CN219615494U - Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device - Google Patents

Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN219615494U
CN219615494U CN202320844016.5U CN202320844016U CN219615494U CN 219615494 U CN219615494 U CN 219615494U CN 202320844016 U CN202320844016 U CN 202320844016U CN 219615494 U CN219615494 U CN 219615494U
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
feed
cam
wall
processing
storage cylinder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
CN202320844016.5U
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
刘茜
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lianyungang Gusaole Food Co ltd
Original Assignee
Liangshan Fulin Biotechnology Co ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Liangshan Fulin Biotechnology Co ltd filed Critical Liangshan Fulin Biotechnology Co ltd
Priority to CN202320844016.5U priority Critical patent/CN219615494U/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN219615494U publication Critical patent/CN219615494U/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Landscapes

  • Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)

Abstract

The utility model discloses a device for processing and blocking biological organic feed, which relates to the technical field of feed processing and comprises a mounting seat, wherein the device for processing and blocking biological organic feed intermittently pushes a piston to extrude pasty feed in a feed storage cylinder by using a power mechanism, so that the pasty feed is extruded in a strip shape through a first discharge hole, and an intermittent cutting operation is performed on the extruded strip-shaped feed by using a cutting assembly, so that the cut length of the feed is uniform and the feed is convenient to store; when the piston moves upwards, negative pressure can be generated in the storage cylinder, so that pasty feed in the storage tank is sucked into the storage cylinder, the purpose of automatically adding raw materials is realized, the automation degree is high, the labor intensity of workers is reduced, and the feed processing and blocking efficiency is improved. The dead area of the second discharge port and the first discharge port can be changed by rotating the feed size adjusting assembly, so that the size of extruded feed is changed, feed particles with different sizes can be produced, and the application range of the feed particle is improved.

