CN219530538U

CN219530538U - High-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder

Info

Publication number: CN219530538U
Application number: CN202220688812.XU
Authority: CN
Inventors: 洪正鹏; 赵东林; 商红岩; 孟闻捷
Original assignee: Beijing Dongfang Hongsheng New Energy Application Technology Research Institute Co ltd
Current assignee: Beijing Dongfang Hongsheng New Energy Application Technology Research Institute Co ltd
Priority date: 2021-12-22
Filing date: 2022-03-28
Publication date: 2023-08-15
Anticipated expiration: 2032-03-28

Abstract

The utility model discloses a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle, which comprises a capillary tube bundle for storing hydrogen, a tube plate and an end cover, wherein the capillary tube bundle consists of a plurality of hydrogen storage capillaries, each hydrogen storage capillary in the capillary tube bundle vertically penetrates through the tube plate, two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary are open, and the ends of each hydrogen storage capillary are respectively flush with the end face of the tube plate; the end covers are two, namely a first end cover provided with an air inlet and a second end cover provided with an air outlet, the opening end of the first end cover is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate at one end of the capillary tube bundle, the opening end of the second end cover is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate at the other end of the capillary tube bundle, and the two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube are respectively communicated with the first end cover and the second end cover. The utility model adopts the integrated glass capillary tube bundle to store hydrogen, has high hydrogen storage pressure, strong hydrogen storage capacity and low manufacturing cost, realizes the storage of high-pressure hydrogen in a relatively light container, and has higher commercial application value.

Description

High-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder

Technical Field

The utility model relates to the technical field of hydrogen storage, in particular to a high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder.

Background

Hydrogen storage is a key challenge for the development of hydrogen energy applications. Two main objectives have prompted improvements in cylinders. First, H must be reduced ₂ Is not limited by the cost of transportation. For example, the total capital and operating costs of a tube trailer account for a major portion of the price of delivering hydrogen. Second, the functional requirements of the hydrogen energy system, such as weight and bulk density, must be satisfied enough to match a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with an equivalent gasoline vehicle.

For many years, steel cylinders have been the most widely used technology for storing compressed hydrogen and gas. It provides a relatively low weight and bulk storage density. Alternatives to steel cylinders include liquid H ₂ Tank, composite compressed hydrogen tank, gas storage tank, adsorbent, metal hydride and chemical hydride.

Composite compression H ₂ The air tanks are typically made of aluminum or polymer liners lined with a polymer/carbon fiber coating. They are designated as type III and type IV. They provide weight and bulk storage densities of 5wt% and 26g/L, respectively. Because of the relatively high cost of carbon fiber, composite cylinders made of carbon fiber are much more expensive than steel cylinders. Due to the wide range of carbon fibers in aerospace compositesIn general use, mass production of carbon fibers is impossible to reduce the high cost thereof.

Chemical hydrides are metal hydrogen compounds that produce hydrogen at the point of use by irreversible reactions. The waste reaction products need to be recovered at a central facility. They can provide very high gravimetric capacities (sodium borohydride > 100%). However, chemical hydrides are relatively expensive. In addition, H ₂ The operability of the generator and the flow of recycled reaction products are major drawbacks.

The adsorbent being operated by physical adsorption, H ₂ The molecules bind weakly to the microporous surface. A considerable storage capacity can only be obtained at low temperatures approaching 77K. In the adsorbent-based storage tank, H ₂ Both as adsorbates and in the gas phase. The gas phase cannot access the volume occupied by the adsorbent framework. Above a certain pressure, this repulsive effect of the adsorbent skeleton becomes too severe and the efficiency of removing the adsorbent becomes higher.

In recent years, activated carbon is the best adsorbent for low temperature adsorption. However, its performance does not lead to commercialization, and the use of flammable adsorbents (such as activated carbon) at low temperatures presents a potential build-up of contaminating oxygen.

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have shown higher storage capacities in the past few years. MOFs consist of a periodic metal-centered array of organic linker-bound. They have a very high porosity and a well-defined pore size. One major disadvantage of MOFs is the energy and equipment required to extract the heat of desorption generated during filling, as well as the relatively low delivery pressure at the point of use. This may be in contrast to liquid H2, liquid H ₂ Low power pumps may be used to pump to high pressure, vaporized using ambient heat, and then injected into a high pressure storage tank.

