CN219065394U - Automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water - Google Patents
Automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The utility model discloses an automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water based on a titration method, which comprises a sample/medicine sampling module, a sample/medicine conveying module, a titration reaction module and a PLC control module, wherein a plurality of on-off valves, peristaltic sampling pumps, injection pumps, peristaltic titration pumps and other pipelines of the sample/medicine sampling module are arranged to collect samples, buffer solution, indicators, pure water, titration solution and the like, and a light source and a color identifier are used for determining a titration end point, so that human errors are reduced; the whole titration instrument has compact structure, simple pipeline and convenient installation; the automatic control is adopted, so that the precision is high and the detection efficiency is high; the functions are diversified, the total hardness can be measured, the hardness of calcium in water can be measured, and the multifunctional instrument is multipurpose.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the field of chemical detection instruments, and particularly relates to an automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water based on a titration method.
Background
The hardness of water initially refers to the ability of the calcium and magnesium ions in the water to precipitate the soap hydration liquid, including carbonate hardness (i.e., the calcium and magnesium ions that precipitate as carbonates by heating, also called temporary hardness) and non-carbonate hardness (i.e., the portion of the calcium and magnesium ions that do not precipitate after heating, also called permanent hardness). The automatic titrator is a laboratory titrator with high analysis precision, has perfect and powerful functions, and can be applied to the fields of food, medicine inspection, disease control, inspection, business inspection, water treatment, petroleum, chemical industry, ocean, electric power, environmental protection, new energy, teaching, scientific research and the like.
At present, most equipment sample injection mechanisms are complex, such as various mechanical arms, injection pumps, rotating mechanisms and the like, for example, chinese patent 201320756116.9 discloses a chemical automatic moisture titrator, which comprises a reaction tank, wherein a magnetic stirrer is arranged at the bottom of the reaction tank; the sampling module comprises an injection pump and a peristaltic pump, and the injection pump and the peristaltic pump inject a sample to be tested into the reaction tank; the titration module is used for injecting a titration reagent into the reaction tank through a burette; the display module is used for displaying the measured parameters of the liquid to be measured; and the control module is connected with the sampling module, the titration module and the display module. The solution to be measured needs to enter the intermediate container first and then is injected into the reaction tank from the intermediate container, the structure is complex, in addition, the solution to be measured, the cleaning solution and the titration solution are respectively communicated with the reaction tank, a buffer solution, an EDTA disodium standard solution, a calcium standard solution, a chrome black indicator, a sodium hydroxide solution and triethanolamine are needed to be used in the titration experiment, and therefore a plurality of pipelines are needed to be connected, and the whole device is disordered.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the utility model provides an automatic titrator based on titration method for calcium hardness and total hardness in water, which has the advantages of compact structure, simple pipeline and convenient installation.
The object of the utility model is achieved in the following way: an automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water based on a titration method comprises a sample/medicine sampling module, a sample/medicine conveying module, a titration reaction module and a PLC control module, wherein the sample/medicine sampling module comprises an EDTA solution bottle, an indicator solution bottle, a pretreatment solution bottle, a sampling bottle and a pure water bottle which are sequentially arranged;
the sample/drug delivery module, the indicator passageway, the indicator solution bottle communicate with the cuvette through the dosing ring, the syringe pump and the syringe pump outlet valve pipeline;
the sample injection and water inlet passage, the pretreatment solution bottle, the sample injection bottle and the pure water bottle are communicated with the colorimetric pool through a multi-way on-off valve, a peristaltic sample injection pump and a peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve pipeline;
the titrant passage, the EDTA solution bottle is communicated with the colorimetric pool through a peristaltic titration pump and a titration pump outlet valve pipeline;
the titration reaction module comprises a colorimetric pool arranged on the magnetic stirrer, wherein one side of the colorimetric pool is provided with a light source, and the other side of the colorimetric pool opposite to the light source is provided with a color identifier;
the PLC control module is in communication connection with the multi-way on-off valve, the peristaltic sample injection pump, the peristaltic titration pump, the quantitative ring, the peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve, the titration pump outlet valve, the magnetic stirrer, the light source and the color identifier.