Description

Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of feed processing, in particular to a biological organic feed processing and blocking device.
Background
The main components of the fish feed comprise protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. In the production of fish feed, a plurality of raw materials are generally stirred into paste and then molded in a spiral extrusion mode. However, raw materials are required to be added continuously and manually when the spiral extrusion equipment processes feed, so that the labor intensity of workers is increased; after the feed processing is finished, the internal structure of the spiral extrusion device is complex, and the inside of the spiral extrusion device is inconvenient to clean after the feed processing, so the utility model provides a biological organic feed processing and blocking device to solve the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the utility model provides a biological organic feed processing and blocking device, which solves the problems that raw materials are required to be added continuously manually when feed is processed by traditional feed extrusion molding equipment, the labor intensity of workers is increased, and the interior of the feed is inconvenient to clean after the feed is processed.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model is realized by the following technical scheme: the utility model provides a bio-organic fodder processing briquetting device, includes the mount pad, the discharge gate has all been seted up on the mount pad left and right sides wall, and the mount pad openly has seted up the regulation mouth that makes things convenient for manual overhaul, mount pad top both sides are all fixed and are provided with the riser, two be provided with the power unit who is used for the fodder to process into the piece between the riser, power unit includes transmission shaft, servo motor, first cam, second cam and third cam, servo motor is fixed to be set up on the outer wall of one of them riser, and the transmission shaft rotates to set up between two risers, the servo motor output shaft is connected through shaft coupling and transmission shaft, first cam, second cam and third cam are all fixed the cover and are established on the transmission shaft outer wall, the inside of mount pad just is provided with the fodder processing mechanism that is used for bio-organic fodder processing to become the piece under the power unit, and is provided with the storage tank that is used for providing the raw materials to fodder processing mechanism on the mount pad lateral wall.
Further, the four corners in mount pad bottom are provided with the universal wheel, the inside and both sides that are located feed processing mechanism of mount pad are all fixed to be provided with wedge stock guide, and the one end height that feed processing mechanism was kept away from to wedge stock guide is less than the other end.
Further, feed processing mechanism includes fodder shaping subassembly and fodder size adjustment subassembly and disconnected material subassembly, fodder shaping subassembly includes the storage cylinder, the feed inlet has been seted up to storage cylinder bottom, and the inside fixed inlet pipe that is provided with of feed inlet, and the inlet pipe internal fixation is provided with the first check valve that only allows the material to get into, the inside swager that is provided with of storage cylinder is used for extrudeing the material constructs, and swager constructs including piston, piston rod, first arc lug and first spring, the piston slides and sets up in the inside of storage cylinder, the fixed top that sets up at the piston of piston rod, and the piston rod top runs through storage cylinder and with first arc lug fixed connection, fixed cover is equipped with the spring spacing ring on the piston rod outer wall, on the piston rod outer wall and be located the cover between storage cylinder and the spring spacing ring and be equipped with first spring, a plurality of first discharge gates have all been seted up to storage cylinder outer wall both sides, every the inside all fixed second check valve that is provided with of first discharge gate.
Further, the feed size adjusting component comprises an adjusting cylinder, second discharge holes are formed in two sides of the outer wall of the adjusting cylinder, an adjusting knob is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the adjusting cylinder, and the adjusting cylinder is rotatably sleeved on the outer wall of the storage cylinder.
Further, the disconnected material subassembly includes a disconnected feed cylinder, dodge logical groove has all been seted up to disconnected feed cylinder outer wall both sides, and the equal fixed second arc lug that is provided with in disconnected feed cylinder top both sides, the fixed second spring that is provided with in disconnected feed cylinder cavity top, disconnected feed cylinder slip cap is established on the feed storage cylinder outer wall.
Further, the through hole is formed in the top of the mounting seat, the storage cylinder is fixedly arranged on the inner wall of the through hole, and the outer wall of the material breaking cylinder is not contacted with the inner wall of the through hole.
Advantageous effects
The utility model provides a device for processing biological organic feed into blocks. Compared with the prior art, the method has the following beneficial effects:
1. a device for processing biological organic feed into blocks is characterized in that a power mechanism is utilized to intermittently push a piston to extrude pasty feed in a feed storage cylinder, so that the pasty feed is extruded in a strip shape through a first discharge hole, and an intermittent cutting operation is carried out on the extruded strip feed by utilizing a cutting assembly, so that the cut length of the feed is uniform and the feed is convenient to store; when the piston moves upwards, negative pressure can be generated in the storage cylinder, so that pasty feed in the storage tank is sucked into the storage cylinder, the purpose of automatically adding raw materials is realized, the automation degree is high, the labor intensity of workers is reduced, and the feed processing and blocking efficiency is improved; after processing is accomplished, can annotate the clear water in the storage tank, utilize power unit to promote the piston motion, realize that the clear water is extruded once more after being inhaled the storage cylinder operation, reach self-cleaning's effect, it is simpler to process into the device structure of piece to traditional fodder, washs more convenient.
2. The utility model provides a bio-organic fodder processing briquetting device through rotating fodder size adjustment subassembly can change the second discharge gate and first discharge gate just to the area to change the volume size that fodder was extruded, can produce the fodder granule of equidimension not, improved its application scope.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall three-dimensional structure of the present utility model;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the bottom perspective structure of the present utility model;
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the feed processing mechanism of the present utility model;
fig. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a blanking assembly of the present utility model.
In the figure: 1. a mounting base; 2. a discharge port; 3. an adjustment port; 4. a riser; 5. a servo motor; 6. a first cam; 7. a second cam; 8. a third cam; 9. a feed processing mechanism; 91. a feed forming assembly; 911. a storage cylinder; 912. a first one-way valve; 913. a piston; 914. a piston rod; 915. a first arc-shaped bump; 916. a first spring; 917. a first discharge port; 92. a feed size adjustment assembly; 921. an adjustment cylinder; 922. a second discharge port; 93. a material breaking component; 931. a material cutting cylinder; 932. avoiding the through groove; 933. a second arc-shaped bump; 934. a second spring; 10. storage tank.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present utility model will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present utility model, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the utility model without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the utility model.
The utility model provides two technical schemes:
a first embodiment is shown in fig. 1-2: the utility model provides a bio-organic fodder processing becomes piece device, including mount pad 1, discharge gate 2 has all been seted up on the both sides wall about mount pad 1, and mount pad 1 openly has seted up the regulation mouth 3 that makes things convenient for manual overhaul, mount pad 1 top both sides are all fixed and are provided with riser 4, be provided with the power unit who is used for fodder processing to become the piece between two risers 4, power unit includes the transmission shaft, servo motor 5, first cam 6, second cam 7 and third cam 8, servo motor 5 fixed arrangement is on the outer wall of one of them riser 4, the transmission shaft rotates and sets up between two risers 4, servo motor 5 output shaft is connected through shaft coupling and transmission shaft, first cam 6, second cam 7 and the equal fixed cover of third cam 8 are established on the transmission shaft outer wall, second cam 7 and third cam 8 symmetry set up in the both sides of first cam 6, after the transmission shaft rotates the in-process, second cam 7 and third cam 8 follow closely promote second arc boss 933 and move downwards, inside and the just be located power unit's of mount pad 1 and just below the fodder guide pulley is provided with fodder channel 10 and is provided with the feed tank and is equipped with the feed tank and is used for the feed tank and is equipped with the feed tank is equipped with in the feed tank to the feed tank is installed to the feed channel 9, the feed tank is equipped with the feed tank is installed to the feed tank is 9, the feed tank is connected to the feed tank is equipped with the feed tank 9, the feed tank is equipped with the feed tank 9 is connected to the feed pad 9, and is located the feed tank is processed to the feed pad 9 inside the feed pad is processed to the feed tank is 9.
The second embodiment, shown in fig. 3-4, differs from the first embodiment primarily in that: the feed processing mechanism 9 comprises a feed forming component 91, a feed size adjusting component 92 and a breaking component 93, wherein the feed forming component 91 comprises a feed storage cylinder 911, a feed inlet is formed in the bottom of the feed storage cylinder 911, a feed pipe is fixedly arranged in the feed inlet, a first one-way valve 912 which only allows materials to enter is fixedly arranged in the feed pipe, a material pressing mechanism for pressing the materials is arranged in the feed storage cylinder 911, the material pressing mechanism comprises a piston 913, a piston rod 914, a first arc-shaped lug 915 and a first spring 916, the piston 913 is slidably arranged in the feed storage cylinder 911, the piston 913 is in sealing sliding connection with the feed storage cylinder 911, the piston rod 914 is fixedly arranged at the top end of the piston 913, the top end of the piston rod 914 penetrates the feed storage cylinder 911 and is fixedly connected with the first arc-shaped lug 915, a spring limiting ring is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the piston rod 914, a first spring 916 is sleeved on the outer wall of the piston rod 914 and positioned between the storage cylinder 911 and the spring limiting rings, a plurality of first discharge ports 917 are formed on two sides of the outer wall of the storage cylinder 911, a second one-way valve is fixedly arranged in each first discharge port 917, the second one-way valve only allows materials to be discharged, the top end of the piston rod 914 penetrates through the breaking cylinder 931 and extends to the outside, a second cam 7 and a third cam 8 are in one-to-one correspondence with the positions of two second arc-shaped convex blocks 933, the positions of the first cam 6 and the first arc-shaped convex blocks 915 are corresponding, the bottom end of the second spring 934 is connected with the top of the storage cylinder 911, the feed size adjusting assembly 92 comprises an adjusting cylinder 921, second discharge ports 922 are formed on two sides of the outer wall of the adjusting cylinder 921, an adjusting knob is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the adjusting cylinder 921 and is exposed at the position of the adjusting port 3 so as to be convenient for manually rotating the adjusting knob, the adjusting cylinder 921 is rotatably sleeved on the outer wall of the storage cylinder 911. The number of the second discharging holes 922 is the same as that of the first discharging holes 917, the positions are in one-to-one correspondence, the size of an intersecting gap between the second discharging holes 922 and the first discharging holes 917 is adjusted through rotating the adjusting barrel 921, the size of feed blocks is controlled, the outer wall of the storage barrel 911 is provided with a groove, the adjusting barrel 921 is rotatably sleeved on the groove, the outer diameter of the adjusting barrel 921 is the same as that of the storage barrel 911, the extruded feed blocks are conveniently cut off when the breaking barrel 931 slides downwards along the outer wall of the storage barrel 911, the breaking assembly 93 comprises the breaking barrel 931, the two sides of the outer wall of the breaking barrel 931 are provided with avoidance through grooves 932, the two sides of the top of the breaking barrel 931 are fixedly provided with second arc-shaped protruding blocks 933, the top of a cavity of the breaking barrel 931 is fixedly provided with a second spring 934, the breaking barrel 931 is slidably sleeved on the outer wall of the storage barrel 911, the top of the mounting seat 1 is provided with a through hole, the breaking barrel 911 is fixedly arranged on the inner wall of the through hole, and the breaking barrel 931 is not contacted with the inner wall of the through hole.
When in use, the pasty feed mixed by the raw materials is injected into the storage tank 10 through the filling opening, the servo motor 5 is started, since the first cam 6, the second cam 7 and the third cam 8 are fixedly arranged on the same transmission shaft together, so that the first cam 6, the second cam 7 and the third cam 8 are synchronously rotated, the first cam 6 firstly contacts the first arc-shaped protruding block 915 and pushes the same downwards, the first arc-shaped protruding block 915 is pushed downwards for a certain period of time to keep the height position, then, the protruding ends of the second cam 7 and the third cam 8 contact the second arc-shaped protruding block 933 and push the same downwards, the feed breaking barrel 931 cuts off the strip-shaped feed extruded from the second discharge hole 922, at the moment of ending the cutting-off action, the piston 913 and the feed breaking barrel 931 are respectively moved upwards by the first spring 916 and the second spring 934 to restore the original position, the first cam 6 is realized to press the first arc-shaped protruding block 915 and keep the same height of the first arc-shaped protruding block 915 for a certain period of time, and the mode of synchronously moving upwards after the feed-breaking barrel 931 cuts off the extruded feed in the period of time can be realized through the structural design of the first cam 6, the second cam 7 and the third cam 8, which are the operation modes realized in the prior art, and when the piston 913 moves upwards along the feed-storing barrel 911, since the first discharge port 917 is provided with the second one-way valve, the first one-way valve 912 is provided in the feed pipe at the bottom of the storage cylinder 911, the second one-way valve only allows the feed in the storage cylinder 911 to flow out, the first one-way valve 912 only allows the pasty feed to enter the storage cylinder 911, therefore, when the piston 913 moves upwards, negative pressure can be generated in the storage cylinder 911, and the pasty feed in the storage tank 10 is sucked into the storage cylinder 911 to supplement the extruded feed; when different-size feeds need to be produced, the adjusting cylinder 921 can be rotated, the facing area between the second discharge port 922 and the first discharge port 917 is changed, when the second discharge port 922 and the first discharge port 917 are opposite, the extruded feed volume is maximum, and when the adjusting cylinder 921 is continuously rotated from the position, the extruded feed volume is gradually reduced.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present utility model have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the utility model, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (6)

