxial attenuator is used for being connected with a calibrated instrument;
the second output end of the power distributor is connected with the input end of the microwave power sensor; the output end of the microwave power sensor is connected with the input end of the microwave power meter.
2. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 1, further comprising a second fixed attenuator, an input of the second fixed attenuator being connected to an output of the coaxial attenuator, an output of the second fixed attenuator being connected to a detection end of the instrument being calibrated.
3. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 2, wherein the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator are of the same specification.
4. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 3, wherein the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator are each pi-type balanced attenuators.
5. The system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 4, wherein said first fixed attenuator and said second fixed attenuator each comprise a first resistor, a second resistor, and a third resistor; one end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the second resistor, and the other end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the third resistor; the other end of the second resistor is connected with the other end of the third resistor; the resistance value of the first resistor is equal to the resistance value of the third resistor.
6. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 5, wherein the first resistor has a resistance equal to 96.25 Ω, the second resistor has a resistance equal to 71.15 Ω, and the third resistor has a resistance equal to 96.25 Ω.
7. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 5, wherein the first fixed attenuator and the second fixed attenuator each comprise a stainless steel housing, and the first resistor, the second resistor, and the third resistor are each mounted inside the stainless steel housing.
8. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 1, further comprising a metal plate, wherein the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power divider, the microwave power sensor and the ground of the microwave power meter are each connected to the metal plate.
9. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 8, wherein the metal plate is a flat surface metal plate.
10. A system for calibrating a noise figure according to claim 1, wherein the microwave signal source, the first fixed attenuator, the power divider, the coaxial attenuator, the microwave power sensor and the microwave power meter are connected by radio frequency cables.
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| CN202321057491.4U CN220040733U (en) | 2023-05-05 | 2023-05-05 | System for calibrating noise coefficient |
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