Metal hydrides are formed by dissociation of hydrogen molecules and dissolution of hydrogen atoms in metals. The hydrogen atoms occupy interstitial sites in the crystal structure of the metal, intermetallic compound, alloy or metal composite. The formation of hydrides is accompanied by the release of absorbed heat (typically 30 to 70 kJ/mol), expansion of the crystal structure (up to 300 kJ/mol) and the bursting/sedimentation effect on circulation, a large amount of heat having to be extracted during the filling process. In this system, therefore, thermal control and control of mechanical deformation is important. In addition, the cost of being too expensive is a major obstacle to commercial use of solid hydrogen storage.

Glass microspheres have been proposed for many years as miniature hydrogen storage containers. Glass microspheres are attractive because failure of one microsphere is not expected to have an impact on safety and the amount of hydrogen released is small. Filling and release is accomplished by heating the microspheres at ambient temperature. When the hydrogen permeability in the microsphere is small, the temperature range is 100-4000 ℃, at which the hydrogen permeability in the microsphere is allowed to fill or release depending on the pressure differential across the microsphere wall. However, to date, glass microsphere systems are considered to be not competitive with alternative hydrogen storage technologies. For example, one project demonstrated weight and volume capacities of only 2.2wt% and 4g/L, respectively, well below type III and type IV cylinders.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the utility model provides the high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle, which stores high-pressure hydrogen through the integrated capillary tube bundle, and is inflated at one end of the capillary tube bundle and deflated at the other end, so that the high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle has the advantages of simple structure, high use efficiency, capability of repeatedly filling hydrogen, low cost and realization of storing high-pressure hydrogen in a relatively lighter container.

The utility model adopts the following technical scheme:

the high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle comprises a capillary tube bundle for storing hydrogen, a tube plate and an end cover, wherein the capillary tube bundle consists of a plurality of hydrogen storage capillaries, each hydrogen storage capillary in the capillary tube bundle vertically penetrates through the tube plate, two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary are open, and the ends of each hydrogen storage capillary are respectively flush with the end face of the tube plate; the end covers are two, namely a first end cover provided with an air inlet and a second end cover provided with an air outlet, the opening end of the first end cover is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate at one end of the capillary tube bundle, the opening end of the second end cover is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate at the other end of the capillary tube bundle, and two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube are respectively communicated with the first end cover and the second end cover.

Further, the tube plate is provided with a plurality of through holes vertically penetrating through the tube plate, and each hydrogen storage capillary tube in the capillary tube bundle correspondingly penetrates through each through hole respectively.

The tube plates comprise a first tube plate and a second tube plate, the upper end face of the first tube plate corresponds to the first end cover, the lower end face of the second tube plate corresponds to the second end cover, and each hydrogen storage capillary on the capillary tube bundle penetrates through the corresponding through holes in the first tube plate and the second tube plate respectively.

The outer edge of the tube plate is provided with an inner liner layer and an outer shell layer in the length direction of the capillary tube bundle, the inner liner layer coats the tube plate, and the outer shell layer is arranged on the outer side of the inner liner layer and extends to the end covers from two ends or covers the end covers.

The air inlet of the first end cover is integrated with a one-way valve which can be conducted from outside to inside and is used for storing external compressed hydrogen into the capillary tube bundle, and the air outlet of the second end cover is integrated with a one-way valve which can be conducted from inside to outside and is used for discharging the compressed hydrogen in the capillary tube bundle.

Preferably, the one-way valve is a check valve.

The hydrogen storage capillary is one of a magnesium aluminum silicate glass capillary, a borosilicate glass capillary and a quartz glass capillary.

The cross section of the hydrogen storage capillary tube is one of a circle, a hexagon, a trapezoid, a rectangle, a triangle or an ellipse, the diameter or the cross section width of the hydrogen storage capillary tube is 0.1mm-8mm, and the number, the end face shape and the size of the through holes are matched with those of the hydrogen storage capillary tube.

The tube plate is a solid polymer tube plate; the inner liner layer is a solid polymer layer or one of a polyamide layer, a polyimide layer and a polysulfone layer which have chemical compatibility with a solid polymer material; the end cover is made of gas compatible steel or alloy, and the thickness of the end cover is matched with the design pressure of the stored hydrogen in the gas cylinder.

Preferably, the tube sheet is a modified epoxy resin sheet.

The end cover is fixed on the tube plate through a high-strength adhesive, or the tube plate is in sealing connection with the end cover through complementary threads.

The ratio of the thickness of the tube plate to the diameter or the section width of the tube plate is more than or equal to 1:1.

Preferably, the ratio of the thickness of the tube plate to the diameter or the section width of the tube plate is more than or equal to 2:1.