The indicator solution bottle is a calcium indicator solution bottle when the hardness of calcium in water is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is a sodium hydroxide solution bottle; the indicator solution bottle is a chrome black T solution bottle when the total hardness of the water sample is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle.
Most titrators also comprise a cleaning module, wherein the cleaning module comprises an emptying pipeline and an emptying valve which are arranged at the bottom of the colorimetric pool, the emptying pipeline is connected with a waste liquid bottle through a peristaltic sample injection pump, and a liquid discharge valve is further arranged on the pipeline between the peristaltic sample injection pump and the waste liquid bottle.
The PLC control module also comprises a display screen.
The multi-way on-off valve comprises a first outlet valve, a second outlet valve, a first inlet valve, a second inlet valve, a third inlet valve, a fourth inlet valve, a fifth inlet valve and a sixth inlet valve, wherein the first inlet valve to the sixth inlet valve are respectively connected with a calcium indicator solution bottle, a chrome black T solution bottle, a sodium hydroxide solution bottle, an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle, a sample injection bottle and a pure water bottle, the first inlet valve and the second inlet valve are communicated with the first outlet valve, the third inlet valve, the fourth inlet valve, the fifth inlet valve and the sixth inlet valve are communicated with the second outlet valve, and each pipeline is subjected to pipeline conversion at a central conversion port of the multi-way on-off valve.
Compared with the prior art, the utility model integrates the pipelines of the sample, the buffer solution, the indicator, the pure water, the titration solution and the like by arranging the multi-way on-off valve, and the titration instrument has the advantages of compact integral structure, simple pipeline and convenient installation; the automatic control is adopted, so that the precision is high and the detection efficiency is high; the functions are diversified, the total hardness can be measured, the hardness of calcium in water can be measured, and the multifunctional instrument is multipurpose.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present utility model.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the multi-way on-off valve in the utility model.
In the figure: 1-sample/drug introduction module, 2-sample/drug delivery module, 3-titration reaction module, 4-PLC control module, 5-multiplex on-off valve, 6-EDTA solution bottle, 7-calcium indicator solution bottle, 8-chrome black T solution bottle, 9-sodium hydroxide solution bottle, 10-ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle, 11-sample bottle, 12-pure water bottle, 13-multiplex on-off valve center switch port, 14-first outlet valve, 15-second outlet valve, 16-first inlet valve, 17-second inlet valve, 18-third inlet valve, 19-fourth inlet valve, 20-fifth inlet valve, 21-sixth inlet valve, 22-waste liquid bottle, 23-peristaltic pump, 24-syringe pump, 25-peristaltic titration pump, 26-dosing ring, 27-peristaltic sample pump outlet valve, 28-syringe pump outlet valve, 29-titration pump outlet valve, 30-drain valve, 31-magnetic stirrer, 32-light source, 33-color identifier, 34-tank, 35-display screen, 41-color display screen.
Detailed Description
The utility model performs automatic conversion operation according to the national standard GB7477-87 principle, and comprises four parts: a sample/medicine feeding module 1, a sample/medicine conveying module 2, a titration reaction module 3 and a PLC control module 4:
the sample/medicine sampling module 1 comprises an EDTA solution bottle 6, an indicator solution bottle, a pretreatment solution bottle, a sampling bottle 11 and a pure water bottle 12 which are sequentially arranged;
the sample/drug delivery module 2, an indicator pathway, an indicator solution bottle in tubing communication with the cuvette 34 through the dosing ring 26, the syringe pump 24 and the syringe pump outlet valve 28;
the sample injection and water inlet passage, the pretreatment solution bottle, the sample injection bottle 11 and the pure water bottle 12 are communicated with the colorimetric pool 34 through a multi-way on-off valve 5, a peristaltic sample injection pump 23 and a peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve 27;
the titrant passage, EDTA solution bottle 6 connects the cuvette 34 through peristaltic titration pump 25 and titration pump outlet valve 29 pipeline;
the titration reaction module 3 comprises a cuvette 34 arranged on the magnetic stirrer 31, wherein one side of the cuvette 34 is provided with a light source 32, and the other side of the cuvette, which is opposite to the light source 32, is provided with a color identifier 33;
the PLC control module 4 is in communication connection with the multi-way on-off valve 5, the peristaltic sample injection pump 23, the injection pump 24, the peristaltic titration pump 25, the quantitative ring 26, the peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve 27, the injection pump outlet valve 28, the titration pump outlet valve 29, the magnetic stirrer 31, the light source 32 and the color identifier 33.