1. The utility model provides a biological organic fodder processing briquetting device, includes mount pad (1), its characterized in that: the utility model provides a feed processing system, including mount pad (1), including mounting pad (1), servo motor (5), first cam (6), second cam (7) and third cam (8), all offered discharge gate (2) on both sides wall about, and mount pad (1) openly offered regulation mouth (3) that make things convenient for the manual maintenance, mount pad (1) top both sides are all fixed to be provided with riser (4), two be provided with between riser (4) be used for the feed processing system of fodder processing piece, actuating mechanism includes transmission shaft, servo motor (5), first cam (6), second cam (7) and third cam (8), actuating motor (5) are fixed to be set up on the outer wall of one of them riser (4), and the transmission shaft rotates to set up between two risers (4), servo motor (5) output shaft is connected through shaft coupling and transmission shaft, first cam (6), second cam (7) and third cam (8) are all fixed the cover and are established on the transmission shaft outer wall, the inside of mount pad (1) and be provided with feed processing system (9) that are used for the bio-organic fodder processing piece under the actuating mechanism, and fixedly on mount pad (1) lateral wall is provided with feed storage device (10).
2. A device for processing biological organic feed into blocks according to claim 1, wherein: the four corners in the bottom of the mounting seat (1) are provided with universal wheels, wedge-shaped material guide plates are fixedly arranged in the mounting seat (1) and located on two sides of the feed processing mechanism (9), and the height of one end, far away from the feed processing mechanism (9), of each wedge-shaped material guide plate is lower than that of the other end.
3. A device for processing biological organic feed into blocks according to claim 1, wherein: feed processing agency (9) are including fodder shaping subassembly (91) and fodder size adjustment subassembly (92) and disconnected material subassembly (93), fodder shaping subassembly (91) are including storage cylinder (911), feed inlet has been seted up to storage cylinder (911) bottom, and feed inlet inside is fixedly provided with the inlet pipe, and the inlet pipe internal fixation is provided with only allowed material entering first check valve (912), storage cylinder (911) inside is provided with the swager that is used for extrudeing the material constructs, and swager constructs including piston (913), piston rod (914), first arc lug (915) and first spring (916), piston (913) slip sets up in the inside of storage cylinder (911), piston rod (914) are fixed to be set up on the top of piston (913), and piston rod (914) top run through storage cylinder (911) and with first arc lug (915) fixed connection, fixed cover is equipped with the spring spacing ring on the piston rod (914) outer wall and be located the cover between storage cylinder (914) and the spring spacing ring and be equipped with first spring (917), first both sides all are provided with first ejection of compact valve (917) inside each.
4. A device for processing biological organic feed into blocks according to claim 3, wherein: the fodder size adjusting part (92) is including adjusting section of thick bamboo (921), second discharge gate (922) have all been seted up to adjusting section of thick bamboo (921) outer wall both sides, and fixed cover is equipped with adjust knob on adjusting section of thick bamboo (921) outer wall, adjusting section of thick bamboo (921) rotate the cover and establish on the outer wall of storage section of thick bamboo (911).
5. A device for processing biological organic feed into blocks according to claim 3, wherein: the material breaking assembly (93) comprises a material breaking barrel (931), through grooves (932) are formed in two sides of the outer wall of the material breaking barrel (931), second arc-shaped protruding blocks (933) are fixedly arranged on two sides of the top of the material breaking barrel (931), a second spring (934) is fixedly arranged on the top of the cavity of the material breaking barrel (931), and the material breaking barrel (931) is slidably sleeved on the outer wall of the material storage barrel (911).
6. A bio-organic feed processing briquetting device according to claim 5, wherein: through holes are formed in the tops of the mounting seats (1), the storage barrels (911) are fixedly arranged on the inner walls of the through holes, and the outer walls of the breaking barrels (931) are not contacted with the inner walls of the through holes.
CN202320844016.5U 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device Active CN219615494U (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202320844016.5U CN219615494U (en) 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202320844016.5U CN219615494U (en) 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN219615494U true CN219615494U (en) 2023-09-01