The technical scheme of the utility model has the following advantages:

A. the high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle adopts the integrated glass capillary tube bundle to store hydrogen, has high hydrogen storage pressure (up to 150 MPa), strong hydrogen storage capacity (the weight hydrogen storage density is up to 16 percent, and the volume hydrogen storage density is up to 60 g/L), low manufacturing cost, realizes the storage of high-pressure hydrogen in a relatively lighter container, and has higher commercial application value.

B. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder adopts the bidirectional opening, the end covers at the two ends are respectively provided with the one-way valve, one end is used for air inlet, the other end is used for air outlet, and compared with the conventional container with one opening at one end, the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder has the advantages of simple operation, avoiding frequent disassembly and assembly of the ports when the single-port gas cylinder is inflated and deflated, and being more convenient to use.

C. The high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle has high safety, and compared with a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle, the capillary hydrogen storage technology is formed by combining innumerable tiny compression-resistant capillaries together to form a super-strong stable structure. Each tiny capillary acts as a single pressure vessel, and the hydrogen leakage cannot form an explosive environment because the hydrogen storage quantity of the single capillary is very small.

D. The capillary hydrogen storage technology is convenient to connect and rapid in hydrogen charging. The capillary hydrogen storage technology is a modular structure, and the shape, size and capacity of the hydrogen storage cylinder can be designed and installed at will to be coupled to any desired consumer system. For example, the fuel cell can be mounted on a hydrogen fuel cell automobile to supply power to the fuel cell.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present utility model, the drawings that are required for the embodiments will be briefly described, and it will be apparent that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present utility model and that other drawings may be obtained according to the drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the overall structure of a high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder provided by the utility model;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the bottle body in FIG. 1;

fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the capillary bundle of fig. 1.

The figures are identified as follows:

1-capillary bundle, 11-hydrogen storage capillary; 2-tube plate, 21-first tube plate, 22-second tube plate, 23-through hole; 3-an inner liner layer; 4-an outer shell layer; 5-end cap, 51-first end cap, 52-second end cap.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present utility model will be made apparent and fully in view of the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the utility model are shown. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the utility model without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the utility model.

In the description of the present utility model, it should be noted that the directions or positional relationships indicated by the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc. are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience of describing the present utility model and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present utility model. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In the description of the present utility model, it should be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be either fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected, for example; the mechanical connection and the electrical connection can be adopted; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communication between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present utility model will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.

As shown in fig. 1-3, the utility model provides a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle, which comprises a capillary tube bundle 1 for storing hydrogen, a tube plate 2 and an end cover 5, wherein the capillary tube bundle 1 consists of a plurality of hydrogen storage capillaries 11, the tube plate 2 is provided with a plurality of through holes 23 vertically penetrating through the tube plate 2, each hydrogen storage capillary 11 in the capillary tube bundle 1 correspondingly penetrates through each through hole 23, two ends of the hydrogen storage capillary 11 are opened, and the ends are respectively flush with the end surface of the tube plate 2. The two end covers 5 are respectively a first end cover 51 provided with an air inlet 511 and a second end cover 52 provided with an air outlet 521, the opening end of the first end cover 51 is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate 2 at one end of the capillary tube bundle 1, the opening end of the second end cover 52 is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate 2 at the other end of the capillary tube bundle 1, and two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube 11 are respectively communicated with the first end cover 51 and the second end cover 52. The utility model adopts the integrated capillary tube bundle to store hydrogen, has high hydrogen storage pressure (up to 150 MPa), strong hydrogen storage capacity (the weight hydrogen storage density is up to 16 percent, and the volume hydrogen storage density is up to 60 g/L), low manufacturing cost and realizes the storage of high-pressure hydrogen in a relatively lighter container. The utility model has high safety, and compared with a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, the capillary hydrogen storage technology is combined by innumerable tiny compression-resistant capillaries to form a super-strong stable structure. Each tiny capillary acts as a single pressure vessel, and the hydrogen leakage cannot form an explosive environment because the hydrogen storage quantity of the single capillary is very small.

Further, the tube plate 2 comprises a first tube plate 21 and a second tube plate 22, the upper end face of the first tube plate 21 corresponds to the first end cover 51, the lower end face of the second tube plate 22 corresponds to the second end cover 52, and each hydrogen storage capillary 11 on the capillary tube bundle 1 passes through corresponding through holes 23 on the first tube plate 21 and the second tube plate 22 respectively. The outside of the tube plate 2 is provided with an inner liner layer 3 and an outer shell layer 4 along the length direction of the capillary tube bundle 1, the inner liner layer 3 coats the tube plate 2, the outer shell layer 4 is arranged outside the inner liner layer 3 and extends to the end covers 5 from two ends or covers the end covers 5. The high-pressure area of the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder comprises the inside of the hydrogen storage capillary tube 11, the surface of the tube plate 2 and the inner surface of the end cover 5 which are at the level position of the two ends of the hydrogen storage capillary tube 11, and does not comprise the inner lining 3 and the outer shell layer 4.