The method comprises the steps that various reagents, sample liquid, pure water and the like of a sample/medicine sampling module 1 enter the sample/medicine conveying module 2 through a multi-way on-off valve 5, wherein the sample liquid, buffer solution, pure water and the like enter a titration colorimetric pool 34 under the suction action of a titration pump 23, an indicator solution enters the titration colorimetric pool 34 through a quantitative ring 26 and a syringe pump 24, EDTA solution enters the titration colorimetric pool 34 under the suction action of a peristaltic sampling pump 25, complexation reaction is carried out under the stirring of a magnetic stirrer 31, a light source 32 is started to irradiate the light source into the titration colorimetric pool 34, a color identifier 33 judges whether the reaction reaches an end point by analyzing different RGB color thresholds penetrating through the titration colorimetric pool, and after the reaction reaches the end point, a PLC control module gives out an instruction to turn off the peristaltic sampling pump 25, and calcium hardness or total hardness values in a water sample are calculated through the added EDTA reagent amount.
The indicator solution bottle is a calcium indicator solution bottle 7 when the hardness of calcium in water is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is a sodium hydroxide solution bottle 9; the indicator solution bottle is a chrome black T solution bottle 8 when the total hardness of the water sample is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle 10.
Most titrators also comprise a cleaning module, wherein the cleaning module comprises an emptying pipeline and an emptying valve 30, the emptying pipeline and the emptying valve 30 are arranged at the bottom of the colorimetric pool 34, the emptying pipeline is connected with the waste liquid bottle 22 through the peristaltic sample injection pump 23, and a liquid discharge valve 35 is further arranged on the pipeline between the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 and the waste liquid bottle 22.
The PLC control module 4 also includes a display screen 41. The calcium hardness or total hardness value calculated by the PLC control module in the water sample can be directly displayed on the display screen 41, so that the result is more visual.
The multi-way on-off valve 5 comprises a first outlet valve 14, a second outlet valve 15, a first inlet valve 16, a second inlet valve 17, a third inlet valve 18, a fourth inlet valve 19, a fifth inlet valve 20 and a sixth inlet valve 21, wherein the first inlet valve to the sixth inlet valve are respectively connected with a calcium indicator solution bottle 7, a chrome black T solution bottle 8, a sodium hydroxide solution bottle 9, an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle 10, a sample injection bottle 11 and a pure water bottle 12, so that different reagents or samples are ensured to have independent sample injection pipelines, pipeline conversion is carried out through a multi-way on-off valve central conversion port 13, and the multi-way on-off valve can be divided into two ways: the first inlet valve 16 and the second inlet valve 17 are communicated with the first outlet valve 14 only, the third inlet valve 18, the fourth inlet valve 19, the fifth inlet valve 20 and the sixth inlet valve 21 are communicated with the second outlet valve 15 only, and each pipeline is subjected to pipeline conversion at the center conversion port 13 of the multi-way on-off valve.
The dosing ring 26 is 150 μl in size and is used in combination with a syringe pump to withdraw the indicators from the calcium indicator solution bottle 7 and the chrome black T solution bottle 8. Before the formal test, the corresponding pumps and valves are opened, and the amount of liquid or liquid intake time for various liquids to fill the pipeline without entering the titration cell 34 is measured and recorded in the PLC control module. In the actual experiment, when a certain solution is first pumped, the corresponding pump and valve are opened, and air, residual solution and the like are discharged to the waste liquid bottle 22, so that the solution fills the pipeline.