Family

ID=87771745

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202320844016.5U Active CN219615494U (en) 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN219615494U (en)

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4343233A (en) Apparatus for producing and collecting a liquid extract and a dry by-product from a mash
CN108283912B (en) Biological particle fuel pelletization device
CN107927554B (en) Automatic steamed sponge cake production device and production method thereof
US4389928A (en) Method for producing and collecting a liquid extract and a dry by-product from a mash
CN219615494U (en) Biological organic fodder processing briquetting device
CN205962792U (en) Conveyor of mould and be used for this conveyor's steamed corn bread make -up machine
US4397231A (en) Apparatus for producing and collecting a liquid extract and a dry by-product from a mash
CN214431437U (en) Meatball forming device
CN110801046A (en) Rice cake pressing and cutting device
CN215611367U (en) Clear up feed production pelletization device of inner wall fast
CN216544317U (en) Hot press forming device with hot press forming structure and used for water-saving pipe production
CN113662223A (en) Pet feed compression molding device
CN111004659B (en) Biological granular fuel and processing device and processing method thereof
CN221112762U (en) Rubber continuous preforming machine
CN112720989A (en) Molding press equipment for quickly producing plastic bottle caps
CN114311818B (en) Manufacturing equipment and manufacturing method of powder coating
CN221307153U (en) Strip extruding device for producing pet food
CN219984609U (en) Pelletization device for cow sheep essence feed
CN117584248B (en) System and method for manufacturing bone china by utilizing waste phosphorus mud
CN220936643U (en) Crushing biting barrel structure and husking equipment thereof
CN220750765U (en) Continuous sintering equipment of active carbon rod
CN218875961U (en) Polystyrene granulator
CN116901477B (en) Cutting device and combined sealing ring produced by using same
CN215625405U (en) Quantitative discharging device is used in production of antibiotic aquogel
CN220946844U (en) Pymetrozine former compression forming device

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
TR01 Transfer of patent right
TR01 Transfer of patent right

Effective date of registration: 20240129

Address after: No. 20 Xiamen Road, Ganyu Economic Development Zone, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, 222000

Patentee after: LIANYUNGANG GUSAOLE FOOD Co.,Ltd.

Country or region after: China

Address before: 272600 West of Pangzhuang Village, Xiaoanshan Town, Liangshan County, Jining, Shandong Province

Patentee before: Liangshan Fulin Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.

Country or region before: China