The air inlet of the first end cover 51 is integrated with a one-way valve which can be conducted from outside to inside only and is used for storing external compressed hydrogen into the capillary tube bundle 1, and the air outlet of the second end cover 52 is integrated with a one-way valve which can be conducted from inside to outside only and is used for discharging the compressed hydrogen in the capillary tube bundle 1. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder adopts the bidirectional opening, the end covers at the two ends are respectively provided with the one-way valve, one end is used for air inlet, the other end is used for air outlet, and compared with the conventional container with one opening at one end, the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder has the advantages of simple operation, avoiding frequent disassembly and assembly of the ports when the single-port gas cylinder is inflated and deflated, and being more convenient to use. The check valve of the utility model is a check valve.

The hydrogen storage capillary 11 may be made of any type of high tensile strength glass known in the art, preferably one of magnesium alumino silicate glass, borosilicate glass, and quartz glass. The cross-sectional shape of the hydrogen storage capillary 11 is one of a circle, a hexagon, a trapezoid, a rectangle, a triangle, or an ellipse, and the number, the end face shape, and the size of the through holes 23 are matched with those of the hydrogen storage capillary 11. For a given storage pressure, and taking into account the safety factor, glass with a higher tensile strength will allow the thickness of the tubesheet 2 to be smaller, while glass with a lower tensile strength will make the tubesheet 2 thicker. Typically the capillary tube has an outer diameter defined in the range of 0.1mm to 8mm and an inner diameter in the range of 0.05mm to 7.8 mm. The length of the hydrogen storage capillary 11 is 100-1500 mm. The end cover 5 is made of gas compatible steel or alloy, and the thickness of the end cover is matched with the design pressure of the stored hydrogen in the gas cylinder.

The number of hydrogen storage capillaries 11 can vary from two to thousands, with the specific number being determined by the size and shape of the cylinder and the volume of gas required to be stored in the cylinder. The capillaries are arranged parallel to each other. Although the capillary portions outside the tube sheet 2 are not covered, they are covered with the inner liner 3 of the same material as that used for the tube sheet 2 to provide a degree of shock absorption. In addition, the inner liner 3 may be made of a material different from the tube sheet 2, such as polyamide, polyimide, polysulfone, etc. that is chemically compatible with the tube sheet 2 material. It should be noted that the tube sheet 2 material fills the space between the hydrogen storage capillaries 11 so as to form an airtight seal between the hydrogen storage capillaries 11. The tube sheet 2 may be formed of a solid polymer such as an emulsion or liquid resin, a modified epoxy resin, or the like.

The final cross-sectional shape of the tube sheet 2 is determined by the shape of the cylinder and/or the shape required of the end cap 5. Thus, if the cylinder has a circular cross-sectional shape, or the portion of the end cap 5 that is connected to the tube sheet 2 has a circular cross-sectional shape, the tube sheet 2 will typically have a corresponding circular cross-sectional shape. If the capillary bundle 1 has a cross-sectional shape different from that of the end cap 5, the peripheral portion of the tube sheet 2 surrounding the bundled capillaries may be molded or machined to form the desired cross-sectional shape to complement the cross-sectional shape of the end cap 5 so that the end cap 5 and tube sheet 2 are assembled together by an airtight seal. The thickness of the tube sheet 2 in the axial direction of the hydrogen storage capillaries 11 may also be different, but the minimum thickness is determined by the mechanical properties of the material forming the tube sheet 2 and the mechanical properties of the hydrogen storage capillaries 11, in combination with the mechanical properties of the tube sheet 2 material and the hydrogen storage capillaries 11 material, as well as the size or diameter of the tube sheet 2 and the desired gas storage pressure. The ratio of the thickness of the tube sheet 2 to its diameter or cross-sectional width is generally 1:1 or more, preferably 2:1 or more.