The peristaltic sample injection pump 23 can realize sample injection of the titration cuvette 34 through forward rotation and realize cleaning of the titration cuvette 34 and corresponding pipelines through reverse rotation.
The concentration of the solution in the EDTA solution bottle 6 is 10mmol/L, and the concentration of the solution in the calcium indicator bottle 7 is 10mmol/L; the solution in the chromium black T solution bottle 8 is formed by dissolving 0.5g of chromium black T in 100ml of triethanolamine solution; the concentration of the solution in the sodium hydroxide solution bottle 9 is 2mol/L; the liquid in the ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle 10 was 1.259g of disodium magnesium edta and 16.9g of ammonia chloride dissolved in 143ml of concentrated aqueous ammonia, and diluted with water to 250ml.
The working process comprises the following steps:
1. sample introduction/indicator stage
The multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to a fifth inlet valve 20 communicated with the sample injection bottle 11, a peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve 27 is opened, a peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract samples into a titration cell 34, then the multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to a fourth inlet valve 19 communicated with the ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle 10, the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution into the titration cell 34, then the multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to a sixth inlet valve 21 communicated with the pure water bottle 12, the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract pure water into the titration cell 34, and the sample injection stage is finished, and the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 and the peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve 27 are closed. Pure water is fed into the titration tank without influencing the titration result, and the main purpose of adding pure water is to feed the residual liquid medicine and buffer solution in the pipeline into the titration tank together, so as to avoid pipeline residue. In addition, according to the volume of the titration cell, if the adding amount of the sample solution and the buffer solution is more than the volume of the titration cell, the sample solution and the buffer solution can only cover the bottom of the titration cell, so that the color identification is inconvenient, and the liquid level in the titration cell can be increased by adding a proper amount of pure water, thereby being convenient for the color identification.
After the sample injection is completed, the magnetic stirrer 31 is started, and the solution in the titration cell 34 is continuously stirred until the titration is completed.
After the sample injection is finished, the multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to a second inlet valve 17 communicated with the chrome black T solution bottle 8, an injection pump outlet valve 28 is opened, and the chrome black T indicator is injected into a titration cell 34 by using the quantitative ring 26 and the injection pump 24. The inlet of the chrome black T solution is finished, the injection pump 24 and the injection pump outlet valve 28 are closed, and the light source 32 and the color identifier 33 are started to perform color identification, so that the solution in the titration cell is displayed to be purple.
2. Titration phase
In the titration stage, firstly, a titration pump outlet valve 29 is opened, a peristaltic titration pump 25 is opened, a titration reagent in an EDTA solution bottle 6 is extracted, the titration reagent is dropwise dripped into a colorimetric pool 34, when the last point of purplish red of the solution in the titration pool 34 disappears, a color identifier 33 identifies color mutation, a titration end point is determined, the peristaltic titration pump 25 and the titration pump outlet valve 29 are closed, a PLC control module automatically records the volume of the titration reagent, and the total hardness value of a sample to be measured is calculated according to the sample injection volume and the titration reagent volume, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein: c 1 The concentration of EDTA disodium solution, mmol/L, can be input into a PLC control module according to the actual prepared solution concentration;
V 1 -the volume of EDTA solution consumed in titration, ml;
V 0 -volume of sample added, ml.
If a display screen is configured, the total hardness value calculated by the PLC control module can be directly displayed on the display screen.
3. Pipeline flushing and emptying stage
After the reaction is finished, the evacuation valve 30 and the liquid discharge valve 35 are opened, the peristaltic sample pump 23 is reversed, the liquid in the titration cell 34 is discharged into the waste liquid bottle 22, then the multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to the sixth inlet valve 21 communicated with the pure water bottle 12, the peristaltic sample pump 23 is opened, the titration cell 34 is washed once by pure water, and no medicament residue in the titration cell is ensured.
In order to empty the air in the pipeline, further ensure the accuracy of the sample solution, ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution and titrant entering the titration cell 34, before the sample is introduced, the corresponding pump and valve can be opened to fill the pipeline without entering the titration cell 34, the liquid inlet amount or liquid inlet time of filling the pipeline without entering the titration cell 34 can be measured in advance before the experiment and set in the PLC control module, and the liquid inlet amount or liquid inlet time is controlled by the PLC control module.
Example 1
Total hardness titration process
In the sample injection stage, a fifth inlet valve 20 and an outlet valve 27 of a peristaltic sample injection pump are opened, a peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract 10ml of sample into a titration cell 34, then a fourth inlet valve 19 is opened, the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract 4ml of ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution into the titration cell 34, then a sixth inlet valve 21 is opened, the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to extract 40ml of pure water into the titration cell 34, the sample injection is finished, and the peristaltic sample injection pump 23 and the outlet valve 27 of the peristaltic sample injection pump are closed. After the sample injection is completed, the magnetic stirrer 31 is started, and the solution in the titration cell 34 is continuously stirred until the titration is completed.
After the sample injection was completed, the second inlet valve 17 was opened and the syringe pump outlet valve 28, and 0.15ml of chrome black T indicator was injected into the titration cell 34 using the dosing ring 26 and syringe pump 24. The end of the liquid inlet closes the syringe pump 24 and the syringe pump outlet valve 28, and simultaneously turns on the light source 32 and the color identifier 33 to perform color identification, at which time the solution in the titration cell is displayed as mauve.
In the titration stage, the outlet valve 29 of the titration pump is opened, the peristaltic titration pump 25 is opened, the titration reagent (with the concentration of 10 mmol/L) in the EDTA solution bottle 6 is extracted, the titration reagent is dropwise dripped into the colorimetric pool 34, when the last point of the solution in the titration pool 34 disappears and the solution becomes sky blue, the color identifier 33 identifies the color mutation, the titration end point is determined, the peristaltic titration pump 25 and the outlet valve 29 of the titration pump are closed, the volume of the titration reagent used is automatically recorded by the PLC control module, and the total hardness value of the sample to be measured is calculated to be 5.3mmol/L according to the sample injection volume and the volume of the titration reagent.
After the reaction is finished, the evacuation valve 30 and the liquid discharge valve 35 are opened, the peristaltic sample pump 23 is reversed, the liquid in the titration cell 34 is discharged into the waste liquid bottle 22, then the multi-way on-off valve 5 is switched to the sixth inlet valve 21 communicated with the pure water bottle 12, the peristaltic sample pump 23 is opened, the titration cell 34 is washed once by pure water, and no medicament residue in the titration cell is ensured.
Example 2
Titration of calcium hardness
Similar to the total hardness titration process, the difference is that: after sample injection, a third inlet valve 18 is opened, a peristaltic sample injection pump 23 is started to pump 5ml of NaOH solution into a titration cell 34, a proper amount of pure water is added, and the total volume of the pure water and the added sample is 50ml; after the sample injection is finished, the first inlet valve 16 is opened, 0.15mL of calcium indicator is added to enter the titration cell 34, then titration is carried out by using a titration reagent, the volume of the titration reagent used is automatically recorded by the PLC control module to be 3.5mL, and the calcium hardness value of the sample to be detected is calculated according to the sample injection volume and the titration reagent volume and the formula 1 to be 3.5mmol/L.
The flushing and emptying stage of the pipeline is the same as the total hardness titration process.
The utility model is simple and easy to operate, is convenient to implement, reduces the manpower input, can automatically operate equipment, and reduces human errors by utilizing optical judgment; the sample injection bottle can be changed into a flowing sample injection pool, and can be used for online test or offline measurement.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present utility model, and it should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several changes and modifications can be made without departing from the general inventive concept, and these should also be regarded as the scope of the utility model.