The peripheral portion of the tube sheet 2 surrounding the capillary tube bundle 1 is connected to the open end of the end cap 5 to form an airtight seal between the tube sheet 2 and the end cap 5. This airtight relationship may be achieved by any method known in the art. Typically, a sealant such as epoxy is used to adhere the open end of the end cap 5 to the surface tube sheet 2 of the end cap 5 or the inner surface of the open end of the end cap 5 to the circumferential surface of the tube sheet 2 around the capillary tube bundle 1. Alternatively, the airtight seal may be achieved by providing complementary threads on the circumferential surface of the tube sheet 2 and the inner surface of the end cap 5, and a gasket or gasket located between the circumferential surface of the tube sheet 2 and the inner surface of the end cap 5. In this way, the end cap 5 can be screwed onto the tube sheet 2.

The outer shell layer 4 does not constitute a part of a high-pressure environment that encloses the gas to be stored, and therefore, the outer shell layer 4 does not need to be made of a high-strength material capable of withstanding high pressure. Typically made of metal, plastic or composite materials. The outer shell layer 4 is optionally provided with a relief valve having a set point pressure lower than the design pressure of the cylinder, the enclosed space between the outer surface of the capillary bundle 1 and the inner surface of the outer shell layer 4 will never be over-pressurized.

The utility model is applicable to the prior art where it is not described.

It is apparent that the above examples are given by way of illustration only and are not limiting of the embodiments. Other variations or modifications of the above teachings will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is not necessary here nor is it exhaustive of all embodiments. While obvious variations or modifications are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present utility model.

Claims

1. A high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle, characterized by comprising a capillary tube bundle (1) for storing hydrogen, a tube plate (2) and an end cover (5), wherein the capillary tube bundle (1) is composed of a plurality of hydrogen storage capillaries (11), each hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) in the capillary tube bundle (1) vertically passes through the tube plate (2), two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) are open, and the ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube are respectively flush with the end face of the tube plate (2); the end covers (5) are two, namely a first end cover (51) provided with an air inlet and a second end cover (52) provided with an air outlet, the opening end of the first end cover (51) is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate (2) at one end of the capillary tube bundle (1), the opening end of the second end cover (52) is in sealing connection with the end face of the tube plate (2) at the other end of the capillary tube bundle (1), and the two ends of each hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) are respectively communicated with the first end cover (51) and the second end cover (52).

2. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of through holes (23) vertically penetrating through the tube plate (2) are formed in the tube plate (2), and each hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) in the capillary tube bundle (1) correspondingly penetrates through each through hole (23).

3. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 2, wherein the tube plate (2) comprises a first tube plate (21) and a second tube plate (22), the upper end surface of the first tube plate (21) corresponds to the first end cover (51), the lower end surface of the second tube plate (22) corresponds to the second end cover (52), and each hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) on the capillary tube bundle (1) respectively passes through the corresponding through hole (23) on the first tube plate (21) and the second tube plate (22).

4. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 1, wherein an inner liner layer (3) and an outer shell layer (4) are arranged outside the tube plate (2) along the length direction of the capillary tube bundle (1), the inner liner layer (3) coats the tube plate (2), and the outer shell layer (4) is arranged outside the inner liner layer (3) and extends to the end cover (5) from two ends or covers the end cover (5).

5. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 1, wherein a check valve which can be conducted from outside to inside is integrated at the gas inlet of the first end cover (51) for storing external compressed hydrogen into the capillary tube bundle (1), and a check valve which can be conducted from inside to outside is integrated at the gas outlet of the second end cover (52) for discharging the compressed hydrogen in the capillary tube bundle (1).

6. The high pressure hydrogen storage cylinder of claim 5, wherein said one-way valve is a check valve; the hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) is one of a magnesium aluminum silicate glass capillary tube, a borosilicate glass capillary tube and a quartz glass capillary tube.

7. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 2, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the hydrogen storage capillary tube (11) is one of a circle, a hexagon, a trapezoid, a rectangle, a triangle, or an ellipse, the diameter or the cross-sectional width of which is 0.1mm-8mm, and the number, the end face shape, and the size of the through holes (23) are matched with those of the hydrogen storage capillary tube (11).

8. The high pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 4, characterized in that the tube sheet (2) is a solid polymer tube sheet; the inner liner layer (3) is a solid polymer layer or one of a polyamide layer, a polyimide layer and a polysulfone layer which are chemically compatible with a solid polymer material; the end cover (5) is made of gas compatible steel or alloy, and the thickness of the end cover is matched with the design pressure of the stored hydrogen in the gas cylinder; the tube plate (2) is a modified epoxy resin plate.

9. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 1, characterized in that the end cap (5) is fixed to the tube plate (2) by a high-strength adhesive or the tube plate (2) and the end cap (5) are connected in a sealing manner by complementary threads.

10. The high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the tube sheet (2) to the diameter or cross-sectional width thereof is 1:1 or more.