Claims (5)
1. An automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water based on titration method, which is characterized in that: comprises a sample/medicine sampling module (1), a sample/medicine conveying module (2), a titration reaction module (3) and a PLC control module (4),
the sample/medicine sampling module (1) comprises an EDTA solution bottle (6), an indicator solution bottle, a pretreatment solution bottle, a sampling bottle (11) and a pure water bottle (12) which are sequentially arranged;
a sample/drug delivery module (2), an indicator pathway, an indicator solution bottle in communication with a cuvette (34) through tubing of a dosing ring (26), a syringe pump (24) and a syringe pump outlet valve (28);
the sample injection and water inlet passage, the pretreatment solution bottle, the sample injection bottle (11) and the pure water bottle (12) are communicated with the colorimetric pool (34) through pipelines of a multi-way on-off valve (5), a peristaltic sample injection pump (23) and a peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve (27);
the titrant passage, the EDTA solution bottle (6) is communicated with the colorimetric pool (34) through a peristaltic titration pump (25) and a titration pump outlet valve (29) pipeline;
the titration reaction module (3) comprises a colorimetric pool (34) arranged on the magnetic stirrer (31), wherein one side of the colorimetric pool (34) is provided with a light source (32), and the other side of the colorimetric pool, which is opposite to the light source (32), is provided with a color identifier (33);
the PLC control module (4) is in communication connection with the multi-way on-off valve (5), the peristaltic sample injection pump (23), the injection pump (24), the peristaltic titration pump (25), the quantitative ring (26), the peristaltic sample injection pump outlet valve (27), the injection pump outlet valve (28), the titration pump outlet valve (29), the magnetic stirrer (31), the light source (32) and the color identifier (33).
2. An automatic titration method based water calcium hardness and total hardness titrator according to claim 1, wherein: the indicator solution bottle is a calcium indicator solution bottle (7) when the hardness of calcium in water is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is a sodium hydroxide solution bottle (9); the indicator solution bottle is a chrome black T solution bottle (8) when the total hardness of the water sample is measured, and the pretreatment solution bottle is an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle (10).
3. An automatic titration method based water calcium hardness and total hardness titrator according to claim 1, wherein: most titrators also comprise a cleaning module, wherein the cleaning module comprises an emptying pipeline and an emptying valve (30) which are arranged at the bottom of the colorimetric pool (34), the emptying pipeline is connected with the waste liquid bottle (22) through a peristaltic sample injection pump (23), and a liquid discharge valve (35) is further arranged on the pipeline between the peristaltic sample injection pump (23) and the waste liquid bottle (22).
4. An automatic titration method based water calcium hardness and total hardness titrator according to claim 1, wherein: the PLC control module (4) also comprises a display screen.
5. An automatic titration method based water calcium hardness and total hardness titrator according to claim 2, wherein: the multi-way on-off valve (5) comprises a first outlet valve (14), a second outlet valve (15), a first inlet valve (16), a second inlet valve (17), a third inlet valve (18), a fourth inlet valve (19), a fifth inlet valve (20) and a sixth inlet valve (21), wherein the first inlet valve to the sixth inlet valve are respectively connected with a calcium indicator solution bottle (7), a chrome black T solution bottle (8), a sodium hydroxide solution bottle (9), an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution bottle (10), a sample injection bottle (11) and a pure water bottle (12), the first inlet valve (16), the second inlet valve (17) are communicated with the first outlet valve (14), the third inlet valve (18), the fourth inlet valve (19), the fifth inlet valve (20) and the sixth inlet valve (21) are communicated with the second outlet valve (15), and each pipeline is subjected to pipeline conversion at a central conversion port (13) of the multi-way on-off valve.
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| CN202223189876.4U CN219065394U (en) | 2022-11-30 | 2022-11-30 | Automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water |
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| CN202223189876.4U CN219065394U (en) | 2022-11-30 | 2022-11-30 | Automatic titrator for calcium hardness and total hardness in water |
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